WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.240 --> 00:00:02.310 align:start position:0% you<00:00:00.399> can<00:00:00.560> start<00:00:00.880> by<00:00:01.040> just<00:00:01.199> telling<00:00:01.520> us<00:00:02.080> where 00:00:02.310 --> 00:00:02.320 align:start position:0% you can start by just telling us where 00:00:02.320 --> 00:00:03.189 align:start position:0% you can start by just telling us where you<00:00:02.480> were<00:00:02.639> born<00:00:02.960> and 00:00:03.189 --> 00:00:03.199 align:start position:0% you were born and 00:00:03.199 --> 00:00:05.110 align:start position:0% you were born and where<00:00:03.439> you<00:00:03.600> grew<00:00:03.760> up<00:00:04.000> and<00:00:04.480> where<00:00:04.640> you<00:00:04.799> started 00:00:05.110 --> 00:00:05.120 align:start position:0% where you grew up and where you started 00:00:05.120 --> 00:00:07.430 align:start position:0% where you grew up and where you started school<00:00:06.080> well<00:00:06.240> i<00:00:06.319> was<00:00:06.480> born<00:00:06.720> in<00:00:06.879> england 00:00:07.430 --> 00:00:07.440 align:start position:0% school well i was born in england 00:00:07.440 --> 00:00:09.350 align:start position:0% school well i was born in england and<00:00:07.759> at<00:00:07.839> the<00:00:08.000> age<00:00:08.240> of<00:00:08.480> seven<00:00:08.800> moved<00:00:09.040> to<00:00:09.200> new 00:00:09.350 --> 00:00:09.360 align:start position:0% and at the age of seven moved to new 00:00:09.360 --> 00:00:11.270 align:start position:0% and at the age of seven moved to new zealand<00:00:09.840> and<00:00:09.920> at<00:00:10.080> the<00:00:10.160> age<00:00:10.320> of<00:00:10.480> nine<00:00:10.880> moved<00:00:11.120> to 00:00:11.270 --> 00:00:11.280 align:start position:0% zealand and at the age of nine moved to 00:00:11.280 --> 00:00:13.430 align:start position:0% zealand and at the age of nine moved to sydney<00:00:11.599> in<00:00:11.759> australia<00:00:12.240> which<00:00:12.480> is<00:00:12.559> where<00:00:12.799> i 00:00:13.430 --> 00:00:13.440 align:start position:0% sydney in australia which is where i 00:00:13.440 --> 00:00:15.509 align:start position:0% sydney in australia which is where i went<00:00:13.599> to<00:00:13.759> high<00:00:14.000> school<00:00:14.400> and<00:00:14.559> my<00:00:14.799> undergraduate 00:00:15.509 --> 00:00:15.519 align:start position:0% went to high school and my undergraduate 00:00:15.519 --> 00:00:17.510 align:start position:0% went to high school and my undergraduate work 00:00:17.510 --> 00:00:17.520 align:start position:0% work 00:00:17.520 --> 00:00:20.070 align:start position:0% work okay<00:00:18.080> do<00:00:18.160> you<00:00:18.240> want<00:00:18.400> to<00:00:18.880> speak<00:00:19.279> english<00:00:19.840> i'm 00:00:20.070 --> 00:00:20.080 align:start position:0% okay do you want to speak english i'm 00:00:20.080 --> 00:00:21.429 align:start position:0% okay do you want to speak english i'm sure<00:00:20.320> you're<00:00:20.560> sure 00:00:21.429 --> 00:00:21.439 align:start position:0% sure you're sure 00:00:21.439 --> 00:00:25.109 align:start position:0% sure you're sure okay<00:00:21.760> well<00:00:22.800> my<00:00:23.119> my<00:00:23.359> career<00:00:24.400> i<00:00:24.560> should<00:00:24.800> first 00:00:25.109 --> 00:00:25.119 align:start position:0% okay well my my career i should first 00:00:25.119 --> 00:00:26.710 align:start position:0% okay well my my career i should first clarify<00:00:25.680> that<00:00:25.840> i<00:00:25.920> don't<00:00:26.080> really<00:00:26.320> consider 00:00:26.710 --> 00:00:26.720 align:start position:0% clarify that i don't really consider 00:00:26.720 --> 00:00:28.950 align:start position:0% clarify that i don't really consider myself<00:00:27.119> as<00:00:27.359> a<00:00:27.439> roboticist<00:00:28.160> my<00:00:28.400> career<00:00:28.720> is 00:00:28.950 --> 00:00:28.960 align:start position:0% myself as a roboticist my career is 00:00:28.960 --> 00:00:31.429 align:start position:0% myself as a roboticist my career is overlapped<00:00:29.439> robotics<00:00:30.560> from<00:00:30.800> time<00:00:31.039> to<00:00:31.199> time 00:00:31.429 --> 00:00:31.439 align:start position:0% overlapped robotics from time to time 00:00:31.439 --> 00:00:32.229 align:start position:0% overlapped robotics from time to time and<00:00:31.519> i<00:00:31.599> think<00:00:31.760> perhaps 00:00:32.229 --> 00:00:32.239 align:start position:0% and i think perhaps 00:00:32.239 --> 00:00:34.389 align:start position:0% and i think perhaps influenced<00:00:32.800> her<00:00:32.880> from<00:00:33.120> time<00:00:33.360> to<00:00:33.600> time<00:00:34.160> but<00:00:34.320> i 00:00:34.389 --> 00:00:34.399 align:start position:0% influenced her from time to time but i 00:00:34.399 --> 00:00:36.069 align:start position:0% influenced her from time to time but i wouldn't<00:00:34.640> consider<00:00:35.040> myself 00:00:36.069 --> 00:00:36.079 align:start position:0% wouldn't consider myself 00:00:36.079 --> 00:00:38.709 align:start position:0% wouldn't consider myself one<00:00:36.239> of<00:00:36.320> the<00:00:36.480> robotics<00:00:37.120> people<00:00:37.600> as<00:00:37.760> it<00:00:37.840> were<00:00:38.480> so 00:00:38.709 --> 00:00:38.719 align:start position:0% one of the robotics people as it were so 00:00:38.719 --> 00:00:41.910 align:start position:0% one of the robotics people as it were so i<00:00:38.879> really<00:00:39.120> got<00:00:39.360> started 00:00:41.910 --> 00:00:41.920 align:start position:0% 00:00:41.920 --> 00:00:44.069 align:start position:0% in<00:00:42.239> moving<00:00:42.640> away<00:00:42.960> from<00:00:43.200> pure<00:00:43.440> mathematics 00:00:44.069 --> 00:00:44.079 align:start position:0% in moving away from pure mathematics 00:00:44.079 --> 00:00:45.990 align:start position:0% in moving away from pure mathematics which<00:00:44.239> was<00:00:44.399> my<00:00:44.640> first<00:00:44.879> love<00:00:45.120> in<00:00:45.280> college 00:00:45.990 --> 00:00:46.000 align:start position:0% which was my first love in college 00:00:46.000 --> 00:00:47.830 align:start position:0% which was my first love in college in<00:00:46.079> this<00:00:46.320> direction<00:00:47.120> by<00:00:47.280> reading<00:00:47.520> norbert 00:00:47.830 --> 00:00:47.840 align:start position:0% in this direction by reading norbert 00:00:47.840 --> 00:00:50.229 align:start position:0% in this direction by reading norbert weiner<00:00:48.879> cybernetics 00:00:50.229 --> 00:00:50.239 align:start position:0% weiner cybernetics 00:00:50.239 --> 00:00:52.150 align:start position:0% weiner cybernetics which<00:00:50.879> showed<00:00:51.120> me<00:00:51.280> that<00:00:51.440> mathematics<00:00:52.000> could 00:00:52.150 --> 00:00:52.160 align:start position:0% which showed me that mathematics could 00:00:52.160 --> 00:00:53.270 align:start position:0% which showed me that mathematics could be<00:00:52.320> applied<00:00:52.800> in<00:00:52.960> a 00:00:53.270 --> 00:00:53.280 align:start position:0% be applied in a 00:00:53.280 --> 00:00:55.430 align:start position:0% be applied in a different<00:00:53.600> way<00:00:53.840> from<00:00:54.160> classical<00:00:54.640> newtonian 00:00:55.430 --> 00:00:55.440 align:start position:0% different way from classical newtonian 00:00:55.440 --> 00:00:56.470 align:start position:0% different way from classical newtonian stuff 00:00:56.470 --> 00:00:56.480 align:start position:0% stuff 00:00:56.480 --> 00:00:59.189 align:start position:0% stuff but<00:00:57.039> thinking<00:00:57.360> about<00:00:57.760> parallels<00:00:58.320> between 00:00:59.189 --> 00:00:59.199 align:start position:0% but thinking about parallels between 00:00:59.199 --> 00:01:01.510 align:start position:0% but thinking about parallels between brains<00:00:59.840> and<00:01:00.079> machines 00:01:01.510 --> 00:01:01.520 align:start position:0% brains and machines 00:01:01.520 --> 00:01:03.910 align:start position:0% brains and machines and<00:01:01.680> about<00:01:01.920> the<00:01:02.000> same<00:01:02.239> time<00:01:02.480> i<00:01:02.800> came<00:01:03.039> upon<00:01:03.600> grey 00:01:03.910 --> 00:01:03.920 align:start position:0% and about the same time i came upon grey 00:01:03.920 --> 00:01:05.990 align:start position:0% and about the same time i came upon grey walters<00:01:04.479> book 00:01:05.990 --> 00:01:06.000 align:start position:0% walters book 00:01:06.000 --> 00:01:10.550 align:start position:0% walters book which<00:01:06.400> introduced<00:01:06.880> me<00:01:07.040> to<00:01:07.200> his<00:01:08.720> tortoises 00:01:10.550 --> 00:01:10.560 align:start position:0% which introduced me to his tortoises 00:01:10.560 --> 00:01:12.469 align:start position:0% which introduced me to his tortoises and<00:01:10.799> so<00:01:10.960> that<00:01:11.119> was<00:01:11.200> probably<00:01:11.520> the<00:01:11.600> first<00:01:12.159> real 00:01:12.469 --> 00:01:12.479 align:start position:0% and so that was probably the first real 00:01:12.479 --> 00:01:13.990 align:start position:0% and so that was probably the first real robot<00:01:12.960> i<00:01:13.119> knew<00:01:13.360> outside 00:01:13.990 --> 00:01:14.000 align:start position:0% robot i knew outside 00:01:14.000 --> 00:01:17.190 align:start position:0% robot i knew outside reading<00:01:14.320> science<00:01:14.640> fiction<00:01:15.040> like<00:01:15.920> i<00:01:16.479> i<00:01:16.799> robot 00:01:17.190 --> 00:01:17.200 align:start position:0% reading science fiction like i i robot 00:01:17.200 --> 00:01:18.950 align:start position:0% reading science fiction like i i robot by<00:01:17.439> asimov 00:01:18.950 --> 00:01:18.960 align:start position:0% by asimov 00:01:18.960 --> 00:01:21.270 align:start position:0% by asimov um<00:01:19.840> but<00:01:20.000> as<00:01:20.159> a<00:01:20.240> mathematician<00:01:20.880> i<00:01:20.960> was<00:01:21.119> very 00:01:21.270 --> 00:01:21.280 align:start position:0% um but as a mathematician i was very 00:01:21.280 --> 00:01:22.310 align:start position:0% um but as a mathematician i was very interested<00:01:21.920> in 00:01:22.310 --> 00:01:22.320 align:start position:0% interested in 00:01:22.320 --> 00:01:24.710 align:start position:0% interested in automata<00:01:23.119> theory<00:01:23.520> and<00:01:23.680> mathematical<00:01:24.400> theory 00:01:24.710 --> 00:01:24.720 align:start position:0% automata theory and mathematical theory 00:01:24.720 --> 00:01:26.550 align:start position:0% automata theory and mathematical theory of<00:01:24.960> neural<00:01:25.280> networks<00:01:25.759> and<00:01:25.920> things<00:01:26.159> of<00:01:26.240> that 00:01:26.550 --> 00:01:26.560 align:start position:0% of neural networks and things of that 00:01:26.560 --> 00:01:27.990 align:start position:0% of neural networks and things of that kind 00:01:27.990 --> 00:01:28.000 align:start position:0% kind 00:01:28.000 --> 00:01:31.510 align:start position:0% kind and<00:01:28.320> then<00:01:30.159> in<00:01:30.320> my<00:01:30.560> final<00:01:30.960> year 00:01:31.510 --> 00:01:31.520 align:start position:0% and then in my final year 00:01:31.520 --> 00:01:34.310 align:start position:0% and then in my final year there<00:01:31.680> was<00:01:31.920> a<00:01:32.439> neurophysiologist<00:01:33.840> working<00:01:34.159> at 00:01:34.310 --> 00:01:34.320 align:start position:0% there was a neurophysiologist working at 00:01:34.320 --> 00:01:36.149 align:start position:0% there was a neurophysiologist working at sydney<00:01:34.640> university<00:01:35.360> on 00:01:36.149 --> 00:01:36.159 align:start position:0% sydney university on 00:01:36.159 --> 00:01:38.630 align:start position:0% sydney university on the<00:01:36.320> visual<00:01:36.640> cortex<00:01:37.119> of<00:01:37.360> the<00:01:37.600> cat<00:01:38.000> named<00:01:38.400> bill 00:01:38.630 --> 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see<00:01:43.759> what<00:01:43.920> they<00:01:44.000> did<00:01:44.159> to<00:01:44.320> cats 00:01:45.429 --> 00:01:45.439 align:start position:0% let me see what they did to cats 00:01:45.439 --> 00:01:47.749 align:start position:0% let me see what they did to cats and<00:01:45.680> i<00:01:46.079> helped<00:01:46.320> him<00:01:46.479> with<00:01:46.560> this<00:01:46.720> mathematics 00:01:47.749 --> 00:01:47.759 align:start position:0% and i helped him with this mathematics 00:01:47.759 --> 00:01:49.350 align:start position:0% and i helped him with this mathematics and<00:01:47.920> it<00:01:48.000> was<00:01:48.159> he<00:01:48.320> who<00:01:48.479> introduced<00:01:48.880> me<00:01:49.119> to<00:01:49.280> a 00:01:49.350 --> 00:01:49.360 align:start position:0% and it was he who introduced me to a 00:01:49.360 --> 00:01:51.190 align:start position:0% and it was he who introduced me to a paper<00:01:49.680> called<00:01:49.920> what<00:01:50.079> the<00:01:50.240> frog's<00:01:50.640> eye<00:01:50.880> tells 00:01:51.190 --> 00:01:51.200 align:start position:0% paper called what the frog's eye tells 00:01:51.200 --> 00:01:52.469 align:start position:0% paper called what the frog's eye tells the<00:01:51.280> frog's<00:01:51.680> brain 00:01:52.469 --> 00:01:52.479 align:start position:0% the frog's brain 00:01:52.479 --> 00:01:55.429 align:start position:0% the frog's brain which<00:01:52.799> come<00:01:53.040> out<00:01:53.920> only<00:01:54.240> a<00:01:54.240> little<00:01:54.399> bit<00:01:54.640> earlier 00:01:55.429 --> 00:01:55.439 align:start position:0% which come out only a little bit earlier 00:01:55.439 --> 00:01:56.149 align:start position:0% which come out only a little bit earlier in<00:01:55.680> which 00:01:56.149 --> 00:01:56.159 align:start position:0% in which 00:01:56.159 --> 00:01:58.469 align:start position:0% in which um<00:01:57.040> it<00:01:57.200> built<00:01:57.520> on<00:01:57.680> some<00:01:57.840> of<00:01:57.920> what<00:01:58.079> i've<00:01:58.240> been 00:01:58.469 --> 00:01:58.479 align:start position:0% um it built on some of what i've been 00:01:58.479 --> 00:01:59.270 align:start position:0% um it built on some of what i've been reading 00:01:59.270 --> 00:01:59.280 align:start position:0% reading 00:01:59.280 --> 00:02:02.149 align:start position:0% reading of<00:01:59.360> the<00:01:59.520> cybernetics<00:02:00.159> book<00:02:00.479> for<00:02:00.640> example<00:02:01.119> the 00:02:02.149 --> 00:02:02.159 align:start position:0% of the cybernetics book for example the 00:02:02.159 --> 00:02:03.830 align:start position:0% of the cybernetics book for example the formal<00:02:02.479> theory<00:02:02.799> of<00:02:02.880> neural<00:02:03.200> networks<00:02:03.680> by 00:02:03.830 --> 00:02:03.840 align:start position:0% formal theory of neural networks by 00:02:03.840 --> 00:02:05.190 align:start position:0% formal theory of neural networks by mcculloch<00:02:04.320> and<00:02:04.479> pitts 00:02:05.190 --> 00:02:05.200 align:start position:0% mcculloch and pitts 00:02:05.200 --> 00:02:06.630 align:start position:0% mcculloch and pitts and<00:02:05.360> it<00:02:05.439> turned<00:02:05.759> out<00:02:05.920> that<00:02:06.159> ledfin<00:02:06.560> and 00:02:06.630 --> 00:02:06.640 align:start position:0% and it turned out that ledfin and 00:02:06.640 --> 00:02:09.350 align:start position:0% and it turned out that ledfin and maturana<00:02:07.360> had<00:02:08.160> worked<00:02:08.399> with<00:02:08.640> mcculloch<00:02:09.200> and 00:02:09.350 --> 00:02:09.360 align:start position:0% maturana had worked with mcculloch and 00:02:09.360 --> 00:02:09.990 align:start position:0% maturana had worked with mcculloch and pitts 00:02:09.990 --> 00:02:10.000 align:start position:0% pitts 00:02:10.000 --> 00:02:12.869 align:start position:0% pitts and<00:02:10.160> had<00:02:10.399> taken<00:02:10.800> not<00:02:11.520> the<00:02:11.680> classic<00:02:12.000> 43<00:02:12.560> paper 00:02:12.869 --> 00:02:12.879 align:start position:0% and had taken not the classic 43 paper 00:02:12.879 --> 00:02:14.949 align:start position:0% and had taken not the classic 43 paper but<00:02:13.040> the<00:02:13.200> 47<00:02:13.920> paper<00:02:14.239> on<00:02:14.319> how<00:02:14.560> we<00:02:14.720> know 00:02:14.949 --> 00:02:14.959 align:start position:0% but the 47 paper on how we know 00:02:14.959 --> 00:02:16.309 align:start position:0% but the 47 paper on how we know universals 00:02:16.309 --> 00:02:16.319 align:start position:0% universals 00:02:16.319 --> 00:02:17.750 align:start position:0% universals which<00:02:16.560> showed<00:02:16.800> how<00:02:17.040> pattern<00:02:17.280> recognition 00:02:17.750 --> 00:02:17.760 align:start position:0% which showed how pattern recognition 00:02:17.760 --> 00:02:19.510 align:start position:0% which showed how pattern recognition might<00:02:18.000> operate<00:02:18.400> over<00:02:18.640> a<00:02:18.879> layered 00:02:19.510 --> 00:02:19.520 align:start position:0% might operate over a layered 00:02:19.520 --> 00:02:21.589 align:start position:0% might operate over a layered neural<00:02:19.920> network<00:02:20.720> and<00:02:20.800> they<00:02:21.040> tried<00:02:21.200> to<00:02:21.360> test 00:02:21.589 --> 00:02:21.599 align:start position:0% neural network and they tried to test 00:02:21.599 --> 00:02:22.790 align:start position:0% neural network and they tried to test that<00:02:21.760> in<00:02:21.920> the<00:02:22.000> frog 00:02:22.790 --> 00:02:22.800 align:start position:0% that in the frog 00:02:22.800 --> 00:02:25.030 align:start position:0% that in the frog and<00:02:23.040> in<00:02:23.120> the<00:02:23.280> end<00:02:23.520> they<00:02:24.000> did<00:02:24.319> find<00:02:24.800> an 00:02:25.030 --> 00:02:25.040 align:start position:0% and in the end they did find an 00:02:25.040 --> 00:02:26.630 align:start position:0% and in the end they did find an interesting<00:02:25.520> layered<00:02:25.920> network<00:02:26.319> although<00:02:26.560> it 00:02:26.630 --> 00:02:26.640 align:start position:0% interesting layered network although it 00:02:26.640 --> 00:02:27.190 align:start position:0% interesting layered network although it wasn't 00:02:27.190 --> 00:02:27.200 align:start position:0% wasn't 00:02:27.200 --> 00:02:29.990 align:start position:0% wasn't the<00:02:27.360> one<00:02:27.599> predicted<00:02:28.080> by<00:02:28.319> the<00:02:28.480> theory<00:02:29.520> and<00:02:29.840> so 00:02:29.990 --> 00:02:30.000 align:start position:0% the one predicted by the theory and so 00:02:30.000 --> 00:02:31.270 align:start position:0% the one predicted by the theory and so that<00:02:30.239> got<00:02:30.480> me 00:02:31.270 --> 00:02:31.280 align:start position:0% that got me 00:02:31.280 --> 00:02:33.350 align:start position:0% that got me interested<00:02:31.760> in<00:02:31.840> the<00:02:32.000> frog<00:02:32.480> as<00:02:32.800> a<00:02:32.879> place<00:02:33.280> in 00:02:33.350 --> 00:02:33.360 align:start position:0% interested in the frog as a place in 00:02:33.360 --> 00:02:35.430 align:start position:0% interested in the frog as a place in which<00:02:33.680> one<00:02:33.920> could<00:02:34.080> bridge<00:02:34.480> between 00:02:35.430 --> 00:02:35.440 align:start position:0% which one could bridge between 00:02:35.440 --> 00:02:37.430 align:start position:0% which one could bridge between the<00:02:35.680> actual<00:02:36.000> biological<00:02:36.640> data<00:02:36.959> and<00:02:37.120> the<00:02:37.200> more 00:02:37.430 --> 00:02:37.440 align:start position:0% the actual biological data and the more 00:02:37.440 --> 00:02:39.190 align:start position:0% the actual biological data and the more formal<00:02:37.840> theory<00:02:38.160> that<00:02:38.319> my<00:02:38.480> mathematics<00:02:39.120> had 00:02:39.190 --> 00:02:39.200 align:start position:0% formal theory that my mathematics had 00:02:39.200 --> 00:02:41.110 align:start position:0% formal theory that my mathematics had gotten<00:02:39.440> me<00:02:39.599> to 00:02:41.110 --> 00:02:41.120 align:start position:0% gotten me to 00:02:41.120 --> 00:02:42.869 align:start position:0% gotten me to it<00:02:41.280> also<00:02:41.599> told<00:02:41.760> me<00:02:41.920> that<00:02:42.000> mcculloch<00:02:42.480> and<00:02:42.560> pitts 00:02:42.869 --> 00:02:42.879 align:start position:0% it also told me that mcculloch and pitts 00:02:42.879 --> 00:02:45.030 align:start position:0% it also told me that mcculloch and pitts were<00:02:43.200> at<00:02:43.920> mit<00:02:44.480> and 00:02:45.030 --> 00:02:45.040 align:start position:0% were at mit and 00:02:45.040 --> 00:02:47.110 align:start position:0% were at mit and i<00:02:45.280> until<00:02:45.680> that<00:02:45.920> time<00:02:46.640> since<00:02:46.879> i've<00:02:46.959> been 00:02:47.110 --> 00:02:47.120 align:start position:0% i until that time since i've been 00:02:47.120 --> 00:02:48.470 align:start position:0% i until that time since i've been reading<00:02:47.360> their<00:02:47.519> classic<00:02:47.920> papers<00:02:48.239> i<00:02:48.319> thought 00:02:48.470 --> 00:02:48.480 align:start position:0% reading their classic papers i thought 00:02:48.480 --> 00:02:50.949 align:start position:0% reading their classic papers i thought they<00:02:48.640> were<00:02:48.800> still<00:02:49.040> in<00:02:49.200> chicago 00:02:50.949 --> 00:02:50.959 align:start position:0% they were still in chicago 00:02:50.959 --> 00:02:53.190 align:start position:0% they were still in chicago and<00:02:51.680> also<00:02:52.000> as<00:02:52.080> part<00:02:52.239> of<00:02:52.319> my<00:02:52.480> automata<00:02:52.879> theory<00:02:53.040> i 00:02:53.190 --> 00:02:53.200 align:start position:0% and also as part of my automata theory i 00:02:53.200 --> 00:02:54.949 align:start position:0% and also as part of my automata theory i read<00:02:53.360> a<00:02:53.440> book<00:02:53.680> called<00:02:53.920> automata<00:02:54.480> studies 00:02:54.949 --> 00:02:54.959 align:start position:0% read a book called automata studies 00:02:54.959 --> 00:02:57.509 align:start position:0% read a book called automata studies which<00:02:55.200> was<00:02:55.519> edited<00:02:55.920> by<00:02:56.160> shannon<00:02:56.720> mccarthy 00:02:57.509 --> 00:02:57.519 align:start position:0% which was edited by shannon mccarthy 00:02:57.519 --> 00:03:00.790 align:start position:0% which was edited by shannon mccarthy who<00:02:57.760> were<00:02:58.879> on<00:02:59.040> the<00:02:59.200> faculty<00:02:59.519> at<00:02:59.680> mit<00:03:00.400> and<00:03:00.560> had<00:03:00.720> a 00:03:00.790 --> 00:03:00.800 align:start position:0% who were on the faculty at mit and had a 00:03:00.800 --> 00:03:03.350 align:start position:0% who were on the faculty at mit and had a very<00:03:01.040> interesting<00:03:01.519> paper<00:03:01.840> by<00:03:02.000> marvin<00:03:02.400> minsky 00:03:03.350 --> 00:03:03.360 align:start position:0% very interesting paper by marvin minsky 00:03:03.360 --> 00:03:05.830 align:start position:0% very interesting paper by marvin minsky before<00:03:03.760> he<00:03:03.920> became<00:03:04.560> virulently<00:03:05.200> anti-neural 00:03:05.830 --> 00:03:05.840 align:start position:0% before he became virulently anti-neural 00:03:05.840 --> 00:03:07.270 align:start position:0% before he became virulently anti-neural networks 00:03:07.270 --> 00:03:07.280 align:start position:0% networks 00:03:07.280 --> 00:03:10.470 align:start position:0% networks and<00:03:08.319> so<00:03:08.560> all<00:03:08.720> these<00:03:08.959> people<00:03:09.440> weiner<00:03:09.920> mcculloch 00:03:10.470 --> 00:03:10.480 align:start position:0% and so all these people weiner mcculloch 00:03:10.480 --> 00:03:11.110 align:start position:0% and so all these people weiner mcculloch and<00:03:10.640> pitts 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--> 00:03:22.309 align:start position:0% for my phd<00:03:18.879> work<00:03:20.000> i<00:03:20.159> started<00:03:20.480> working<00:03:20.959> with 00:03:22.309 --> 00:03:22.319 align:start position:0% phd work i started working with 00:03:22.319 --> 00:03:23.990 align:start position:0% phd work i started working with wiener<00:03:22.800> because<00:03:23.040> i<00:03:23.120> wanted<00:03:23.440> to<00:03:23.519> know<00:03:23.680> about 00:03:23.990 --> 00:03:24.000 align:start position:0% wiener because i wanted to know about 00:03:24.000 --> 00:03:26.070 align:start position:0% wiener because i wanted to know about cybernetics<00:03:25.120> but<00:03:25.280> i<00:03:25.360> also<00:03:25.519> had<00:03:25.680> a<00:03:25.760> research 00:03:26.070 --> 00:03:26.080 align:start position:0% cybernetics but i also had a research 00:03:26.080 --> 00:03:28.630 align:start position:0% cybernetics but i also had a research assistantship<00:03:26.799> with<00:03:27.040> mcculloch 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align:start position:0% wasn't really into cybernetics anymore his<00:03:35.280> big<00:03:35.519> thing<00:03:35.680> was<00:03:35.840> statistical<00:03:36.480> mechanics 00:03:37.990 --> 00:03:38.000 align:start position:0% his big thing was statistical mechanics 00:03:38.000 --> 00:03:40.070 align:start position:0% his big thing was statistical mechanics so<00:03:38.159> i<00:03:38.319> was<00:03:38.480> his<00:03:38.640> phd<00:03:39.200> student<00:03:39.519> for<00:03:39.599> a<00:03:39.680> while<00:03:39.920> but 00:03:40.070 --> 00:03:40.080 align:start position:0% so i was his phd student for a while but 00:03:40.080 --> 00:03:41.509 align:start position:0% so i was his phd student for a while but when<00:03:40.239> he<00:03:40.480> left<00:03:40.879> for 00:03:41.509 --> 00:03:41.519 align:start position:0% when he left for 00:03:41.519 --> 00:03:44.869 align:start position:0% when he left for um<00:03:42.239> his<00:03:42.480> sabbatical<00:03:44.000> and<00:03:44.159> we<00:03:44.319> didn't<00:03:44.560> get<00:03:44.720> much 00:03:44.869 --> 00:03:44.879 align:start position:0% um his sabbatical and we didn't get much 00:03:44.879 --> 00:03:46.550 align:start position:0% um his sabbatical and we didn't get much correspondence<00:03:45.599> i<00:03:45.840> switched<00:03:46.159> to<00:03:46.319> another 00:03:46.550 --> 00:03:46.560 align:start position:0% correspondence i switched to another 00:03:46.560 --> 00:03:48.309 align:start position:0% correspondence i switched to another mathematician<00:03:47.280> working<00:03:47.519> on<00:03:47.760> statistical 00:03:48.309 --> 00:03:48.319 align:start position:0% mathematician working on statistical 00:03:48.319 --> 00:03:49.509 align:start position:0% mathematician working on statistical mechanics 00:03:49.509 --> 00:03:49.519 align:start position:0% mechanics 00:03:49.519 --> 00:03:51.270 align:start position:0% mechanics and<00:03:49.680> in<00:03:49.760> the<00:03:49.920> end<00:03:50.080> i<00:03:50.159> decided<00:03:50.560> that<00:03:50.720> wasn't 00:03:51.270 --> 00:03:51.280 align:start position:0% and in the end i decided that wasn't 00:03:51.280 --> 00:03:53.030 align:start position:0% and in the end i decided that wasn't very<00:03:51.599> interesting<00:03:52.159> type<00:03:52.400> of<00:03:52.480> mathematics<00:03:52.959> i 00:03:53.030 --> 00:03:53.040 align:start position:0% very interesting type of mathematics i 00:03:53.040 --> 00:03:54.550 align:start position:0% very interesting type of mathematics i ended<00:03:53.200> up<00:03:53.280> with<00:03:53.360> a<00:03:53.439> phd<00:03:53.840> in<00:03:54.000> probability 00:03:54.550 --> 00:03:54.560 align:start position:0% ended up with a phd in probability 00:03:54.560 --> 00:03:55.350 align:start position:0% ended up with a phd in probability theory 00:03:55.350 --> 00:03:55.360 align:start position:0% theory 00:03:55.360 --> 00:03:57.270 align:start position:0% theory stochastic<00:03:56.000> processes<00:03:56.560> that<00:03:56.720> has<00:03:56.879> nothing<00:03:57.200> to 00:03:57.270 --> 00:03:57.280 align:start position:0% stochastic processes that has nothing to 00:03:57.280 --> 00:03:59.270 align:start position:0% stochastic processes that has nothing to do<00:03:57.439> with<00:03:57.680> robots<00:03:58.159> or<00:03:58.319> brain 00:03:59.270 --> 00:03:59.280 align:start position:0% do with robots or brain 00:03:59.280 --> 00:04:02.470 align:start position:0% do with robots or brain in<00:03:59.439> terms<00:03:59.680> of<00:03:59.760> my<00:04:00.000> own<00:04:00.159> career<00:04:01.360> but 00:04:02.470 --> 00:04:02.480 align:start position:0% in terms of my own career but 00:04:02.480 --> 00:04:04.710 align:start position:0% in terms of my own career but midway<00:04:03.120> through<00:04:03.439> the<00:04:03.599> phd<00:04:04.159> i<00:04:04.239> went<00:04:04.400> back<00:04:04.560> to 00:04:04.710 --> 00:04:04.720 align:start position:0% midway through the phd i went back to 00:04:04.720 --> 00:04:05.910 align:start position:0% midway through the phd i went back to australia 00:04:05.910 --> 00:04:05.920 align:start position:0% australia 00:04:05.920 --> 00:04:08.789 align:start position:0% australia and<00:04:06.319> gave<00:04:06.720> a<00:04:06.879> series<00:04:07.280> of<00:04:07.439> lectures<00:04:08.560> at<00:04:08.720> the 00:04:08.789 --> 00:04:08.799 align:start position:0% and gave a series of lectures at the 00:04:08.799 --> 00:04:10.229 align:start position:0% and gave a series of lectures at the university<00:04:09.200> of<00:04:09.280> new<00:04:09.439> south<00:04:09.680> wales<00:04:10.000> and<00:04:10.080> that 00:04:10.229 --> 00:04:10.239 align:start position:0% university of new south wales and that 00:04:10.239 --> 00:04:12.149 align:start position:0% university of new south wales and that became<00:04:10.560> my<00:04:10.720> first<00:04:10.959> book<00:04:11.200> brains<00:04:11.680> machines<00:04:12.080> and 00:04:12.149 --> 00:04:12.159 align:start position:0% became my first book brains machines and 00:04:12.159 --> 00:04:13.670 align:start position:0% became my first book brains machines and mathematics 00:04:13.670 --> 00:04:13.680 align:start position:0% mathematics 00:04:13.680 --> 00:04:18.229 align:start position:0% mathematics so<00:04:13.840> that<00:04:14.080> really<00:04:15.040> set<00:04:15.280> me<00:04:15.519> up<00:04:16.320> for<00:04:16.560> my<00:04:16.880> future 00:04:18.229 --> 00:04:18.239 align:start position:0% so that really set me up for my future 00:04:18.239 --> 00:04:19.749 align:start position:0% so that really set me up for my future and<00:04:18.639> the<00:04:18.799> one<00:04:18.959> other<00:04:19.120> thing<00:04:19.359> i<00:04:19.440> would<00:04:19.600> add 00:04:19.749 --> 00:04:19.759 align:start position:0% and the one other thing i would add 00:04:19.759 --> 00:04:21.509 align:start position:0% and the one other thing i would add about<00:04:20.079> mit<00:04:21.040> was 00:04:21.509 --> 00:04:21.519 align:start position:0% about mit was 00:04:21.519 --> 00:04:24.070 align:start position:0% about mit was that<00:04:22.560> and<00:04:22.720> it<00:04:22.880> just<00:04:23.040> shows<00:04:23.360> how<00:04:23.520> much 00:04:24.070 --> 00:04:24.080 align:start position:0% that and it just shows how much 00:04:24.080 --> 00:04:27.189 align:start position:0% that and it just shows how much serendipity<00:04:24.800> affects<00:04:25.199> one's<00:04:25.440> career 00:04:27.189 --> 00:04:27.199 align:start position:0% serendipity affects one's career 00:04:27.199 --> 00:04:30.230 align:start position:0% serendipity affects one's career a<00:04:27.360> friend<00:04:27.680> from 00:04:30.230 --> 00:04:30.240 align:start position:0% 00:04:30.240 --> 00:04:32.629 align:start position:0% sydney<00:04:31.360> wrote<00:04:31.680> and<00:04:31.840> said<00:04:32.000> he'd<00:04:32.160> read<00:04:32.400> this 00:04:32.629 --> 00:04:32.639 align:start position:0% sydney wrote and said he'd read this 00:04:32.639 --> 00:04:33.510 align:start position:0% sydney wrote and said he'd read this book 00:04:33.510 --> 00:04:33.520 align:start position:0% book 00:04:33.520 --> 00:04:36.550 align:start position:0% book on<00:04:33.840> control<00:04:34.400> theory<00:04:35.520> and<00:04:35.600> the<00:04:35.759> authors<00:04:36.240> newton 00:04:36.550 --> 00:04:36.560 align:start position:0% on control theory and the authors newton 00:04:36.560 --> 00:04:37.110 align:start position:0% on control theory and the authors newton gold<00:04:36.880> and 00:04:37.110 --> 00:04:37.120 align:start position:0% gold and 00:04:37.120 --> 00:04:39.110 align:start position:0% gold and kaiser<00:04:37.600> were<00:04:37.840> at<00:04:38.000> mit<00:04:38.400> would<00:04:38.560> i<00:04:38.639> go<00:04:38.800> and<00:04:38.880> talk 00:04:39.110 --> 00:04:39.120 align:start position:0% kaiser were at mit would i go and talk 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i<00:04:46.000> didn't<00:04:46.160> talk<00:04:46.320> to<00:04:46.479> them<00:04:46.639> and<00:04:46.720> they<00:04:46.880> said 00:04:47.110 --> 00:04:47.120 align:start position:0% so i didn't talk to them and they said 00:04:47.120 --> 00:04:49.189 align:start position:0% so i didn't talk to them and they said well<00:04:47.360> since<00:04:47.600> you're<00:04:47.840> a<00:04:47.919> mathematician 00:04:49.189 --> 00:04:49.199 align:start position:0% well since you're a mathematician 00:04:49.199 --> 00:04:50.790 align:start position:0% well since you're a mathematician you'll<00:04:49.440> be<00:04:49.600> interested<00:04:49.919> in<00:04:50.000> these<00:04:50.240> two<00:04:50.479> people 00:04:50.790 --> 00:04:50.800 align:start position:0% you'll be interested in these two people 00:04:50.800 --> 00:04:52.230 align:start position:0% you'll be interested in these two people working<00:04:51.199> out<00:04:51.919> at 00:04:52.230 --> 00:04:52.240 align:start position:0% working out at 00:04:52.240 --> 00:04:55.430 align:start position:0% working out at lincoln<00:04:52.720> labs<00:04:53.680> michael<00:04:54.199> athanasiadis 00:04:55.430 --> 00:04:55.440 align:start position:0% lincoln labs michael athanasiadis 00:04:55.440 --> 00:04:58.550 align:start position:0% lincoln labs michael athanasiadis and<00:04:55.600> peter<00:04:56.000> phelp<00:04:57.280> and<00:04:57.600> i<00:04:57.759> went<00:04:57.919> to<00:04:58.080> see<00:04:58.320> them 00:04:58.550 --> 00:04:58.560 align:start position:0% and peter phelp and i went to see them 00:04:58.560 --> 00:04:59.430 align:start position:0% and peter phelp and i went to see them and<00:04:58.720> it<00:04:58.800> turned<00:04:59.120> out 00:04:59.430 --> 00:04:59.440 align:start position:0% and it turned out 00:04:59.440 --> 00:05:01.110 align:start position:0% and it turned out they<00:04:59.600> were<00:04:59.840> developing<00:05:00.560> the<00:05:00.800> theory<00:05:01.039> of 00:05:01.110 --> 00:05:01.120 align:start position:0% they were developing the theory of 00:05:01.120 --> 00:05:03.350 align:start position:0% they were developing the theory of rudolph<00:05:01.600> kalman<00:05:02.160> who<00:05:02.400> invented<00:05:02.800> the<00:05:02.960> kalman 00:05:03.350 --> 00:05:03.360 align:start position:0% rudolph kalman who invented the kalman 00:05:03.360 --> 00:05:04.629 align:start position:0% rudolph kalman who invented the kalman filter 00:05:04.629 --> 00:05:04.639 align:start position:0% filter 00:05:04.639 --> 00:05:06.629 align:start position:0% filter and<00:05:04.800> so<00:05:04.960> after<00:05:05.280> my<00:05:05.440> phd<00:05:05.840> i<00:05:05.919> spent<00:05:06.240> four<00:05:06.400> months 00:05:06.629 --> 00:05:06.639 align:start position:0% and so after my phd i spent four months 00:05:06.639 --> 00:05:08.070 align:start position:0% and so after my phd i spent four months driving<00:05:07.039> all<00:05:07.120> the<00:05:07.199> way<00:05:07.360> around<00:05:07.600> the<00:05:07.680> united 00:05:08.070 --> 00:05:08.080 align:start position:0% driving all the way around the united 00:05:08.080 --> 00:05:08.550 align:start position:0% driving all the way around the united states 00:05:08.550 --> 00:05:08.560 align:start position:0% states 00:05:08.560 --> 00:05:11.990 align:start position:0% states visiting<00:05:08.960> people<00:05:09.919> and<00:05:10.960> national<00:05:11.440> parks<00:05:11.840> and 00:05:11.990 --> 00:05:12.000 align:start position:0% visiting people and national parks and 00:05:12.000 --> 00:05:12.790 align:start position:0% visiting people and national parks and so<00:05:12.160> on 00:05:12.790 --> 00:05:12.800 align:start position:0% so on 00:05:12.800 --> 00:05:14.310 align:start position:0% so on confusing<00:05:13.360> the<00:05:13.440> hell<00:05:13.680> out<00:05:13.759> of<00:05:13.840> them<00:05:14.080> because 00:05:14.310 --> 00:05:14.320 align:start position:0% confusing the hell out of them because 00:05:14.320 --> 00:05:15.749 align:start position:0% confusing the hell out of them because they<00:05:14.479> all<00:05:14.639> assumed<00:05:14.960> if<00:05:15.039> i<00:05:15.120> was<00:05:15.280> visiting<00:05:15.600> them 00:05:15.749 --> 00:05:15.759 align:start position:0% they all assumed if i was visiting them 00:05:15.759 --> 00:05:16.950 align:start position:0% they all assumed if i was visiting them i<00:05:15.840> was<00:05:15.919> looking<00:05:16.160> for<00:05:16.240> a<00:05:16.320> job<00:05:16.560> and<00:05:16.639> then<00:05:16.800> they 00:05:16.950 --> 00:05:16.960 align:start position:0% i was looking for a job and then they 00:05:16.960 --> 00:05:18.950 align:start position:0% i was looking for a job and then they start<00:05:17.199> talking<00:05:17.440> about<00:05:17.680> jobs<00:05:18.080> no<00:05:18.240> i'm<00:05:18.400> just 00:05:18.950 --> 00:05:18.960 align:start position:0% start talking about jobs no i'm just 00:05:18.960 --> 00:05:21.029 align:start position:0% start talking about jobs no i'm just wanted<00:05:19.199> to<00:05:19.360> see<00:05:19.440> what<00:05:19.600> you're<00:05:19.759> up<00:05:19.840> to<00:05:20.240> anyway 00:05:21.029 --> 00:05:21.039 align:start position:0% wanted to see what you're up to anyway 00:05:21.039 --> 00:05:23.110 align:start position:0% wanted to see what you're up to anyway one<00:05:21.199> of<00:05:21.280> the<00:05:21.440> people<00:05:21.680> i<00:05:21.919> visited<00:05:22.479> was<00:05:22.720> kalman 00:05:23.110 --> 00:05:23.120 align:start position:0% one of the people i visited was kalman 00:05:23.120 --> 00:05:24.870 align:start position:0% one of the people i visited was kalman who<00:05:23.280> was<00:05:23.440> then<00:05:23.600> at<00:05:23.680> the<00:05:23.840> university<00:05:24.320> at 00:05:24.870 --> 00:05:24.880 align:start position:0% who was then at the university at 00:05:24.880 --> 00:05:28.230 align:start position:0% who was then at the university at maryland<00:05:26.000> at<00:05:26.240> a<00:05:26.320> research<00:05:26.800> center<00:05:27.759> but<00:05:28.000> he<00:05:28.080> was 00:05:28.230 --> 00:05:28.240 align:start position:0% maryland at a research center but he was 00:05:28.240 --> 00:05:28.629 align:start position:0% maryland at a research center but he was just 00:05:28.629 --> 00:05:28.639 align:start position:0% just 00:05:28.639 --> 00:05:30.629 align:start position:0% just then<00:05:28.880> moving<00:05:29.280> to<00:05:29.440> stanford<00:05:30.000> so<00:05:30.160> he<00:05:30.240> asked<00:05:30.479> me 00:05:30.629 --> 00:05:30.639 align:start position:0% then moving to stanford so he asked me 00:05:30.639 --> 00:05:32.230 align:start position:0% then moving to stanford so he asked me to<00:05:30.720> go<00:05:30.880> there<00:05:31.120> as<00:05:31.280> a<00:05:31.360> postdoc 00:05:32.230 --> 00:05:32.240 align:start position:0% to go there as a postdoc 00:05:32.240 --> 00:05:35.430 align:start position:0% to go there as a postdoc which<00:05:32.479> i<00:05:32.639> agreed<00:05:32.960> to<00:05:33.039> do<00:05:33.280> so<00:05:33.440> after<00:05:34.880> about<00:05:35.199> six 00:05:35.430 --> 00:05:35.440 align:start position:0% which i agreed to do so after about six 00:05:35.440 --> 00:05:35.830 align:start position:0% which i agreed to do so after about six months 00:05:35.830 --> 00:05:35.840 align:start position:0% months 00:05:35.840 --> 00:05:37.909 align:start position:0% months traveling<00:05:36.160> around<00:05:36.639> europe<00:05:37.199> no<00:05:37.440> actually<00:05:37.680> six 00:05:37.909 --> 00:05:37.919 align:start position:0% traveling around europe no actually six 00:05:37.919 --> 00:05:39.270 align:start position:0% traveling around europe no actually six months<00:05:38.160> in<00:05:38.320> london 00:05:39.270 --> 00:05:39.280 align:start position:0% months in london 00:05:39.280 --> 00:05:42.469 align:start position:0% months in london working<00:05:39.600> on<00:05:39.840> neural<00:05:40.160> nets 00:05:42.469 --> 00:05:42.479 align:start position:0% working on neural nets 00:05:42.479 --> 00:05:44.150 align:start position:0% working on neural nets and<00:05:42.639> then<00:05:43.039> about<00:05:43.360> four<00:05:43.600> months<00:05:43.840> traveling 00:05:44.150 --> 00:05:44.160 align:start position:0% and then about four months traveling 00:05:44.160 --> 00:05:47.430 align:start position:0% and then about four months traveling around<00:05:44.960> europe<00:05:45.280> and<00:05:45.360> the<00:05:45.520> soviet<00:05:45.919> union 00:05:47.430 --> 00:05:47.440 align:start position:0% around europe and the soviet union 00:05:47.440 --> 00:05:50.070 align:start position:0% around europe and the soviet union i<00:05:48.560> went<00:05:48.720> back<00:05:48.880> to<00:05:49.039> australia<00:05:49.759> and<00:05:49.840> then 00:05:50.070 --> 00:05:50.080 align:start position:0% i went back to australia and then 00:05:50.080 --> 00:05:52.070 align:start position:0% i went back to australia and then finally<00:05:50.400> got<00:05:50.560> to<00:05:50.840> stanford 00:05:52.070 --> 00:05:52.080 align:start position:0% finally got to stanford 00:05:52.080 --> 00:05:55.749 align:start position:0% finally got to stanford and<00:05:52.320> so<00:05:52.639> during<00:05:53.199> that<00:05:53.680> time<00:05:54.800> i<00:05:55.039> probably<00:05:55.440> had 00:05:55.749 --> 00:05:55.759 align:start position:0% and so during that time i probably had 00:05:55.759 --> 00:05:56.150 align:start position:0% and so during that time i probably had my 00:05:56.150 --> 00:05:56.160 align:start position:0% my 00:05:56.160 --> 00:05:58.790 align:start position:0% my first<00:05:56.639> real<00:05:57.280> contact<00:05:57.840> with<00:05:58.080> robotics 00:05:58.790 --> 00:05:58.800 align:start position:0% first real contact with robotics 00:05:58.800 --> 00:06:01.029 align:start position:0% first real contact with robotics research 00:06:01.029 --> 00:06:01.039 align:start position:0% research 00:06:01.039 --> 00:06:04.070 align:start position:0% research because<00:06:01.520> just<00:06:02.080> down<00:06:02.319> the<00:06:02.479> road<00:06:02.880> from<00:06:03.280> stanford 00:06:04.070 --> 00:06:04.080 align:start position:0% because just down the road from stanford 00:06:04.080 --> 00:06:07.189 align:start position:0% because just down the road from stanford was<00:06:04.840> sri<00:06:05.840> at<00:06:06.080> that<00:06:06.400> time<00:06:06.720> still<00:06:06.960> called 00:06:07.189 --> 00:06:07.199 align:start position:0% was sri at that time still called 00:06:07.199 --> 00:06:09.110 align:start position:0% was sri at that time still called stanford<00:06:07.759> research<00:06:08.160> international 00:06:09.110 --> 00:06:09.120 align:start position:0% stanford research international 00:06:09.120 --> 00:06:11.430 align:start position:0% stanford research international before<00:06:09.440> stanford<00:06:10.000> associated<00:06:10.560> itself<00:06:11.280> and 00:06:11.430 --> 00:06:11.440 align:start position:0% before stanford associated itself and 00:06:11.440 --> 00:06:13.270 align:start position:0% before stanford associated itself and then<00:06:11.680> niels<00:06:12.080> nielsen<00:06:12.560> and<00:06:12.639> his<00:06:12.880> group 00:06:13.270 --> 00:06:13.280 align:start position:0% then niels nielsen and his group 00:06:13.280 --> 00:06:15.909 align:start position:0% then niels nielsen and his group were<00:06:13.440> working<00:06:14.000> on<00:06:14.479> uh<00:06:14.880> shaky<00:06:15.280> the<00:06:15.360> robot<00:06:15.840> and 00:06:15.909 --> 00:06:15.919 align:start position:0% were working on uh shaky the robot and 00:06:15.919 --> 00:06:16.469 align:start position:0% were working on uh shaky the robot and the<00:06:16.080> strip 00:06:16.469 --> 00:06:16.479 align:start position:0% the strip 00:06:16.479 --> 00:06:19.510 align:start position:0% the strip system<00:06:16.960> for<00:06:17.600> robot<00:06:18.000> planning<00:06:19.039> so<00:06:19.199> i<00:06:19.280> think 00:06:19.510 --> 00:06:19.520 align:start position:0% system for robot planning so i think 00:06:19.520 --> 00:06:21.990 align:start position:0% system for robot planning so i think that's<00:06:19.840> where<00:06:20.160> i<00:06:20.400> got 00:06:21.990 --> 00:06:22.000 align:start position:0% that's where i got 00:06:22.000 --> 00:06:23.990 align:start position:0% that's where i got first<00:06:22.400> involved<00:06:22.800> with<00:06:23.199> real<00:06:23.440> work<00:06:23.759> on 00:06:23.990 --> 00:06:24.000 align:start position:0% first involved with real work on 00:06:24.000 --> 00:06:25.430 align:start position:0% first involved with real work on robotics 00:06:25.430 --> 00:06:25.440 align:start position:0% robotics 00:06:25.440 --> 00:06:28.550 align:start position:0% robotics but<00:06:26.880> my<00:06:27.199> own<00:06:27.440> research 00:06:28.550 --> 00:06:28.560 align:start position:0% but my own research 00:06:28.560 --> 00:06:32.390 align:start position:0% but my own research was<00:06:28.720> divided<00:06:29.199> between<00:06:31.039> automata<00:06:31.680> theory<00:06:32.080> and 00:06:32.390 --> 00:06:32.400 align:start position:0% was divided between automata theory and 00:06:32.400 --> 00:06:34.390 align:start position:0% was divided between automata theory and mathematical<00:06:32.960> theory<00:06:33.199> of<00:06:33.280> neural<00:06:33.520> networks 00:06:34.390 --> 00:06:34.400 align:start position:0% mathematical theory of neural networks 00:06:34.400 --> 00:06:35.430 align:start position:0% mathematical theory of neural networks and<00:06:34.560> then<00:06:34.800> getting<00:06:35.120> more 00:06:35.430 --> 00:06:35.440 align:start position:0% and then getting more 00:06:35.440 --> 00:06:38.870 align:start position:0% and then getting more involved<00:06:35.919> with<00:06:36.479> um<00:06:37.520> real<00:06:37.840> brains<00:06:38.400> in<00:06:38.560> real 00:06:38.870 --> 00:06:38.880 align:start position:0% involved with um real brains in real 00:06:38.880 --> 00:06:40.070 align:start position:0% involved with um real brains in real animals 00:06:40.070 --> 00:06:40.080 align:start position:0% animals 00:06:40.080 --> 00:06:42.710 align:start position:0% animals and<00:06:40.960> in<00:06:41.120> particular<00:06:41.680> building<00:06:42.080> on<00:06:42.240> the<00:06:42.400> work 00:06:42.710 --> 00:06:42.720 align:start position:0% and in particular building on the work 00:06:42.720 --> 00:06:43.510 align:start position:0% and in particular building on the work with 00:06:43.510 --> 00:06:43.520 align:start position:0% with 00:06:43.520 --> 00:06:45.110 align:start position:0% with what<00:06:43.680> the<00:06:43.840> frog's<00:06:44.160> eye<00:06:44.319> tells<00:06:44.639> the<00:06:44.720> frog's 00:06:45.110 --> 00:06:45.120 align:start position:0% what the frog's eye tells the frog's 00:06:45.120 --> 00:06:47.029 align:start position:0% what the frog's eye tells the frog's brain<00:06:45.520> i<00:06:45.840> worked<00:06:46.080> with<00:06:46.240> a<00:06:46.319> student<00:06:46.639> enriched 00:06:47.029 --> 00:06:47.039 align:start position:0% brain i worked with a student enriched 00:06:47.039 --> 00:06:48.390 align:start position:0% brain i worked with a student enriched today 00:06:48.390 --> 00:06:48.400 align:start position:0% today 00:06:48.400 --> 00:06:50.230 align:start position:0% today and<00:06:48.560> we<00:06:48.800> asked<00:06:49.120> what<00:06:49.360> does<00:06:49.520> the<00:06:49.680> frog's<00:06:50.080> eye 00:06:50.230 --> 00:06:50.240 align:start position:0% and we asked what does the frog's eye 00:06:50.240 --> 00:06:51.830 align:start position:0% and we asked what does the frog's eye tell<00:06:50.479> the<00:06:50.639> frog 00:06:51.830 --> 00:06:51.840 align:start position:0% tell the frog 00:06:51.840 --> 00:06:53.749 align:start position:0% tell the frog so<00:06:52.479> the<00:06:52.639> idea<00:06:52.800> is<00:06:52.880> okay<00:06:53.199> here<00:06:53.360> are<00:06:53.520> some 00:06:53.749 --> 00:06:53.759 align:start position:0% so the idea is okay here are some 00:06:53.759 --> 00:06:55.510 align:start position:0% so the idea is okay here are some signals<00:06:54.160> in<00:06:54.319> the<00:06:54.400> brain<00:06:54.720> the<00:06:54.880> original<00:06:55.199> paper 00:06:55.510 --> 00:06:55.520 align:start position:0% signals in the brain the original paper 00:06:55.520 --> 00:06:57.670 align:start position:0% signals in the brain the original paper said<00:06:55.759> that<00:06:56.000> might<00:06:56.240> be<00:06:56.479> correlated<00:06:57.120> with<00:06:57.280> prey 00:06:57.670 --> 00:06:57.680 align:start position:0% said that might be correlated with prey 00:06:57.680 --> 00:06:59.270 align:start position:0% said that might be correlated with prey might<00:06:57.840> be<00:06:58.080> correlated<00:06:58.560> with<00:06:58.720> predator<00:06:59.120> but 00:06:59.270 --> 00:06:59.280 align:start position:0% might be correlated with predator but 00:06:59.280 --> 00:07:01.510 align:start position:0% might be correlated with predator but how<00:06:59.440> does<00:06:59.599> the<00:06:59.680> animal<00:07:00.080> decide<00:07:00.560> if<00:07:00.720> there<00:07:00.960> are 00:07:01.510 --> 00:07:01.520 align:start position:0% how does the animal decide if there are 00:07:01.520 --> 00:07:03.909 align:start position:0% how does the animal decide if there are several<00:07:01.919> prey<00:07:02.800> for<00:07:03.039> example<00:07:03.360> which<00:07:03.599> one<00:07:03.759> to 00:07:03.909 --> 00:07:03.919 align:start position:0% several prey for example which one to 00:07:03.919 --> 00:07:04.950 align:start position:0% several prey for example which one to snap<00:07:04.319> at 00:07:04.950 --> 00:07:04.960 align:start position:0% snap at 00:07:04.960 --> 00:07:07.510 align:start position:0% snap at so<00:07:05.759> we<00:07:06.000> came<00:07:06.240> up<00:07:06.319> with<00:07:06.560> a<00:07:06.639> model<00:07:06.960> of<00:07:07.120> which<00:07:07.360> i 00:07:07.510 --> 00:07:07.520 align:start position:0% so we came up with a model of which i 00:07:07.520 --> 00:07:09.189 align:start position:0% so we came up with a model of which i think<00:07:07.919> might<00:07:08.160> have<00:07:08.319> been<00:07:08.479> the<00:07:08.639> first<00:07:08.880> winner 00:07:09.189 --> 00:07:09.199 align:start position:0% think might have been the first winner 00:07:09.199 --> 00:07:10.790 align:start position:0% think might have been the first winner take<00:07:09.440> all<00:07:09.680> network<00:07:10.160> you<00:07:10.240> can<00:07:10.479> check 00:07:10.790 --> 00:07:10.800 align:start position:0% take all network you can check 00:07:10.800 --> 00:07:12.629 align:start position:0% take all network you can check with<00:07:10.960> everybody<00:07:11.280> else<00:07:11.520> and<00:07:11.680> find<00:07:11.919> out<00:07:12.319> whether 00:07:12.629 --> 00:07:12.639 align:start position:0% with everybody else and find out whether 00:07:12.639 --> 00:07:15.270 align:start position:0% with everybody else and find out whether they're<00:07:12.880> earlier<00:07:13.280> dates<00:07:13.599> from<00:07:13.759> the<00:07:13.919> late<00:07:14.240> 60s 00:07:15.270 --> 00:07:15.280 align:start position:0% they're earlier dates from the late 60s 00:07:15.280 --> 00:07:18.710 align:start position:0% they're earlier dates from the late 60s but<00:07:17.199> and<00:07:17.280> then<00:07:17.520> with<00:07:17.759> other<00:07:18.000> students<00:07:18.479> we 00:07:18.710 --> 00:07:18.720 align:start position:0% but and then with other students we 00:07:18.720 --> 00:07:19.990 align:start position:0% but and then with other students we modeled 00:07:19.990 --> 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boyles looked at the 00:07:29.759 --> 00:07:31.189 align:start position:0% with kurt boyles looked at the cerebellum 00:07:31.189 --> 00:07:31.199 align:start position:0% cerebellum 00:07:31.199 --> 00:07:33.749 align:start position:0% cerebellum and<00:07:31.759> its<00:07:32.080> relation<00:07:32.479> to<00:07:32.639> that<00:07:32.800> that's<00:07:33.039> when<00:07:33.280> we 00:07:33.749 --> 00:07:33.759 align:start position:0% and its relation to that that's when we 00:07:33.759 --> 00:07:35.350 align:start position:0% and its relation to that that's when we started<00:07:34.160> interacting<00:07:34.720> with 00:07:35.350 --> 00:07:35.360 align:start position:0% started interacting with 00:07:35.360 --> 00:07:38.710 align:start position:0% started interacting with david<00:07:35.759> ma<00:07:36.880> and<00:07:37.120> then<00:07:37.840> i<00:07:38.000> developed<00:07:38.400> something 00:07:38.710 --> 00:07:38.720 align:start position:0% david ma and then i developed something 00:07:38.720 --> 00:07:39.029 align:start position:0% david ma and then i developed something called 00:07:39.029 --> 00:07:39.039 align:start position:0% called 00:07:39.039 --> 00:07:42.469 align:start position:0% called schema<00:07:39.440> theory<00:07:40.960> where<00:07:41.120> the<00:07:41.360> idea<00:07:41.919> was 00:07:42.469 --> 00:07:42.479 align:start position:0% schema theory where the idea was 00:07:42.479 --> 00:07:45.510 align:start position:0% schema theory where the idea was that<00:07:42.720> just<00:07:42.960> as<00:07:43.280> in<00:07:43.599> computer<00:07:44.080> science<00:07:45.280> doing 00:07:45.510 --> 00:07:45.520 align:start position:0% that just as in computer science doing 00:07:45.520 --> 00:07:47.430 align:start position:0% that just as in computer science doing everything<00:07:45.840> in<00:07:45.919> machine<00:07:46.400> code<00:07:46.720> is<00:07:46.960> death<00:07:47.280> you 00:07:47.430 --> 00:07:47.440 align:start position:0% everything in machine code is death you 00:07:47.440 --> 00:07:49.430 align:start position:0% everything in machine code is death you need<00:07:47.680> higher<00:07:47.919> level<00:07:48.240> procedures 00:07:49.430 --> 00:07:49.440 align:start position:0% need higher level procedures 00:07:49.440 --> 00:07:52.230 align:start position:0% need higher level procedures so<00:07:49.680> i<00:07:49.840> felt<00:07:50.000> that<00:07:50.240> the<00:07:50.400> brain<00:07:51.440> needed<00:07:51.840> not<00:07:52.000> just 00:07:52.230 --> 00:07:52.240 align:start position:0% so i felt that the brain needed not just 00:07:52.240 --> 00:07:53.909 align:start position:0% so i felt that the brain needed not just a<00:07:52.400> structural<00:07:52.879> account<00:07:53.280> in<00:07:53.440> terms<00:07:53.759> of 00:07:53.909 --> 00:07:53.919 align:start position:0% a structural account in terms of 00:07:53.919 --> 00:07:55.029 align:start position:0% a structural account in terms of networks<00:07:54.639> and 00:07:55.029 --> 00:07:55.039 align:start position:0% networks and 00:07:55.039 --> 00:07:57.270 align:start position:0% networks and neural<00:07:55.440> columns<00:07:55.919> and<00:07:56.000> so<00:07:56.160> on<00:07:56.400> but<00:07:56.560> a<00:07:57.039> more 00:07:57.270 --> 00:07:57.280 align:start position:0% neural columns and so on but a more 00:07:57.280 --> 00:07:58.390 align:start position:0% neural columns and so on but a more functional 00:07:58.390 --> 00:07:58.400 align:start position:0% functional 00:07:58.400 --> 00:08:00.230 align:start position:0% functional level<00:07:58.720> of<00:07:58.879> parallel<00:07:59.440> interaction 00:08:00.230 --> 00:08:00.240 align:start position:0% level of parallel interaction 00:08:00.240 --> 00:08:02.150 align:start position:0% level of parallel interaction distributed<00:08:00.800> in<00:08:00.879> corrections<00:08:01.440> that<00:08:01.599> was 00:08:02.150 --> 00:08:02.160 align:start position:0% distributed in corrections that was 00:08:02.160 --> 00:08:04.230 align:start position:0% distributed in corrections that was those<00:08:02.400> were<00:08:02.560> the<00:08:02.720> schemas<00:08:03.520> and<00:08:03.680> the<00:08:03.840> focus 00:08:04.230 --> 00:08:04.240 align:start position:0% those were the schemas and the focus 00:08:04.240 --> 00:08:06.230 align:start position:0% those were the schemas and the focus there<00:08:04.479> was<00:08:05.039> to<00:08:05.199> really<00:08:05.440> think<00:08:05.599> about<00:08:05.919> vision 00:08:06.230 --> 00:08:06.240 align:start position:0% there was to really think about vision 00:08:06.240 --> 00:08:07.990 align:start position:0% there was to really think about vision not<00:08:06.479> in<00:08:06.560> terms<00:08:06.879> of<00:08:07.039> just<00:08:07.199> recognizing<00:08:07.840> what 00:08:07.990 --> 00:08:08.000 align:start position:0% not in terms of just recognizing what 00:08:08.000 --> 00:08:09.510 align:start position:0% not in terms of just recognizing what was<00:08:08.160> going<00:08:08.319> on<00:08:08.479> in<00:08:08.560> the<00:08:08.639> world 00:08:09.510 --> 00:08:09.520 align:start position:0% was going on in the world 00:08:09.520 --> 00:08:13.270 align:start position:0% was going on in the world but<00:08:09.759> in<00:08:09.919> terms<00:08:10.400> of<00:08:11.520> how<00:08:11.680> that<00:08:11.919> recognition 00:08:13.270 --> 00:08:13.280 align:start position:0% but in terms of how that recognition 00:08:13.280 --> 00:08:15.350 align:start position:0% but in terms of how that recognition could<00:08:13.840> extract<00:08:14.319> the<00:08:14.400> parameters<00:08:14.960> needed<00:08:15.199> to 00:08:15.350 --> 00:08:15.360 align:start position:0% could extract the parameters needed to 00:08:15.360 --> 00:08:16.790 align:start position:0% could extract the parameters needed to guide<00:08:15.680> action 00:08:16.790 --> 00:08:16.800 align:start position:0% guide action 00:08:16.800 --> 00:08:19.830 align:start position:0% guide action so<00:08:18.080> what<00:08:18.319> i<00:08:18.400> was<00:08:18.560> doing<00:08:18.800> then<00:08:19.039> it<00:08:19.360> has<00:08:19.599> been 00:08:19.830 --> 00:08:19.840 align:start position:0% so what i was doing then it has been 00:08:19.840 --> 00:08:22.550 align:start position:0% so what i was doing then it has been characterized<00:08:20.479> as<00:08:20.720> computational<00:08:21.680> neuro 00:08:22.550 --> 00:08:22.560 align:start position:0% characterized as computational neuro 00:08:22.560 --> 00:08:24.629 align:start position:0% characterized as computational neuro ethology<00:08:23.199> ethology<00:08:23.759> the<00:08:24.000> study<00:08:24.160> of<00:08:24.319> animal 00:08:24.629 --> 00:08:24.639 align:start position:0% ethology ethology the study of animal 00:08:24.639 --> 00:08:26.629 align:start position:0% ethology ethology the study of animal behavior<00:08:25.520> computer<00:08:25.919> models<00:08:26.240> of<00:08:26.319> the<00:08:26.400> brain 00:08:26.629 --> 00:08:26.639 align:start position:0% behavior computer models of the brain 00:08:26.639 --> 00:08:28.869 align:start position:0% behavior computer models of the brain mechanisms<00:08:27.360> underlying<00:08:27.840> that 00:08:28.869 --> 00:08:28.879 align:start position:0% mechanisms underlying that 00:08:28.879 --> 00:08:32.310 align:start position:0% mechanisms underlying that so<00:08:29.440> in<00:08:29.680> a<00:08:29.919> sense<00:08:31.599> i<00:08:31.759> was 00:08:32.310 --> 00:08:32.320 align:start position:0% so in a sense i was 00:08:32.320 --> 00:08:34.070 align:start position:0% so in a sense i was learning<00:08:32.640> about<00:08:32.880> robotics<00:08:33.360> not<00:08:33.519> contributing 00:08:34.070 --> 00:08:34.080 align:start position:0% learning about robotics not contributing 00:08:34.080 --> 00:08:36.709 align:start position:0% learning about robotics not contributing to<00:08:34.240> it<00:08:34.640> but<00:08:34.880> developing<00:08:35.360> a<00:08:35.519> framework 00:08:36.709 --> 00:08:36.719 align:start position:0% to it but developing a framework 00:08:36.719 --> 00:08:40.070 align:start position:0% to it but developing a framework that<00:08:36.959> was<00:08:37.200> very<00:08:37.360> much<00:08:37.839> relevant<00:08:38.399> to<00:08:39.279> robotics 00:08:40.070 --> 00:08:40.080 align:start position:0% that was very much relevant to robotics 00:08:40.080 --> 00:08:43.190 align:start position:0% that was very much relevant to robotics as<00:08:40.959> if<00:08:41.120> you<00:08:41.200> will<00:08:41.440> embodied<00:08:42.000> computers 00:08:43.190 --> 00:08:43.200 align:start position:0% as if you will embodied computers 00:08:43.200 --> 00:08:46.070 align:start position:0% as if you will embodied computers which<00:08:43.440> had<00:08:43.680> both<00:08:43.919> sensors<00:08:44.399> and<00:08:44.480> effectors<00:08:45.920> so 00:08:46.070 --> 00:08:46.080 align:start position:0% which had both sensors and effectors so 00:08:46.080 --> 00:08:47.750 align:start position:0% which had both sensors and effectors so that<00:08:46.240> gets<00:08:46.480> me<00:08:46.640> through<00:08:46.959> stanford 00:08:47.750 --> 00:08:47.760 align:start position:0% that gets me through stanford 00:08:47.760 --> 00:08:49.509 align:start position:0% that gets me through stanford there<00:08:48.000> any<00:08:48.160> questions<00:08:48.640> you<00:08:48.720> want<00:08:48.880> to<00:08:49.040> raise 00:08:49.509 --> 00:08:49.519 align:start position:0% there any questions you want to raise 00:08:49.519 --> 00:08:50.870 align:start position:0% there any questions you want to raise before<00:08:49.920> i 00:08:50.870 --> 00:08:50.880 align:start position:0% before i 00:08:50.880 --> 00:08:52.470 align:start position:0% before i jump<00:08:51.120> into<00:08:51.279> the<00:08:51.360> next<00:08:51.600> phase<00:08:52.000> so<00:08:52.160> you<00:08:52.320> were 00:08:52.470 --> 00:08:52.480 align:start position:0% jump into the next phase so you were 00:08:52.480 --> 00:08:54.070 align:start position:0% jump into the next phase so you were conscious<00:08:52.959> of<00:08:53.040> the<00:08:53.279> applications<00:08:53.920> to 00:08:54.070 --> 00:08:54.080 align:start position:0% conscious of the applications to 00:08:54.080 --> 00:08:55.750 align:start position:0% conscious of the applications to robotics<00:08:54.640> and<00:08:54.800> how<00:08:54.959> much<00:08:55.120> of<00:08:55.200> your<00:08:55.360> work<00:08:55.600> was 00:08:55.750 --> 00:08:55.760 align:start position:0% robotics and how much of your work was 00:08:55.760 --> 00:08:57.509 align:start position:0% robotics and how much of your work was sort<00:08:55.920> of<00:08:56.000> driven<00:08:56.399> by<00:08:56.560> an<00:08:56.720> interest<00:08:57.120> in<00:08:57.200> being 00:08:57.509 --> 00:08:57.519 align:start position:0% sort of driven by an interest in being 00:08:57.519 --> 00:08:58.550 align:start position:0% sort of driven by an interest in being able<00:08:57.760> to 00:08:58.550 --> 00:08:58.560 align:start position:0% able to 00:08:58.560 --> 00:09:00.470 align:start position:0% able to translate<00:08:59.040> these<00:08:59.279> neural<00:08:59.600> models<00:09:00.160> to<00:09:00.320> an 00:09:00.470 --> 00:09:00.480 align:start position:0% translate these neural models to an 00:09:00.480 --> 00:09:02.550 align:start position:0% translate these neural models to an artificial<00:09:01.040> system 00:09:02.550 --> 00:09:02.560 align:start position:0% artificial system 00:09:02.560 --> 00:09:04.310 align:start position:0% artificial system and<00:09:02.720> how<00:09:02.880> much<00:09:03.040> was<00:09:03.279> just<00:09:03.440> trying<00:09:03.680> to<00:09:03.839> model<00:09:04.160> it 00:09:04.310 --> 00:09:04.320 align:start position:0% and how much was just trying to model it 00:09:04.320 --> 00:09:07.430 align:start position:0% and how much was just trying to model it at<00:09:04.480> some<00:09:04.800> stage 00:09:07.430 --> 00:09:07.440 align:start position:0% 00:09:07.440 --> 00:09:09.670 align:start position:0% i<00:09:07.600> think<00:09:07.760> that<00:09:08.000> the<00:09:08.399> robotics<00:09:09.040> people<00:09:09.279> i<00:09:09.360> was 00:09:09.670 --> 00:09:09.680 align:start position:0% i think that the robotics people i was 00:09:09.680 --> 00:09:11.990 align:start position:0% i think that the robotics people i was interacting<00:09:10.399> with<00:09:10.640> at<00:09:10.720> that<00:09:11.120> time 00:09:11.990 --> 00:09:12.000 align:start position:0% interacting with at that time 00:09:12.000 --> 00:09:14.870 align:start position:0% interacting with at that time were<00:09:13.120> either<00:09:13.519> looking<00:09:13.839> at<00:09:14.000> the<00:09:14.160> visual<00:09:14.560> front 00:09:14.870 --> 00:09:14.880 align:start position:0% were either looking at the visual front 00:09:14.880 --> 00:09:15.590 align:start position:0% were either looking at the visual front end 00:09:15.590 --> 00:09:15.600 align:start position:0% end 00:09:15.600 --> 00:09:19.670 align:start position:0% end um<00:09:16.880> what<00:09:17.120> computer<00:09:17.519> vision<00:09:17.839> algorithms<00:09:18.560> might 00:09:19.670 --> 00:09:19.680 align:start position:0% um what computer vision algorithms might 00:09:19.680 --> 00:09:23.030 align:start position:0% um what computer vision algorithms might influence<00:09:20.320> the<00:09:20.480> thing<00:09:21.360> or<00:09:22.480> in<00:09:22.640> terms<00:09:22.959> of 00:09:23.030 --> 00:09:23.040 align:start position:0% influence the thing or in terms of 00:09:23.040 --> 00:09:25.670 align:start position:0% influence the thing or in terms of extracting<00:09:23.519> a<00:09:23.600> model<00:09:23.920> of<00:09:24.000> the<00:09:24.160> environment 00:09:25.670 --> 00:09:25.680 align:start position:0% extracting a model of the environment 00:09:25.680 --> 00:09:28.310 align:start position:0% extracting a model of the environment or<00:09:26.160> they<00:09:26.640> were<00:09:27.200> looking<00:09:27.440> at<00:09:27.519> the<00:09:27.680> high<00:09:27.920> level 00:09:28.310 --> 00:09:28.320 align:start position:0% or they were looking at the high level 00:09:28.320 --> 00:09:28.870 align:start position:0% or they were looking at the high level planning 00:09:28.870 --> 00:09:28.880 align:start position:0% planning 00:09:28.880 --> 00:09:32.310 align:start position:0% planning in<00:09:28.959> a<00:09:29.040> very<00:09:29.279> abstract<00:09:29.920> space<00:09:31.360> so<00:09:31.600> i<00:09:31.839> think 00:09:32.310 --> 00:09:32.320 align:start position:0% in a very abstract space so i think 00:09:32.320 --> 00:09:34.430 align:start position:0% in a very abstract space so i think that<00:09:32.720> my<00:09:33.040> work<00:09:33.440> was<00:09:33.680> probably<00:09:34.000> more 00:09:34.430 --> 00:09:34.440 align:start position:0% that my work was probably more 00:09:34.440 --> 00:09:36.150 align:start position:0% that my work was probably more complementary<00:09:35.519> than 00:09:36.150 --> 00:09:36.160 align:start position:0% complementary than 00:09:36.160 --> 00:09:37.590 align:start position:0% complementary than tightly<00:09:36.560> geared<00:09:36.800> to<00:09:36.959> it<00:09:37.040> at<00:09:37.120> the<00:09:37.200> time<00:09:37.519> i 00:09:37.590 --> 00:09:37.600 align:start position:0% tightly geared to it at the time i 00:09:37.600 --> 00:09:39.269 align:start position:0% tightly geared to it at the time i wanted<00:09:37.839> to<00:09:38.000> know<00:09:38.160> really<00:09:38.480> how 00:09:39.269 --> 00:09:39.279 align:start position:0% wanted to know really how 00:09:39.279 --> 00:09:40.949 align:start position:0% wanted to know really how you<00:09:39.519> have<00:09:39.600> a<00:09:39.680> system<00:09:40.000> that<00:09:40.160> is<00:09:40.320> extracting<00:09:40.800> the 00:09:40.949 --> 00:09:40.959 align:start position:0% you have a system that is extracting the 00:09:40.959 --> 00:09:42.630 align:start position:0% you have a system that is extracting the information<00:09:41.600> it<00:09:41.839> needs 00:09:42.630 --> 00:09:42.640 align:start position:0% information it needs 00:09:42.640 --> 00:09:46.710 align:start position:0% information it needs to<00:09:42.959> control<00:09:44.399> its<00:09:44.720> behavior 00:09:46.710 --> 00:09:46.720 align:start position:0% to control its behavior 00:09:46.720 --> 00:09:48.470 align:start position:0% to control its behavior inspired<00:09:47.279> by<00:09:47.519> the<00:09:47.600> brain<00:09:48.000> talking<00:09:48.320> to<00:09:48.399> the 00:09:48.470 --> 00:09:48.480 align:start position:0% inspired by the brain talking to the 00:09:48.480 --> 00:09:50.389 align:start position:0% inspired by the brain talking to the roboticist<00:09:49.279> but<00:09:49.680> not 00:09:50.389 --> 00:09:50.399 align:start position:0% roboticist but not 00:09:50.399 --> 00:09:52.710 align:start position:0% roboticist but not looking<00:09:50.720> for<00:09:50.959> a<00:09:51.040> platform<00:09:51.680> on<00:09:51.839> which<00:09:52.160> to<00:09:52.560> to 00:09:52.710 --> 00:09:52.720 align:start position:0% looking for a platform on which to to 00:09:52.720 --> 00:09:54.870 align:start position:0% looking for a platform on which to to actually<00:09:53.120> implement<00:09:53.680> it 00:09:54.870 --> 00:09:54.880 align:start position:0% actually implement it 00:09:54.880 --> 00:09:57.430 align:start position:0% actually implement it and<00:09:55.040> in<00:09:55.120> terms<00:09:55.440> of<00:09:55.519> the<00:09:56.240> cybernetics<00:09:56.800> scene<00:09:57.279> at 00:09:57.430 --> 00:09:57.440 align:start position:0% and in terms of the cybernetics scene at 00:09:57.440 --> 00:09:59.030 align:start position:0% and in terms of the cybernetics scene at mit<00:09:58.000> when<00:09:58.160> you<00:09:58.240> were<00:09:58.399> there 00:09:59.030 --> 00:09:59.040 align:start position:0% mit when you were there 00:09:59.040 --> 00:10:01.430 align:start position:0% mit when you were there was<00:09:59.279> there<00:09:59.600> a<00:10:00.080> growing<00:10:00.480> interest<00:10:00.959> in<00:10:01.120> trying 00:10:01.430 --> 00:10:01.440 align:start position:0% was there a growing interest in trying 00:10:01.440 --> 00:10:02.470 align:start position:0% was there a growing interest in trying to 00:10:02.470 --> 00:10:02.480 align:start position:0% to 00:10:02.480 --> 00:10:04.389 align:start position:0% to build<00:10:02.800> robotic<00:10:03.279> systems<00:10:03.760> there<00:10:04.079> or<00:10:04.240> to 00:10:04.389 --> 00:10:04.399 align:start position:0% build robotic systems there or to 00:10:04.399 --> 00:10:06.630 align:start position:0% build robotic systems there or to continue<00:10:04.880> grey<00:10:05.120> walters<00:10:05.600> work<00:10:05.839> in<00:10:06.000> any<00:10:06.240> sense 00:10:06.630 --> 00:10:06.640 align:start position:0% continue grey walters work in any sense 00:10:06.640 --> 00:10:07.430 align:start position:0% continue grey walters work in any sense or 00:10:07.430 --> 00:10:07.440 align:start position:0% or 00:10:07.440 --> 00:10:10.389 align:start position:0% or were<00:10:07.600> they<00:10:07.920> sort<00:10:08.079> of<00:10:08.240> working<00:10:09.200> i<00:10:09.440> left<00:10:09.760> mit<00:10:10.320> a 00:10:10.389 --> 00:10:10.399 align:start position:0% were they sort of working i left mit a 00:10:10.399 --> 00:10:12.590 align:start position:0% were they sort of working i left mit a long<00:10:10.800> time<00:10:11.040> ago 00:10:12.590 --> 00:10:12.600 align:start position:0% long time ago 00:10:12.600 --> 00:10:16.829 align:start position:0% long time ago 1963<00:10:14.640> so<00:10:14.880> at<00:10:14.959> that<00:10:15.200> time 00:10:16.829 --> 00:10:16.839 align:start position:0% 1963 so at that time 00:10:16.839 --> 00:10:20.069 align:start position:0% 1963 so at that time um<00:10:18.560> under<00:10:18.800> minsky's<00:10:19.279> leadership<00:10:19.760> there<00:10:19.920> was 00:10:20.069 --> 00:10:20.079 align:start position:0% um under minsky's leadership there was 00:10:20.079 --> 00:10:21.509 align:start position:0% um under minsky's leadership there was quite<00:10:20.240> a<00:10:20.320> lot<00:10:20.480> of<00:10:20.560> stuff<00:10:20.880> in<00:10:21.040> what<00:10:21.200> you<00:10:21.360> might 00:10:21.509 --> 00:10:21.519 align:start position:0% quite a lot of stuff in what you might 00:10:21.519 --> 00:10:21.829 align:start position:0% quite a lot of stuff in what you might call 00:10:21.829 --> 00:10:21.839 align:start position:0% call 00:10:21.839 --> 00:10:25.269 align:start position:0% call symbolic<00:10:22.480> a.i<00:10:24.000> um 00:10:25.269 --> 00:10:25.279 align:start position:0% symbolic a.i um 00:10:25.279 --> 00:10:28.870 align:start position:0% symbolic a.i um minsky<00:10:25.760> and<00:10:26.000> papa<00:10:27.440> were<00:10:27.920> writing<00:10:28.320> their<00:10:28.560> book 00:10:28.870 --> 00:10:28.880 align:start position:0% minsky and papa were writing their book 00:10:28.880 --> 00:10:30.470 align:start position:0% minsky and papa were writing their book on<00:10:29.040> perceptrons 00:10:30.470 --> 00:10:30.480 align:start position:0% on perceptrons 00:10:30.480 --> 00:10:32.710 align:start position:0% on perceptrons which<00:10:31.200> many<00:10:31.440> people<00:10:31.760> took<00:10:32.000> as<00:10:32.240> the<00:10:32.399> death 00:10:32.710 --> 00:10:32.720 align:start position:0% which many people took as the death 00:10:32.720 --> 00:10:34.550 align:start position:0% which many people took as the death knell<00:10:32.959> of<00:10:33.120> neural<00:10:33.440> networks<00:10:33.920> but<00:10:34.079> i<00:10:34.240> think 00:10:34.550 --> 00:10:34.560 align:start position:0% knell of neural networks but i think 00:10:34.560 --> 00:10:35.430 align:start position:0% knell of neural networks but i think just 00:10:35.430 --> 00:10:35.440 align:start position:0% just 00:10:35.440 --> 00:10:37.350 align:start position:0% just introduced<00:10:36.000> complexity<00:10:36.640> theory<00:10:36.959> into<00:10:37.200> the 00:10:37.350 --> 00:10:37.360 align:start position:0% introduced complexity theory into the 00:10:37.360 --> 00:10:39.350 align:start position:0% introduced complexity theory into the study<00:10:37.600> of<00:10:37.760> neural<00:10:38.079> networks 00:10:39.350 --> 00:10:39.360 align:start position:0% study of neural networks 00:10:39.360 --> 00:10:43.110 align:start position:0% study of neural networks um<00:10:40.880> we<00:10:41.120> had<00:10:41.440> some<00:10:41.680> early<00:10:42.079> work<00:10:42.399> on 00:10:43.110 --> 00:10:43.120 align:start position:0% um we had some early work on 00:10:43.120 --> 00:10:49.030 align:start position:0% um we had some early work on computer<00:10:43.680> vision<00:10:45.120> um 00:10:49.030 --> 00:10:49.040 align:start position:0% 00:10:49.040 --> 00:10:52.069 align:start position:0% but<00:10:49.279> i<00:10:49.680> don't<00:10:50.160> think<00:10:51.120> that<00:10:51.360> was<00:10:51.440> what<00:10:51.600> you 00:10:52.069 --> 00:10:52.079 align:start position:0% but i don't think that was what you 00:10:52.079 --> 00:10:55.110 align:start position:0% but i don't think that was what you might<00:10:52.320> call<00:10:52.640> live<00:10:53.040> robots<00:10:54.240> at<00:10:54.399> that<00:10:54.640> time<00:10:55.040> i 00:10:55.110 --> 00:10:55.120 align:start position:0% might call live robots at that time i 00:10:55.120 --> 00:10:56.550 align:start position:0% might call live robots at that time i mean<00:10:55.279> i've<00:10:55.440> always<00:10:55.680> claimed<00:10:56.000> since<00:10:56.320> that<00:10:56.480> i 00:10:56.550 --> 00:10:56.560 align:start position:0% mean i've always claimed since that i 00:10:56.560 --> 00:10:57.590 align:start position:0% mean i've always claimed since that i was<00:10:56.800> a 00:10:57.590 --> 00:10:57.600 align:start position:0% was a 00:10:57.600 --> 00:11:01.269 align:start position:0% was a a<00:10:57.760> robot<00:10:58.160> created<00:10:58.560> by<00:10:58.720> marvin<00:10:59.040> minsky<00:10:59.600> but<00:10:59.920> um 00:11:01.269 --> 00:11:01.279 align:start position:0% a robot created by marvin minsky but um 00:11:01.279 --> 00:11:03.269 align:start position:0% a robot created by marvin minsky but um whether<00:11:01.519> that's<00:11:01.839> true<00:11:02.079> or<00:11:02.160> not<00:11:02.320> i<00:11:02.480> don't<00:11:02.640> know 00:11:03.269 --> 00:11:03.279 align:start position:0% whether that's true or not i don't know 00:11:03.279 --> 00:11:04.470 align:start position:0% whether that's true or not i don't know i<00:11:03.440> don't<00:11:03.519> know<00:11:03.680> whether<00:11:03.839> you<00:11:04.000> know<00:11:04.160> this<00:11:04.320> but<00:11:04.399> a 00:11:04.470 --> 00:11:04.480 align:start position:0% i don't know whether you know this but a 00:11:04.480 --> 00:11:05.750 align:start position:0% i don't know whether you know this but a few<00:11:04.720> years<00:11:04.959> ago 00:11:05.750 --> 00:11:05.760 align:start position:0% few years ago 00:11:05.760 --> 00:11:08.630 align:start position:0% few years ago a<00:11:05.920> group<00:11:06.079> in<00:11:06.240> england<00:11:06.560> published<00:11:07.040> a<00:11:07.519> paper<00:11:07.920> on 00:11:08.630 --> 00:11:08.640 align:start position:0% a group in england published a paper on 00:11:08.640 --> 00:11:10.870 align:start position:0% a group in england published a paper on a<00:11:09.120> very<00:11:09.360> unfortunately<00:11:09.839> a<00:11:09.920> very<00:11:10.079> simple<00:11:10.399> robot 00:11:10.870 --> 00:11:10.880 align:start position:0% a very unfortunately a very simple robot 00:11:10.880 --> 00:11:12.310 align:start position:0% a very unfortunately a very simple robot but<00:11:11.040> it<00:11:11.120> was<00:11:11.279> called<00:11:11.519> arbi<00:11:11.920> but<00:11:12.079> the<00:11:12.160> good 00:11:12.310 --> 00:11:12.320 align:start position:0% but it was called arbi but the good 00:11:12.320 --> 00:11:13.990 align:start position:0% but it was called arbi but the good thing<00:11:12.480> about<00:11:12.720> it<00:11:12.800> was<00:11:12.959> not<00:11:13.120> the<00:11:13.200> robot<00:11:13.600> itself 00:11:13.990 --> 00:11:14.000 align:start position:0% thing about it was not the robot itself 00:11:14.000 --> 00:11:16.310 align:start position:0% thing about it was not the robot itself but<00:11:14.160> the<00:11:14.320> acronym<00:11:15.360> because<00:11:15.680> it<00:11:15.760> turns<00:11:16.079> out 00:11:16.310 --> 00:11:16.320 align:start position:0% but the acronym because it turns out 00:11:16.320 --> 00:11:17.350 align:start position:0% but the acronym because it turns out that<00:11:16.560> i<00:11:16.720> am 00:11:17.350 --> 00:11:17.360 align:start position:0% that i am 00:11:17.360 --> 00:11:20.710 align:start position:0% that i am an<00:11:17.600> autonomous<00:11:18.320> robot<00:11:19.200> based<00:11:19.600> on<00:11:20.000> inspiration 00:11:20.710 --> 00:11:20.720 align:start position:0% an autonomous robot based on inspiration 00:11:20.720 --> 00:11:21.670 align:start position:0% an autonomous robot based on inspiration from<00:11:20.959> biology 00:11:21.670 --> 00:11:21.680 align:start position:0% from biology 00:11:21.680 --> 00:11:23.910 align:start position:0% from biology so<00:11:22.560> what<00:11:22.720> you're<00:11:22.959> looking<00:11:23.200> at<00:11:23.360> now<00:11:23.600> is<00:11:23.680> not 00:11:23.910 --> 00:11:23.920 align:start position:0% so what you're looking at now is not 00:11:23.920 --> 00:11:25.590 align:start position:0% so what you're looking at now is not actually<00:11:24.240> a<00:11:24.320> human<00:11:24.720> but<00:11:24.959> a 00:11:25.590 --> 00:11:25.600 align:start position:0% actually a human but a 00:11:25.600 --> 00:11:29.190 align:start position:0% actually a human but a an<00:11:25.839> artifact<00:11:26.839> that<00:11:28.079> marvin<00:11:28.399> minsky<00:11:28.800> created 00:11:29.190 --> 00:11:29.200 align:start position:0% an artifact that marvin minsky created 00:11:29.200 --> 00:11:30.870 align:start position:0% an artifact that marvin minsky created in<00:11:29.279> the<00:11:29.440> early<00:11:29.680> 1960s 00:11:30.870 --> 00:11:30.880 align:start position:0% in the early 1960s 00:11:30.880 --> 00:11:33.509 align:start position:0% in the early 1960s but<00:11:31.120> based<00:11:31.360> on<00:11:31.519> biology<00:11:32.320> based<00:11:32.640> on<00:11:33.040> definitely 00:11:33.509 --> 00:11:33.519 align:start position:0% but based on biology based on definitely 00:11:33.519 --> 00:11:35.670 align:start position:0% but based on biology based on definitely inspired<00:11:34.079> by<00:11:34.320> biology<00:11:34.959> yeah 00:11:35.670 --> 00:11:35.680 align:start position:0% inspired by biology yeah 00:11:35.680 --> 00:11:38.630 align:start position:0% inspired by biology yeah um<00:11:36.640> did<00:11:36.800> you<00:11:36.959> ever<00:11:37.200> encounter<00:11:37.839> like<00:11:38.079> shannon's 00:11:38.630 --> 00:11:38.640 align:start position:0% um did you ever encounter like shannon's 00:11:38.640 --> 00:11:39.110 align:start position:0% um did you ever encounter like shannon's rat 00:11:39.110 --> 00:11:39.120 align:start position:0% rat 00:11:39.120 --> 00:11:42.470 align:start position:0% rat or<00:11:39.600> any<00:11:39.839> of<00:11:39.920> the<00:11:40.079> other<00:11:41.040> cybernetic<00:11:41.920> robots<00:11:42.399> in 00:11:42.470 --> 00:11:42.480 align:start position:0% or any of the other cybernetic robots in 00:11:42.480 --> 00:11:43.990 align:start position:0% or any of the other cybernetic robots in the<00:11:42.640> early<00:11:42.880> days<00:11:43.120> you<00:11:43.200> saw<00:11:43.440> the<00:11:43.519> tortoises 00:11:43.990 --> 00:11:44.000 align:start position:0% the early days you saw the tortoises 00:11:44.000 --> 00:11:45.590 align:start position:0% the early days you saw the tortoises first<00:11:44.240> hand 00:11:45.590 --> 00:11:45.600 align:start position:0% first hand 00:11:45.600 --> 00:11:48.630 align:start position:0% first hand no<00:11:45.839> i<00:11:45.920> never<00:11:46.240> saw<00:11:46.480> them<00:11:46.800> uh<00:11:47.839> yeah<00:11:48.160> i<00:11:48.399> knew 00:11:48.630 --> 00:11:48.640 align:start position:0% no i never saw them uh yeah i knew 00:11:48.640 --> 00:11:49.190 align:start position:0% no i never saw them uh yeah i knew shannon 00:11:49.190 --> 00:11:49.200 align:start position:0% shannon 00:11:49.200 --> 00:11:52.470 align:start position:0% shannon moderately<00:11:49.760> well<00:11:51.200> i<00:11:51.360> once<00:11:51.680> went<00:11:52.000> rowing<00:11:52.320> in 00:11:52.470 --> 00:11:52.480 align:start position:0% moderately well i once went rowing in 00:11:52.480 --> 00:11:52.949 align:start position:0% moderately well i once went rowing in the 00:11:52.949 --> 00:11:52.959 align:start position:0% the 00:11:52.959 --> 00:11:55.190 align:start position:0% the pond<00:11:53.279> behind<00:11:53.680> his<00:11:53.839> house<00:11:54.160> and<00:11:54.320> capsized<00:11:55.040> and 00:11:55.190 --> 00:11:55.200 align:start position:0% pond behind his house and capsized and 00:11:55.200 --> 00:11:57.190 align:start position:0% pond behind his house and capsized and he<00:11:55.360> cycled<00:11:55.839> out<00:11:56.000> to<00:11:56.160> rescue<00:11:56.560> me<00:11:56.800> because<00:11:57.040> he 00:11:57.190 --> 00:11:57.200 align:start position:0% he cycled out to rescue me because he 00:11:57.200 --> 00:11:57.829 align:start position:0% he cycled out to rescue me because he had<00:11:57.360> a 00:11:57.829 --> 00:11:57.839 align:start position:0% had a 00:11:57.839 --> 00:12:01.190 align:start position:0% had a bicycle<00:11:58.320> on<00:11:58.560> pontoons<00:11:59.519> that<00:12:00.560> he<00:12:00.720> could<00:12:00.959> take 00:12:01.190 --> 00:12:01.200 align:start position:0% bicycle on pontoons that he could take 00:12:01.200 --> 00:12:02.550 align:start position:0% bicycle on pontoons that he could take out<00:12:01.440> onto<00:12:01.680> the<00:12:01.760> pond 00:12:02.550 --> 00:12:02.560 align:start position:0% out onto the pond 00:12:02.560 --> 00:12:05.750 align:start position:0% out onto the pond but<00:12:03.839> but<00:12:04.079> i<00:12:04.240> talked<00:12:04.399> to<00:12:04.560> him<00:12:04.800> more<00:12:05.040> in<00:12:05.200> terms<00:12:05.519> of 00:12:05.750 --> 00:12:05.760 align:start position:0% but but i talked to him more in terms of 00:12:05.760 --> 00:12:07.990 align:start position:0% but but i talked to him more in terms of his<00:12:06.079> mathematical<00:12:06.720> theory<00:12:06.959> of<00:12:07.120> communication 00:12:07.990 --> 00:12:08.000 align:start position:0% his mathematical theory of communication 00:12:08.000 --> 00:12:09.670 align:start position:0% his mathematical theory of communication so<00:12:08.160> i<00:12:08.320> knew<00:12:08.560> about<00:12:08.800> the<00:12:08.880> rat<00:12:09.200> study<00:12:09.519> in 00:12:09.670 --> 00:12:09.680 align:start position:0% so i knew about the rat study in 00:12:09.680 --> 00:12:11.190 align:start position:0% so i knew about the rat study in relation<00:12:10.240> to 00:12:11.190 --> 00:12:11.200 align:start position:0% relation to 00:12:11.200 --> 00:12:13.350 align:start position:0% relation to as<00:12:11.360> you<00:12:11.519> say<00:12:11.760> grey<00:12:12.079> walters<00:12:12.560> robot<00:12:12.959> and<00:12:13.120> other 00:12:13.350 --> 00:12:13.360 align:start position:0% as you say grey walters robot and other 00:12:13.360 --> 00:12:14.870 align:start position:0% as you say grey walters robot and other efforts<00:12:14.160> but 00:12:14.870 --> 00:12:14.880 align:start position:0% efforts but 00:12:14.880 --> 00:12:16.870 align:start position:0% efforts but i<00:12:15.200> don't<00:12:15.519> remember<00:12:15.920> that<00:12:16.160> as<00:12:16.320> something<00:12:16.639> that 00:12:16.870 --> 00:12:16.880 align:start position:0% i don't remember that as something that 00:12:16.880 --> 00:12:20.870 align:start position:0% i don't remember that as something that we<00:12:17.040> were<00:12:17.279> actively<00:12:17.760> engaged<00:12:18.320> in<00:12:18.480> discussing 00:12:20.870 --> 00:12:20.880 align:start position:0% we were actively engaged in discussing 00:12:20.880 --> 00:12:22.550 align:start position:0% we were actively engaged in discussing at<00:12:20.959> that<00:12:21.200> point<00:12:21.440> the<00:12:21.519> mathematical<00:12:22.160> models 00:12:22.550 --> 00:12:22.560 align:start position:0% at that point the mathematical models 00:12:22.560 --> 00:12:23.829 align:start position:0% at that point the mathematical models and<00:12:22.639> the<00:12:22.800> neural<00:12:23.120> models<00:12:23.440> were<00:12:23.600> more 00:12:23.829 --> 00:12:23.839 align:start position:0% and the neural models were more 00:12:23.839 --> 00:12:25.269 align:start position:0% and the neural models were more interesting<00:12:24.399> and<00:12:24.480> so<00:12:24.639> they 00:12:25.269 --> 00:12:25.279 align:start position:0% interesting and so they 00:12:25.279 --> 00:12:26.949 align:start position:0% interesting and so they it<00:12:25.440> seems<00:12:25.680> that<00:12:25.839> cybernetics<00:12:26.399> had<00:12:26.560> that<00:12:26.800> sort 00:12:26.949 --> 00:12:26.959 align:start position:0% it seems that cybernetics had that sort 00:12:26.959 --> 00:12:28.150 align:start position:0% it seems that cybernetics had that sort of<00:12:27.040> moment<00:12:27.360> where<00:12:27.519> they<00:12:27.600> built<00:12:27.839> a<00:12:27.920> lot<00:12:28.079> of 00:12:28.150 --> 00:12:28.160 align:start position:0% of moment where they built a lot of 00:12:28.160 --> 00:12:30.550 align:start position:0% of moment where they built a lot of robots<00:12:28.639> and<00:12:28.720> then<00:12:28.880> they<00:12:29.120> sort<00:12:29.279> of<00:12:29.440> stopped 00:12:30.550 --> 00:12:30.560 align:start position:0% robots and then they sort of stopped 00:12:30.560 --> 00:12:33.110 align:start position:0% robots and then they sort of stopped for<00:12:30.720> a<00:12:30.800> decade<00:12:31.200> or<00:12:31.360> so<00:12:31.600> and<00:12:31.680> then<00:12:32.560> they<00:12:32.800> started 00:12:33.110 --> 00:12:33.120 align:start position:0% for a decade or so and then they started 00:12:33.120 --> 00:12:34.710 align:start position:0% for a decade or so and then they started rebuilding<00:12:33.600> them<00:12:33.760> with 00:12:34.710 --> 00:12:34.720 align:start position:0% rebuilding them with 00:12:34.720 --> 00:12:36.710 align:start position:0% rebuilding them with the<00:12:34.880> more<00:12:35.120> symbolic<00:12:35.680> ai<00:12:36.079> except<00:12:36.320> for<00:12:36.480> maybe 00:12:36.710 --> 00:12:36.720 align:start position:0% the more symbolic ai except for maybe 00:12:36.720 --> 00:12:38.629 align:start position:0% the more symbolic ai except for maybe the<00:12:37.120> hopkins<00:12:37.680> beast 00:12:38.629 --> 00:12:38.639 align:start position:0% the hopkins beast 00:12:38.639 --> 00:12:41.590 align:start position:0% the hopkins beast which<00:12:38.880> was<00:12:39.040> another<00:12:39.360> cybernetic<00:12:39.920> one<00:12:40.800> yeah<00:12:41.440> no 00:12:41.590 --> 00:12:41.600 align:start position:0% which was another cybernetic one yeah no 00:12:41.600 --> 00:12:42.870 align:start position:0% which was another cybernetic one yeah no i'm<00:12:41.839> just<00:12:42.000> saying<00:12:42.320> that 00:12:42.870 --> 00:12:42.880 align:start position:0% i'm just saying that 00:12:42.880 --> 00:12:44.790 align:start position:0% i'm just saying that i<00:12:42.959> mean<00:12:43.120> there<00:12:43.360> are<00:12:43.920> obviously<00:12:44.320> a<00:12:44.399> lot<00:12:44.560> going 00:12:44.790 --> 00:12:44.800 align:start position:0% i mean there are obviously a lot going 00:12:44.800 --> 00:12:47.030 align:start position:0% i mean there are obviously a lot going on<00:12:44.880> at<00:12:45.040> mit<00:12:45.519> so<00:12:45.680> i<00:12:45.760> can't<00:12:46.079> claim<00:12:46.560> to<00:12:46.720> be<00:12:46.800> giving 00:12:47.030 --> 00:12:47.040 align:start position:0% on at mit so i can't claim to be giving 00:12:47.040 --> 00:12:48.389 align:start position:0% on at mit so i can't claim to be giving you<00:12:47.200> an<00:12:47.360> accurate<00:12:47.680> picture<00:12:48.000> of<00:12:48.079> the<00:12:48.160> whole 00:12:48.389 --> 00:12:48.399 align:start position:0% you an accurate picture of the whole 00:12:48.399 --> 00:12:49.509 align:start position:0% you an accurate picture of the whole spectrum<00:12:48.880> but 00:12:49.509 --> 00:12:49.519 align:start position:0% spectrum but 00:12:49.519 --> 00:12:50.710 align:start position:0% spectrum but certainly<00:12:49.839> in<00:12:49.920> terms<00:12:50.160> of<00:12:50.240> the<00:12:50.320> people<00:12:50.560> i 00:12:50.710 --> 00:12:50.720 align:start position:0% certainly in terms of the people i 00:12:50.720 --> 00:12:52.629 align:start position:0% certainly in terms of the people i interacted<00:12:51.200> with<00:12:51.519> there<00:12:51.680> were<00:12:51.839> the 00:12:52.629 --> 00:12:52.639 align:start position:0% interacted with there were the 00:12:52.639 --> 00:12:54.550 align:start position:0% interacted with there were the formal<00:12:53.040> theory<00:12:53.279> of<00:12:53.440> neural<00:12:53.839> networks<00:12:54.399> and 00:12:54.550 --> 00:12:54.560 align:start position:0% formal theory of neural networks and 00:12:54.560 --> 00:12:56.790 align:start position:0% formal theory of neural networks and reliability<00:12:55.440> theory<00:12:55.760> over<00:12:56.000> in<00:12:56.160> mcculloch's 00:12:56.790 --> 00:12:56.800 align:start position:0% reliability theory over in mcculloch's 00:12:56.800 --> 00:12:58.230 align:start position:0% reliability theory over in mcculloch's group<00:12:57.120> there<00:12:57.279> was<00:12:57.519> the 00:12:58.230 --> 00:12:58.240 align:start position:0% group there was the 00:12:58.240 --> 00:13:00.470 align:start position:0% group there was the move<00:12:58.480> into<00:12:58.720> symbolic<00:12:59.279> ai<00:12:59.680> but<00:12:59.839> the<00:13:00.000> interest 00:13:00.470 --> 00:13:00.480 align:start position:0% move into symbolic ai but the interest 00:13:00.480 --> 00:13:01.590 align:start position:0% move into symbolic ai but the interest in<00:13:00.560> perceptrons 00:13:01.590 --> 00:13:01.600 align:start position:0% in perceptrons 00:13:01.600 --> 00:13:04.069 align:start position:0% in perceptrons in<00:13:02.399> minsky's<00:13:02.959> group<00:13:03.200> and<00:13:03.279> then<00:13:03.519> a<00:13:03.600> lot<00:13:03.760> of 00:13:04.069 --> 00:13:04.079 align:start position:0% in minsky's group and then a lot of 00:13:04.079 --> 00:13:05.829 align:start position:0% in minsky's group and then a lot of control<00:13:04.560> theory<00:13:04.880> communication<00:13:05.519> theory 00:13:05.829 --> 00:13:05.839 align:start position:0% control theory communication theory 00:13:05.839 --> 00:13:07.190 align:start position:0% control theory communication theory mathematics 00:13:07.190 --> 00:13:07.200 align:start position:0% mathematics 00:13:07.200 --> 00:13:09.750 align:start position:0% mathematics so<00:13:07.519> i<00:13:07.680> was<00:13:08.000> not<00:13:08.560> actively<00:13:09.120> engaged<00:13:09.600> in 00:13:09.750 --> 00:13:09.760 align:start position:0% so i was not actively engaged in 00:13:09.760 --> 00:13:11.750 align:start position:0% so i was not actively engaged in robotics<00:13:10.320> as<00:13:10.560> such<00:13:10.800> at<00:13:10.880> that<00:13:11.120> time<00:13:11.360> so<00:13:11.519> as<00:13:11.680> i 00:13:11.750 --> 00:13:11.760 align:start position:0% robotics as such at that time so as i 00:13:11.760 --> 00:13:12.310 align:start position:0% robotics as such at that time so as i say 00:13:12.310 --> 00:13:12.320 align:start position:0% say 00:13:12.320 --> 00:13:14.310 align:start position:0% say i<00:13:12.399> think<00:13:12.560> the<00:13:12.880> first<00:13:13.200> serious<00:13:13.600> conversations 00:13:14.310 --> 00:13:14.320 align:start position:0% i think the first serious conversations 00:13:14.320 --> 00:13:16.629 align:start position:0% i think the first serious conversations i<00:13:14.399> had<00:13:14.560> on<00:13:14.720> robotics<00:13:15.360> were<00:13:15.680> with 00:13:16.629 --> 00:13:16.639 align:start position:0% i had on robotics were with 00:13:16.639 --> 00:13:20.710 align:start position:0% i had on robotics were with um<00:13:17.600> niels<00:13:18.000> nielsen<00:13:19.440> when<00:13:19.600> i<00:13:19.680> went<00:13:19.920> to<00:13:20.079> stanford 00:13:20.710 --> 00:13:20.720 align:start position:0% um niels nielsen when i went to stanford 00:13:20.720 --> 00:13:21.509 align:start position:0% um niels nielsen when i went to stanford where 00:13:21.509 --> 00:13:21.519 align:start position:0% where 00:13:21.519 --> 00:13:23.350 align:start position:0% where it<00:13:21.600> was<00:13:21.839> at<00:13:21.920> the<00:13:22.079> level<00:13:22.399> of<00:13:22.560> planning<00:13:23.040> so<00:13:23.279> in 00:13:23.350 --> 00:13:23.360 align:start position:0% it was at the level of planning so in 00:13:23.360 --> 00:13:25.269 align:start position:0% it was at the level of planning so in some<00:13:23.600> sense<00:13:23.839> it<00:13:23.920> was<00:13:24.079> complementary<00:13:24.880> to<00:13:25.040> my 00:13:25.269 --> 00:13:25.279 align:start position:0% some sense it was complementary to my 00:13:25.279 --> 00:13:26.150 align:start position:0% some sense it was complementary to my interest<00:13:25.760> in 00:13:26.150 --> 00:13:26.160 align:start position:0% interest in 00:13:26.160 --> 00:13:29.670 align:start position:0% interest in what<00:13:26.480> the<00:13:26.560> neural<00:13:26.880> networks<00:13:28.079> were<00:13:28.399> by<00:13:28.720> a 00:13:29.670 --> 00:13:29.680 align:start position:0% what the neural networks were by a 00:13:29.680 --> 00:13:32.790 align:start position:0% what the neural networks were by a a<00:13:30.160> computer<00:13:31.680> model<00:13:32.000> of<00:13:32.160> the<00:13:32.320> brain 00:13:32.790 --> 00:13:32.800 align:start position:0% a computer model of the brain 00:13:32.800 --> 00:13:37.030 align:start position:0% a computer model of the brain can<00:13:35.040> recognize<00:13:35.760> objects<00:13:36.399> in<00:13:36.560> terms<00:13:36.880> of 00:13:37.030 --> 00:13:37.040 align:start position:0% can recognize objects in terms of 00:13:37.040 --> 00:13:38.949 align:start position:0% can recognize objects in terms of interacting<00:13:37.680> with<00:13:37.839> them<00:13:38.079> navigating<00:13:38.639> around 00:13:38.949 --> 00:13:38.959 align:start position:0% interacting with them navigating around 00:13:38.959 --> 00:13:39.670 align:start position:0% interacting with them navigating around them 00:13:39.670 --> 00:13:39.680 align:start position:0% them 00:13:39.680 --> 00:13:42.470 align:start position:0% them and<00:13:39.839> things<00:13:40.079> of<00:13:40.160> that<00:13:40.399> kind<00:13:41.920> what<00:13:42.079> was<00:13:42.320> the 00:13:42.470 --> 00:13:42.480 align:start position:0% and things of that kind what was the 00:13:42.480 --> 00:13:44.069 align:start position:0% and things of that kind what was the extent<00:13:42.800> of<00:13:42.959> your<00:13:43.279> interaction<00:13:43.760> with<00:13:43.920> the 00:13:44.069 --> 00:13:44.079 align:start position:0% extent of your interaction with the 00:13:44.079 --> 00:13:45.829 align:start position:0% extent of your interaction with the robotics<00:13:44.560> is<00:13:44.639> there<00:13:44.880> did<00:13:45.040> you<00:13:45.199> mostly<00:13:45.680> have 00:13:45.829 --> 00:13:45.839 align:start position:0% robotics is there did you mostly have 00:13:45.839 --> 00:13:47.430 align:start position:0% robotics is there did you mostly have conversations<00:13:46.480> or<00:13:46.639> did<00:13:46.800> you<00:13:46.959> work<00:13:47.120> with<00:13:47.279> them 00:13:47.430 --> 00:13:47.440 align:start position:0% conversations or did you work with them 00:13:47.440 --> 00:13:49.910 align:start position:0% conversations or did you work with them on<00:13:47.600> any<00:13:47.760> of<00:13:47.920> the<00:13:48.079> projects 00:13:49.910 --> 00:13:49.920 align:start position:0% on any of the projects 00:13:49.920 --> 00:13:53.910 align:start position:0% on any of the projects nsri<00:13:50.959> conversations 00:13:53.910 --> 00:13:53.920 align:start position:0% 00:13:53.920 --> 00:13:55.829 align:start position:0% what<00:13:54.079> was<00:13:54.320> the<00:13:54.399> first<00:13:55.199> project<00:13:55.600> that<00:13:55.680> you 00:13:55.829 --> 00:13:55.839 align:start position:0% what was the first project that you 00:13:55.839 --> 00:13:57.590 align:start position:0% what was the first project that you worked<00:13:56.160> on<00:13:56.240> that<00:13:56.480> involved<00:13:56.959> a<00:13:57.120> robotic 00:13:57.590 --> 00:13:57.600 align:start position:0% worked on that involved a robotic 00:13:57.600 --> 00:13:59.110 align:start position:0% worked on that involved a robotic component 00:13:59.110 --> 00:13:59.120 align:start position:0% component 00:13:59.120 --> 00:14:01.350 align:start position:0% component that's<00:13:59.440> at<00:13:59.519> the<00:13:59.680> next<00:13:59.920> stage<00:14:00.800> the<00:14:00.959> university 00:14:01.350 --> 00:14:01.360 align:start position:0% that's at the next stage the university 00:14:01.360 --> 00:14:02.230 align:start position:0% that's at the next stage the university of<00:14:01.440> massachusetts 00:14:02.230 --> 00:14:02.240 align:start position:0% of massachusetts 00:14:02.240 --> 00:14:06.710 align:start position:0% of massachusetts so<00:14:02.480> in<00:14:04.040> 1970<00:14:05.040> i<00:14:05.199> left<00:14:05.440> stanford 00:14:06.710 --> 00:14:06.720 align:start position:0% so in 1970 i left stanford 00:14:06.720 --> 00:14:10.389 align:start position:0% so in 1970 i left stanford to<00:14:07.839> i<00:14:08.000> was<00:14:08.240> recruited<00:14:09.040> to<00:14:09.279> start<00:14:09.600> the<00:14:09.760> phd 00:14:10.389 --> 00:14:10.399 align:start position:0% to i was recruited to start the phd 00:14:10.399 --> 00:14:14.069 align:start position:0% to i was recruited to start the phd program<00:14:12.240> and<00:14:12.560> chair<00:14:12.880> the<00:14:13.279> the<00:14:13.440> new<00:14:13.680> department 00:14:14.069 --> 00:14:14.079 align:start position:0% program and chair the the new department 00:14:14.079 --> 00:14:16.069 align:start position:0% program and chair the the new department of<00:14:14.240> computer<00:14:14.639> and<00:14:14.720> information<00:14:15.360> science 00:14:16.069 --> 00:14:16.079 align:start position:0% of computer and information science 00:14:16.079 --> 00:14:19.110 align:start position:0% of computer and information science and<00:14:16.320> so<00:14:16.480> in<00:14:16.720> setting<00:14:17.120> that<00:14:17.360> up<00:14:18.399> um<00:14:18.880> i 00:14:19.110 --> 00:14:19.120 align:start position:0% and so in setting that up um i 00:14:19.120 --> 00:14:20.389 align:start position:0% and so in setting that up um i explicitly 00:14:20.389 --> 00:14:20.399 align:start position:0% explicitly 00:14:20.399 --> 00:14:23.590 align:start position:0% explicitly added<00:14:20.800> cybernetics<00:14:22.320> to 00:14:23.590 --> 00:14:23.600 align:start position:0% added cybernetics to 00:14:23.600 --> 00:14:27.350 align:start position:0% added cybernetics to systems<00:14:24.160> and<00:14:25.199> theory<00:14:26.240> as<00:14:26.399> the<00:14:26.639> three 00:14:27.350 --> 00:14:27.360 align:start position:0% systems and theory as the three 00:14:27.360 --> 00:14:29.269 align:start position:0% systems and theory as the three tenets<00:14:27.760> as<00:14:27.920> it<00:14:28.000> were<00:14:28.240> of<00:14:28.320> the<00:14:28.959> of<00:14:29.199> the 00:14:29.269 --> 00:14:29.279 align:start position:0% tenets as it were of the of the 00:14:29.279 --> 00:14:30.949 align:start position:0% tenets as it were of the of the department 00:14:30.949 --> 00:14:30.959 align:start position:0% department 00:14:30.959 --> 00:14:34.870 align:start position:0% department and<00:14:32.079> so 00:14:34.870 --> 00:14:34.880 align:start position:0% 00:14:34.880 --> 00:14:39.350 align:start position:0% the<00:14:35.360> i<00:14:35.519> think<00:14:35.680> the<00:14:35.920> turning<00:14:36.320> point<00:14:36.720> came<00:14:37.839> at 00:14:39.350 --> 00:14:39.360 align:start position:0% the i think the turning point came at 00:14:39.360 --> 00:14:43.269 align:start position:0% the i think the turning point came at a<00:14:39.800> 1979<00:14:41.040> conference 00:14:43.269 --> 00:14:43.279 align:start position:0% a 1979 conference 00:14:43.279 --> 00:14:46.150 align:start position:0% a 1979 conference on<00:14:43.440> the<00:14:43.519> brain<00:14:44.399> which<00:14:44.639> was<00:14:44.800> arranged<00:14:45.360> by 00:14:46.150 --> 00:14:46.160 align:start position:0% on the brain which was arranged by 00:14:46.160 --> 00:14:47.910 align:start position:0% on the brain which was arranged by amongst<00:14:46.560> others<00:14:46.800> david<00:14:47.120> ingle<00:14:47.440> who<00:14:47.600> was<00:14:47.760> one 00:14:47.910 --> 00:14:47.920 align:start position:0% amongst others david ingle who was one 00:14:47.920 --> 00:14:49.430 align:start position:0% amongst others david ingle who was one of<00:14:48.000> the<00:14:48.079> people<00:14:48.320> i<00:14:48.480> had<00:14:48.560> been 00:14:49.430 --> 00:14:49.440 align:start position:0% of the people i had been 00:14:49.440 --> 00:14:50.949 align:start position:0% of the people i had been interacting<00:14:49.920> with<00:14:50.079> who<00:14:50.240> did<00:14:50.560> frog 00:14:50.949 --> 00:14:50.959 align:start position:0% interacting with who did frog 00:14:50.959 --> 00:14:52.710 align:start position:0% interacting with who did frog experiments<00:14:52.399> and 00:14:52.710 --> 00:14:52.720 align:start position:0% experiments and 00:14:52.720 --> 00:14:55.430 align:start position:0% experiments and at<00:14:52.880> this<00:14:53.120> meeting<00:14:54.240> there<00:14:54.480> were<00:14:54.800> two<00:14:55.120> very 00:14:55.430 --> 00:14:55.440 align:start position:0% at this meeting there were two very 00:14:55.440 --> 00:14:57.110 align:start position:0% at this meeting there were two very influential<00:14:56.160> papers 00:14:57.110 --> 00:14:57.120 align:start position:0% influential papers 00:14:57.120 --> 00:15:00.230 align:start position:0% influential papers about<00:14:57.839> human<00:14:58.240> and<00:14:58.320> monkey<00:14:58.639> brains<00:14:59.920> mark 00:15:00.230 --> 00:15:00.240 align:start position:0% about human and monkey brains mark 00:15:00.240 --> 00:15:00.870 align:start position:0% about human and monkey brains mark genero 00:15:00.870 --> 00:15:00.880 align:start position:0% genero 00:15:00.880 --> 00:15:04.230 align:start position:0% genero from<00:15:01.279> france<00:15:02.959> had<00:15:03.279> been<00:15:03.600> studying 00:15:04.230 --> 00:15:04.240 align:start position:0% from france had been studying 00:15:04.240 --> 00:15:07.670 align:start position:0% from france had been studying hand<00:15:04.560> movements<00:15:05.519> in<00:15:06.880> humans 00:15:07.670 --> 00:15:07.680 align:start position:0% hand movements in humans 00:15:07.680 --> 00:15:10.230 align:start position:0% hand movements in humans and<00:15:07.839> looking<00:15:08.079> at<00:15:08.160> the<00:15:08.240> way<00:15:08.560> that<00:15:09.360> the 00:15:10.230 --> 00:15:10.240 align:start position:0% and looking at the way that the 00:15:10.240 --> 00:15:12.470 align:start position:0% and looking at the way that the pre-shaping<00:15:10.800> of<00:15:10.959> the<00:15:11.120> hand<00:15:11.519> is<00:15:11.680> coordinated 00:15:12.470 --> 00:15:12.480 align:start position:0% pre-shaping of the hand is coordinated 00:15:12.480 --> 00:15:13.590 align:start position:0% pre-shaping of the hand is coordinated with<00:15:12.639> the<00:15:12.800> movement 00:15:13.590 --> 00:15:13.600 align:start position:0% with the movement 00:15:13.600 --> 00:15:17.269 align:start position:0% with the movement of<00:15:13.760> the<00:15:13.920> arm<00:15:15.600> and<00:15:16.160> um 00:15:17.269 --> 00:15:17.279 align:start position:0% of the arm and um 00:15:17.279 --> 00:15:19.829 align:start position:0% of the arm and um so<00:15:17.440> that<00:15:17.680> led<00:15:17.920> me<00:15:18.079> to<00:15:18.320> think<00:15:18.720> through<00:15:19.600> the 00:15:19.829 --> 00:15:19.839 align:start position:0% so that led me to think through the 00:15:19.839 --> 00:15:20.310 align:start position:0% so that led me to think through the issue 00:15:20.310 --> 00:15:20.320 align:start position:0% issue 00:15:20.320 --> 00:15:23.350 align:start position:0% issue of<00:15:20.639> um 00:15:23.350 --> 00:15:23.360 align:start position:0% 00:15:23.360 --> 00:15:25.189 align:start position:0% how<00:15:23.600> to<00:15:23.680> take<00:15:23.920> the<00:15:24.079> schema<00:15:24.480> theory<00:15:24.880> that<00:15:25.040> had 00:15:25.189 --> 00:15:25.199 align:start position:0% how to take the schema theory that had 00:15:25.199 --> 00:15:27.750 align:start position:0% how to take the schema theory that had been<00:15:25.360> developed<00:15:25.680> more<00:15:25.920> in<00:15:26.160> relation<00:15:26.639> to<00:15:26.800> my 00:15:27.750 --> 00:15:27.760 align:start position:0% been developed more in relation to my 00:15:27.760 --> 00:15:29.430 align:start position:0% been developed more in relation to my visual<00:15:28.160> control<00:15:28.560> of<00:15:28.639> frog<00:15:28.959> behavior<00:15:29.360> and 00:15:29.430 --> 00:15:29.440 align:start position:0% visual control of frog behavior and 00:15:29.440 --> 00:15:31.110 align:start position:0% visual control of frog behavior and think<00:15:29.600> about<00:15:29.759> how<00:15:29.920> it<00:15:30.079> could<00:15:30.240> be<00:15:30.399> applied<00:15:30.959> to 00:15:31.110 --> 00:15:31.120 align:start position:0% think about how it could be applied to 00:15:31.120 --> 00:15:34.150 align:start position:0% think about how it could be applied to the<00:15:31.360> visual<00:15:31.680> control<00:15:32.079> of<00:15:32.160> hand<00:15:32.480> movements 00:15:34.150 --> 00:15:34.160 align:start position:0% the visual control of hand movements 00:15:34.160 --> 00:15:38.629 align:start position:0% the visual control of hand movements and<00:15:36.720> so<00:15:36.959> i<00:15:37.040> put<00:15:37.199> out<00:15:37.360> a<00:15:37.440> review<00:15:37.920> paper 00:15:38.629 --> 00:15:38.639 align:start position:0% and so i put out a review paper 00:15:38.639 --> 00:15:41.269 align:start position:0% and so i put out a review paper that<00:15:38.880> included<00:15:40.000> my<00:15:40.240> initial<00:15:40.639> thoughts<00:15:41.040> about 00:15:41.269 --> 00:15:41.279 align:start position:0% that included my initial thoughts about 00:15:41.279 --> 00:15:41.670 align:start position:0% that included my initial thoughts about that 00:15:41.670 --> 00:15:41.680 align:start position:0% that 00:15:41.680 --> 00:15:44.230 align:start position:0% that and<00:15:42.560> fortunately<00:15:43.040> or<00:15:43.199> unfortunately<00:15:43.920> it<00:15:44.000> gave 00:15:44.230 --> 00:15:44.240 align:start position:0% and fortunately or unfortunately it gave 00:15:44.240 --> 00:15:46.230 align:start position:0% and fortunately or unfortunately it gave the<00:15:44.399> impression<00:15:44.880> that<00:15:45.040> i<00:15:45.199> knew<00:15:45.440> about 00:15:46.230 --> 00:15:46.240 align:start position:0% the impression that i knew about 00:15:46.240 --> 00:15:49.430 align:start position:0% the impression that i knew about hand<00:15:46.639> control<00:15:47.839> and<00:15:48.000> so<00:15:48.240> i<00:15:48.320> got<00:15:48.560> invited<00:15:49.120> to<00:15:49.279> an 00:15:49.430 --> 00:15:49.440 align:start position:0% hand control and so i got invited to an 00:15:49.440 --> 00:15:52.230 align:start position:0% hand control and so i got invited to an international<00:15:50.000> meeting<00:15:50.320> in<00:15:50.480> australia 00:15:52.230 --> 00:15:52.240 align:start position:0% international meeting in australia 00:15:52.240 --> 00:15:54.389 align:start position:0% international meeting in australia and<00:15:52.399> then<00:15:52.560> i<00:15:52.639> had<00:15:52.800> to<00:15:52.959> produce<00:15:53.519> i<00:15:53.680> had<00:15:54.000> two<00:15:54.240> very 00:15:54.389 --> 00:15:54.399 align:start position:0% and then i had to produce i had two very 00:15:54.399 --> 00:15:56.470 align:start position:0% and then i had to produce i had two very good<00:15:54.560> phd<00:15:55.120> students<00:15:55.519> theaberroll 00:15:56.470 --> 00:15:56.480 align:start position:0% good phd students theaberroll 00:15:56.480 --> 00:15:59.590 align:start position:0% good phd students theaberroll and<00:15:56.800> um<00:15:57.279> damien<00:15:57.759> lyons<00:15:58.880> who<00:15:59.279> uh 00:15:59.590 --> 00:15:59.600 align:start position:0% and um damien lyons who uh 00:15:59.600 --> 00:16:03.030 align:start position:0% and um damien lyons who uh work<00:15:59.920> with<00:16:00.160> me<00:16:00.320> to<00:16:00.480> develop<00:16:01.519> a<00:16:01.680> theory<00:16:02.000> of<00:16:02.240> hand 00:16:03.030 --> 00:16:03.040 align:start position:0% work with me to develop a theory of hand 00:16:03.040 --> 00:16:07.189 align:start position:0% work with me to develop a theory of hand control<00:16:05.040> and<00:16:05.680> that<00:16:06.079> work 00:16:07.189 --> 00:16:07.199 align:start position:0% control and that work 00:16:07.199 --> 00:16:10.550 align:start position:0% control and that work finally<00:16:08.320> led<00:16:08.720> into<00:16:09.440> robotics 00:16:10.550 --> 00:16:10.560 align:start position:0% finally led into robotics 00:16:10.560 --> 00:16:13.829 align:start position:0% finally led into robotics um<00:16:11.279> in<00:16:11.519> two<00:16:11.759> directions<00:16:12.480> one<00:16:12.720> is<00:16:13.120> that 00:16:13.829 --> 00:16:13.839 align:start position:0% um in two directions one is that 00:16:13.839 --> 00:16:16.310 align:start position:0% um in two directions one is that it<00:16:14.079> raised<00:16:14.399> the<00:16:14.560> question<00:16:15.040> of<00:16:15.680> well<00:16:15.920> can<00:16:16.079> we 00:16:16.310 --> 00:16:16.320 align:start position:0% it raised the question of well can we 00:16:16.320 --> 00:16:18.550 align:start position:0% it raised the question of well can we apply<00:16:16.639> this<00:16:16.880> to<00:16:17.040> control<00:16:17.440> of<00:16:17.600> a<00:16:17.680> robot<00:16:18.079> hand<00:16:18.399> so 00:16:18.550 --> 00:16:18.560 align:start position:0% apply this to control of a robot hand so 00:16:18.560 --> 00:16:20.069 align:start position:0% apply this to control of a robot hand so we<00:16:18.720> got<00:16:18.880> hold<00:16:19.199> of 00:16:20.069 --> 00:16:20.079 align:start position:0% we got hold of 00:16:20.079 --> 00:16:22.550 align:start position:0% we got hold of what<00:16:20.240> was<00:16:20.480> then<00:16:20.720> one<00:16:20.880> of<00:16:20.959> the<00:16:21.199> first<00:16:21.920> dexterous 00:16:22.550 --> 00:16:22.560 align:start position:0% what was then one of the first dexterous 00:16:22.560 --> 00:16:24.470 align:start position:0% what was then one of the first dexterous hands<00:16:23.040> produced<00:16:23.440> the<00:16:23.600> salisbury 00:16:24.470 --> 00:16:24.480 align:start position:0% hands produced the salisbury 00:16:24.480 --> 00:16:28.230 align:start position:0% hands produced the salisbury hand<00:16:25.839> and<00:16:26.720> started<00:16:27.120> applying<00:16:27.519> her<00:16:27.680> algorithms 00:16:28.230 --> 00:16:28.240 align:start position:0% hand and started applying her algorithms 00:16:28.240 --> 00:16:29.910 align:start position:0% hand and started applying her algorithms to<00:16:28.480> that 00:16:29.910 --> 00:16:29.920 align:start position:0% to that 00:16:29.920 --> 00:16:31.990 align:start position:0% to that and<00:16:30.399> damien<00:16:30.880> in<00:16:31.040> addition<00:16:31.360> to<00:16:31.519> working<00:16:31.839> with 00:16:31.990 --> 00:16:32.000 align:start position:0% and damien in addition to working with 00:16:32.000 --> 00:16:33.910 align:start position:0% and damien in addition to working with me<00:16:32.160> on<00:16:32.320> modeling<00:16:32.639> the<00:16:32.800> human<00:16:33.120> hand<00:16:33.519> took 00:16:33.910 --> 00:16:33.920 align:start position:0% me on modeling the human hand took 00:16:33.920 --> 00:16:35.269 align:start position:0% me on modeling the human hand took schema<00:16:34.399> theory<00:16:34.720> and<00:16:34.800> developed<00:16:35.120> a 00:16:35.269 --> 00:16:35.279 align:start position:0% schema theory and developed a 00:16:35.279 --> 00:16:37.110 align:start position:0% schema theory and developed a programming<00:16:35.759> language<00:16:36.160> called<00:16:36.399> rs 00:16:37.110 --> 00:16:37.120 align:start position:0% programming language called rs 00:16:37.120 --> 00:16:39.910 align:start position:0% programming language called rs for<00:16:37.279> robot<00:16:37.759> schemas<00:16:38.720> and<00:16:38.880> that's<00:16:39.120> seen<00:16:39.440> modest 00:16:39.910 --> 00:16:39.920 align:start position:0% for robot schemas and that's seen modest 00:16:39.920 --> 00:16:41.990 align:start position:0% for robot schemas and that's seen modest application<00:16:40.560> in<00:16:40.720> the<00:16:40.800> robotics<00:16:41.360> community<00:16:41.839> i 00:16:41.990 --> 00:16:42.000 align:start position:0% application in the robotics community i 00:16:42.000 --> 00:16:43.350 align:start position:0% application in the robotics community i would<00:16:42.160> say<00:16:42.399> not 00:16:43.350 --> 00:16:43.360 align:start position:0% would say not 00:16:43.360 --> 00:16:47.030 align:start position:0% would say not massive<00:16:43.839> but<00:16:44.160> some<00:16:45.279> and<00:16:45.440> then 00:16:47.030 --> 00:16:47.040 align:start position:0% massive but some and then 00:16:47.040 --> 00:16:48.310 align:start position:0% massive but some and then we<00:16:47.199> established<00:16:47.759> something<00:16:48.079> called<00:16:48.240> the 00:16:48.310 --> 00:16:48.320 align:start position:0% we established something called the 00:16:48.320 --> 00:16:51.030 align:start position:0% we established something called the laboratory<00:16:48.959> for<00:16:49.199> perceptual<00:16:49.839> robotics 00:16:51.030 --> 00:16:51.040 align:start position:0% laboratory for perceptual robotics 00:16:51.040 --> 00:16:54.870 align:start position:0% laboratory for perceptual robotics and<00:16:51.120> i<00:16:51.199> think<00:16:52.639> this<00:16:52.959> was<00:16:53.759> somewhat 00:16:54.870 --> 00:16:54.880 align:start position:0% and i think this was somewhat 00:16:54.880 --> 00:16:58.949 align:start position:0% and i think this was somewhat novel<00:16:55.279> at<00:16:55.360> that<00:16:55.680> time<00:16:56.480> in<00:16:56.720> that<00:16:57.839> a<00:16:58.240> lot<00:16:58.399> of 00:16:58.949 --> 00:16:58.959 align:start position:0% novel at that time in that a lot of 00:16:58.959 --> 00:17:00.629 align:start position:0% novel at that time in that a lot of concentration<00:16:59.759> had<00:16:59.839> gone<00:17:00.079> into<00:17:00.320> the<00:17:00.399> things 00:17:00.629 --> 00:17:00.639 align:start position:0% concentration had gone into the things 00:17:00.639 --> 00:17:02.389 align:start position:0% concentration had gone into the things of<00:17:00.800> path<00:17:01.120> planning<00:17:01.440> for<00:17:01.600> robots 00:17:02.389 --> 00:17:02.399 align:start position:0% of path planning for robots 00:17:02.399 --> 00:17:04.069 align:start position:0% of path planning for robots and<00:17:02.480> then<00:17:02.720> of<00:17:02.800> course<00:17:03.120> at<00:17:03.279> industry<00:17:03.680> by<00:17:03.839> that 00:17:04.069 --> 00:17:04.079 align:start position:0% and then of course at industry by that 00:17:04.079 --> 00:17:05.990 align:start position:0% and then of course at industry by that time<00:17:04.319> they're<00:17:04.480> already<00:17:04.799> a<00:17:04.799> lot<00:17:04.959> of<00:17:05.120> robots 00:17:05.990 --> 00:17:06.000 align:start position:0% time they're already a lot of robots 00:17:06.000 --> 00:17:07.590 align:start position:0% time they're already a lot of robots but<00:17:06.160> they<00:17:06.319> were<00:17:06.480> doing<00:17:06.720> stereotyped 00:17:07.590 --> 00:17:07.600 align:start position:0% but they were doing stereotyped 00:17:07.600 --> 00:17:09.110 align:start position:0% but they were doing stereotyped operation 00:17:09.110 --> 00:17:09.120 align:start position:0% operation 00:17:09.120 --> 00:17:11.590 align:start position:0% operation so<00:17:09.520> the<00:17:09.679> notion<00:17:10.000> of<00:17:10.240> really<00:17:10.559> thinking<00:17:11.039> through 00:17:11.590 --> 00:17:11.600 align:start position:0% so the notion of really thinking through 00:17:11.600 --> 00:17:13.270 align:start position:0% so the notion of really thinking through on<00:17:11.760> the<00:17:11.839> basis<00:17:12.079> of<00:17:12.160> my<00:17:12.319> animal<00:17:12.640> studies<00:17:12.959> how<00:17:13.120> to 00:17:13.270 --> 00:17:13.280 align:start position:0% on the basis of my animal studies how to 00:17:13.280 --> 00:17:15.189 align:start position:0% on the basis of my animal studies how to close<00:17:13.600> the<00:17:13.760> loop 00:17:15.189 --> 00:17:15.199 align:start position:0% close the loop 00:17:15.199 --> 00:17:17.029 align:start position:0% close the loop of<00:17:15.439> perception<00:17:16.000> and<00:17:16.160> action<00:17:16.640> i<00:17:16.720> think<00:17:16.880> that 00:17:17.029 --> 00:17:17.039 align:start position:0% of perception and action i think that 00:17:17.039 --> 00:17:19.189 align:start position:0% of perception and action i think that was<00:17:17.280> still<00:17:17.600> relatively<00:17:18.319> novel 00:17:19.189 --> 00:17:19.199 align:start position:0% was still relatively novel 00:17:19.199 --> 00:17:22.230 align:start position:0% was still relatively novel and<00:17:19.520> so<00:17:20.559> um<00:17:21.280> some<00:17:21.439> of<00:17:21.520> the<00:17:21.600> things<00:17:21.839> that<00:17:22.000> came 00:17:22.230 --> 00:17:22.240 align:start position:0% and so um some of the things that came 00:17:22.240 --> 00:17:23.990 align:start position:0% and so um some of the things that came out<00:17:22.319> of<00:17:22.400> that<00:17:22.559> i<00:17:22.640> had<00:17:22.799> a<00:17:22.880> couple<00:17:23.120> of<00:17:23.280> students 00:17:23.990 --> 00:17:24.000 align:start position:0% out of that i had a couple of students 00:17:24.000 --> 00:17:27.029 align:start position:0% out of that i had a couple of students um<00:17:24.799> john<00:17:25.120> prager<00:17:26.480> uh 00:17:27.029 --> 00:17:27.039 align:start position:0% um john prager uh 00:17:27.039 --> 00:17:29.029 align:start position:0% um john prager uh and<00:17:27.199> daryl<00:17:27.600> lawton<00:17:28.000> who<00:17:28.160> worked<00:17:28.480> on<00:17:28.640> optic 00:17:29.029 --> 00:17:29.039 align:start position:0% and daryl lawton who worked on optic 00:17:29.039 --> 00:17:30.150 align:start position:0% and daryl lawton who worked on optic flow<00:17:29.760> so 00:17:30.150 --> 00:17:30.160 align:start position:0% flow so 00:17:30.160 --> 00:17:34.310 align:start position:0% flow so that<00:17:30.960> as<00:17:31.200> you<00:17:31.440> moved<00:17:32.480> uh<00:17:32.880> here<00:17:33.120> i'd 00:17:34.310 --> 00:17:34.320 align:start position:0% that as you moved uh here i'd 00:17:34.320 --> 00:17:36.150 align:start position:0% that as you moved uh here i'd been<00:17:34.559> influenced<00:17:35.120> by<00:17:35.360> the<00:17:35.440> work<00:17:35.679> of<00:17:35.840> a<00:17:35.919> guy 00:17:36.150 --> 00:17:36.160 align:start position:0% been influenced by the work of a guy 00:17:36.160 --> 00:17:38.310 align:start position:0% been influenced by the work of a guy named<00:17:36.480> dave<00:17:36.880> lee<00:17:37.120> from<00:17:37.360> edinburgh<00:17:37.760> university 00:17:38.310 --> 00:17:38.320 align:start position:0% named dave lee from edinburgh university 00:17:38.320 --> 00:17:40.070 align:start position:0% named dave lee from edinburgh university who'd<00:17:38.559> been<00:17:38.640> looking<00:17:38.960> at<00:17:39.200> the<00:17:39.360> role<00:17:39.600> of<00:17:39.760> optic 00:17:40.070 --> 00:17:40.080 align:start position:0% who'd been looking at the role of optic 00:17:40.080 --> 00:17:40.630 align:start position:0% who'd been looking at the role of optic flow<00:17:40.320> in 00:17:40.630 --> 00:17:40.640 align:start position:0% flow in 00:17:40.640 --> 00:17:43.510 align:start position:0% flow in animal<00:17:41.039> behavior<00:17:41.840> so<00:17:42.000> we<00:17:42.720> said<00:17:42.960> okay<00:17:43.200> can<00:17:43.360> we 00:17:43.510 --> 00:17:43.520 align:start position:0% animal behavior so we said okay can we 00:17:43.520 --> 00:17:45.510 align:start position:0% animal behavior so we said okay can we go<00:17:43.760> from<00:17:44.080> his<00:17:44.320> observations<00:17:45.039> to<00:17:45.200> actually 00:17:45.510 --> 00:17:45.520 align:start position:0% go from his observations to actually 00:17:45.520 --> 00:17:45.990 align:start position:0% go from his observations to actually think<00:17:45.679> about 00:17:45.990 --> 00:17:46.000 align:start position:0% think about 00:17:46.000 --> 00:17:47.830 align:start position:0% think about algorithms<00:17:46.559> for<00:17:46.720> extracting<00:17:47.200> optic<00:17:47.600> flow<00:17:47.760> in 00:17:47.830 --> 00:17:47.840 align:start position:0% algorithms for extracting optic flow in 00:17:47.840 --> 00:17:49.830 align:start position:0% algorithms for extracting optic flow in a<00:17:47.919> way<00:17:48.080> that<00:17:48.160> could<00:17:48.320> be<00:17:48.480> useful<00:17:48.880> whether<00:17:49.120> it's 00:17:49.830 --> 00:17:49.840 align:start position:0% a way that could be useful whether it's 00:17:49.840 --> 00:17:52.789 align:start position:0% a way that could be useful whether it's a<00:17:50.000> brain<00:17:50.320> doing<00:17:50.640> it<00:17:50.720> or<00:17:50.880> a<00:17:50.960> robot<00:17:51.360> doing<00:17:51.600> it<00:17:52.640> and 00:17:52.789 --> 00:17:52.799 align:start position:0% a brain doing it or a robot doing it and 00:17:52.799 --> 00:17:53.430 align:start position:0% a brain doing it or a robot doing it and then 00:17:53.430 --> 00:17:53.440 align:start position:0% then 00:17:53.440 --> 00:17:56.549 align:start position:0% then a<00:17:53.600> fellow<00:17:53.840> named<00:17:54.160> ken<00:17:54.559> overton<00:17:55.440> um<00:17:56.320> who 00:17:56.549 --> 00:17:56.559 align:start position:0% a fellow named ken overton um who 00:17:56.559 --> 00:17:58.470 align:start position:0% a fellow named ken overton um who unfortunately<00:17:57.039> left<00:17:57.280> academia<00:17:58.000> to<00:17:58.080> work<00:17:58.320> at 00:17:58.470 --> 00:17:58.480 align:start position:0% unfortunately left academia to work at 00:17:58.480 --> 00:17:59.830 align:start position:0% unfortunately left academia to work at general<00:17:58.799> electric<00:17:59.280> and<00:17:59.440> has<00:17:59.520> never<00:17:59.679> been 00:17:59.830 --> 00:17:59.840 align:start position:0% general electric and has never been 00:17:59.840 --> 00:18:01.830 align:start position:0% general electric and has never been heard<00:18:00.080> from<00:18:00.400> since<00:18:00.720> but<00:18:00.960> he 00:18:01.830 --> 00:18:01.840 align:start position:0% heard from since but he 00:18:01.840 --> 00:18:05.110 align:start position:0% heard from since but he was<00:18:02.160> quite<00:18:02.480> the<00:18:02.640> operator<00:18:03.520> and<00:18:04.720> so 00:18:05.110 --> 00:18:05.120 align:start position:0% was quite the operator and so 00:18:05.120 --> 00:18:08.310 align:start position:0% was quite the operator and so he<00:18:06.080> developed<00:18:06.640> tactile<00:18:07.280> sensors<00:18:07.919> that<00:18:08.080> we 00:18:08.310 --> 00:18:08.320 align:start position:0% he developed tactile sensors that we 00:18:08.320 --> 00:18:08.950 align:start position:0% he developed tactile sensors that we applied 00:18:08.950 --> 00:18:08.960 align:start position:0% applied 00:18:08.960 --> 00:18:12.630 align:start position:0% applied to<00:18:09.360> the<00:18:09.760> um<00:18:10.640> salisbury<00:18:11.200> hand<00:18:11.600> so 00:18:12.630 --> 00:18:12.640 align:start position:0% to the um salisbury hand so 00:18:12.640 --> 00:18:15.110 align:start position:0% to the um salisbury hand so we<00:18:12.799> spent<00:18:13.120> time<00:18:13.360> picking<00:18:13.679> up<00:18:13.919> eggs<00:18:14.320> with<00:18:14.960> the 00:18:15.110 --> 00:18:15.120 align:start position:0% we spent time picking up eggs with the 00:18:15.120 --> 00:18:17.669 align:start position:0% we spent time picking up eggs with the souls<00:18:15.440> we<00:18:15.679> had<00:18:15.919> and<00:18:16.080> things<00:18:16.320> of<00:18:16.400> this<00:18:16.640> kind 00:18:17.669 --> 00:18:17.679 align:start position:0% souls we had and things of this kind 00:18:17.679 --> 00:18:19.909 align:start position:0% souls we had and things of this kind um<00:18:18.160> and<00:18:18.320> then<00:18:18.480> there<00:18:18.640> was<00:18:18.799> one<00:18:19.039> other<00:18:19.360> student 00:18:19.909 --> 00:18:19.919 align:start position:0% um and then there was one other student 00:18:19.919 --> 00:18:21.029 align:start position:0% um and then there was one other student um<00:18:20.559> steve 00:18:21.029 --> 00:18:21.039 align:start position:0% um steve 00:18:21.039 --> 00:18:24.150 align:start position:0% um steve begish<00:18:21.520> i<00:18:21.600> think<00:18:22.240> who<00:18:22.559> uh<00:18:23.360> continued<00:18:23.840> the<00:18:23.919> work 00:18:24.150 --> 00:18:24.160 align:start position:0% begish i think who uh continued the work 00:18:24.160 --> 00:18:25.029 align:start position:0% begish i think who uh continued the work on<00:18:24.400> tactile 00:18:25.029 --> 00:18:25.039 align:start position:0% on tactile 00:18:25.039 --> 00:18:28.230 align:start position:0% on tactile census<00:18:26.320> so<00:18:26.559> there<00:18:26.720> was<00:18:26.960> quite<00:18:27.280> a<00:18:27.360> bit<00:18:27.840> um 00:18:28.230 --> 00:18:28.240 align:start position:0% census so there was quite a bit um 00:18:28.240 --> 00:18:30.950 align:start position:0% census so there was quite a bit um i<00:18:28.320> would<00:18:28.480> say<00:18:28.640> that<00:18:28.799> was<00:18:28.960> my<00:18:29.280> main<00:18:29.679> phase<00:18:30.160> of 00:18:30.950 --> 00:18:30.960 align:start position:0% i would say that was my main phase of 00:18:30.960 --> 00:18:33.270 align:start position:0% i would say that was my main phase of being<00:18:31.280> as<00:18:31.440> it<00:18:31.520> were<00:18:31.840> within<00:18:32.160> robotics 00:18:33.270 --> 00:18:33.280 align:start position:0% being as it were within robotics 00:18:33.280 --> 00:18:36.070 align:start position:0% being as it were within robotics um<00:18:33.919> rather<00:18:34.320> than<00:18:35.120> having<00:18:35.520> ideas<00:18:35.919> that 00:18:36.070 --> 00:18:36.080 align:start position:0% um rather than having ideas that 00:18:36.080 --> 00:18:39.350 align:start position:0% um rather than having ideas that interacted<00:18:36.559> with<00:18:36.799> robotics 00:18:39.350 --> 00:18:39.360 align:start position:0% interacted with robotics 00:18:39.360 --> 00:18:41.350 align:start position:0% interacted with robotics the<00:18:39.600> lab<00:18:39.840> for<00:18:40.000> perceptual<00:18:40.480> robotics<00:18:41.039> is<00:18:41.120> still 00:18:41.350 --> 00:18:41.360 align:start position:0% the lab for perceptual robotics is still 00:18:41.360 --> 00:18:42.470 align:start position:0% the lab for perceptual robotics is still going<00:18:41.679> strong<00:18:42.080> the 00:18:42.470 --> 00:18:42.480 align:start position:0% going strong the 00:18:42.480 --> 00:18:44.070 align:start position:0% going strong the current<00:18:42.880> director<00:18:43.200> is<00:18:43.280> a<00:18:43.360> guy<00:18:43.600> named<00:18:43.840> rod 00:18:44.070 --> 00:18:44.080 align:start position:0% current director is a guy named rod 00:18:44.080 --> 00:18:45.830 align:start position:0% current director is a guy named rod groupen<00:18:45.039> and 00:18:45.830 --> 00:18:45.840 align:start position:0% groupen and 00:18:45.840 --> 00:18:47.510 align:start position:0% groupen and in<00:18:46.000> addition<00:18:46.320> to<00:18:46.400> having<00:18:46.640> a<00:18:46.720> lot<00:18:46.880> more<00:18:47.120> robots 00:18:47.510 --> 00:18:47.520 align:start position:0% in addition to having a lot more robots 00:18:47.520 --> 00:18:48.870 align:start position:0% in addition to having a lot more robots than<00:18:47.760> we<00:18:47.919> ever<00:18:48.160> had 00:18:48.870 --> 00:18:48.880 align:start position:0% than we ever had 00:18:48.880 --> 00:18:51.430 align:start position:0% than we ever had um<00:18:49.440> he<00:18:49.679> has<00:18:50.000> developed<00:18:50.640> these<00:18:50.880> ideas<00:18:51.280> of 00:18:51.430 --> 00:18:51.440 align:start position:0% um he has developed these ideas of 00:18:51.440 --> 00:18:53.270 align:start position:0% um he has developed these ideas of perceptual<00:18:51.919> and<00:18:52.080> motor<00:18:52.400> schemas<00:18:52.880> that<00:18:53.039> were 00:18:53.270 --> 00:18:53.280 align:start position:0% perceptual and motor schemas that were 00:18:53.280 --> 00:18:53.909 align:start position:0% perceptual and motor schemas that were part<00:18:53.520> of 00:18:53.909 --> 00:18:53.919 align:start position:0% part of 00:18:53.919 --> 00:18:57.029 align:start position:0% part of the<00:18:54.080> schema<00:18:54.840> theory<00:18:56.320> another<00:18:56.640> way<00:18:56.880> we 00:18:57.029 --> 00:18:57.039 align:start position:0% the schema theory another way we 00:18:57.039 --> 00:18:57.669 align:start position:0% the schema theory another way we developed 00:18:57.669 --> 00:18:57.679 align:start position:0% developed 00:18:57.679 --> 00:19:01.110 align:start position:0% developed schemas<00:18:59.600> at<00:18:59.840> umass<00:19:00.640> university 00:19:01.110 --> 00:19:01.120 align:start position:0% schemas at umass university 00:19:01.120 --> 00:19:04.310 align:start position:0% schemas at umass university massachusetts<00:19:01.840> amherst<00:19:02.320> was 00:19:04.310 --> 00:19:04.320 align:start position:0% massachusetts amherst was 00:19:04.320 --> 00:19:07.669 align:start position:0% massachusetts amherst was that<00:19:04.640> we<00:19:04.880> had<00:19:05.280> two<00:19:05.520> people<00:19:06.640> ed<00:19:06.960> reismann 00:19:07.669 --> 00:19:07.679 align:start position:0% that we had two people ed reismann 00:19:07.679 --> 00:19:09.909 align:start position:0% that we had two people ed reismann and<00:19:08.000> al<00:19:08.240> hanson<00:19:08.720> who<00:19:08.880> had<00:19:09.039> a<00:19:09.120> computer<00:19:09.520> vision 00:19:09.909 --> 00:19:09.919 align:start position:0% and al hanson who had a computer vision 00:19:09.919 --> 00:19:10.950 align:start position:0% and al hanson who had a computer vision group 00:19:10.950 --> 00:19:10.960 align:start position:0% group 00:19:10.960 --> 00:19:13.830 align:start position:0% group and<00:19:11.520> they<00:19:12.320> developed<00:19:12.720> some<00:19:12.880> of<00:19:13.039> my<00:19:13.280> ideas<00:19:13.679> in 00:19:13.830 --> 00:19:13.840 align:start position:0% and they developed some of my ideas in 00:19:13.840 --> 00:19:15.350 align:start position:0% and they developed some of my ideas in schema<00:19:14.320> theory 00:19:15.350 --> 00:19:15.360 align:start position:0% schema theory 00:19:15.360 --> 00:19:18.230 align:start position:0% schema theory and<00:19:15.440> i<00:19:15.679> interacted<00:19:16.160> with<00:19:16.400> them<00:19:17.280> to<00:19:18.080> think 00:19:18.230 --> 00:19:18.240 align:start position:0% and i interacted with them to think 00:19:18.240 --> 00:19:20.710 align:start position:0% and i interacted with them to think about<00:19:18.480> how<00:19:18.640> to<00:19:18.799> recognize<00:19:19.520> complex<00:19:20.080> scenes<00:19:20.559> so 00:19:20.710 --> 00:19:20.720 align:start position:0% about how to recognize complex scenes so 00:19:20.720 --> 00:19:22.710 align:start position:0% about how to recognize complex scenes so that<00:19:20.880> you<00:19:20.960> would<00:19:21.039> have<00:19:21.200> different<00:19:21.600> schemas 00:19:22.710 --> 00:19:22.720 align:start position:0% that you would have different schemas 00:19:22.720 --> 00:19:25.190 align:start position:0% that you would have different schemas specialized<00:19:23.520> in<00:19:24.160> recognizing<00:19:24.880> different 00:19:25.190 --> 00:19:25.200 align:start position:0% specialized in recognizing different 00:19:25.200 --> 00:19:26.870 align:start position:0% specialized in recognizing different objects<00:19:25.679> in<00:19:25.760> the<00:19:25.919> scene<00:19:26.240> but<00:19:26.480> passing 00:19:26.870 --> 00:19:26.880 align:start position:0% objects in the scene but passing 00:19:26.880 --> 00:19:28.549 align:start position:0% objects in the scene but passing messages<00:19:27.440> to<00:19:27.600> each<00:19:27.760> other<00:19:28.000> so<00:19:28.160> that<00:19:28.320> they 00:19:28.549 --> 00:19:28.559 align:start position:0% messages to each other so that they 00:19:28.559 --> 00:19:29.029 align:start position:0% messages to each other so that they could 00:19:29.029 --> 00:19:29.039 align:start position:0% could 00:19:29.039 --> 00:19:31.190 align:start position:0% could the<00:19:29.280> different<00:19:30.000> schema<00:19:30.480> instances<00:19:31.039> could 00:19:31.190 --> 00:19:31.200 align:start position:0% the different schema instances could 00:19:31.200 --> 00:19:32.950 align:start position:0% the different schema instances could compete<00:19:31.679> and<00:19:31.760> cooperate<00:19:32.320> come<00:19:32.559> up<00:19:32.640> with<00:19:32.799> the 00:19:32.950 --> 00:19:32.960 align:start position:0% compete and cooperate come up with the 00:19:32.960 --> 00:19:33.990 align:start position:0% compete and cooperate come up with the interpretation 00:19:33.990 --> 00:19:34.000 align:start position:0% interpretation 00:19:34.000 --> 00:19:36.870 align:start position:0% interpretation of<00:19:34.240> that<00:19:34.480> scheme<00:19:35.679> and<00:19:35.840> that<00:19:36.080> architecture<00:19:36.720> was 00:19:36.870 --> 00:19:36.880 align:start position:0% of that scheme and that architecture was 00:19:36.880 --> 00:19:38.630 align:start position:0% of that scheme and that architecture was related<00:19:37.440> to<00:19:37.600> the<00:19:37.840> hearsay 00:19:38.630 --> 00:19:38.640 align:start position:0% related to the hearsay 00:19:38.640 --> 00:19:40.710 align:start position:0% related to the hearsay architecture<00:19:39.520> for<00:19:39.760> speech<00:19:40.160> understanding 00:19:40.710 --> 00:19:40.720 align:start position:0% architecture for speech understanding 00:19:40.720 --> 00:19:42.230 align:start position:0% architecture for speech understanding that<00:19:40.880> had<00:19:40.960> been<00:19:41.120> developed<00:19:41.520> in<00:19:41.679> the<00:19:41.840> early<00:19:42.160> to 00:19:42.230 --> 00:19:42.240 align:start position:0% that had been developed in the early to 00:19:42.240 --> 00:19:43.669 align:start position:0% that had been developed in the early to mid<00:19:42.559> 70s<00:19:43.200> at 00:19:43.669 --> 00:19:43.679 align:start position:0% mid 70s at 00:19:43.679 --> 00:19:46.870 align:start position:0% mid 70s at cmu<00:19:45.200> and<00:19:45.360> we<00:19:45.520> hired<00:19:45.840> victor<00:19:46.240> lesser 00:19:46.870 --> 00:19:46.880 align:start position:0% cmu and we hired victor lesser 00:19:46.880 --> 00:19:50.070 align:start position:0% cmu and we hired victor lesser who<00:19:47.840> had<00:19:48.080> been<00:19:48.240> one<00:19:48.480> of<00:19:48.559> the<00:19:49.280> members<00:19:49.679> of<00:19:49.760> that 00:19:50.070 --> 00:19:50.080 align:start position:0% who had been one of the members of that 00:19:50.080 --> 00:19:52.230 align:start position:0% who had been one of the members of that group<00:19:50.320> to<00:19:50.480> join<00:19:50.799> us<00:19:50.960> so 00:19:52.230 --> 00:19:52.240 align:start position:0% group to join us so 00:19:52.240 --> 00:19:55.270 align:start position:0% group to join us so that<00:19:52.640> that<00:19:52.960> got<00:19:54.240> cooperative<00:19:54.640> computation 00:19:55.270 --> 00:19:55.280 align:start position:0% that that got cooperative computation 00:19:55.280 --> 00:19:55.909 align:start position:0% that that got cooperative computation distributed 00:19:55.909 --> 00:19:55.919 align:start position:0% distributed 00:19:55.919 --> 00:19:57.750 align:start position:0% distributed artificial<00:19:56.480> intelligence<00:19:57.120> call<00:19:57.280> it<00:19:57.360> what<00:19:57.600> you 00:19:57.750 --> 00:19:57.760 align:start position:0% artificial intelligence call it what you 00:19:57.760 --> 00:19:59.029 align:start position:0% artificial intelligence call it what you will<00:19:58.160> up<00:19:58.320> and<00:19:58.480> running 00:19:59.029 --> 00:19:59.039 align:start position:0% will up and running 00:19:59.039 --> 00:20:01.909 align:start position:0% will up and running at<00:19:59.280> umass<00:20:00.960> and<00:20:01.039> then<00:20:01.200> the<00:20:01.360> other<00:20:01.520> thing<00:20:01.760> which 00:20:01.909 --> 00:20:01.919 align:start position:0% at umass and then the other thing which 00:20:01.919 --> 00:20:04.549 align:start position:0% at umass and then the other thing which has<00:20:02.080> had<00:20:02.240> an<00:20:02.400> influence<00:20:02.880> both<00:20:03.200> in 00:20:04.549 --> 00:20:04.559 align:start position:0% has had an influence both in 00:20:04.559 --> 00:20:06.950 align:start position:0% has had an influence both in neural<00:20:04.960> networks<00:20:05.520> and<00:20:05.679> in<00:20:05.840> robotics<00:20:06.480> and<00:20:06.640> also 00:20:06.950 --> 00:20:06.960 align:start position:0% neural networks and in robotics and also 00:20:06.960 --> 00:20:08.630 align:start position:0% neural networks and in robotics and also in<00:20:07.039> machine<00:20:07.520> learning 00:20:08.630 --> 00:20:08.640 align:start position:0% in machine learning 00:20:08.640 --> 00:20:12.630 align:start position:0% in machine learning is<00:20:09.120> that<00:20:09.600> i<00:20:09.760> met<00:20:10.000> a<00:20:10.320> guy<00:20:10.880> named 00:20:12.630 --> 00:20:12.640 align:start position:0% is that i met a guy named 00:20:12.640 --> 00:20:15.510 align:start position:0% is that i met a guy named harry<00:20:13.039> klopf<00:20:14.320> who<00:20:14.559> was<00:20:14.720> working<00:20:15.120> at<00:20:15.200> the<00:20:15.280> air 00:20:15.510 --> 00:20:15.520 align:start position:0% harry klopf who was working at the air 00:20:15.520 --> 00:20:17.590 align:start position:0% harry klopf who was working at the air force 00:20:17.590 --> 00:20:17.600 align:start position:0% force 00:20:17.600 --> 00:20:20.149 align:start position:0% force research<00:20:18.000> center<00:20:18.320> in<00:20:18.559> cambridge<00:20:19.440> or<00:20:19.600> outside 00:20:20.149 --> 00:20:20.159 align:start position:0% research center in cambridge or outside 00:20:20.159 --> 00:20:20.710 align:start position:0% research center in cambridge or outside cambridge 00:20:20.710 --> 00:20:20.720 align:start position:0% cambridge 00:20:20.720 --> 00:20:23.190 align:start position:0% cambridge bedford<00:20:21.120> massachusetts<00:20:22.480> and<00:20:22.720> he<00:20:22.880> put<00:20:23.039> out<00:20:23.120> a 00:20:23.190 --> 00:20:23.200 align:start position:0% bedford massachusetts and he put out a 00:20:23.200 --> 00:20:24.710 align:start position:0% bedford massachusetts and he put out a little<00:20:23.360> book<00:20:23.520> called<00:20:23.760> the<00:20:23.919> hedonistic 00:20:24.710 --> 00:20:24.720 align:start position:0% little book called the hedonistic 00:20:24.720 --> 00:20:28.070 align:start position:0% little book called the hedonistic neuron<00:20:26.480> and<00:20:26.720> his<00:20:26.960> idea 00:20:28.070 --> 00:20:28.080 align:start position:0% neuron and his idea 00:20:28.080 --> 00:20:31.029 align:start position:0% neuron and his idea was<00:20:28.799> to<00:20:29.120> think<00:20:29.360> about<00:20:29.760> brain<00:20:30.159> learning<00:20:30.640> by 00:20:31.029 --> 00:20:31.039 align:start position:0% was to think about brain learning by 00:20:31.039 --> 00:20:32.950 align:start position:0% was to think about brain learning by asking<00:20:31.440> what's<00:20:31.760> in<00:20:31.919> it<00:20:32.080> for<00:20:32.240> the<00:20:32.400> neuron 00:20:32.950 --> 00:20:32.960 align:start position:0% asking what's in it for the neuron 00:20:32.960 --> 00:20:35.270 align:start position:0% asking what's in it for the neuron so<00:20:33.120> his<00:20:33.440> idea<00:20:33.760> was<00:20:34.000> how<00:20:34.159> could<00:20:34.320> you<00:20:34.480> have<00:20:35.120> the 00:20:35.270 --> 00:20:35.280 align:start position:0% so his idea was how could you have the 00:20:35.280 --> 00:20:37.510 align:start position:0% so his idea was how could you have the neuron<00:20:35.760> was<00:20:35.919> in<00:20:36.080> some<00:20:36.320> sense<00:20:36.720> adapting 00:20:37.510 --> 00:20:37.520 align:start position:0% neuron was in some sense adapting 00:20:37.520 --> 00:20:40.470 align:start position:0% neuron was in some sense adapting changing<00:20:37.919> its<00:20:38.000> synapses<00:20:39.440> to<00:20:39.600> satisfy<00:20:40.080> its<00:20:40.240> own 00:20:40.470 --> 00:20:40.480 align:start position:0% changing its synapses to satisfy its own 00:20:40.480 --> 00:20:41.909 align:start position:0% changing its synapses to satisfy its own needs 00:20:41.909 --> 00:20:41.919 align:start position:0% needs 00:20:41.919 --> 00:20:45.350 align:start position:0% needs and<00:20:42.559> so<00:20:43.039> i<00:20:43.280> got<00:20:43.679> some<00:20:44.000> money 00:20:45.350 --> 00:20:45.360 align:start position:0% and so i got some money 00:20:45.360 --> 00:20:48.070 align:start position:0% and so i got some money from<00:20:45.600> him<00:20:46.000> to<00:20:46.159> do<00:20:46.400> research<00:20:47.360> on<00:20:47.679> seeing<00:20:47.840> if<00:20:48.000> we 00:20:48.070 --> 00:20:48.080 align:start position:0% from him to do research on seeing if we 00:20:48.080 --> 00:20:49.750 align:start position:0% from him to do research on seeing if we could<00:20:48.159> come<00:20:48.320> up<00:20:48.400> with<00:20:48.559> a<00:20:48.640> real<00:20:48.960> theory 00:20:49.750 --> 00:20:49.760 align:start position:0% could come up with a real theory 00:20:49.760 --> 00:20:52.870 align:start position:0% could come up with a real theory of<00:20:50.000> that<00:20:51.120> and<00:20:51.760> um 00:20:52.870 --> 00:20:52.880 align:start position:0% of that and um 00:20:52.880 --> 00:20:54.549 align:start position:0% of that and um i<00:20:53.039> had<00:20:53.280> two<00:20:53.440> colleagues<00:20:53.840> working<00:20:54.080> on<00:20:54.240> brain 00:20:54.549 --> 00:20:54.559 align:start position:0% i had two colleagues working on brain 00:20:54.559 --> 00:20:56.149 align:start position:0% i had two colleagues working on brain modelling<00:20:54.960> at<00:20:55.039> the<00:20:55.200> time 00:20:56.149 --> 00:20:56.159 align:start position:0% modelling at the time 00:20:56.159 --> 00:20:58.950 align:start position:0% modelling at the time nico<00:20:56.480> spinelli<00:20:57.200> bill<00:20:57.520> kilmer<00:20:58.480> and<00:20:58.640> while<00:20:58.880> i 00:20:58.950 --> 00:20:58.960 align:start position:0% nico spinelli bill kilmer and while i 00:20:58.960 --> 00:21:00.789 align:start position:0% nico spinelli bill kilmer and while i was<00:20:59.120> on<00:20:59.280> sabbatical<00:20:59.840> after<00:21:00.080> i<00:21:00.240> got<00:21:00.400> the<00:21:00.480> money 00:21:00.789 --> 00:21:00.799 align:start position:0% was on sabbatical after i got the money 00:21:00.799 --> 00:21:02.070 align:start position:0% was on sabbatical after i got the money they<00:21:01.120> hired 00:21:02.070 --> 00:21:02.080 align:start position:0% they hired 00:21:02.080 --> 00:21:05.590 align:start position:0% they hired a<00:21:02.240> postdoc<00:21:04.400> to<00:21:04.559> come<00:21:04.720> in<00:21:04.880> and<00:21:05.039> work<00:21:05.280> on<00:21:05.440> the 00:21:05.590 --> 00:21:05.600 align:start position:0% a postdoc to come in and work on the 00:21:05.600 --> 00:21:07.270 align:start position:0% a postdoc to come in and work on the project<00:21:06.000> his<00:21:06.159> name<00:21:06.400> was 00:21:07.270 --> 00:21:07.280 align:start position:0% project his name was 00:21:07.280 --> 00:21:10.470 align:start position:0% project his name was andy<00:21:07.679> barto<00:21:08.960> and<00:21:09.280> when<00:21:09.679> harry<00:21:10.080> klopp 00:21:10.470 --> 00:21:10.480 align:start position:0% andy barto and when harry klopp 00:21:10.480 --> 00:21:14.230 align:start position:0% andy barto and when harry klopp gave<00:21:10.720> us<00:21:10.960> the<00:21:11.120> money<00:21:12.960> one<00:21:13.200> condition<00:21:13.679> was<00:21:14.000> that 00:21:14.230 --> 00:21:14.240 align:start position:0% gave us the money one condition was that 00:21:14.240 --> 00:21:16.470 align:start position:0% gave us the money one condition was that i<00:21:14.320> know<00:21:14.559> this<00:21:14.799> very<00:21:15.200> bright<00:21:15.919> student<00:21:16.320> at 00:21:16.470 --> 00:21:16.480 align:start position:0% i know this very bright student at 00:21:16.480 --> 00:21:18.070 align:start position:0% i know this very bright student at stanford 00:21:18.070 --> 00:21:18.080 align:start position:0% stanford 00:21:18.080 --> 00:21:20.149 align:start position:0% stanford just<00:21:18.320> getting<00:21:18.559> his<00:21:19.120> bachelor's<00:21:19.679> degree<00:21:20.000> you 00:21:20.149 --> 00:21:20.159 align:start position:0% just getting his bachelor's degree you 00:21:20.159 --> 00:21:22.230 align:start position:0% just getting his bachelor's degree you have<00:21:20.320> to<00:21:20.400> hire<00:21:20.720> him<00:21:20.880> as<00:21:20.960> a<00:21:21.039> research<00:21:21.520> assistant 00:21:22.230 --> 00:21:22.240 align:start position:0% have to hire him as a research assistant 00:21:22.240 --> 00:21:24.870 align:start position:0% have to hire him as a research assistant on<00:21:22.559> on<00:21:22.799> this<00:21:23.039> ground<00:21:23.840> and<00:21:24.080> that<00:21:24.240> guy<00:21:24.400> was<00:21:24.640> rick 00:21:24.870 --> 00:21:24.880 align:start position:0% on on this ground and that guy was rick 00:21:24.880 --> 00:21:25.750 align:start position:0% on on this ground and that guy was rick sutton<00:21:25.360> and 00:21:25.750 --> 00:21:25.760 align:start position:0% sutton and 00:21:25.760 --> 00:21:27.590 align:start position:0% sutton and as<00:21:25.919> they<00:21:26.080> say<00:21:26.240> the<00:21:26.400> rest<00:21:26.640> is<00:21:26.799> history<00:21:27.200> battle 00:21:27.590 --> 00:21:27.600 align:start position:0% as they say the rest is history battle 00:21:27.600 --> 00:21:29.350 align:start position:0% as they say the rest is history battle and<00:21:27.679> sutton<00:21:28.080> came<00:21:28.320> up<00:21:28.480> with 00:21:29.350 --> 00:21:29.360 align:start position:0% and sutton came up with 00:21:29.360 --> 00:21:31.430 align:start position:0% and sutton came up with the<00:21:29.520> mathematical<00:21:30.159> theory<00:21:30.480> of<00:21:30.559> reinforcement 00:21:31.430 --> 00:21:31.440 align:start position:0% the mathematical theory of reinforcement 00:21:31.440 --> 00:21:32.870 align:start position:0% the mathematical theory of reinforcement learning<00:21:31.760> that<00:21:32.000> has<00:21:32.159> been 00:21:32.870 --> 00:21:32.880 align:start position:0% learning that has been 00:21:32.880 --> 00:21:35.909 align:start position:0% learning that has been incredibly<00:21:33.440> successful<00:21:34.000> and<00:21:34.240> influential<00:21:35.760> so 00:21:35.909 --> 00:21:35.919 align:start position:0% incredibly successful and influential so 00:21:35.919 --> 00:21:37.750 align:start position:0% incredibly successful and influential so i<00:21:36.159> i<00:21:36.240> think<00:21:36.400> that<00:21:36.640> oh<00:21:36.960> and<00:21:37.039> then<00:21:37.200> the<00:21:37.360> one<00:21:37.600> other 00:21:37.750 --> 00:21:37.760 align:start position:0% i i think that oh and then the one other 00:21:37.760 --> 00:21:39.110 align:start position:0% i i think that oh and then the one other person<00:21:38.159> i<00:21:38.240> should<00:21:38.480> mention 00:21:39.110 --> 00:21:39.120 align:start position:0% person i should mention 00:21:39.120 --> 00:21:42.230 align:start position:0% person i should mention from<00:21:39.360> my<00:21:39.600> umass<00:21:40.159> days<00:21:41.200> is<00:21:41.919> uh 00:21:42.230 --> 00:21:42.240 align:start position:0% from my umass days is uh 00:21:42.240 --> 00:21:46.630 align:start position:0% from my umass days is uh ron<00:21:42.640> arkin<00:21:43.360> who<00:21:43.840> um<00:21:45.039> became<00:21:45.440> very<00:21:45.679> intrigued 00:21:46.630 --> 00:21:46.640 align:start position:0% ron arkin who um became very intrigued 00:21:46.640 --> 00:21:48.470 align:start position:0% ron arkin who um became very intrigued not<00:21:46.799> with<00:21:46.960> the<00:21:47.120> handwork<00:21:47.600> but<00:21:47.760> with<00:21:47.919> the<00:21:48.080> frog 00:21:48.470 --> 00:21:48.480 align:start position:0% not with the handwork but with the frog 00:21:48.480 --> 00:21:49.990 align:start position:0% not with the handwork but with the frog work 00:21:49.990 --> 00:21:50.000 align:start position:0% work 00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:53.190 align:start position:0% work uh<00:21:50.799> in<00:21:51.039> terms<00:21:51.360> of<00:21:51.520> the<00:21:51.760> the<00:21:52.000> models<00:21:52.400> we<00:21:52.640> devised 00:21:53.190 --> 00:21:53.200 align:start position:0% uh in terms of the the models we devised 00:21:53.200 --> 00:21:55.350 align:start position:0% uh in terms of the the models we devised of<00:21:53.280> how<00:21:53.440> the<00:21:53.600> frog<00:21:54.000> recognizes<00:21:54.720> its<00:21:54.880> prey<00:21:55.200> how 00:21:55.350 --> 00:21:55.360 align:start position:0% of how the frog recognizes its prey how 00:21:55.360 --> 00:21:58.390 align:start position:0% of how the frog recognizes its prey how it<00:21:55.559> avoids<00:21:56.840> um 00:21:58.390 --> 00:21:58.400 align:start position:0% it avoids um 00:21:58.400 --> 00:22:00.950 align:start position:0% it avoids um its<00:21:58.640> predators<00:21:59.280> how<00:21:59.520> it<00:21:59.679> can<00:22:00.080> detour<00:22:00.480> around 00:22:00.950 --> 00:22:00.960 align:start position:0% its predators how it can detour around 00:22:00.960 --> 00:22:03.510 align:start position:0% its predators how it can detour around obstacles<00:22:01.600> and<00:22:01.679> so<00:22:01.919> on<00:22:02.159> and<00:22:02.400> so<00:22:02.640> he<00:22:02.880> took<00:22:03.120> that 00:22:03.510 --> 00:22:03.520 align:start position:0% obstacles and so on and so he took that 00:22:03.520 --> 00:22:06.950 align:start position:0% obstacles and so on and so he took that and<00:22:03.840> implemented<00:22:05.120> that<00:22:05.840> as<00:22:06.000> a<00:22:06.080> controller<00:22:06.720> for 00:22:06.950 --> 00:22:06.960 align:start position:0% and implemented that as a controller for 00:22:06.960 --> 00:22:07.909 align:start position:0% and implemented that as a controller for a<00:22:07.120> robot 00:22:07.909 --> 00:22:07.919 align:start position:0% a robot 00:22:07.919 --> 00:22:10.710 align:start position:0% a robot and<00:22:08.159> that<00:22:08.320> became<00:22:08.720> the<00:22:08.799> basis<00:22:09.520> for<00:22:09.679> his<00:22:10.480> very 00:22:10.710 --> 00:22:10.720 align:start position:0% and that became the basis for his very 00:22:10.720 --> 00:22:12.870 align:start position:0% and that became the basis for his very successful<00:22:11.440> career<00:22:11.840> in<00:22:12.000> robotics<00:22:12.559> that<00:22:12.720> he's 00:22:12.870 --> 00:22:12.880 align:start position:0% successful career in robotics that he's 00:22:12.880 --> 00:22:14.870 align:start position:0% successful career in robotics that he's pursued<00:22:13.360> for<00:22:13.520> many<00:22:13.760> years<00:22:14.080> at<00:22:14.320> um 00:22:14.870 --> 00:22:14.880 align:start position:0% pursued for many years at um 00:22:14.880 --> 00:22:18.310 align:start position:0% pursued for many years at um georgia<00:22:15.360> tech<00:22:16.320> so<00:22:16.559> yeah<00:22:16.880> so<00:22:17.039> i'd<00:22:17.360> say<00:22:17.600> my<00:22:17.919> my 00:22:18.310 --> 00:22:18.320 align:start position:0% georgia tech so yeah so i'd say my my 00:22:18.320 --> 00:22:20.549 align:start position:0% georgia tech so yeah so i'd say my my peak<00:22:18.640> involvement<00:22:19.120> with<00:22:19.360> the<00:22:19.440> robotics<00:22:20.400> the 00:22:20.549 --> 00:22:20.559 align:start position:0% peak involvement with the robotics the 00:22:20.559 --> 00:22:22.149 align:start position:0% peak involvement with the robotics the history<00:22:20.799> of<00:22:20.880> robotics<00:22:21.520> is<00:22:21.679> during<00:22:22.000> that 00:22:22.149 --> 00:22:22.159 align:start position:0% history of robotics is during that 00:22:22.159 --> 00:22:24.390 align:start position:0% history of robotics is during that period<00:22:22.559> at<00:22:22.640> umass 00:22:24.390 --> 00:22:24.400 align:start position:0% period at umass 00:22:24.400 --> 00:22:27.830 align:start position:0% period at umass and<00:22:24.559> then<00:22:24.720> i<00:22:24.799> moved<00:22:25.120> here<00:22:25.280> in<00:22:25.720> 1986 00:22:27.830 --> 00:22:27.840 align:start position:0% and then i moved here in 1986 00:22:27.840 --> 00:22:30.390 align:start position:0% and then i moved here in 1986 and<00:22:28.400> i<00:22:28.480> was<00:22:28.720> recruited<00:22:29.280> in<00:22:29.440> part<00:22:29.760> by<00:22:30.000> george 00:22:30.390 --> 00:22:30.400 align:start position:0% and i was recruited in part by george 00:22:30.400 --> 00:22:30.950 align:start position:0% and i was recruited in part by george becky 00:22:30.950 --> 00:22:30.960 align:start position:0% becky 00:22:30.960 --> 00:22:34.310 align:start position:0% becky who<00:22:31.200> was<00:22:31.440> then<00:22:31.840> chair<00:22:32.240> of<00:22:33.280> computer<00:22:33.760> science 00:22:34.310 --> 00:22:34.320 align:start position:0% who was then chair of computer science 00:22:34.320 --> 00:22:35.750 align:start position:0% who was then chair of computer science here 00:22:35.750 --> 00:22:35.760 align:start position:0% here 00:22:35.760 --> 00:22:38.549 align:start position:0% here and<00:22:36.240> he<00:22:36.559> had<00:22:36.799> a<00:22:36.960> dexterous<00:22:37.520> hand<00:22:37.919> as<00:22:38.080> well 00:22:38.549 --> 00:22:38.559 align:start position:0% and he had a dexterous hand as well 00:22:38.559 --> 00:22:39.110 align:start position:0% and he had a dexterous hand as well perhaps 00:22:39.110 --> 00:22:39.120 align:start position:0% perhaps 00:22:39.120 --> 00:22:42.470 align:start position:0% perhaps not<00:22:39.440> quite<00:22:39.760> as<00:22:39.919> beautiful<00:22:40.559> as<00:22:40.880> the<00:22:41.919> salisbury 00:22:42.470 --> 00:22:42.480 align:start position:0% not quite as beautiful as the salisbury 00:22:42.480 --> 00:22:44.310 align:start position:0% not quite as beautiful as the salisbury hand 00:22:44.310 --> 00:22:44.320 align:start position:0% hand 00:22:44.320 --> 00:22:47.590 align:start position:0% hand that<00:22:44.480> had<00:22:44.640> less<00:22:44.960> independent<00:22:46.000> finger<00:22:46.320> control 00:22:47.590 --> 00:22:47.600 align:start position:0% that had less independent finger control 00:22:47.600 --> 00:22:51.029 align:start position:0% that had less independent finger control but<00:22:48.080> it<00:22:48.159> was<00:22:48.400> the<00:22:48.640> usc<00:22:49.200> belgrade<00:22:49.840> hand 00:22:51.029 --> 00:22:51.039 align:start position:0% but it was the usc belgrade hand 00:22:51.039 --> 00:22:54.310 align:start position:0% but it was the usc belgrade hand and<00:22:52.240> we<00:22:52.480> brought<00:22:52.799> over<00:22:53.200> thea<00:22:53.520> ibero 00:22:54.310 --> 00:22:54.320 align:start position:0% and we brought over thea ibero 00:22:54.320 --> 00:22:56.710 align:start position:0% and we brought over thea ibero as<00:22:54.480> a<00:22:54.640> postdoc<00:22:55.120> to<00:22:55.280> work<00:22:55.520> with<00:22:55.760> us<00:22:56.240> on<00:22:56.480> that 00:22:56.710 --> 00:22:56.720 align:start position:0% as a postdoc to work with us on that 00:22:56.720 --> 00:22:58.630 align:start position:0% as a postdoc to work with us on that collaboration 00:22:58.630 --> 00:22:58.640 align:start position:0% collaboration 00:22:58.640 --> 00:23:01.830 align:start position:0% collaboration um<00:23:01.360> and 00:23:01.830 --> 00:23:01.840 align:start position:0% um and 00:23:01.840 --> 00:23:05.190 align:start position:0% um and uh<00:23:02.240> so<00:23:02.640> there<00:23:02.799> was<00:23:02.960> quite<00:23:03.120> a<00:23:03.200> bit<00:23:03.360> of<00:23:03.440> work<00:23:04.240> um 00:23:05.190 --> 00:23:05.200 align:start position:0% uh so there was quite a bit of work um 00:23:05.200 --> 00:23:08.390 align:start position:0% uh so there was quite a bit of work um between<00:23:05.520> the<00:23:05.679> three<00:23:05.919> of<00:23:06.080> us<00:23:06.240> then<00:23:06.640> on 00:23:08.390 --> 00:23:08.400 align:start position:0% between the three of us then on 00:23:08.400 --> 00:23:10.789 align:start position:0% between the three of us then on dexterous<00:23:08.880> hand<00:23:09.280> control<00:23:09.919> in<00:23:10.080> relation<00:23:10.559> to 00:23:10.789 --> 00:23:10.799 align:start position:0% dexterous hand control in relation to 00:23:10.799 --> 00:23:12.549 align:start position:0% dexterous hand control in relation to studies<00:23:11.200> of<00:23:11.360> human<00:23:11.760> hand 00:23:12.549 --> 00:23:12.559 align:start position:0% studies of human hand 00:23:12.559 --> 00:23:16.630 align:start position:0% studies of human hand control<00:23:14.400> and<00:23:14.640> then<00:23:14.880> we<00:23:15.039> had<00:23:15.360> several 00:23:16.630 --> 00:23:16.640 align:start position:0% control and then we had several 00:23:16.640 --> 00:23:22.310 align:start position:0% control and then we had several phd<00:23:17.200> students<00:23:17.760> work<00:23:18.159> with<00:23:20.840> us 00:23:22.310 --> 00:23:22.320 align:start position:0% phd students work with us 00:23:22.320 --> 00:23:25.350 align:start position:0% phd students work with us tony<00:23:22.720> lewis<00:23:23.360> um<00:23:24.320> did<00:23:24.559> a<00:23:24.640> thesis 00:23:25.350 --> 00:23:25.360 align:start position:0% tony lewis um did a thesis 00:23:25.360 --> 00:23:27.029 align:start position:0% tony lewis um did a thesis which<00:23:25.520> we<00:23:25.760> jointly<00:23:26.159> supervised<00:23:26.799> on 00:23:27.029 --> 00:23:27.039 align:start position:0% which we jointly supervised on 00:23:27.039 --> 00:23:29.750 align:start position:0% which we jointly supervised on evolutionary<00:23:27.760> algorithms<00:23:28.400> for<00:23:28.720> uh 00:23:29.750 --> 00:23:29.760 align:start position:0% evolutionary algorithms for uh 00:23:29.760 --> 00:23:32.789 align:start position:0% evolutionary algorithms for uh locomoting<00:23:30.480> robots<00:23:31.039> hexapod<00:23:32.000> robots<00:23:32.480> and<00:23:32.640> so 00:23:32.789 --> 00:23:32.799 align:start position:0% locomoting robots hexapod robots and so 00:23:32.799 --> 00:23:34.070 align:start position:0% locomoting robots hexapod robots and so on 00:23:34.070 --> 00:23:34.080 align:start position:0% on 00:23:34.080 --> 00:23:36.950 align:start position:0% on um<00:23:34.880> but<00:23:35.520> i<00:23:35.600> think<00:23:35.760> it<00:23:35.840> became<00:23:36.240> clear<00:23:36.559> after<00:23:36.880> a 00:23:36.950 --> 00:23:36.960 align:start position:0% um but i think it became clear after a 00:23:36.960 --> 00:23:39.110 align:start position:0% um but i think it became clear after a while<00:23:37.360> that 00:23:39.110 --> 00:23:39.120 align:start position:0% while that 00:23:39.120 --> 00:23:40.950 align:start position:0% while that most<00:23:39.360> of<00:23:39.520> the<00:23:39.679> students<00:23:39.919> we<00:23:40.080> were<00:23:40.240> getting<00:23:40.559> oh 00:23:40.950 --> 00:23:40.960 align:start position:0% most of the students we were getting oh 00:23:40.960 --> 00:23:42.710 align:start position:0% most of the students we were getting oh and<00:23:41.440> just<00:23:41.600> one<00:23:41.840> other<00:23:42.080> student<00:23:42.320> in<00:23:42.400> relation 00:23:42.710 --> 00:23:42.720 align:start position:0% and just one other student in relation 00:23:42.720 --> 00:23:45.269 align:start position:0% and just one other student in relation this<00:23:42.960> andy<00:23:43.440> [ __ ]<00:23:43.679> did<00:23:43.919> his<00:23:44.080> phd<00:23:44.640> with<00:23:44.960> me 00:23:45.269 --> 00:23:45.279 align:start position:0% this andy [ __ ] did his phd with me 00:23:45.279 --> 00:23:48.830 align:start position:0% this andy [ __ ] did his phd with me on<00:23:46.240> um<00:23:47.120> what's<00:23:47.679> going<00:23:47.919> on<00:23:48.080> in<00:23:48.240> the<00:23:48.320> monkey 00:23:48.830 --> 00:23:48.840 align:start position:0% on um what's going on in the monkey 00:23:48.840 --> 00:23:51.750 align:start position:0% on um what's going on in the monkey brain<00:23:49.919> in<00:23:50.080> relating<00:23:50.480> parietal<00:23:51.120> and<00:23:51.279> frontal 00:23:51.750 --> 00:23:51.760 align:start position:0% brain in relating parietal and frontal 00:23:51.760 --> 00:23:53.110 align:start position:0% brain in relating parietal and frontal cortex 00:23:53.110 --> 00:23:53.120 align:start position:0% cortex 00:23:53.120 --> 00:23:55.269 align:start position:0% cortex in<00:23:54.000> taking<00:23:54.320> visual<00:23:54.640> information<00:23:55.200> and 00:23:55.269 --> 00:23:55.279 align:start position:0% in taking visual information and 00:23:55.279 --> 00:23:57.269 align:start position:0% in taking visual information and converting<00:23:55.760> it<00:23:55.919> into<00:23:56.159> hand<00:23:56.480> control<00:23:56.960> but<00:23:57.120> he 00:23:57.269 --> 00:23:57.279 align:start position:0% converting it into hand control but he 00:23:57.279 --> 00:23:58.230 align:start position:0% converting it into hand control but he was<00:23:57.440> also 00:23:58.230 --> 00:23:58.240 align:start position:0% was also 00:23:58.240 --> 00:24:02.070 align:start position:0% was also actively<00:23:58.799> involved<00:24:00.400> with<00:24:00.720> becky's<00:24:01.200> group 00:24:02.070 --> 00:24:02.080 align:start position:0% actively involved with becky's group 00:24:02.080 --> 00:24:04.630 align:start position:0% actively involved with becky's group so<00:24:02.240> that<00:24:02.400> there<00:24:02.559> was<00:24:02.799> a<00:24:02.880> bridge<00:24:03.200> there<00:24:04.320> from 00:24:04.630 --> 00:24:04.640 align:start position:0% so that there was a bridge there from 00:24:04.640 --> 00:24:06.230 align:start position:0% so that there was a bridge there from the<00:24:04.880> the<00:24:04.960> brain<00:24:05.279> modeling<00:24:05.679> we<00:24:05.760> were<00:24:05.919> doing<00:24:06.080> at 00:24:06.230 --> 00:24:06.240 align:start position:0% the the brain modeling we were doing at 00:24:06.240 --> 00:24:07.269 align:start position:0% the the brain modeling we were doing at the<00:24:06.320> time 00:24:07.269 --> 00:24:07.279 align:start position:0% the time 00:24:07.279 --> 00:24:10.950 align:start position:0% the time into<00:24:09.039> the<00:24:09.279> the<00:24:09.440> robot<00:24:09.919> control<00:24:10.400> and<00:24:10.559> then 00:24:10.950 --> 00:24:10.960 align:start position:0% into the the robot control and then 00:24:10.960 --> 00:24:13.750 align:start position:0% into the the robot control and then tony<00:24:11.360> lewis<00:24:11.679> was<00:24:12.400> looking<00:24:12.799> at<00:24:12.960> the<00:24:13.120> evolution 00:24:13.750 --> 00:24:13.760 align:start position:0% tony lewis was looking at the evolution 00:24:13.760 --> 00:24:16.070 align:start position:0% tony lewis was looking at the evolution of<00:24:13.919> neural<00:24:14.320> networks 00:24:16.070 --> 00:24:16.080 align:start position:0% of neural networks 00:24:16.080 --> 00:24:19.510 align:start position:0% of neural networks and<00:24:16.720> that<00:24:16.960> actually<00:24:17.360> lays<00:24:18.720> lay<00:24:18.960> in<00:24:19.039> some<00:24:19.279> sense 00:24:19.510 --> 00:24:19.520 align:start position:0% and that actually lays lay in some sense 00:24:19.520 --> 00:24:20.789 align:start position:0% and that actually lays lay in some sense a<00:24:19.600> basis<00:24:20.159> for<00:24:20.400> a 00:24:20.789 --> 00:24:20.799 align:start position:0% a basis for a 00:24:20.799 --> 00:24:22.310 align:start position:0% a basis for a later<00:24:21.279> thesis<00:24:21.679> at<00:24:21.760> the<00:24:21.840> university<00:24:22.240> of 00:24:22.310 --> 00:24:22.320 align:start position:0% later thesis at the university of 00:24:22.320 --> 00:24:24.870 align:start position:0% later thesis at the university of edinburgh<00:24:23.440> by<00:24:23.679> alki<00:24:24.159> iceberg 00:24:24.870 --> 00:24:24.880 align:start position:0% edinburgh by alki iceberg 00:24:24.880 --> 00:24:28.390 align:start position:0% edinburgh by alki iceberg on<00:24:25.919> how<00:24:26.080> to<00:24:26.320> evolve<00:24:26.720> a 00:24:28.390 --> 00:24:28.400 align:start position:0% on how to evolve a 00:24:28.400 --> 00:24:31.590 align:start position:0% on how to evolve a a<00:24:28.640> fischer's<00:24:29.120> a<00:24:29.919> a<00:24:30.400> lamprey's 00:24:31.590 --> 00:24:31.600 align:start position:0% a fischer's a a lamprey's 00:24:31.600 --> 00:24:34.789 align:start position:0% a fischer's a a lamprey's spinal<00:24:32.320> generator<00:24:32.799> for<00:24:32.960> swimming<00:24:33.360> into<00:24:33.679> a 00:24:34.789 --> 00:24:34.799 align:start position:0% spinal generator for swimming into a 00:24:34.799 --> 00:24:37.510 align:start position:0% spinal generator for swimming into a salamander's<00:24:36.480> spinal<00:24:36.880> network<00:24:37.200> that<00:24:37.360> could 00:24:37.510 --> 00:24:37.520 align:start position:0% salamander's spinal network that could 00:24:37.520 --> 00:24:40.470 align:start position:0% salamander's spinal network that could do<00:24:37.679> both<00:24:37.919> swimming<00:24:38.320> and<00:24:38.559> locomotion<00:24:39.279> on<00:24:39.440> land 00:24:40.470 --> 00:24:40.480 align:start position:0% do both swimming and locomotion on land 00:24:40.480 --> 00:24:43.110 align:start position:0% do both swimming and locomotion on land and<00:24:40.720> and<00:24:40.960> he<00:24:41.120> later<00:24:41.679> came<00:24:42.000> here<00:24:42.240> with<00:24:42.480> his<00:24:42.880> uh 00:24:43.110 --> 00:24:43.120 align:start position:0% and and he later came here with his uh 00:24:43.120 --> 00:24:44.470 align:start position:0% and and he later came here with his uh then<00:24:43.440> wife 00:24:44.470 --> 00:24:44.480 align:start position:0% then wife 00:24:44.480 --> 00:24:47.750 align:start position:0% then wife um<00:24:44.880> to<00:24:45.039> do<00:24:45.200> a<00:24:45.279> post-doc<00:24:46.559> but<00:24:46.799> that's<00:24:47.200> that's<00:24:47.520> a 00:24:47.750 --> 00:24:47.760 align:start position:0% um to do a post-doc but that's that's a 00:24:47.760 --> 00:24:50.950 align:start position:0% um to do a post-doc but that's that's a different<00:24:48.159> thing<00:24:49.120> but<00:24:50.240> so<00:24:50.400> there<00:24:50.559> were<00:24:50.720> some 00:24:50.950 --> 00:24:50.960 align:start position:0% different thing but so there were some 00:24:50.960 --> 00:24:52.390 align:start position:0% different thing but so there were some successes<00:24:51.520> i<00:24:51.679> would<00:24:51.840> say<00:24:52.000> from<00:24:52.240> that 00:24:52.390 --> 00:24:52.400 align:start position:0% successes i would say from that 00:24:52.400 --> 00:24:54.549 align:start position:0% successes i would say from that collaboration<00:24:53.200> but<00:24:53.360> it<00:24:53.520> also<00:24:53.760> became<00:24:54.159> clear 00:24:54.549 --> 00:24:54.559 align:start position:0% collaboration but it also became clear 00:24:54.559 --> 00:24:56.549 align:start position:0% collaboration but it also became clear that<00:24:54.720> we<00:24:54.960> were<00:24:55.120> not<00:24:55.360> making<00:24:55.679> as<00:24:55.840> much<00:24:56.080> progress 00:24:56.549 --> 00:24:56.559 align:start position:0% that we were not making as much progress 00:24:56.559 --> 00:24:58.390 align:start position:0% that we were not making as much progress as<00:24:56.720> we<00:24:57.039> should 00:24:58.390 --> 00:24:58.400 align:start position:0% as we should 00:24:58.400 --> 00:25:00.710 align:start position:0% as we should in<00:24:58.640> part<00:24:58.960> because<00:24:59.440> both<00:24:59.679> of<00:24:59.840> us<00:25:00.080> were<00:25:00.320> doing<00:25:00.640> a 00:25:00.710 --> 00:25:00.720 align:start position:0% in part because both of us were doing a 00:25:00.720 --> 00:25:02.310 align:start position:0% in part because both of us were doing a lot<00:25:00.880> of<00:25:00.960> different<00:25:01.440> things 00:25:02.310 --> 00:25:02.320 align:start position:0% lot of different things 00:25:02.320 --> 00:25:04.390 align:start position:0% lot of different things in<00:25:02.480> part<00:25:02.720> because<00:25:03.039> the<00:25:03.200> students<00:25:03.760> tended<00:25:04.159> to 00:25:04.390 --> 00:25:04.400 align:start position:0% in part because the students tended to 00:25:04.400 --> 00:25:06.390 align:start position:0% in part because the students tended to be<00:25:04.640> perhaps<00:25:05.120> too<00:25:05.360> purely 00:25:06.390 --> 00:25:06.400 align:start position:0% be perhaps too purely 00:25:06.400 --> 00:25:08.310 align:start position:0% be perhaps too purely computer<00:25:06.880> science<00:25:07.200> students<00:25:07.520> so<00:25:07.679> we<00:25:07.919> we<00:25:08.080> had<00:25:08.240> a 00:25:08.310 --> 00:25:08.320 align:start position:0% computer science students so we we had a 00:25:08.320 --> 00:25:09.990 align:start position:0% computer science students so we we had a few<00:25:08.480> lucky<00:25:08.880> students 00:25:09.990 --> 00:25:10.000 align:start position:0% few lucky students 00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:12.470 align:start position:0% few lucky students like<00:25:10.320> lewis<00:25:10.640> and<00:25:10.799> [ __ ]<00:25:11.120> who<00:25:11.520> who<00:25:11.760> did<00:25:12.000> enjoy 00:25:12.470 --> 00:25:12.480 align:start position:0% like lewis and [ __ ] who who did enjoy 00:25:12.480 --> 00:25:14.549 align:start position:0% like lewis and [ __ ] who who did enjoy tinkering<00:25:13.039> but<00:25:13.200> we<00:25:13.279> had<00:25:13.520> others<00:25:13.919> who 00:25:14.549 --> 00:25:14.559 align:start position:0% tinkering but we had others who 00:25:14.559 --> 00:25:16.070 align:start position:0% tinkering but we had others who didn't<00:25:14.799> really<00:25:15.039> know<00:25:15.360> what<00:25:15.600> to<00:25:15.679> do<00:25:15.840> if<00:25:16.000> the 00:25:16.070 --> 00:25:16.080 align:start position:0% didn't really know what to do if the 00:25:16.080 --> 00:25:17.830 align:start position:0% didn't really know what to do if the robot<00:25:16.480> stopped 00:25:17.830 --> 00:25:17.840 align:start position:0% robot stopped 00:25:17.840 --> 00:25:21.029 align:start position:0% robot stopped and<00:25:18.880> so<00:25:19.039> at<00:25:19.200> that<00:25:19.440> stage<00:25:19.919> we 00:25:21.029 --> 00:25:21.039 align:start position:0% and so at that stage we 00:25:21.039 --> 00:25:23.430 align:start position:0% and so at that stage we were<00:25:21.279> successful<00:25:21.840> in<00:25:22.000> recruiting<00:25:22.799> a<00:25:23.200> couple 00:25:23.430 --> 00:25:23.440 align:start position:0% were successful in recruiting a couple 00:25:23.440 --> 00:25:25.430 align:start position:0% were successful in recruiting a couple of<00:25:23.679> very<00:25:23.919> bright<00:25:24.240> young<00:25:24.480> people 00:25:25.430 --> 00:25:25.440 align:start position:0% of very bright young people 00:25:25.440 --> 00:25:28.230 align:start position:0% of very bright young people then<00:25:25.679> young<00:25:26.000> people<00:25:27.520> to<00:25:27.679> come<00:25:27.919> in<00:25:28.080> as 00:25:28.230 --> 00:25:28.240 align:start position:0% then young people to come in as 00:25:28.240 --> 00:25:29.990 align:start position:0% then young people to come in as assistant<00:25:28.720> professors 00:25:29.990 --> 00:25:30.000 align:start position:0% assistant professors 00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:32.630 align:start position:0% assistant professors and<00:25:30.240> basically<00:25:30.799> handed<00:25:31.200> over<00:25:31.840> robotics<00:25:32.480> to 00:25:32.630 --> 00:25:32.640 align:start position:0% and basically handed over robotics to 00:25:32.640 --> 00:25:33.029 align:start position:0% and basically handed over robotics to them 00:25:33.029 --> 00:25:33.039 align:start position:0% them 00:25:33.039 --> 00:25:36.390 align:start position:0% them so<00:25:33.520> um<00:25:34.320> stefan<00:25:34.880> schaal<00:25:35.279> in<00:25:35.440> terms<00:25:35.760> of<00:25:35.919> the 00:25:36.390 --> 00:25:36.400 align:start position:0% so um stefan schaal in terms of the 00:25:36.400 --> 00:25:38.630 align:start position:0% so um stefan schaal in terms of the the<00:25:36.559> hand<00:25:36.960> control<00:25:37.520> and<00:25:37.679> now<00:25:37.919> that's<00:25:38.159> moved<00:25:38.480> on 00:25:38.630 --> 00:25:38.640 align:start position:0% the hand control and now that's moved on 00:25:38.640 --> 00:25:39.590 align:start position:0% the hand control and now that's moved on to<00:25:38.799> a<00:25:38.799> lot<00:25:38.960> of 00:25:39.590 --> 00:25:39.600 align:start position:0% to a lot of 00:25:39.600 --> 00:25:41.029 align:start position:0% to a lot of other<00:25:39.919> issues<00:25:40.240> where<00:25:40.400> you're<00:25:40.640> really 00:25:41.029 --> 00:25:41.039 align:start position:0% other issues where you're really 00:25:41.039 --> 00:25:42.630 align:start position:0% other issues where you're really thinking<00:25:41.440> about<00:25:41.760> how 00:25:42.630 --> 00:25:42.640 align:start position:0% thinking about how 00:25:42.640 --> 00:25:44.310 align:start position:0% thinking about how various<00:25:43.039> learning<00:25:43.360> algorithms<00:25:43.919> can<00:25:44.159> be 00:25:44.310 --> 00:25:44.320 align:start position:0% various learning algorithms can be 00:25:44.320 --> 00:25:46.549 align:start position:0% various learning algorithms can be applied<00:25:44.960> to<00:25:45.120> really<00:25:45.360> look<00:25:45.520> at<00:25:45.600> the<00:25:45.760> dynamic 00:25:46.549 --> 00:25:46.559 align:start position:0% applied to really look at the dynamic 00:25:46.559 --> 00:25:48.230 align:start position:0% applied to really look at the dynamic control<00:25:47.120> of<00:25:47.360> complex 00:25:48.230 --> 00:25:48.240 align:start position:0% control of complex 00:25:48.240 --> 00:25:51.590 align:start position:0% control of complex manipulators<00:25:49.360> skeletal<00:25:50.000> systems<00:25:50.480> and<00:25:50.640> so<00:25:50.799> on 00:25:51.590 --> 00:25:51.600 align:start position:0% manipulators skeletal systems and so on 00:25:51.600 --> 00:25:53.669 align:start position:0% manipulators skeletal systems and so on and<00:25:51.760> then<00:25:52.000> maya<00:25:52.320> mataric<00:25:52.960> who<00:25:53.120> came<00:25:53.360> to<00:25:53.520> us 00:25:53.669 --> 00:25:53.679 align:start position:0% and then maya mataric who came to us 00:25:53.679 --> 00:25:56.149 align:start position:0% and then maya mataric who came to us from<00:25:53.919> rodney<00:25:54.320> brooks<00:25:54.559> at<00:25:54.840> mit 00:25:56.149 --> 00:25:56.159 align:start position:0% from rodney brooks at mit 00:25:56.159 --> 00:25:57.990 align:start position:0% from rodney brooks at mit who<00:25:56.400> came<00:25:56.640> in<00:25:56.799> more<00:25:57.120> to<00:25:57.200> look<00:25:57.360> at<00:25:57.440> the<00:25:57.600> social 00:25:57.990 --> 00:25:58.000 align:start position:0% who came in more to look at the social 00:25:58.000 --> 00:26:00.470 align:start position:0% who came in more to look at the social robots<00:25:58.720> where 00:26:00.470 --> 00:26:00.480 align:start position:0% robots where 00:26:00.480 --> 00:26:02.310 align:start position:0% robots where you<00:26:00.640> don't<00:26:00.880> really<00:26:01.200> care<00:26:01.840> you<00:26:02.000> don't<00:26:02.159> really 00:26:02.310 --> 00:26:02.320 align:start position:0% you don't really care you don't really 00:26:02.320 --> 00:26:04.149 align:start position:0% you don't really care you don't really need<00:26:02.559> to<00:26:02.640> know<00:26:02.880> much<00:26:03.120> about<00:26:03.360> the<00:26:03.520> guts<00:26:03.919> of<00:26:04.000> the 00:26:04.149 --> 00:26:04.159 align:start position:0% need to know much about the guts of the 00:26:04.159 --> 00:26:04.870 align:start position:0% need to know much about the guts of the robot 00:26:04.870 --> 00:26:04.880 align:start position:0% robot 00:26:04.880 --> 00:26:06.710 align:start position:0% robot it's<00:26:05.120> it's<00:26:05.279> got<00:26:05.520> a<00:26:05.600> simple<00:26:05.919> control<00:26:06.400> it'll 00:26:06.710 --> 00:26:06.720 align:start position:0% it's it's got a simple control it'll 00:26:06.720 --> 00:26:08.470 align:start position:0% it's it's got a simple control it'll scoot<00:26:07.039> around<00:26:07.360> but<00:26:07.520> how<00:26:07.760> do<00:26:07.919> you 00:26:08.470 --> 00:26:08.480 align:start position:0% scoot around but how do you 00:26:08.480 --> 00:26:10.230 align:start position:0% scoot around but how do you how<00:26:08.640> do<00:26:08.720> you<00:26:08.880> work<00:26:09.120> on<00:26:09.279> those<00:26:09.520> controllers<00:26:10.159> to 00:26:10.230 --> 00:26:10.240 align:start position:0% how do you work on those controllers to 00:26:10.240 --> 00:26:12.710 align:start position:0% how do you work on those controllers to make<00:26:10.480> them<00:26:10.799> them<00:26:11.120> interact 00:26:12.710 --> 00:26:12.720 align:start position:0% make them them interact 00:26:12.720 --> 00:26:16.149 align:start position:0% make them them interact and<00:26:12.960> then<00:26:13.440> there<00:26:13.679> was<00:26:13.919> a<00:26:14.640> a<00:26:14.799> good<00:26:15.039> phd<00:26:15.679> student 00:26:16.149 --> 00:26:16.159 align:start position:0% and then there was a a good phd student 00:26:16.159 --> 00:26:17.430 align:start position:0% and then there was a a good phd student of<00:26:16.400> george<00:26:16.799> becky's 00:26:17.430 --> 00:26:17.440 align:start position:0% of george becky's 00:26:17.440 --> 00:26:21.390 align:start position:0% of george becky's named<00:26:17.760> gareb<00:26:18.240> sukhatmi<00:26:18.880> so<00:26:19.120> around 00:26:21.390 --> 00:26:21.400 align:start position:0% named gareb sukhatmi so around 00:26:21.400 --> 00:26:26.230 align:start position:0% named gareb sukhatmi so around 1999<00:26:22.559> 2000<00:26:23.440> we<00:26:23.760> promoted<00:26:24.320> him<00:26:24.559> from 00:26:26.230 --> 00:26:26.240 align:start position:0% 1999 2000 we promoted him from 00:26:26.240 --> 00:26:28.710 align:start position:0% 1999 2000 we promoted him from phd<00:26:26.880> to<00:26:27.039> postdoc<00:26:27.600> to<00:26:27.840> assistant<00:26:28.240> professor 00:26:28.710 --> 00:26:28.720 align:start position:0% phd to postdoc to assistant professor 00:26:28.720 --> 00:26:30.149 align:start position:0% phd to postdoc to assistant professor and<00:26:28.880> he<00:26:29.039> has<00:26:29.200> become 00:26:30.149 --> 00:26:30.159 align:start position:0% and he has become 00:26:30.159 --> 00:26:33.350 align:start position:0% and he has become very<00:26:30.480> dynamic<00:26:31.039> since<00:26:31.360> so<00:26:31.600> with<00:26:32.240> matari<00:26:32.880> shah 00:26:33.350 --> 00:26:33.360 align:start position:0% very dynamic since so with matari shah 00:26:33.360 --> 00:26:35.590 align:start position:0% very dynamic since so with matari shah tsukame<00:26:34.240> and<00:26:34.480> and<00:26:34.640> some<00:26:34.880> interaction<00:26:35.279> with 00:26:35.590 --> 00:26:35.600 align:start position:0% tsukame and and some interaction with 00:26:35.600 --> 00:26:37.430 align:start position:0% tsukame and and some interaction with law<00:26:35.919> eti<00:26:36.240> who<00:26:36.400> i<00:26:36.640> hired 00:26:37.430 --> 00:26:37.440 align:start position:0% law eti who i hired 00:26:37.440 --> 00:26:40.070 align:start position:0% law eti who i hired to<00:26:37.600> work<00:26:38.000> on<00:26:38.799> the<00:26:38.960> bridge<00:26:39.200> between<00:26:39.600> computer 00:26:40.070 --> 00:26:40.080 align:start position:0% to work on the bridge between computer 00:26:40.080 --> 00:26:40.710 align:start position:0% to work on the bridge between computer vision 00:26:40.710 --> 00:26:40.720 align:start position:0% vision 00:26:40.720 --> 00:26:43.269 align:start position:0% vision and<00:26:40.960> and<00:26:41.200> brain<00:26:41.600> vision<00:26:42.559> we<00:26:42.799> really<00:26:42.960> have<00:26:43.120> a 00:26:43.269 --> 00:26:43.279 align:start position:0% and and brain vision we really have a 00:26:43.279 --> 00:26:45.350 align:start position:0% and and brain vision we really have a very<00:26:43.520> strong<00:26:43.840> robotics<00:26:44.480> group<00:26:44.720> here<00:26:44.960> but<00:26:45.120> i 00:26:45.350 --> 00:26:45.360 align:start position:0% very strong robotics group here but i 00:26:45.360 --> 00:26:46.390 align:start position:0% very strong robotics group here but i would<00:26:45.600> say 00:26:46.390 --> 00:26:46.400 align:start position:0% would say 00:26:46.400 --> 00:26:50.310 align:start position:0% would say by<00:26:46.720> now<00:26:46.960> i'm<00:26:47.600> just<00:26:47.840> a<00:26:47.919> brain<00:26:48.320> guy<00:26:48.960> and 00:26:50.310 --> 00:26:50.320 align:start position:0% by now i'm just a brain guy and 00:26:50.320 --> 00:26:52.070 align:start position:0% by now i'm just a brain guy and leaving<00:26:50.720> the<00:26:51.200> working<00:26:51.520> with<00:26:51.679> the<00:26:51.760> real 00:26:52.070 --> 00:26:52.080 align:start position:0% leaving the working with the real 00:26:52.080 --> 00:26:54.789 align:start position:0% leaving the working with the real machines<00:26:53.200> to<00:26:53.360> them 00:26:54.789 --> 00:26:54.799 align:start position:0% machines to them 00:26:54.799 --> 00:26:58.470 align:start position:0% machines to them um<00:26:55.520> my<00:26:55.760> own<00:26:56.159> interests<00:26:57.679> were<00:26:58.000> captured<00:26:58.400> i 00:26:58.470 --> 00:26:58.480 align:start position:0% um my own interests were captured i 00:26:58.480 --> 00:27:00.230 align:start position:0% um my own interests were captured i would<00:26:58.720> say 00:27:00.230 --> 00:27:00.240 align:start position:0% would say 00:27:00.240 --> 00:27:04.470 align:start position:0% would say in<00:27:00.559> the<00:27:02.400> late<00:27:02.840> 1990s 00:27:04.470 --> 00:27:04.480 align:start position:0% in the late 1990s 00:27:04.480 --> 00:27:08.310 align:start position:0% in the late 1990s we<00:27:04.640> got<00:27:04.880> some<00:27:05.039> money<00:27:06.720> to<00:27:06.880> collaborate<00:27:07.679> with 00:27:08.310 --> 00:27:08.320 align:start position:0% we got some money to collaborate with 00:27:08.320 --> 00:27:12.390 align:start position:0% we got some money to collaborate with um<00:27:10.720> an<00:27:10.880> international<00:27:11.520> group<00:27:11.840> of<00:27:12.000> people<00:27:12.240> in 00:27:12.390 --> 00:27:12.400 align:start position:0% um an international group of people in 00:27:12.400 --> 00:27:13.430 align:start position:0% um an international group of people in japan<00:27:12.880> france 00:27:13.430 --> 00:27:13.440 align:start position:0% japan france 00:27:13.440 --> 00:27:16.630 align:start position:0% japan france and<00:27:15.360> italy<00:27:16.159> on 00:27:16.630 --> 00:27:16.640 align:start position:0% and italy on 00:27:16.640 --> 00:27:19.669 align:start position:0% and italy on the<00:27:16.799> neural<00:27:17.200> mechanisms<00:27:18.000> controlling<00:27:19.360> hand 00:27:19.669 --> 00:27:19.679 align:start position:0% the neural mechanisms controlling hand 00:27:19.679 --> 00:27:20.549 align:start position:0% the neural mechanisms controlling hand movements 00:27:20.549 --> 00:27:20.559 align:start position:0% movements 00:27:20.559 --> 00:27:21.750 align:start position:0% movements on<00:27:20.720> the<00:27:20.799> basis<00:27:21.039> of<00:27:21.120> visual<00:27:21.360> input<00:27:21.600> and 00:27:21.750 --> 00:27:21.760 align:start position:0% on the basis of visual input and 00:27:21.760 --> 00:27:23.830 align:start position:0% on the basis of visual input and anti-fag<00:27:22.320> thesis<00:27:22.640> was<00:27:22.880> a<00:27:22.960> part<00:27:23.200> of<00:27:23.279> that 00:27:23.830 --> 00:27:23.840 align:start position:0% anti-fag thesis was a part of that 00:27:23.840 --> 00:27:25.269 align:start position:0% anti-fag thesis was a part of that and<00:27:23.919> then<00:27:24.159> this<00:27:24.320> group<00:27:24.640> discovered<00:27:25.039> something 00:27:25.269 --> 00:27:25.279 align:start position:0% and then this group discovered something 00:27:25.279 --> 00:27:27.430 align:start position:0% and then this group discovered something called<00:27:25.600> mirror<00:27:25.919> neurons<00:27:26.799> um 00:27:27.430 --> 00:27:27.440 align:start position:0% called mirror neurons um 00:27:27.440 --> 00:27:29.269 align:start position:0% called mirror neurons um czecho<00:27:27.760> maritzalatti<00:27:28.640> and<00:27:28.799> his<00:27:28.880> colleagues 00:27:29.269 --> 00:27:29.279 align:start position:0% czecho maritzalatti and his colleagues 00:27:29.279 --> 00:27:31.110 align:start position:0% czecho maritzalatti and his colleagues in<00:27:29.440> parma<00:27:30.320> which<00:27:30.640> bridge 00:27:31.110 --> 00:27:31.120 align:start position:0% in parma which bridge 00:27:31.120 --> 00:27:35.350 align:start position:0% in parma which bridge between<00:27:33.679> firing<00:27:34.159> both<00:27:34.399> to<00:27:34.559> code<00:27:34.880> the<00:27:35.039> action 00:27:35.350 --> 00:27:35.360 align:start position:0% between firing both to code the action 00:27:35.360 --> 00:27:37.190 align:start position:0% between firing both to code the action the<00:27:35.440> monkey<00:27:35.840> is<00:27:35.919> doing<00:27:36.320> and<00:27:36.480> decode 00:27:37.190 --> 00:27:37.200 align:start position:0% the monkey is doing and decode 00:27:37.200 --> 00:27:38.950 align:start position:0% the monkey is doing and decode an<00:27:37.440> action<00:27:37.760> the<00:27:37.840> monkey<00:27:38.240> is<00:27:38.320> seeing<00:27:38.640> someone 00:27:38.950 --> 00:27:38.960 align:start position:0% an action the monkey is seeing someone 00:27:38.960 --> 00:27:40.310 align:start position:0% an action the monkey is seeing someone else<00:27:39.200> do 00:27:40.310 --> 00:27:40.320 align:start position:0% else do 00:27:40.320 --> 00:27:43.750 align:start position:0% else do and<00:27:40.480> then<00:27:40.720> we<00:27:40.960> here<00:27:41.200> at<00:27:41.520> usc<00:27:42.399> um<00:27:42.960> with<00:27:43.200> a 00:27:43.750 --> 00:27:43.760 align:start position:0% and then we here at usc um with a 00:27:43.760 --> 00:27:45.990 align:start position:0% and then we here at usc um with a brain<00:27:44.240> imaging<00:27:44.720> expert<00:27:45.200> called<00:27:45.679> scott 00:27:45.990 --> 00:27:46.000 align:start position:0% brain imaging expert called scott 00:27:46.000 --> 00:27:48.389 align:start position:0% brain imaging expert called scott grafton<00:27:46.640> image<00:27:46.960> the<00:27:47.039> human<00:27:47.360> brain 00:27:48.389 --> 00:27:48.399 align:start position:0% grafton image the human brain 00:27:48.399 --> 00:27:50.070 align:start position:0% grafton image the human brain so<00:27:48.559> we<00:27:48.720> weren't<00:27:48.960> there<00:27:49.200> looking<00:27:49.520> at 00:27:50.070 --> 00:27:50.080 align:start position:0% so we weren't there looking at 00:27:50.080 --> 00:27:51.750 align:start position:0% so we weren't there looking at individual<00:27:50.559> neurons<00:27:51.120> coding 00:27:51.750 --> 00:27:51.760 align:start position:0% individual neurons coding 00:27:51.760 --> 00:27:54.070 align:start position:0% individual neurons coding the<00:27:51.919> action<00:27:52.399> two<00:27:52.559> ways<00:27:52.880> because<00:27:53.279> at<00:27:53.440> least<00:27:53.919> are 00:27:54.070 --> 00:27:54.080 align:start position:0% the action two ways because at least are 00:27:54.080 --> 00:27:56.710 align:start position:0% the action two ways because at least are there<00:27:54.320> chunks<00:27:54.640> of<00:27:54.720> brain<00:27:55.039> that<00:27:55.279> light<00:27:55.600> up<00:27:55.760> more 00:27:56.710 --> 00:27:56.720 align:start position:0% there chunks of brain that light up more 00:27:56.720 --> 00:27:59.830 align:start position:0% there chunks of brain that light up more for<00:27:57.120> interacting<00:27:57.600> with<00:27:57.760> objects<00:27:58.720> and 00:27:59.830 --> 00:27:59.840 align:start position:0% for interacting with objects and 00:27:59.840 --> 00:28:01.830 align:start position:0% for interacting with objects and seeing<00:28:00.080> someone<00:28:00.320> else<00:28:00.480> interact<00:28:00.880> on<00:28:01.279> it's 00:28:01.830 --> 00:28:01.840 align:start position:0% seeing someone else interact on it's 00:28:01.840 --> 00:28:03.269 align:start position:0% seeing someone else interact on it's rather<00:28:02.159> than<00:28:02.240> just<00:28:02.399> looking<00:28:02.720> at<00:28:02.799> the<00:28:02.880> object 00:28:03.269 --> 00:28:03.279 align:start position:0% rather than just looking at the object 00:28:03.279 --> 00:28:03.750 align:start position:0% rather than just looking at the object alone 00:28:03.750 --> 00:28:03.760 align:start position:0% alone 00:28:03.760 --> 00:28:05.350 align:start position:0% alone and<00:28:03.840> we<00:28:04.080> found<00:28:04.399> that<00:28:04.559> that<00:28:04.799> seemed<00:28:04.960> to<00:28:05.039> be<00:28:05.200> in 00:28:05.350 --> 00:28:05.360 align:start position:0% and we found that that seemed to be in 00:28:05.360 --> 00:28:06.789 align:start position:0% and we found that that seemed to be in broker's<00:28:05.760> area<00:28:06.080> which<00:28:06.240> is<00:28:06.399> traditionally 00:28:06.789 --> 00:28:06.799 align:start position:0% broker's area which is traditionally 00:28:06.799 --> 00:28:08.389 align:start position:0% broker's area which is traditionally thought<00:28:06.960> of<00:28:07.120> as<00:28:07.200> a<00:28:07.279> language<00:28:07.679> area 00:28:08.389 --> 00:28:08.399 align:start position:0% thought of as a language area 00:28:08.399 --> 00:28:11.269 align:start position:0% thought of as a language area so<00:28:09.679> ever<00:28:09.919> since<00:28:10.240> i've<00:28:10.399> been<00:28:10.640> continuing 00:28:11.269 --> 00:28:11.279 align:start position:0% so ever since i've been continuing 00:28:11.279 --> 00:28:13.350 align:start position:0% so ever since i've been continuing modeling<00:28:11.679> the<00:28:11.760> macaque<00:28:12.240> brain<00:28:12.480> but<00:28:12.720> also 00:28:13.350 --> 00:28:13.360 align:start position:0% modeling the macaque brain but also 00:28:13.360 --> 00:28:14.830 align:start position:0% modeling the macaque brain but also developing<00:28:13.760> a<00:28:13.840> theory<00:28:14.159> of<00:28:14.320> language 00:28:14.830 --> 00:28:14.840 align:start position:0% developing a theory of language 00:28:14.840 --> 00:28:16.950 align:start position:0% developing a theory of language evolution<00:28:15.840> that 00:28:16.950 --> 00:28:16.960 align:start position:0% evolution that 00:28:16.960 --> 00:28:19.190 align:start position:0% evolution that suggests<00:28:17.440> that<00:28:17.919> the<00:28:18.240> mirror<00:28:18.559> neurons<00:28:19.039> might 00:28:19.190 --> 00:28:19.200 align:start position:0% suggests that the mirror neurons might 00:28:19.200 --> 00:28:20.149 align:start position:0% suggests that the mirror neurons might be<00:28:19.360> at<00:28:19.520> the<00:28:19.600> heart<00:28:19.840> of 00:28:20.149 --> 00:28:20.159 align:start position:0% be at the heart of 00:28:20.159 --> 00:28:23.590 align:start position:0% be at the heart of an<00:28:20.399> increasingly<00:28:21.279> elaborate<00:28:22.559> set<00:28:22.880> of 00:28:23.590 --> 00:28:23.600 align:start position:0% an increasingly elaborate set of 00:28:23.600 --> 00:28:26.710 align:start position:0% an increasingly elaborate set of circuitry<00:28:24.640> that<00:28:24.799> allows<00:28:25.120> the<00:28:25.279> human<00:28:26.080> to 00:28:26.710 --> 00:28:26.720 align:start position:0% circuitry that allows the human to 00:28:26.720 --> 00:28:29.990 align:start position:0% circuitry that allows the human to learn<00:28:28.000> and<00:28:28.159> use<00:28:28.840> language 00:28:29.990 --> 00:28:30.000 align:start position:0% learn and use language 00:28:30.000 --> 00:28:32.789 align:start position:0% learn and use language and<00:28:30.159> that<00:28:30.480> is<00:28:30.640> my<00:28:30.880> life<00:28:32.159> have<00:28:32.320> you<00:28:32.480> seen<00:28:32.640> that 00:28:32.789 --> 00:28:32.799 align:start position:0% and that is my life have you seen that 00:28:32.799 --> 00:28:33.909 align:start position:0% and that is my life have you seen that mirror<00:28:33.039> neuron<00:28:33.440> model 00:28:33.909 --> 00:28:33.919 align:start position:0% mirror neuron model 00:28:33.919 --> 00:28:38.389 align:start position:0% mirror neuron model being<00:28:34.240> used<00:28:34.559> in<00:28:34.799> robotic<00:28:35.360> learning<00:28:36.080> systems 00:28:38.389 --> 00:28:38.399 align:start position:0% being used in robotic learning systems 00:28:38.399 --> 00:28:42.310 align:start position:0% being used in robotic learning systems erhan<00:28:39.120> aztop<00:28:40.000> who<00:28:40.480> um<00:28:41.279> was<00:28:41.520> the<00:28:41.600> first<00:28:41.919> student 00:28:42.310 --> 00:28:42.320 align:start position:0% erhan aztop who um was the first student 00:28:42.320 --> 00:28:44.630 align:start position:0% erhan aztop who um was the first student to<00:28:42.480> model<00:28:42.799> mirror<00:28:43.120> neurons<00:28:43.520> with<00:28:43.760> me 00:28:44.630 --> 00:28:44.640 align:start position:0% to model mirror neurons with me 00:28:44.640 --> 00:28:48.070 align:start position:0% to model mirror neurons with me uh<00:28:45.120> after<00:28:45.440> his<00:28:45.600> phd<00:28:46.080> went<00:28:46.240> to<00:28:46.559> atr<00:28:47.360> in<00:28:47.520> japan<00:28:47.919> to 00:28:48.070 --> 00:28:48.080 align:start position:0% uh after his phd went to atr in japan to 00:28:48.080 --> 00:28:50.789 align:start position:0% uh after his phd went to atr in japan to work<00:28:48.240> with<00:28:48.480> mitsuha<00:28:49.039> kawato<00:28:49.600> who's 00:28:50.789 --> 00:28:50.799 align:start position:0% work with mitsuha kawato who's 00:28:50.799 --> 00:28:52.950 align:start position:0% work with mitsuha kawato who's probably<00:28:51.120> the<00:28:51.200> leading<00:28:51.679> person<00:28:52.080> on<00:28:52.240> the<00:28:52.399> brain 00:28:52.950 --> 00:28:52.960 align:start position:0% probably the leading person on the brain 00:28:52.960 --> 00:28:54.870 align:start position:0% probably the leading person on the brain robot 00:28:54.870 --> 00:28:54.880 align:start position:0% robot 00:28:54.880 --> 00:28:57.990 align:start position:0% robot interface<00:28:55.440> in<00:28:55.760> in<00:28:56.000> japan<00:28:57.279> and<00:28:57.679> so 00:28:57.990 --> 00:28:58.000 align:start position:0% interface in in japan and so 00:28:58.000 --> 00:29:00.630 align:start position:0% interface in in japan and so they<00:28:58.320> they<00:28:58.559> have<00:28:58.720> done<00:28:59.039> some<00:28:59.279> work<00:29:00.399> though<00:29:00.559> i 00:29:00.630 --> 00:29:00.640 align:start position:0% they they have done some work though i 00:29:00.640 --> 00:29:01.590 align:start position:0% they they have done some work though i would<00:29:00.880> say<00:29:01.200> their 00:29:01.590 --> 00:29:01.600 align:start position:0% would say their 00:29:01.600 --> 00:29:04.070 align:start position:0% would say their their<00:29:01.840> mirror<00:29:02.240> neurons<00:29:03.039> in<00:29:03.200> the<00:29:03.279> robotic<00:29:03.840> case 00:29:04.070 --> 00:29:04.080 align:start position:0% their mirror neurons in the robotic case 00:29:04.080 --> 00:29:06.230 align:start position:0% their mirror neurons in the robotic case are<00:29:04.240> not<00:29:04.399> as<00:29:04.559> interesting<00:29:05.200> as<00:29:05.520> the 00:29:06.230 --> 00:29:06.240 align:start position:0% are not as interesting as the 00:29:06.240 --> 00:29:08.870 align:start position:0% are not as interesting as the the<00:29:06.480> brain<00:29:07.120> mirror<00:29:07.440> neurons<00:29:08.399> but<00:29:08.559> there<00:29:08.720> was 00:29:08.870 --> 00:29:08.880 align:start position:0% the brain mirror neurons but there was 00:29:08.880 --> 00:29:10.630 align:start position:0% the brain mirror neurons but there was also<00:29:09.120> a<00:29:09.200> collaboration<00:29:09.760> between<00:29:10.240> them 00:29:10.630 --> 00:29:10.640 align:start position:0% also a collaboration between them 00:29:10.640 --> 00:29:13.830 align:start position:0% also a collaboration between them and<00:29:11.039> daniel<00:29:11.520> walper<00:29:12.320> in<00:29:12.559> london 00:29:13.830 --> 00:29:13.840 align:start position:0% and daniel walper in london 00:29:13.840 --> 00:29:17.190 align:start position:0% and daniel walper in london on<00:29:15.200> mental<00:29:15.679> state<00:29:16.159> inference<00:29:16.799> where<00:29:17.039> they 00:29:17.190 --> 00:29:17.200 align:start position:0% on mental state inference where they 00:29:17.200 --> 00:29:18.630 align:start position:0% on mental state inference where they were<00:29:17.360> looking<00:29:17.600> at<00:29:17.679> how<00:29:17.840> you'd<00:29:18.000> have<00:29:18.159> internal 00:29:18.630 --> 00:29:18.640 align:start position:0% were looking at how you'd have internal 00:29:18.640 --> 00:29:20.470 align:start position:0% were looking at how you'd have internal models<00:29:19.039> for<00:29:19.200> different<00:29:19.600> actions<00:29:20.080> and<00:29:20.159> how<00:29:20.320> you 00:29:20.470 --> 00:29:20.480 align:start position:0% models for different actions and how you 00:29:20.480 --> 00:29:22.310 align:start position:0% models for different actions and how you could<00:29:20.640> deploy<00:29:21.120> them<00:29:21.279> in<00:29:21.440> different 00:29:22.310 --> 00:29:22.320 align:start position:0% could deploy them in different 00:29:22.320 --> 00:29:24.830 align:start position:0% could deploy them in different combinations<00:29:23.679> on<00:29:23.840> the<00:29:23.919> basis<00:29:24.240> of<00:29:24.320> the<00:29:24.399> mirror 00:29:24.830 --> 00:29:24.840 align:start position:0% combinations on the basis of the mirror 00:29:24.840 --> 00:29:27.190 align:start position:0% combinations on the basis of the mirror neurons 00:29:27.190 --> 00:29:27.200 align:start position:0% neurons 00:29:27.200 --> 00:29:29.750 align:start position:0% neurons we'll<00:29:27.440> be<00:29:27.600> running<00:29:27.840> a<00:29:27.919> workshop<00:29:28.640> here<00:29:29.520> at<00:29:29.600> the 00:29:29.750 --> 00:29:29.760 align:start position:0% we'll be running a workshop here at the 00:29:29.760 --> 00:29:31.350 align:start position:0% we'll be running a workshop here at the end<00:29:29.919> of<00:29:30.080> july 00:29:31.350 --> 00:29:31.360 align:start position:0% end of july 00:29:31.360 --> 00:29:34.070 align:start position:0% end of july where<00:29:31.600> we're<00:29:31.919> bridging<00:29:32.399> between<00:29:33.440> models<00:29:33.840> of 00:29:34.070 --> 00:29:34.080 align:start position:0% where we're bridging between models of 00:29:34.080 --> 00:29:36.070 align:start position:0% where we're bridging between models of action<00:29:34.559> and<00:29:34.720> action<00:29:35.039> recognition 00:29:36.070 --> 00:29:36.080 align:start position:0% action and action recognition 00:29:36.080 --> 00:29:37.590 align:start position:0% action and action recognition neuro-linguistic<00:29:36.880> models<00:29:37.360> and<00:29:37.520> the 00:29:37.590 --> 00:29:37.600 align:start position:0% neuro-linguistic models and the 00:29:37.600 --> 00:29:39.350 align:start position:0% neuro-linguistic models and the neuro-informatics<00:29:38.559> that<00:29:38.640> can<00:29:38.799> support<00:29:39.120> that 00:29:39.350 --> 00:29:39.360 align:start position:0% neuro-informatics that can support that 00:29:39.360 --> 00:29:40.310 align:start position:0% neuro-informatics that can support that and<00:29:39.440> one<00:29:39.600> of<00:29:39.679> the 00:29:40.310 --> 00:29:40.320 align:start position:0% and one of the 00:29:40.320 --> 00:29:42.070 align:start position:0% and one of the people<00:29:40.559> we'll<00:29:40.720> be<00:29:40.960> inviting<00:29:41.440> is<00:29:41.679> janice 00:29:42.070 --> 00:29:42.080 align:start position:0% people we'll be inviting is janice 00:29:42.080 --> 00:29:44.389 align:start position:0% people we'll be inviting is janice demiros<00:29:43.120> from 00:29:44.389 --> 00:29:44.399 align:start position:0% demiros from 00:29:44.399 --> 00:29:47.350 align:start position:0% demiros from london<00:29:45.200> imperial<00:29:45.679> college<00:29:46.640> who<00:29:46.880> is<00:29:47.039> working 00:29:47.350 --> 00:29:47.360 align:start position:0% london imperial college who is working 00:29:47.360 --> 00:29:49.830 align:start position:0% london imperial college who is working on<00:29:47.520> imitation<00:29:48.159> in<00:29:48.320> robots 00:29:49.830 --> 00:29:49.840 align:start position:0% on imitation in robots 00:29:49.840 --> 00:29:51.669 align:start position:0% on imitation in robots because<00:29:50.159> in<00:29:50.320> fact<00:29:50.559> some<00:29:50.799> of<00:29:50.880> the<00:29:50.960> modeling<00:29:51.440> he 00:29:51.669 --> 00:29:51.679 align:start position:0% because in fact some of the modeling he 00:29:51.679 --> 00:29:53.190 align:start position:0% because in fact some of the modeling he has<00:29:51.840> been<00:29:52.080> doing 00:29:53.190 --> 00:29:53.200 align:start position:0% has been doing 00:29:53.200 --> 00:29:56.470 align:start position:0% has been doing overlaps<00:29:53.919> with<00:29:54.240> what<00:29:54.559> oztop<00:29:55.120> and<00:29:55.279> i<00:29:55.440> did 00:29:56.470 --> 00:29:56.480 align:start position:0% overlaps with what oztop and i did 00:29:56.480 --> 00:29:58.149 align:start position:0% overlaps with what oztop and i did in<00:29:56.720> thinking<00:29:57.039> about<00:29:57.279> the<00:29:57.360> relevance<00:29:57.919> of 00:29:58.149 --> 00:29:58.159 align:start position:0% in thinking about the relevance of 00:29:58.159 --> 00:29:59.750 align:start position:0% in thinking about the relevance of mirror<00:29:58.399> neurons<00:29:59.039> for 00:29:59.750 --> 00:29:59.760 align:start position:0% mirror neurons for 00:29:59.760 --> 00:30:02.070 align:start position:0% mirror neurons for larger<00:30:00.240> systems<00:30:00.720> that<00:30:00.880> could<00:30:01.039> do<00:30:01.279> imitation 00:30:02.070 --> 00:30:02.080 align:start position:0% larger systems that could do imitation 00:30:02.080 --> 00:30:03.590 align:start position:0% larger systems that could do imitation the<00:30:02.240> mirror<00:30:02.480> neurons<00:30:02.799> by<00:30:02.960> themselves<00:30:03.440> just 00:30:03.590 --> 00:30:03.600 align:start position:0% the mirror neurons by themselves just 00:30:03.600 --> 00:30:05.350 align:start position:0% the mirror neurons by themselves just say<00:30:03.760> i'll<00:30:03.919> recognize<00:30:04.559> an<00:30:04.720> action<00:30:04.960> i<00:30:05.039> already 00:30:05.350 --> 00:30:05.360 align:start position:0% say i'll recognize an action i already 00:30:05.360 --> 00:30:06.070 align:start position:0% say i'll recognize an action i already know 00:30:06.070 --> 00:30:06.080 align:start position:0% know 00:30:06.080 --> 00:30:08.070 align:start position:0% know so<00:30:06.240> you<00:30:06.399> need<00:30:06.559> a<00:30:06.640> bigger<00:30:06.960> system<00:30:07.360> to<00:30:07.520> say<00:30:07.679> oh 00:30:08.070 --> 00:30:08.080 align:start position:0% so you need a bigger system to say oh 00:30:08.080 --> 00:30:09.510 align:start position:0% so you need a bigger system to say oh there's<00:30:08.320> something<00:30:08.559> i'd<00:30:08.720> like<00:30:08.960> to<00:30:09.039> do<00:30:09.200> but<00:30:09.360> i 00:30:09.510 --> 00:30:09.520 align:start position:0% there's something i'd like to do but i 00:30:09.520 --> 00:30:10.549 align:start position:0% there's something i'd like to do but i don't<00:30:09.600> know<00:30:09.760> how<00:30:09.840> to<00:30:10.000> do<00:30:10.159> it 00:30:10.549 --> 00:30:10.559 align:start position:0% don't know how to do it 00:30:10.559 --> 00:30:13.909 align:start position:0% don't know how to do it how<00:30:10.720> can<00:30:10.960> i<00:30:11.039> add<00:30:11.200> it<00:30:11.279> to<00:30:11.440> my<00:30:11.600> repertoire 00:30:13.909 --> 00:30:13.919 align:start position:0% how can i add it to my repertoire 00:30:13.919 --> 00:30:16.389 align:start position:0% how can i add it to my repertoire who<00:30:14.159> are<00:30:14.320> some<00:30:14.480> of<00:30:14.559> the<00:30:14.880> other<00:30:15.679> partners<00:30:16.320> in 00:30:16.389 --> 00:30:16.399 align:start position:0% who are some of the other partners in 00:30:16.399 --> 00:30:17.909 align:start position:0% who are some of the other partners in this<00:30:16.559> international<00:30:17.200> collaboration<00:30:17.760> you 00:30:17.909 --> 00:30:17.919 align:start position:0% this international collaboration you 00:30:17.919 --> 00:30:18.389 align:start position:0% this international collaboration you mentioned 00:30:18.389 --> 00:30:18.399 align:start position:0% mentioned 00:30:18.399 --> 00:30:23.029 align:start position:0% mentioned parma<00:30:19.679> yes<00:30:20.240> okay<00:30:20.840> so 00:30:23.029 --> 00:30:23.039 align:start position:0% parma yes okay so 00:30:23.039 --> 00:30:25.269 align:start position:0% parma yes okay so i<00:30:23.200> i<00:30:23.440> mentioned<00:30:23.760> that<00:30:24.000> my<00:30:24.240> interest<00:30:24.640> in<00:30:24.799> hands 00:30:25.269 --> 00:30:25.279 align:start position:0% i i mentioned that my interest in hands 00:30:25.279 --> 00:30:27.909 align:start position:0% i i mentioned that my interest in hands started<00:30:25.520> back<00:30:25.760> in<00:30:25.960> 1979<00:30:27.039> with<00:30:27.200> the<00:30:27.279> work<00:30:27.600> of 00:30:27.909 --> 00:30:27.919 align:start position:0% started back in 1979 with the work of 00:30:27.919 --> 00:30:31.350 align:start position:0% started back in 1979 with the work of mark<00:30:28.240> genero<00:30:29.200> so<00:30:29.520> he<00:30:29.679> was<00:30:29.919> the<00:30:30.080> french<00:30:30.480> anchor 00:30:31.350 --> 00:30:31.360 align:start position:0% mark genero so he was the french anchor 00:30:31.360 --> 00:30:34.830 align:start position:0% mark genero so he was the french anchor for<00:30:31.600> this<00:30:31.840> effort<00:30:32.880> um<00:30:33.520> ritz<00:30:33.760> salati<00:30:34.399> in 00:30:34.830 --> 00:30:34.840 align:start position:0% for this effort um ritz salati in 00:30:34.840 --> 00:30:38.230 align:start position:0% for this effort um ritz salati in parma 00:30:38.230 --> 00:30:38.240 align:start position:0% 00:30:38.240 --> 00:30:40.549 align:start position:0% who<00:30:38.880> looked<00:30:39.120> at<00:30:39.200> the<00:30:39.360> parietal<00:30:39.919> cortex<00:30:40.320> he<00:30:40.399> was 00:30:40.549 --> 00:30:40.559 align:start position:0% who looked at the parietal cortex he was 00:30:40.559 --> 00:30:42.470 align:start position:0% who looked at the parietal cortex he was basically<00:30:40.880> looking<00:30:41.120> at<00:30:41.200> them 00:30:42.470 --> 00:30:42.480 align:start position:0% basically looking at them 00:30:42.480 --> 00:30:44.149 align:start position:0% basically looking at them recording<00:30:43.039> from<00:30:43.200> the<00:30:43.279> monkey<00:30:43.600> brain<00:30:43.919> to<00:30:44.000> look 00:30:44.149 --> 00:30:44.159 align:start position:0% recording from the monkey brain to look 00:30:44.159 --> 00:30:46.630 align:start position:0% recording from the monkey brain to look at<00:30:44.240> how<00:30:44.480> vision<00:30:45.360> was<00:30:45.600> coded<00:30:46.000> in<00:30:46.159> a<00:30:46.240> way<00:30:46.480> that 00:30:46.630 --> 00:30:46.640 align:start position:0% at how vision was coded in a way that 00:30:46.640 --> 00:30:48.789 align:start position:0% at how vision was coded in a way that was<00:30:46.960> relevant<00:30:47.440> to<00:30:47.600> action 00:30:48.789 --> 00:30:48.799 align:start position:0% was relevant to action 00:30:48.799 --> 00:30:50.470 align:start position:0% was relevant to action and<00:30:49.120> retaliati's<00:30:49.760> group<00:30:49.919> was<00:30:50.080> more<00:30:50.240> looking 00:30:50.470 --> 00:30:50.480 align:start position:0% and retaliati's group was more looking 00:30:50.480 --> 00:30:52.230 align:start position:0% and retaliati's group was more looking at<00:30:50.559> the<00:30:50.640> frontal<00:30:51.039> cortex<00:30:51.440> to<00:30:51.520> say<00:30:51.679> okay<00:30:52.000> if<00:30:52.159> i 00:30:52.230 --> 00:30:52.240 align:start position:0% at the frontal cortex to say okay if i 00:30:52.240 --> 00:30:53.990 align:start position:0% at the frontal cortex to say okay if i get<00:30:52.399> that<00:30:52.559> visual<00:30:52.880> input<00:30:53.120> what<00:30:53.279> do<00:30:53.440> i<00:30:53.600> do<00:30:53.760> with 00:30:53.990 --> 00:30:54.000 align:start position:0% get that visual input what do i do with 00:30:54.000 --> 00:30:56.630 align:start position:0% get that visual input what do i do with it 00:30:56.630 --> 00:30:56.640 align:start position:0% 00:30:56.640 --> 00:30:59.669 align:start position:0% and<00:30:56.799> then<00:30:57.679> general<00:30:58.159> was<00:30:58.320> more<00:30:58.640> in<00:30:58.720> terms<00:30:59.039> of 00:30:59.669 --> 00:30:59.679 align:start position:0% and then general was more in terms of 00:30:59.679 --> 00:31:02.630 align:start position:0% and then general was more in terms of okay<00:31:00.159> those<00:31:00.480> ideas<00:31:00.799> are<00:31:00.880> great<00:31:01.200> let's<00:31:01.600> see<00:31:02.399> how 00:31:02.630 --> 00:31:02.640 align:start position:0% okay those ideas are great let's see how 00:31:02.640 --> 00:31:04.549 align:start position:0% okay those ideas are great let's see how i<00:31:02.720> can<00:31:02.960> apply<00:31:03.279> them<00:31:03.440> in<00:31:03.600> analyzing<00:31:04.159> human 00:31:04.549 --> 00:31:04.559 align:start position:0% i can apply them in analyzing human 00:31:04.559 --> 00:31:05.430 align:start position:0% i can apply them in analyzing human behavior 00:31:05.430 --> 00:31:05.440 align:start position:0% behavior 00:31:05.440 --> 00:31:07.590 align:start position:0% behavior and<00:31:05.600> then<00:31:05.760> we<00:31:05.840> had<00:31:06.080> another<00:31:06.399> modeler<00:31:07.200> at<00:31:07.360> that 00:31:07.590 --> 00:31:07.600 align:start position:0% and then we had another modeler at that 00:31:07.600 --> 00:31:09.509 align:start position:0% and then we had another modeler at that time<00:31:08.240> who's<00:31:08.399> since<00:31:08.720> gone<00:31:08.960> on<00:31:09.039> to<00:31:09.120> do<00:31:09.279> other 00:31:09.509 --> 00:31:09.519 align:start position:0% time who's since gone on to do other 00:31:09.519 --> 00:31:12.549 align:start position:0% time who's since gone on to do other things<00:31:09.919> but<00:31:10.159> michael<00:31:10.559> jordan 00:31:12.549 --> 00:31:12.559 align:start position:0% things but michael jordan 00:31:12.559 --> 00:31:16.830 align:start position:0% things but michael jordan who<00:31:12.720> did<00:31:12.960> his<00:31:13.120> phd<00:31:13.600> with<00:31:13.760> rommelhart<00:31:14.960> in 00:31:16.830 --> 00:31:16.840 align:start position:0% who did his phd with rommelhart in 00:31:16.840 --> 00:31:20.310 align:start position:0% who did his phd with rommelhart in ucsd<00:31:17.919> where<00:31:18.080> i<00:31:18.240> met<00:31:18.399> him<00:31:19.200> because<00:31:19.360> i<00:31:19.519> was<00:31:19.679> on 00:31:20.310 --> 00:31:20.320 align:start position:0% ucsd where i met him because i was on 00:31:20.320 --> 00:31:21.830 align:start position:0% ucsd where i met him because i was on sabbatical<00:31:20.799> there<00:31:20.960> while<00:31:21.200> he<00:31:21.279> was<00:31:21.440> finishing 00:31:21.830 --> 00:31:21.840 align:start position:0% sabbatical there while he was finishing 00:31:21.840 --> 00:31:23.669 align:start position:0% sabbatical there while he was finishing his<00:31:22.159> phd 00:31:23.669 --> 00:31:23.679 align:start position:0% his phd 00:31:23.679 --> 00:31:25.750 align:start position:0% his phd and<00:31:23.840> then<00:31:24.159> he<00:31:24.480> for<00:31:24.720> a<00:31:24.799> while<00:31:25.120> was<00:31:25.279> very<00:31:25.519> much 00:31:25.750 --> 00:31:25.760 align:start position:0% and then he for a while was very much 00:31:25.760 --> 00:31:28.950 align:start position:0% and then he for a while was very much engaged<00:31:26.559> in<00:31:26.799> motor<00:31:27.200> control 00:31:28.950 --> 00:31:28.960 align:start position:0% engaged in motor control 00:31:28.960 --> 00:31:31.750 align:start position:0% engaged in motor control and<00:31:29.279> then<00:31:29.600> he<00:31:29.840> basically<00:31:30.799> handed<00:31:31.200> over<00:31:31.440> to<00:31:31.600> two 00:31:31.750 --> 00:31:31.760 align:start position:0% and then he basically handed over to two 00:31:31.760 --> 00:31:32.230 align:start position:0% and then he basically handed over to two of<00:31:31.919> his 00:31:32.230 --> 00:31:32.240 align:start position:0% of his 00:31:32.240 --> 00:31:35.350 align:start position:0% of his phd<00:31:32.799> students<00:31:34.320> dan<00:31:34.559> walput<00:31:34.960> i've<00:31:35.120> already 00:31:35.350 --> 00:31:35.360 align:start position:0% phd students dan walput i've already 00:31:35.360 --> 00:31:37.430 align:start position:0% phd students dan walput i've already mentioned<00:31:35.760> and<00:31:36.000> garamani 00:31:37.430 --> 00:31:37.440 align:start position:0% mentioned and garamani 00:31:37.440 --> 00:31:39.669 align:start position:0% mentioned and garamani and<00:31:37.679> then<00:31:38.159> he<00:31:38.320> went<00:31:38.480> into<00:31:38.720> graphical<00:31:39.279> models 00:31:39.669 --> 00:31:39.679 align:start position:0% and then he went into graphical models 00:31:39.679 --> 00:31:41.750 align:start position:0% and then he went into graphical models of<00:31:39.760> machine<00:31:40.240> learning 00:31:41.750 --> 00:31:41.760 align:start position:0% of machine learning 00:31:41.760 --> 00:31:44.870 align:start position:0% of machine learning and<00:31:42.000> is<00:31:43.519> now<00:31:43.760> at<00:31:43.840> berkeley<00:31:44.320> i<00:31:44.399> think<00:31:44.640> where 00:31:44.870 --> 00:31:44.880 align:start position:0% and is now at berkeley i think where 00:31:44.880 --> 00:31:47.269 align:start position:0% and is now at berkeley i think where he's<00:31:45.039> done<00:31:45.360> very<00:31:45.600> well 00:31:47.269 --> 00:31:47.279 align:start position:0% he's done very well 00:31:47.279 --> 00:31:49.350 align:start position:0% he's done very well so<00:31:47.519> that<00:31:47.679> was<00:31:47.919> the<00:31:48.399> the<00:31:48.559> initial<00:31:48.960> group<00:31:49.279> and 00:31:49.350 --> 00:31:49.360 align:start position:0% so that was the the initial group and 00:31:49.360 --> 00:31:50.310 align:start position:0% so that was the the initial group and then<00:31:49.519> we<00:31:49.679> brought<00:31:50.000> in 00:31:50.310 --> 00:31:50.320 align:start position:0% then we brought in 00:31:50.320 --> 00:31:52.710 align:start position:0% then we brought in other<00:31:50.559> people<00:31:50.880> to<00:31:51.039> do<00:31:51.279> some<00:31:51.600> brain<00:31:51.919> imaging<00:31:52.559> in 00:31:52.710 --> 00:31:52.720 align:start position:0% other people to do some brain imaging in 00:31:52.720 --> 00:31:54.950 align:start position:0% other people to do some brain imaging in later<00:31:53.200> years 00:31:54.950 --> 00:31:54.960 align:start position:0% later years 00:31:54.960 --> 00:31:57.909 align:start position:0% later years and<00:31:55.120> so<00:31:55.360> kawato<00:31:56.080> came<00:31:57.120> became<00:31:57.519> involved<00:31:57.840> and 00:31:57.909 --> 00:31:57.919 align:start position:0% and so kawato came became involved and 00:31:57.919 --> 00:31:58.549 align:start position:0% and so kawato came became involved and saw<00:31:58.159> this 00:31:58.549 --> 00:31:58.559 align:start position:0% saw this 00:31:58.559 --> 00:32:01.909 align:start position:0% saw this just<00:31:58.720> later<00:31:59.039> on<00:31:59.279> when<00:31:59.919> aircon<00:32:00.720> now<00:32:01.200> kawato<00:32:01.760> is 00:32:01.909 --> 00:32:01.919 align:start position:0% just later on when aircon now kawato is 00:32:01.919 --> 00:32:04.470 align:start position:0% just later on when aircon now kawato is a<00:32:02.080> different<00:32:02.559> path 00:32:04.470 --> 00:32:04.480 align:start position:0% a different path 00:32:04.480 --> 00:32:08.389 align:start position:0% a different path so<00:32:05.200> uh<00:32:06.559> back<00:32:06.880> at<00:32:07.039> umass<00:32:07.600> i<00:32:07.760> had<00:32:07.919> something 00:32:08.389 --> 00:32:08.399 align:start position:0% so uh back at umass i had something 00:32:08.399 --> 00:32:09.830 align:start position:0% so uh back at umass i had something i<00:32:08.720> founded<00:32:09.039> something<00:32:09.360> called<00:32:09.519> the<00:32:09.600> center 00:32:09.830 --> 00:32:09.840 align:start position:0% i founded something called the center 00:32:09.840 --> 00:32:12.230 align:start position:0% i founded something called the center for<00:32:10.000> systems<00:32:10.480> neuroscience<00:32:11.279> with 00:32:12.230 --> 00:32:12.240 align:start position:0% for systems neuroscience with 00:32:12.240 --> 00:32:17.269 align:start position:0% for systems neuroscience with funding<00:32:12.880> from<00:32:13.600> the<00:32:14.880> sloan<00:32:15.360> foundation 00:32:17.269 --> 00:32:17.279 align:start position:0% funding from the sloan foundation 00:32:17.279 --> 00:32:20.149 align:start position:0% funding from the sloan foundation and<00:32:17.679> in<00:32:17.840> the<00:32:18.000> first<00:32:18.240> year<00:32:18.559> of<00:32:18.720> that<00:32:19.519> one<00:32:19.760> of<00:32:19.919> the 00:32:20.149 --> 00:32:20.159 align:start position:0% and in the first year of that one of the 00:32:20.159 --> 00:32:22.149 align:start position:0% and in the first year of that one of the fellows<00:32:20.720> who<00:32:20.960> came<00:32:21.360> to<00:32:21.519> spend 00:32:22.149 --> 00:32:22.159 align:start position:0% fellows who came to spend 00:32:22.159 --> 00:32:25.509 align:start position:0% fellows who came to spend a<00:32:22.320> year<00:32:22.559> with<00:32:22.799> us<00:32:22.960> was<00:32:23.440> sunichi<00:32:24.000> omari 00:32:25.509 --> 00:32:25.519 align:start position:0% a year with us was sunichi omari 00:32:25.519 --> 00:32:27.990 align:start position:0% a year with us was sunichi omari who<00:32:25.760> has<00:32:25.919> gone<00:32:26.159> on<00:32:26.320> to<00:32:26.480> become<00:32:27.200> the<00:32:27.519> the<00:32:27.679> most 00:32:27.990 --> 00:32:28.000 align:start position:0% who has gone on to become the the most 00:32:28.000 --> 00:32:28.870 align:start position:0% who has gone on to become the the most influential 00:32:28.870 --> 00:32:28.880 align:start position:0% influential 00:32:28.880 --> 00:32:30.470 align:start position:0% influential person<00:32:29.279> in<00:32:29.360> the<00:32:29.440> mathematical<00:32:30.159> theory<00:32:30.399> of 00:32:30.470 --> 00:32:30.480 align:start position:0% person in the mathematical theory of 00:32:30.480 --> 00:32:32.630 align:start position:0% person in the mathematical theory of neural<00:32:30.880> networks<00:32:31.360> in<00:32:31.519> japan<00:32:32.000> i<00:32:32.080> mean<00:32:32.320> that<00:32:32.480> was 00:32:32.630 --> 00:32:32.640 align:start position:0% neural networks in japan i mean that was 00:32:32.640 --> 00:32:33.909 align:start position:0% neural networks in japan i mean that was many<00:32:32.880> years<00:32:33.120> ago<00:32:33.440> so 00:32:33.909 --> 00:32:33.919 align:start position:0% many years ago so 00:32:33.919 --> 00:32:37.669 align:start position:0% many years ago so he<00:32:34.080> came<00:32:34.320> in<00:32:34.519> 1977<00:32:35.600> i<00:32:35.679> think<00:32:36.480> so<00:32:36.720> amari<00:32:37.200> and<00:32:37.360> i 00:32:37.669 --> 00:32:37.679 align:start position:0% he came in 1977 i think so amari and i 00:32:37.679 --> 00:32:41.190 align:start position:0% he came in 1977 i think so amari and i organized<00:32:38.399> a<00:32:38.480> meeting<00:32:39.200> in<00:32:40.159> kyoto 00:32:41.190 --> 00:32:41.200 align:start position:0% organized a meeting in kyoto 00:32:41.200 --> 00:32:43.830 align:start position:0% organized a meeting in kyoto in<00:32:41.360> 1982<00:32:42.320> on<00:32:42.559> competition<00:32:43.120> and<00:32:43.200> cooperation 00:32:43.830 --> 00:32:43.840 align:start position:0% in 1982 on competition and cooperation 00:32:43.840 --> 00:32:45.190 align:start position:0% in 1982 on competition and cooperation in<00:32:44.000> neural<00:32:44.320> nets 00:32:45.190 --> 00:32:45.200 align:start position:0% in neural nets 00:32:45.200 --> 00:32:47.269 align:start position:0% in neural nets that<00:32:45.440> in<00:32:45.600> part<00:32:46.000> built<00:32:46.320> on<00:32:46.720> the<00:32:46.880> work<00:32:47.120> we've 00:32:47.269 --> 00:32:47.279 align:start position:0% that in part built on the work we've 00:32:47.279 --> 00:32:49.029 align:start position:0% that in part built on the work we've done<00:32:47.519> together<00:32:48.000> in<00:32:48.159> amherst<00:32:48.640> but 00:32:49.029 --> 00:32:49.039 align:start position:0% done together in amherst but 00:32:49.039 --> 00:32:51.269 align:start position:0% done together in amherst but also<00:32:49.360> introduced<00:32:49.840> a<00:32:49.840> lot<00:32:50.000> of<00:32:50.159> other<00:32:50.399> people 00:32:51.269 --> 00:32:51.279 align:start position:0% also introduced a lot of other people 00:32:51.279 --> 00:32:52.630 align:start position:0% also introduced a lot of other people and<00:32:51.519> one<00:32:51.679> of<00:32:51.760> the<00:32:51.919> bright<00:32:52.240> young 00:32:52.630 --> 00:32:52.640 align:start position:0% and one of the bright young 00:32:52.640 --> 00:32:55.909 align:start position:0% and one of the bright young things<00:32:53.679> at<00:32:53.840> that<00:32:54.080> meeting<00:32:54.399> was<00:32:54.840> mitsuhata<00:32:55.760> who 00:32:55.909 --> 00:32:55.919 align:start position:0% things at that meeting was mitsuhata who 00:32:55.919 --> 00:32:58.230 align:start position:0% things at that meeting was mitsuhata who just<00:32:56.080> finished<00:32:56.480> his<00:32:56.640> phd 00:32:58.230 --> 00:32:58.240 align:start position:0% just finished his phd 00:32:58.240 --> 00:33:00.149 align:start position:0% just finished his phd so<00:32:58.480> as<00:32:58.720> a<00:32:58.880> result<00:32:59.360> of<00:32:59.440> that<00:32:59.679> i<00:32:59.760> got<00:32:59.919> to<00:33:00.000> know 00:33:00.149 --> 00:33:00.159 align:start position:0% so as a result of that i got to know 00:33:00.159 --> 00:33:01.350 align:start position:0% so as a result of that i got to know mitsuha<00:33:00.720> quite<00:33:00.960> well 00:33:01.350 --> 00:33:01.360 align:start position:0% mitsuha quite well 00:33:01.360 --> 00:33:05.750 align:start position:0% mitsuha quite well and<00:33:01.919> visited<00:33:02.399> him<00:33:02.720> in<00:33:02.880> atr<00:33:03.360> quite<00:33:03.600> a<00:33:03.679> few<00:33:03.919> times 00:33:05.750 --> 00:33:05.760 align:start position:0% and visited him in atr quite a few times 00:33:05.760 --> 00:33:09.990 align:start position:0% and visited him in atr quite a few times and<00:33:07.039> so<00:33:08.480> that<00:33:08.799> led<00:33:09.039> to<00:33:09.200> the<00:33:09.279> fact<00:33:09.519> that 00:33:09.990 --> 00:33:10.000 align:start position:0% and so that led to the fact that 00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:13.269 align:start position:0% and so that led to the fact that stefan<00:33:10.559> shall<00:33:11.120> who<00:33:11.440> had<00:33:11.840> been<00:33:12.720> doing<00:33:13.039> a 00:33:13.269 --> 00:33:13.279 align:start position:0% stefan shall who had been doing a 00:33:13.279 --> 00:33:14.630 align:start position:0% stefan shall who had been doing a postdoc 00:33:14.630 --> 00:33:14.640 align:start position:0% postdoc 00:33:14.640 --> 00:33:17.830 align:start position:0% postdoc for<00:33:15.440> several<00:33:15.760> years<00:33:16.080> with<00:33:16.399> kawato<00:33:17.600> when<00:33:17.760> he 00:33:17.830 --> 00:33:17.840 align:start position:0% for several years with kawato when he 00:33:17.840 --> 00:33:20.389 align:start position:0% for several years with kawato when he was<00:33:18.080> looking<00:33:18.320> for<00:33:18.480> a<00:33:18.640> university<00:33:19.200> position 00:33:20.389 --> 00:33:20.399 align:start position:0% was looking for a university position 00:33:20.399 --> 00:33:22.149 align:start position:0% was looking for a university position it<00:33:20.799> was<00:33:21.279> on<00:33:21.440> the<00:33:21.600> basis<00:33:21.919> of<00:33:22.000> that 00:33:22.149 --> 00:33:22.159 align:start position:0% it was on the basis of that 00:33:22.159 --> 00:33:24.230 align:start position:0% it was on the basis of that long-standing<00:33:22.799> arrangement<00:33:23.200> with<00:33:23.440> koato 00:33:24.230 --> 00:33:24.240 align:start position:0% long-standing arrangement with koato 00:33:24.240 --> 00:33:27.029 align:start position:0% long-standing arrangement with koato that<00:33:24.399> i<00:33:24.640> came<00:33:25.120> to<00:33:25.279> be<00:33:25.440> able<00:33:25.600> to<00:33:26.240> help<00:33:26.559> recruit 00:33:27.029 --> 00:33:27.039 align:start position:0% that i came to be able to help recruit 00:33:27.039 --> 00:33:27.750 align:start position:0% that i came to be able to help recruit him<00:33:27.200> here<00:33:27.440> to 00:33:27.750 --> 00:33:27.760 align:start position:0% him here to 00:33:27.760 --> 00:33:31.590 align:start position:0% him here to to<00:33:27.919> usc<00:33:29.279> but<00:33:29.519> also<00:33:29.760> on<00:33:29.840> that<00:33:30.080> basis<00:33:30.720> um 00:33:31.590 --> 00:33:31.600 align:start position:0% to usc but also on that basis um 00:33:31.600 --> 00:33:33.990 align:start position:0% to usc but also on that basis um several<00:33:31.919> of<00:33:32.000> my<00:33:32.159> phd<00:33:32.799> students<00:33:33.279> went<00:33:33.519> on<00:33:33.679> to<00:33:33.840> do 00:33:33.990 --> 00:33:34.000 align:start position:0% several of my phd students went on to do 00:33:34.000 --> 00:33:35.990 align:start position:0% several of my phd students went on to do post-docs<00:33:34.640> with<00:33:34.880> kuato<00:33:35.600> so 00:33:35.990 --> 00:33:36.000 align:start position:0% post-docs with kuato so 00:33:36.000 --> 00:33:39.669 align:start position:0% post-docs with kuato so the<00:33:37.440> nikolai<00:33:37.919> schweigerfer<00:33:38.720> who<00:33:38.880> did<00:33:39.039> a<00:33:39.120> phd 00:33:39.669 --> 00:33:39.679 align:start position:0% the nikolai schweigerfer who did a phd 00:33:39.679 --> 00:33:40.230 align:start position:0% the nikolai schweigerfer who did a phd with<00:33:39.919> me 00:33:40.230 --> 00:33:40.240 align:start position:0% with me 00:33:40.240 --> 00:33:43.509 align:start position:0% with me on<00:33:40.559> the<00:33:40.960> cerebellum<00:33:42.720> uh 00:33:43.509 --> 00:33:43.519 align:start position:0% on the cerebellum uh 00:33:43.519 --> 00:33:45.350 align:start position:0% on the cerebellum uh worked<00:33:43.840> with<00:33:44.080> kawada<00:33:44.480> for<00:33:44.559> several<00:33:44.880> years<00:33:45.200> and 00:33:45.350 --> 00:33:45.360 align:start position:0% worked with kawada for several years and 00:33:45.360 --> 00:33:47.430 align:start position:0% worked with kawada for several years and he's<00:33:45.600> actually<00:33:45.919> now<00:33:46.159> on<00:33:46.240> the<00:33:46.320> usc<00:33:46.880> faculty<00:33:47.279> but 00:33:47.430 --> 00:33:47.440 align:start position:0% he's actually now on the usc faculty but 00:33:47.440 --> 00:33:48.950 align:start position:0% he's actually now on the usc faculty but over<00:33:47.760> in 00:33:48.950 --> 00:33:48.960 align:start position:0% over in 00:33:48.960 --> 00:33:51.029 align:start position:0% over in biokinesiology<00:33:50.000> and<00:33:50.080> physical<00:33:50.480> therapy 00:33:51.029 --> 00:33:51.039 align:start position:0% biokinesiology and physical therapy 00:33:51.039 --> 00:33:52.470 align:start position:0% biokinesiology and physical therapy looking<00:33:51.360> at<00:33:51.440> how<00:33:51.600> to<00:33:51.760> apply 00:33:52.470 --> 00:33:52.480 align:start position:0% looking at how to apply 00:33:52.480 --> 00:33:55.830 align:start position:0% looking at how to apply his<00:33:52.799> modeling<00:33:53.360> to<00:33:54.399> rehabilitation<00:33:55.440> how<00:33:55.600> does 00:33:55.830 --> 00:33:55.840 align:start position:0% his modeling to rehabilitation how does 00:33:55.840 --> 00:33:56.389 align:start position:0% his modeling to rehabilitation how does the 00:33:56.389 --> 00:33:56.399 align:start position:0% the 00:33:56.399 --> 00:33:58.149 align:start position:0% the neural<00:33:56.640> net<00:33:56.960> how<00:33:57.200> do<00:33:57.360> the<00:33:57.440> neural<00:33:57.679> networks<00:33:58.080> of 00:33:58.149 --> 00:33:58.159 align:start position:0% neural net how do the neural networks of 00:33:58.159 --> 00:33:59.830 align:start position:0% neural net how do the neural networks of the<00:33:58.240> brain<00:33:58.559> change 00:33:59.830 --> 00:33:59.840 align:start position:0% the brain change 00:33:59.840 --> 00:34:02.230 align:start position:0% the brain change uh<00:34:00.240> after<00:34:00.559> a<00:34:00.640> stroke<00:34:01.120> how<00:34:01.279> can<00:34:01.519> we<00:34:01.840> help<00:34:02.080> the 00:34:02.230 --> 00:34:02.240 align:start position:0% uh after a stroke how can we help the 00:34:02.240 --> 00:34:04.830 align:start position:0% uh after a stroke how can we help the patient<00:34:02.640> recover<00:34:03.039> their<00:34:03.200> functionality 00:34:04.830 --> 00:34:04.840 align:start position:0% patient recover their functionality 00:34:04.840 --> 00:34:07.509 align:start position:0% patient recover their functionality um<00:34:05.279> erihan<00:34:05.760> ostop<00:34:06.559> then<00:34:06.799> followed<00:34:07.200> in<00:34:07.279> those 00:34:07.509 --> 00:34:07.519 align:start position:0% um erihan ostop then followed in those 00:34:07.519 --> 00:34:09.669 align:start position:0% um erihan ostop then followed in those same<00:34:07.840> footsteps<00:34:08.480> and<00:34:08.560> then<00:34:08.720> the<00:34:08.960> third<00:34:09.280> person 00:34:09.669 --> 00:34:09.679 align:start position:0% same footsteps and then the third person 00:34:09.679 --> 00:34:11.430 align:start position:0% same footsteps and then the third person i<00:34:09.760> think<00:34:09.919> from<00:34:10.079> my<00:34:10.320> group<00:34:10.560> who<00:34:10.720> went<00:34:10.960> after<00:34:11.280> his 00:34:11.430 --> 00:34:11.440 align:start position:0% i think from my group who went after his 00:34:11.440 --> 00:34:12.629 align:start position:0% i think from my group who went after his phd<00:34:12.000> was 00:34:12.629 --> 00:34:12.639 align:start position:0% phd was 00:34:12.639 --> 00:34:15.190 align:start position:0% phd was jacob<00:34:13.200> spolster<00:34:13.760> another<00:34:14.079> person<00:34:14.480> who<00:34:14.879> worked 00:34:15.190 --> 00:34:15.200 align:start position:0% jacob spolster another person who worked 00:34:15.200 --> 00:34:17.030 align:start position:0% jacob spolster another person who worked on<00:34:15.280> modelling<00:34:15.679> the<00:34:15.839> cerebellum 00:34:17.030 --> 00:34:17.040 align:start position:0% on modelling the cerebellum 00:34:17.040 --> 00:34:19.270 align:start position:0% on modelling the cerebellum so<00:34:17.200> that's<00:34:17.520> that's<00:34:17.760> a<00:34:17.919> long-standing 00:34:19.270 --> 00:34:19.280 align:start position:0% so that's that's a long-standing 00:34:19.280 --> 00:34:21.510 align:start position:0% so that's that's a long-standing relationship 00:34:21.510 --> 00:34:21.520 align:start position:0% relationship 00:34:21.520 --> 00:34:24.149 align:start position:0% relationship and<00:34:21.919> so<00:34:22.159> it's<00:34:22.399> included<00:34:23.040> discussions<00:34:23.760> of<00:34:24.000> the 00:34:24.149 --> 00:34:24.159 align:start position:0% and so it's included discussions of the 00:34:24.159 --> 00:34:24.629 align:start position:0% and so it's included discussions of the work 00:34:24.629 --> 00:34:24.639 align:start position:0% work 00:34:24.639 --> 00:34:28.470 align:start position:0% work he<00:34:24.879> does<00:34:25.119> on<00:34:25.359> robotics<00:34:26.000> but<00:34:26.159> i<00:34:26.240> would<00:34:26.480> say<00:34:26.800> the 00:34:28.470 --> 00:34:28.480 align:start position:0% he does on robotics but i would say the 00:34:28.480 --> 00:34:30.149 align:start position:0% he does on robotics but i would say the the<00:34:28.639> serious<00:34:29.119> interaction<00:34:29.599> has<00:34:29.760> probably 00:34:30.149 --> 00:34:30.159 align:start position:0% the serious interaction has probably 00:34:30.159 --> 00:34:32.550 align:start position:0% the serious interaction has probably been<00:34:30.800> more<00:34:31.040> on<00:34:31.280> general<00:34:31.919> modeling 00:34:32.550 --> 00:34:32.560 align:start position:0% been more on general modeling 00:34:32.560 --> 00:34:34.869 align:start position:0% been more on general modeling of<00:34:33.200> control<00:34:33.679> of<00:34:33.760> hand<00:34:34.000> movements<00:34:34.560> without 00:34:34.869 --> 00:34:34.879 align:start position:0% of control of hand movements without 00:34:34.879 --> 00:34:37.349 align:start position:0% of control of hand movements without worrying<00:34:35.359> too<00:34:35.520> much<00:34:35.760> whether<00:34:36.079> it's<00:34:36.320> a 00:34:37.349 --> 00:34:37.359 align:start position:0% worrying too much whether it's a 00:34:37.359 --> 00:34:40.310 align:start position:0% worrying too much whether it's a a<00:34:37.520> monkey<00:34:37.919> brain<00:34:38.240> a<00:34:38.639> human<00:34:39.040> brain<00:34:39.359> or<00:34:39.599> a<00:34:39.919> robot 00:34:40.310 --> 00:34:40.320 align:start position:0% a monkey brain a human brain or a robot 00:34:40.320 --> 00:34:41.589 align:start position:0% a monkey brain a human brain or a robot brain<00:34:40.639> that's<00:34:40.960> that's<00:34:41.280> doing<00:34:41.520> the 00:34:41.589 --> 00:34:41.599 align:start position:0% brain that's that's doing the 00:34:41.599 --> 00:34:42.389 align:start position:0% brain that's that's doing the controlling 00:34:42.389 --> 00:34:42.399 align:start position:0% controlling 00:34:42.399 --> 00:34:45.510 align:start position:0% controlling whereas<00:34:43.359> as<00:34:43.599> you<00:34:43.839> know<00:34:44.159> stefan<00:34:44.639> shall 00:34:45.510 --> 00:34:45.520 align:start position:0% whereas as you know stefan shall 00:34:45.520 --> 00:34:48.550 align:start position:0% whereas as you know stefan shall really<00:34:45.839> got<00:34:46.079> involved<00:34:46.639> in<00:34:46.839> the<00:34:47.919> the<00:34:48.079> detailed 00:34:48.550 --> 00:34:48.560 align:start position:0% really got involved in the the detailed 00:34:48.560 --> 00:34:51.270 align:start position:0% really got involved in the the detailed algorithms<00:34:49.119> for<00:34:49.280> control<00:34:49.760> of<00:34:49.839> the<00:34:50.079> sarcos 00:34:51.270 --> 00:34:51.280 align:start position:0% algorithms for control of the sarcos 00:34:51.280 --> 00:34:55.750 align:start position:0% algorithms for control of the sarcos a<00:34:51.440> robot<00:34:52.079> very<00:34:52.320> beautiful<00:34:53.359> humanoid<00:34:53.919> robot 00:34:55.750 --> 00:34:55.760 align:start position:0% a robot very beautiful humanoid robot 00:34:55.760 --> 00:34:57.190 align:start position:0% a robot very beautiful humanoid robot what<00:34:56.000> do<00:34:56.079> you<00:34:56.159> think<00:34:56.320> are<00:34:56.399> some<00:34:56.560> of<00:34:56.639> the<00:34:56.720> most 00:34:57.190 --> 00:34:57.200 align:start position:0% what do you think are some of the most 00:34:57.200 --> 00:34:58.870 align:start position:0% what do you think are some of the most significant 00:34:58.870 --> 00:34:58.880 align:start position:0% significant 00:34:58.880 --> 00:35:00.870 align:start position:0% significant neural<00:34:59.280> models<00:34:59.760> or<00:34:59.920> mathematical<00:35:00.560> models 00:35:00.870 --> 00:35:00.880 align:start position:0% neural models or mathematical models 00:35:00.880 --> 00:35:02.550 align:start position:0% neural models or mathematical models that<00:35:01.040> have<00:35:01.119> been<00:35:01.280> influential<00:35:01.920> in<00:35:02.079> the 00:35:02.550 --> 00:35:02.560 align:start position:0% that have been influential in the 00:35:02.560 --> 00:35:05.990 align:start position:0% that have been influential in the evolution<00:35:03.119> of<00:35:03.200> robotics<00:35:05.119> so 00:35:05.990 --> 00:35:06.000 align:start position:0% evolution of robotics so 00:35:06.000 --> 00:35:08.310 align:start position:0% evolution of robotics so common<00:35:06.400> filters<00:35:07.040> specific<00:35:07.599> forms<00:35:07.920> of<00:35:08.000> neural 00:35:08.310 --> 00:35:08.320 align:start position:0% common filters specific forms of neural 00:35:08.320 --> 00:35:10.550 align:start position:0% common filters specific forms of neural networks 00:35:10.550 --> 00:35:10.560 align:start position:0% networks 00:35:10.560 --> 00:35:12.950 align:start position:0% networks what's<00:35:10.800> your<00:35:11.119> personal<00:35:11.599> impression<00:35:12.079> of 00:35:12.950 --> 00:35:12.960 align:start position:0% what's your personal impression of 00:35:12.960 --> 00:35:16.150 align:start position:0% what's your personal impression of what's<00:35:13.200> been<00:35:13.359> some<00:35:13.599> of<00:35:13.680> the<00:35:14.839> breakthroughs 00:35:16.150 --> 00:35:16.160 align:start position:0% what's been some of the breakthroughs 00:35:16.160 --> 00:35:18.069 align:start position:0% what's been some of the breakthroughs well<00:35:16.720> modeling<00:35:17.119> the<00:35:17.280> cerebellum<00:35:17.920> has 00:35:18.069 --> 00:35:18.079 align:start position:0% well modeling the cerebellum has 00:35:18.079 --> 00:35:20.310 align:start position:0% well modeling the cerebellum has certainly<00:35:18.960> had<00:35:19.200> quite<00:35:19.440> an<00:35:19.599> impact 00:35:20.310 --> 00:35:20.320 align:start position:0% certainly had quite an impact 00:35:20.320 --> 00:35:23.430 align:start position:0% certainly had quite an impact um<00:35:20.720> there<00:35:20.880> was<00:35:21.119> the<00:35:21.359> the<00:35:21.599> cam<00:35:22.720> model<00:35:23.040> which<00:35:23.280> was 00:35:23.430 --> 00:35:23.440 align:start position:0% um there was the the cam model which was 00:35:23.440 --> 00:35:25.589 align:start position:0% um there was the the cam model which was directly<00:35:23.920> influenced<00:35:24.480> by<00:35:24.720> that 00:35:25.589 --> 00:35:25.599 align:start position:0% directly influenced by that 00:35:25.599 --> 00:35:28.630 align:start position:0% directly influenced by that jim<00:35:25.839> albus<00:35:26.400> who<00:35:26.560> did<00:35:26.720> a<00:35:27.040> phd<00:35:27.839> thesis 00:35:28.630 --> 00:35:28.640 align:start position:0% jim albus who did a phd thesis 00:35:28.640 --> 00:35:31.670 align:start position:0% jim albus who did a phd thesis published<00:35:29.040> in<00:35:29.119> 1970<00:35:30.000> on<00:35:30.160> the<00:35:30.240> cerebellum<00:35:31.440> not 00:35:31.670 --> 00:35:31.680 align:start position:0% published in 1970 on the cerebellum not 00:35:31.680 --> 00:35:33.270 align:start position:0% published in 1970 on the cerebellum not only<00:35:31.920> came<00:35:32.160> up<00:35:32.240> with<00:35:32.400> that<00:35:32.640> model<00:35:32.960> but<00:35:33.119> was 00:35:33.270 --> 00:35:33.280 align:start position:0% only came up with that model but was 00:35:33.280 --> 00:35:34.950 align:start position:0% only came up with that model but was very<00:35:33.520> influential<00:35:34.079> at<00:35:34.160> the<00:35:34.320> national 00:35:34.950 --> 00:35:34.960 align:start position:0% very influential at the national 00:35:34.960 --> 00:35:38.310 align:start position:0% very influential at the national um<00:35:35.440> institute<00:35:35.839> of<00:35:36.000> standards<00:35:37.520> whatever 00:35:38.310 --> 00:35:38.320 align:start position:0% um institute of standards whatever 00:35:38.320 --> 00:35:40.710 align:start position:0% um institute of standards whatever it's<00:35:38.560> missed<00:35:38.880> these<00:35:39.119> days<00:35:39.440> i<00:35:39.599> forget<00:35:40.560> the 00:35:40.710 --> 00:35:40.720 align:start position:0% it's missed these days i forget the 00:35:40.720 --> 00:35:41.910 align:start position:0% it's missed these days i forget the acronym 00:35:41.910 --> 00:35:41.920 align:start position:0% acronym 00:35:41.920 --> 00:35:45.670 align:start position:0% acronym um<00:35:42.480> so<00:35:42.960> thinking<00:35:43.200> about<00:35:43.440> the<00:35:43.599> cerebellum<00:35:44.480> um 00:35:45.670 --> 00:35:45.680 align:start position:0% um so thinking about the cerebellum um 00:35:45.680 --> 00:35:49.030 align:start position:0% um so thinking about the cerebellum um and<00:35:45.839> then<00:35:46.160> michael<00:35:46.640> paulin<00:35:47.119> a<00:35:47.200> new<00:35:47.440> zealander 00:35:49.030 --> 00:35:49.040 align:start position:0% and then michael paulin a new zealander 00:35:49.040 --> 00:35:51.270 align:start position:0% and then michael paulin a new zealander was<00:35:49.280> the<00:35:49.359> one<00:35:49.520> who<00:35:49.680> really<00:35:50.000> pushed<00:35:50.880> using<00:35:51.119> the 00:35:51.270 --> 00:35:51.280 align:start position:0% was the one who really pushed using the 00:35:51.280 --> 00:35:53.109 align:start position:0% was the one who really pushed using the kalman<00:35:51.760> filter<00:35:52.160> as<00:35:52.400> a<00:35:52.480> model 00:35:53.109 --> 00:35:53.119 align:start position:0% kalman filter as a model 00:35:53.119 --> 00:35:55.589 align:start position:0% kalman filter as a model of<00:35:53.680> the<00:35:53.839> cerebellum<00:35:54.560> so<00:35:54.720> that<00:35:54.880> ties<00:35:55.280> in<00:35:55.440> with 00:35:55.589 --> 00:35:55.599 align:start position:0% of the cerebellum so that ties in with 00:35:55.599 --> 00:35:56.390 align:start position:0% of the cerebellum so that ties in with that 00:35:56.390 --> 00:35:56.400 align:start position:0% that 00:35:56.400 --> 00:35:58.390 align:start position:0% that brain<00:35:56.800> influence<00:35:57.359> work<00:35:57.760> but<00:35:58.000> on<00:35:58.079> the<00:35:58.240> other 00:35:58.390 --> 00:35:58.400 align:start position:0% brain influence work but on the other 00:35:58.400 --> 00:36:00.310 align:start position:0% brain influence work but on the other hand<00:35:58.560> the<00:35:58.720> kalman<00:35:59.119> filter<00:35:59.520> is 00:36:00.310 --> 00:36:00.320 align:start position:0% hand the kalman filter is 00:36:00.320 --> 00:36:03.510 align:start position:0% hand the kalman filter is such<00:36:00.560> a<00:36:00.720> general<00:36:01.119> mechanism<00:36:02.480> that<00:36:03.280> it's 00:36:03.510 --> 00:36:03.520 align:start position:0% such a general mechanism that it's 00:36:03.520 --> 00:36:04.630 align:start position:0% such a general mechanism that it's certainly<00:36:04.000> been 00:36:04.630 --> 00:36:04.640 align:start position:0% certainly been 00:36:04.640 --> 00:36:09.190 align:start position:0% certainly been well<00:36:04.880> applied 00:36:09.190 --> 00:36:09.200 align:start position:0% 00:36:09.200 --> 00:36:12.310 align:start position:0% i<00:36:09.359> mean<00:36:09.680> clearly<00:36:10.400> i<00:36:10.560> would<00:36:10.800> think<00:36:11.119> optic<00:36:11.599> flow 00:36:12.310 --> 00:36:12.320 align:start position:0% i mean clearly i would think optic flow 00:36:12.320 --> 00:36:15.670 align:start position:0% i mean clearly i would think optic flow algorithms<00:36:13.200> in<00:36:13.359> terms<00:36:13.760> of<00:36:14.079> robot<00:36:14.560> navigation 00:36:15.670 --> 00:36:15.680 align:start position:0% algorithms in terms of robot navigation 00:36:15.680 --> 00:36:17.589 align:start position:0% algorithms in terms of robot navigation depth<00:36:16.000> algorithms<00:36:16.640> more<00:36:16.880> generally<00:36:17.280> whether 00:36:17.589 --> 00:36:17.599 align:start position:0% depth algorithms more generally whether 00:36:17.599 --> 00:36:19.829 align:start position:0% depth algorithms more generally whether they're<00:36:17.920> static<00:36:18.560> stereo<00:36:19.119> or 00:36:19.829 --> 00:36:19.839 align:start position:0% they're static stereo or 00:36:19.839 --> 00:36:22.310 align:start position:0% they're static stereo or dynamic<00:36:20.880> optic<00:36:21.280> flow<00:36:21.599> have<00:36:21.680> certainly<00:36:22.079> been 00:36:22.310 --> 00:36:22.320 align:start position:0% dynamic optic flow have certainly been 00:36:22.320 --> 00:36:24.310 align:start position:0% dynamic optic flow have certainly been important 00:36:24.310 --> 00:36:24.320 align:start position:0% important 00:36:24.320 --> 00:36:27.109 align:start position:0% important the<00:36:24.480> work<00:36:24.880> of<00:36:25.760> charles<00:36:26.240> is<00:36:26.320> typical<00:36:26.720> of<00:36:26.800> those 00:36:27.109 --> 00:36:27.119 align:start position:0% the work of charles is typical of those 00:36:27.119 --> 00:36:28.470 align:start position:0% the work of charles is typical of those people<00:36:27.359> who<00:36:27.599> are<00:36:27.760> using 00:36:28.470 --> 00:36:28.480 align:start position:0% people who are using 00:36:28.480 --> 00:36:33.109 align:start position:0% people who are using um<00:36:30.400> complex<00:36:31.119> non-linear<00:36:31.920> learning<00:36:32.320> models 00:36:33.109 --> 00:36:33.119 align:start position:0% um complex non-linear learning models 00:36:33.119 --> 00:36:35.750 align:start position:0% um complex non-linear learning models to<00:36:33.440> to<00:36:33.599> really<00:36:34.480> get<00:36:34.720> at<00:36:34.800> the<00:36:34.960> problem<00:36:35.359> of<00:36:35.520> if<00:36:35.680> i 00:36:35.750 --> 00:36:35.760 align:start position:0% to to really get at the problem of if i 00:36:35.760 --> 00:36:38.069 align:start position:0% to to really get at the problem of if i have<00:36:35.920> a<00:36:36.079> robot<00:36:36.480> that<00:36:36.720> is 00:36:38.069 --> 00:36:38.079 align:start position:0% have a robot that is 00:36:38.079 --> 00:36:42.550 align:start position:0% have a robot that is very<00:36:38.320> flexible<00:36:39.200> i<00:36:39.359> can't<00:36:39.680> afford<00:36:40.160> to<00:36:40.560> uh 00:36:42.550 --> 00:36:42.560 align:start position:0% very flexible i can't afford to uh 00:36:42.560 --> 00:36:45.589 align:start position:0% very flexible i can't afford to uh use<00:36:42.960> a<00:36:43.680> a<00:36:43.839> sloppy<00:36:44.320> algorithm<00:36:45.280> uh 00:36:45.589 --> 00:36:45.599 align:start position:0% use a a sloppy algorithm uh 00:36:45.599 --> 00:36:48.069 align:start position:0% use a a sloppy algorithm uh the<00:36:45.680> way<00:36:45.839> i<00:36:46.000> can<00:36:46.240> with<00:36:46.480> a<00:36:47.280> robot<00:36:47.680> with<00:36:47.760> a<00:36:47.839> few 00:36:48.069 --> 00:36:48.079 align:start position:0% the way i can with a robot with a few 00:36:48.079 --> 00:36:50.230 align:start position:0% the way i can with a robot with a few degrees<00:36:48.480> of<00:36:48.560> freedom<00:36:49.040> and<00:36:49.440> very<00:36:49.760> rigid 00:36:50.230 --> 00:36:50.240 align:start position:0% degrees of freedom and very rigid 00:36:50.240 --> 00:36:52.790 align:start position:0% degrees of freedom and very rigid joints<00:36:50.640> and<00:36:50.800> so<00:36:50.960> on<00:36:51.280> so<00:36:51.440> i<00:36:51.520> think<00:36:51.760> that's 00:36:52.790 --> 00:36:52.800 align:start position:0% joints and so on so i think that's 00:36:52.800 --> 00:36:54.470 align:start position:0% joints and so on so i think that's another<00:36:53.200> area 00:36:54.470 --> 00:36:54.480 align:start position:0% another area 00:36:54.480 --> 00:36:56.870 align:start position:0% another area and<00:36:54.640> then<00:36:55.440> people<00:36:55.680> have<00:36:55.760> continued<00:36:56.320> work<00:36:56.560> on 00:36:56.870 --> 00:36:56.880 align:start position:0% and then people have continued work on 00:36:56.880 --> 00:36:57.670 align:start position:0% and then people have continued work on planning 00:36:57.670 --> 00:36:57.680 align:start position:0% planning 00:36:57.680 --> 00:37:00.870 align:start position:0% planning and<00:36:57.839> that's<00:36:58.160> probably<00:36:58.560> an<00:36:58.720> area<00:36:59.119> where<00:37:00.560> neural 00:37:00.870 --> 00:37:00.880 align:start position:0% and that's probably an area where neural 00:37:00.880 --> 00:37:02.390 align:start position:0% and that's probably an area where neural networks<00:37:01.280> to<00:37:01.440> date<00:37:01.680> have<00:37:01.839> not<00:37:02.000> been<00:37:02.240> as 00:37:02.390 --> 00:37:02.400 align:start position:0% networks to date have not been as 00:37:02.400 --> 00:37:04.870 align:start position:0% networks to date have not been as important<00:37:02.960> as<00:37:03.200> more<00:37:03.440> traditional 00:37:04.870 --> 00:37:04.880 align:start position:0% important as more traditional 00:37:04.880 --> 00:37:08.230 align:start position:0% important as more traditional ai<00:37:05.359> models<00:37:06.960> um 00:37:08.230 --> 00:37:08.240 align:start position:0% ai models um 00:37:08.240 --> 00:37:09.430 align:start position:0% ai models um from<00:37:08.480> my<00:37:08.640> point<00:37:08.800> of<00:37:08.880> view<00:37:09.040> another<00:37:09.280> thing 00:37:09.430 --> 00:37:09.440 align:start position:0% from my point of view another thing 00:37:09.440 --> 00:37:10.870 align:start position:0% from my point of view another thing that's<00:37:09.680> very<00:37:09.839> important<00:37:10.240> is<00:37:10.320> thinking<00:37:10.640> about 00:37:10.870 --> 00:37:10.880 align:start position:0% that's very important is thinking about 00:37:10.880 --> 00:37:12.470 align:start position:0% that's very important is thinking about distributed<00:37:11.599> control 00:37:12.470 --> 00:37:12.480 align:start position:0% distributed control 00:37:12.480 --> 00:37:15.670 align:start position:0% distributed control so<00:37:12.720> you're<00:37:12.960> not<00:37:13.200> just<00:37:13.520> looking<00:37:13.920> at<00:37:14.160> the<00:37:14.400> um 00:37:15.670 --> 00:37:15.680 align:start position:0% so you're not just looking at the um 00:37:15.680 --> 00:37:17.829 align:start position:0% so you're not just looking at the um a<00:37:15.839> serial<00:37:16.320> flow<00:37:16.640> in<00:37:16.800> this<00:37:16.960> case<00:37:17.280> you're<00:37:17.440> really 00:37:17.829 --> 00:37:17.839 align:start position:0% a serial flow in this case you're really 00:37:17.839 --> 00:37:20.630 align:start position:0% a serial flow in this case you're really thinking<00:37:18.079> about<00:37:18.240> how<00:37:18.400> to<00:37:18.560> distribute<00:37:19.200> control 00:37:20.630 --> 00:37:20.640 align:start position:0% thinking about how to distribute control 00:37:20.640 --> 00:37:23.750 align:start position:0% thinking about how to distribute control to<00:37:20.880> different<00:37:21.280> parts<00:37:21.599> of<00:37:21.680> the<00:37:21.920> system<00:37:23.599> and 00:37:23.750 --> 00:37:23.760 align:start position:0% to different parts of the system and 00:37:23.760 --> 00:37:25.109 align:start position:0% to different parts of the system and it's<00:37:24.000> interesting<00:37:24.480> there<00:37:24.640> that<00:37:24.800> if<00:37:24.880> we<00:37:24.960> look 00:37:25.109 --> 00:37:25.119 align:start position:0% it's interesting there that if we look 00:37:25.119 --> 00:37:27.589 align:start position:0% it's interesting there that if we look at<00:37:25.200> today's<00:37:25.680> motor<00:37:26.079> cars<00:37:26.480> they<00:37:26.640> already 00:37:27.589 --> 00:37:27.599 align:start position:0% at today's motor cars they already 00:37:27.599 --> 00:37:30.710 align:start position:0% at today's motor cars they already have<00:37:28.960> vast<00:37:29.440> networks<00:37:29.920> of 00:37:30.710 --> 00:37:30.720 align:start position:0% have vast networks of 00:37:30.720 --> 00:37:32.630 align:start position:0% have vast networks of of<00:37:30.960> of<00:37:31.200> computers<00:37:31.760> on<00:37:32.000> board<00:37:32.320> doing 00:37:32.630 --> 00:37:32.640 align:start position:0% of of computers on board doing 00:37:32.640 --> 00:37:34.870 align:start position:0% of of computers on board doing everything<00:37:33.119> from 00:37:34.870 --> 00:37:34.880 align:start position:0% everything from 00:37:34.880 --> 00:37:37.430 align:start position:0% everything from optic<00:37:35.200> flow<00:37:35.520> to<00:37:35.599> avoid<00:37:36.000> collisions<00:37:36.720> to 00:37:37.430 --> 00:37:37.440 align:start position:0% optic flow to avoid collisions to 00:37:37.440 --> 00:37:39.670 align:start position:0% optic flow to avoid collisions to self-parking<00:37:38.240> of<00:37:38.320> the<00:37:38.480> car<00:37:38.800> at<00:37:38.880> the<00:37:39.040> other<00:37:39.280> end 00:37:39.670 --> 00:37:39.680 align:start position:0% self-parking of the car at the other end 00:37:39.680 --> 00:37:43.190 align:start position:0% self-parking of the car at the other end so<00:37:40.079> um<00:37:41.920> the<00:37:42.079> interesting<00:37:42.560> point<00:37:42.800> there<00:37:43.040> i 00:37:43.190 --> 00:37:43.200 align:start position:0% so um the interesting point there i 00:37:43.200 --> 00:37:43.990 align:start position:0% so um the interesting point there i suppose<00:37:43.680> is 00:37:43.990 --> 00:37:44.000 align:start position:0% suppose is 00:37:44.000 --> 00:37:47.990 align:start position:0% suppose is that<00:37:45.680> the<00:37:45.839> field<00:37:46.079> of<00:37:46.240> robotics 00:37:47.990 --> 00:37:48.000 align:start position:0% that the field of robotics 00:37:48.000 --> 00:37:51.750 align:start position:0% that the field of robotics has<00:37:48.839> moved<00:37:50.400> perhaps<00:37:50.880> out<00:37:51.119> of<00:37:51.280> its 00:37:51.750 --> 00:37:51.760 align:start position:0% has moved perhaps out of its 00:37:51.760 --> 00:37:54.390 align:start position:0% has moved perhaps out of its specialized<00:37:52.560> niche<00:37:53.200> into<00:37:53.520> computer<00:37:54.000> science 00:37:54.390 --> 00:37:54.400 align:start position:0% specialized niche into computer science 00:37:54.400 --> 00:37:56.310 align:start position:0% specialized niche into computer science more<00:37:54.640> generally<00:37:55.119> as<00:37:55.200> we<00:37:55.359> think<00:37:55.599> about 00:37:56.310 --> 00:37:56.320 align:start position:0% more generally as we think about 00:37:56.320 --> 00:37:59.030 align:start position:0% more generally as we think about um<00:37:56.960> embedding<00:37:57.520> computers<00:37:58.160> and<00:37:58.400> systems<00:37:58.880> which 00:37:59.030 --> 00:37:59.040 align:start position:0% um embedding computers and systems which 00:37:59.040 --> 00:38:01.589 align:start position:0% um embedding computers and systems which have<00:37:59.280> sophisticated<00:38:00.160> sensors<00:38:00.720> and<00:38:00.880> so<00:38:01.040> on<00:38:01.359> so 00:38:01.589 --> 00:38:01.599 align:start position:0% have sophisticated sensors and so on so 00:38:01.599 --> 00:38:02.310 align:start position:0% have sophisticated sensors and so on so that 00:38:02.310 --> 00:38:02.320 align:start position:0% that 00:38:02.320 --> 00:38:04.310 align:start position:0% that the<00:38:02.480> skills<00:38:02.880> that<00:38:03.040> go<00:38:03.200> into<00:38:03.440> robotics<00:38:04.000> are<00:38:04.079> not 00:38:04.310 --> 00:38:04.320 align:start position:0% the skills that go into robotics are not 00:38:04.320 --> 00:38:05.430 align:start position:0% the skills that go into robotics are not just<00:38:04.640> for 00:38:05.430 --> 00:38:05.440 align:start position:0% just for 00:38:05.440 --> 00:38:09.109 align:start position:0% just for animaloid<00:38:06.160> or<00:38:06.400> humanoid<00:38:07.200> systems<00:38:07.839> but<00:38:08.160> for 00:38:09.109 --> 00:38:09.119 align:start position:0% animaloid or humanoid systems but for 00:38:09.119 --> 00:38:12.230 align:start position:0% animaloid or humanoid systems but for very<00:38:09.760> diverse<00:38:10.480> vehicles<00:38:11.040> as<00:38:11.200> it<00:38:11.280> were<00:38:11.520> which 00:38:12.230 --> 00:38:12.240 align:start position:0% very diverse vehicles as it were which 00:38:12.240 --> 00:38:15.109 align:start position:0% very diverse vehicles as it were which which<00:38:12.480> can<00:38:12.640> be<00:38:12.800> platforms<00:38:13.520> for<00:38:13.839> integrating 00:38:15.109 --> 00:38:15.119 align:start position:0% which can be platforms for integrating 00:38:15.119 --> 00:38:18.550 align:start position:0% which can be platforms for integrating sensation<00:38:15.839> and<00:38:16.839> action 00:38:18.550 --> 00:38:18.560 align:start position:0% sensation and action 00:38:18.560 --> 00:38:20.710 align:start position:0% sensation and action in<00:38:18.800> terms<00:38:19.040> of<00:38:19.200> optic<00:38:19.599> flow<00:38:20.160> did<00:38:20.320> you<00:38:20.480> find<00:38:20.640> the 00:38:20.710 --> 00:38:20.720 align:start position:0% in terms of optic flow did you find the 00:38:20.720 --> 00:38:22.470 align:start position:0% in terms of optic flow did you find the work<00:38:20.960> of<00:38:21.119> jj<00:38:21.520> gibson<00:38:22.000> to<00:38:22.160> be 00:38:22.470 --> 00:38:22.480 align:start position:0% work of jj gibson to be 00:38:22.480 --> 00:38:25.109 align:start position:0% work of jj gibson to be informative<00:38:23.040> or<00:38:23.200> influential<00:38:24.079> well<00:38:24.720> jj 00:38:25.109 --> 00:38:25.119 align:start position:0% informative or influential well jj 00:38:25.119 --> 00:38:27.750 align:start position:0% informative or influential well jj gibson<00:38:25.440> is<00:38:25.599> where<00:38:25.760> we<00:38:25.920> started 00:38:27.750 --> 00:38:27.760 align:start position:0% gibson is where we started 00:38:27.760 --> 00:38:30.230 align:start position:0% gibson is where we started well<00:38:28.079> jj<00:38:28.480> gibson<00:38:28.960> in<00:38:29.040> terms<00:38:29.359> of<00:38:29.520> the<00:38:29.760> general 00:38:30.230 --> 00:38:30.240 align:start position:0% well jj gibson in terms of the general 00:38:30.240 --> 00:38:31.109 align:start position:0% well jj gibson in terms of the general concept<00:38:30.720> of 00:38:31.109 --> 00:38:31.119 align:start position:0% concept of 00:38:31.119 --> 00:38:33.750 align:start position:0% concept of optic<00:38:31.520> flow<00:38:31.760> and<00:38:31.920> then<00:38:32.960> part<00:38:33.119> of<00:38:33.280> our<00:38:33.359> work<00:38:33.599> has 00:38:33.750 --> 00:38:33.760 align:start position:0% optic flow and then part of our work has 00:38:33.760 --> 00:38:35.349 align:start position:0% optic flow and then part of our work has been<00:38:33.920> influenced<00:38:34.320> by<00:38:34.480> the<00:38:34.560> general<00:38:34.880> notion<00:38:35.200> of 00:38:35.349 --> 00:38:35.359 align:start position:0% been influenced by the general notion of 00:38:35.359 --> 00:38:37.270 align:start position:0% been influenced by the general notion of affordances 00:38:37.270 --> 00:38:37.280 align:start position:0% affordances 00:38:37.280 --> 00:38:40.150 align:start position:0% affordances david<00:38:37.760> lee<00:38:38.560> in<00:38:38.640> terms<00:38:38.960> of<00:38:39.119> looking<00:38:39.440> at<00:38:39.599> actual 00:38:40.150 --> 00:38:40.160 align:start position:0% david lee in terms of looking at actual 00:38:40.160 --> 00:38:43.109 align:start position:0% david lee in terms of looking at actual use<00:38:40.400> of<00:38:40.560> optic<00:38:40.880> flow<00:38:41.200> and<00:38:41.359> controlling 00:38:43.109 --> 00:38:43.119 align:start position:0% use of optic flow and controlling 00:38:43.119 --> 00:38:45.349 align:start position:0% use of optic flow and controlling the<00:38:43.280> dive<00:38:43.680> of<00:38:43.760> the<00:38:43.920> gannet<00:38:44.400> towards<00:38:44.880> the<00:38:45.040> water 00:38:45.349 --> 00:38:45.359 align:start position:0% the dive of the gannet towards the water 00:38:45.359 --> 00:38:47.030 align:start position:0% the dive of the gannet towards the water to<00:38:45.520> catch<00:38:45.760> the<00:38:45.920> fish<00:38:46.240> and 00:38:47.030 --> 00:38:47.040 align:start position:0% to catch the fish and 00:38:47.040 --> 00:38:49.670 align:start position:0% to catch the fish and the<00:38:47.520> the<00:38:47.680> judgment<00:38:48.240> of<00:38:48.560> pace<00:38:48.960> length<00:38:49.359> by 00:38:49.670 --> 00:38:49.680 align:start position:0% the the judgment of pace length by 00:38:49.680 --> 00:38:51.510 align:start position:0% the the judgment of pace length by people<00:38:50.000> doing<00:38:50.320> the<00:38:50.400> long<00:38:50.720> jump<00:38:51.040> and<00:38:51.119> things<00:38:51.359> of 00:38:51.510 --> 00:38:51.520 align:start position:0% people doing the long jump and things of 00:38:51.520 --> 00:38:52.310 align:start position:0% people doing the long jump and things of that<00:38:51.680> kind 00:38:52.310 --> 00:38:52.320 align:start position:0% that kind 00:38:52.320 --> 00:38:54.790 align:start position:0% that kind so<00:38:52.560> those<00:38:53.040> those<00:38:53.440> two<00:38:54.000> set<00:38:54.240> the<00:38:54.400> stage<00:38:54.720> in 00:38:54.790 --> 00:38:54.800 align:start position:0% so those those two set the stage in 00:38:54.800 --> 00:38:56.310 align:start position:0% so those those two set the stage in which<00:38:55.040> our<00:38:55.200> particular 00:38:56.310 --> 00:38:56.320 align:start position:0% which our particular 00:38:56.320 --> 00:38:58.310 align:start position:0% which our particular quest<00:38:56.640> for<00:38:56.800> how<00:38:56.960> do<00:38:57.040> we<00:38:57.200> come<00:38:57.440> up<00:38:57.599> with<00:38:57.920> brain 00:38:58.310 --> 00:38:58.320 align:start position:0% quest for how do we come up with brain 00:38:58.320 --> 00:39:00.470 align:start position:0% quest for how do we come up with brain like<00:38:58.640> parallel<00:38:59.119> algorithms<00:38:59.760> for<00:38:59.920> extracting 00:39:00.470 --> 00:39:00.480 align:start position:0% like parallel algorithms for extracting 00:39:00.480 --> 00:39:01.910 align:start position:0% like parallel algorithms for extracting optic<00:39:00.800> flow 00:39:01.910 --> 00:39:01.920 align:start position:0% optic flow 00:39:01.920 --> 00:39:05.349 align:start position:0% optic flow took<00:39:02.240> place<00:39:03.760> the<00:39:03.920> debate<00:39:04.400> with<00:39:04.640> that<00:39:04.880> man 00:39:05.349 --> 00:39:05.359 align:start position:0% took place the debate with that man 00:39:05.359 --> 00:39:07.190 align:start position:0% took place the debate with that man and<00:39:05.520> actually<00:39:05.839> was<00:39:06.000> a<00:39:06.079> debate<00:39:06.560> when<00:39:06.720> i<00:39:06.800> was<00:39:06.960> at 00:39:07.190 --> 00:39:07.200 align:start position:0% and actually was a debate when i was at 00:39:07.200 --> 00:39:09.670 align:start position:0% and actually was a debate when i was at umass<00:39:07.839> we<00:39:08.000> invited<00:39:08.560> gibson 00:39:09.670 --> 00:39:09.680 align:start position:0% umass we invited gibson 00:39:09.680 --> 00:39:11.589 align:start position:0% umass we invited gibson to<00:39:09.839> come<00:39:10.000> and<00:39:10.240> debate<00:39:10.640> me<00:39:10.880> because<00:39:11.200> he<00:39:11.359> had 00:39:11.589 --> 00:39:11.599 align:start position:0% to come and debate me because he had 00:39:11.599 --> 00:39:12.870 align:start position:0% to come and debate me because he had this<00:39:11.839> idea<00:39:12.240> of<00:39:12.400> direct 00:39:12.870 --> 00:39:12.880 align:start position:0% this idea of direct 00:39:12.880 --> 00:39:14.630 align:start position:0% this idea of direct perception<00:39:13.440> the<00:39:13.599> notion<00:39:13.920> that<00:39:14.160> somehow<00:39:14.560> the 00:39:14.630 --> 00:39:14.640 align:start position:0% perception the notion that somehow the 00:39:14.640 --> 00:39:16.870 align:start position:0% perception the notion that somehow the brain<00:39:14.960> just<00:39:15.520> picked<00:39:15.839> up<00:39:16.000> affordances 00:39:16.870 --> 00:39:16.880 align:start position:0% brain just picked up affordances 00:39:16.880 --> 00:39:20.950 align:start position:0% brain just picked up affordances including<00:39:17.280> optic<00:39:17.760> flow<00:39:19.200> and<00:39:19.520> so 00:39:20.950 --> 00:39:20.960 align:start position:0% including optic flow and so 00:39:20.960 --> 00:39:22.310 align:start position:0% including optic flow and so where<00:39:21.200> the<00:39:21.280> debate<00:39:21.599> was<00:39:21.760> joined<00:39:22.079> was 00:39:22.310 --> 00:39:22.320 align:start position:0% where the debate was joined was 00:39:22.320 --> 00:39:23.990 align:start position:0% where the debate was joined was basically<00:39:22.720> i<00:39:22.880> was<00:39:23.040> saying<00:39:23.280> yes<00:39:23.440> i<00:39:23.520> agree<00:39:23.760> with 00:39:23.990 --> 00:39:24.000 align:start position:0% basically i was saying yes i agree with 00:39:24.000 --> 00:39:25.430 align:start position:0% basically i was saying yes i agree with everything<00:39:24.320> you're<00:39:24.560> saying<00:39:24.880> about 00:39:25.430 --> 00:39:25.440 align:start position:0% everything you're saying about 00:39:25.440 --> 00:39:27.270 align:start position:0% everything you're saying about we<00:39:25.599> pick<00:39:25.839> up<00:39:25.920> this<00:39:26.160> information<00:39:26.880> but<00:39:27.040> look 00:39:27.270 --> 00:39:27.280 align:start position:0% we pick up this information but look 00:39:27.280 --> 00:39:29.589 align:start position:0% we pick up this information but look it's<00:39:27.440> not<00:39:27.760> direct 00:39:29.589 --> 00:39:29.599 align:start position:0% it's not direct 00:39:29.599 --> 00:39:31.430 align:start position:0% it's not direct and<00:39:29.920> we<00:39:30.079> have<00:39:30.240> to<00:39:30.480> understand<00:39:30.960> the<00:39:31.040> neural 00:39:31.430 --> 00:39:31.440 align:start position:0% and we have to understand the neural 00:39:31.440 --> 00:39:32.790 align:start position:0% and we have to understand the neural networks<00:39:32.160> that 00:39:32.790 --> 00:39:32.800 align:start position:0% networks that 00:39:32.800 --> 00:39:35.829 align:start position:0% networks that that<00:39:33.200> carry<00:39:33.520> out<00:39:33.760> these<00:39:34.079> performances<00:39:34.960> so<00:39:35.599> so 00:39:35.829 --> 00:39:35.839 align:start position:0% that carry out these performances so so 00:39:35.839 --> 00:39:37.109 align:start position:0% that carry out these performances so so conceptually 00:39:37.109 --> 00:39:37.119 align:start position:0% conceptually 00:39:37.119 --> 00:39:38.790 align:start position:0% conceptually gibson<00:39:37.520> was<00:39:37.760> tremendously<00:39:38.320> important 00:39:38.790 --> 00:39:38.800 align:start position:0% gibson was tremendously important 00:39:38.800 --> 00:39:40.870 align:start position:0% gibson was tremendously important computationally 00:39:40.870 --> 00:39:40.880 align:start position:0% computationally 00:39:40.880 --> 00:39:43.829 align:start position:0% computationally he<00:39:41.040> wasn't<00:39:41.359> in<00:39:41.440> the<00:39:41.520> running<00:39:42.079> and<00:39:42.480> uh<00:39:42.800> so<00:39:42.960> we<00:39:43.359> we 00:39:43.829 --> 00:39:43.839 align:start position:0% he wasn't in the running and uh so we we 00:39:43.839 --> 00:39:47.190 align:start position:0% he wasn't in the running and uh so we we built<00:39:44.160> on<00:39:44.320> his<00:39:44.480> work<00:39:44.800> in<00:39:44.960> that<00:39:45.280> way 00:39:47.190 --> 00:39:47.200 align:start position:0% built on his work in that way 00:39:47.200 --> 00:39:50.390 align:start position:0% built on his work in that way what<00:39:47.359> was<00:39:47.599> his<00:39:47.839> reaction<00:39:49.520> to<00:39:49.760> you<00:39:50.079> he<00:39:50.240> was<00:39:50.320> a 00:39:50.390 --> 00:39:50.400 align:start position:0% what was his reaction to you he was a 00:39:50.400 --> 00:39:51.910 align:start position:0% what was his reaction to you he was a nice<00:39:50.720> guy 00:39:51.910 --> 00:39:51.920 align:start position:0% nice guy 00:39:51.920 --> 00:39:55.030 align:start position:0% nice guy no<00:39:52.079> no<00:39:52.240> i<00:39:52.400> i<00:39:52.480> mean<00:39:52.640> it<00:39:52.720> was<00:39:52.880> just<00:39:53.359> we<00:39:54.160> we<00:39:54.320> had<00:39:54.560> a 00:39:55.030 --> 00:39:55.040 align:start position:0% no no i i mean it was just we we had a 00:39:55.040 --> 00:39:57.589 align:start position:0% no no i i mean it was just we we had a debate<00:39:55.520> it<00:39:55.599> was<00:39:55.760> very<00:39:55.920> well<00:39:56.160> attended<00:39:56.640> by 00:39:57.589 --> 00:39:57.599 align:start position:0% debate it was very well attended by 00:39:57.599 --> 00:39:59.030 align:start position:0% debate it was very well attended by the<00:39:57.760> psychologists<00:39:58.560> as<00:39:58.640> well<00:39:58.800> as<00:39:58.960> the 00:39:59.030 --> 00:39:59.040 align:start position:0% the psychologists as well as the 00:39:59.040 --> 00:40:02.310 align:start position:0% the psychologists as well as the computer<00:39:59.520> scientists<00:40:00.000> and<00:40:00.160> i<00:40:00.240> think 00:40:02.310 --> 00:40:02.320 align:start position:0% computer scientists and i think 00:40:02.320 --> 00:40:05.670 align:start position:0% computer scientists and i think we<00:40:02.880> we<00:40:03.119> both<00:40:03.440> enjoyed<00:40:04.000> the<00:40:04.240> interaction<00:40:05.280> and 00:40:05.670 --> 00:40:05.680 align:start position:0% we we both enjoyed the interaction and 00:40:05.680 --> 00:40:05.990 align:start position:0% we we both enjoyed the interaction and uh 00:40:05.990 --> 00:40:06.000 align:start position:0% uh 00:40:06.000 --> 00:40:07.430 align:start position:0% uh i<00:40:06.079> don't<00:40:06.240> think<00:40:06.400> either<00:40:06.720> of<00:40:06.800> us<00:40:06.960> budged<00:40:07.280> an 00:40:07.430 --> 00:40:07.440 align:start position:0% i don't think either of us budged an 00:40:07.440 --> 00:40:10.230 align:start position:0% i don't think either of us budged an inch<00:40:07.760> but<00:40:08.400> i<00:40:08.480> think<00:40:08.720> the<00:40:08.880> audience 00:40:10.230 --> 00:40:10.240 align:start position:0% inch but i think the audience 00:40:10.240 --> 00:40:12.790 align:start position:0% inch but i think the audience benefited<00:40:10.880> from<00:40:11.440> getting<00:40:11.760> a<00:40:12.400> deeper 00:40:12.790 --> 00:40:12.800 align:start position:0% benefited from getting a deeper 00:40:12.800 --> 00:40:14.710 align:start position:0% benefited from getting a deeper understanding<00:40:13.440> of<00:40:13.599> what<00:40:13.839> gibson<00:40:14.240> was<00:40:14.400> about 00:40:14.710 --> 00:40:14.720 align:start position:0% understanding of what gibson was about 00:40:14.720 --> 00:40:16.309 align:start position:0% understanding of what gibson was about by<00:40:14.880> seeing<00:40:15.119> how<00:40:15.359> he<00:40:15.440> responded<00:40:15.920> to<00:40:16.000> my 00:40:16.309 --> 00:40:16.319 align:start position:0% by seeing how he responded to my 00:40:16.319 --> 00:40:18.390 align:start position:0% by seeing how he responded to my questions<00:40:16.720> but<00:40:16.880> perhaps 00:40:18.390 --> 00:40:18.400 align:start position:0% questions but perhaps 00:40:18.400 --> 00:40:21.990 align:start position:0% questions but perhaps getting<00:40:18.720> also<00:40:19.040> a<00:40:19.119> fuller<00:40:19.520> understanding<00:40:20.880> of 00:40:21.990 --> 00:40:22.000 align:start position:0% getting also a fuller understanding of 00:40:22.000 --> 00:40:24.069 align:start position:0% getting also a fuller understanding of what<00:40:22.319> neural<00:40:22.640> networks<00:40:23.119> were<00:40:23.280> about<00:40:23.599> if<00:40:23.920> if 00:40:24.069 --> 00:40:24.079 align:start position:0% what neural networks were about if if 00:40:24.079 --> 00:40:26.150 align:start position:0% what neural networks were about if if they<00:40:24.319> were<00:40:24.560> pure<00:40:24.880> gibsonians<00:40:25.680> who<00:40:25.839> had<00:40:25.920> just 00:40:26.150 --> 00:40:26.160 align:start position:0% they were pure gibsonians who had just 00:40:26.160 --> 00:40:26.790 align:start position:0% they were pure gibsonians who had just looked<00:40:26.400> at 00:40:26.790 --> 00:40:26.800 align:start position:0% looked at 00:40:26.800 --> 00:40:30.470 align:start position:0% looked at what<00:40:27.040> information<00:40:27.680> is<00:40:27.839> being<00:40:28.240> picked<00:40:28.560> up 00:40:30.470 --> 00:40:30.480 align:start position:0% what information is being picked up 00:40:30.480 --> 00:40:32.870 align:start position:0% what information is being picked up was<00:40:30.640> it<00:40:30.800> your<00:40:30.960> sense<00:40:31.200> that<00:40:31.359> the<00:40:32.560> people 00:40:32.870 --> 00:40:32.880 align:start position:0% was it your sense that the people 00:40:32.880 --> 00:40:34.390 align:start position:0% was it your sense that the people interested<00:40:33.280> in<00:40:33.440> robotics<00:40:34.000> were<00:40:34.160> less 00:40:34.390 --> 00:40:34.400 align:start position:0% interested in robotics were less 00:40:34.400 --> 00:40:35.910 align:start position:0% interested in robotics were less concerned<00:40:34.880> about<00:40:35.200> the 00:40:35.910 --> 00:40:35.920 align:start position:0% concerned about the 00:40:35.920 --> 00:40:38.710 align:start position:0% concerned about the symbolic<00:40:36.480> ai<00:40:36.960> versus<00:40:37.359> neural<00:40:37.680> network<00:40:38.560> sort 00:40:38.710 --> 00:40:38.720 align:start position:0% symbolic ai versus neural network sort 00:40:38.720 --> 00:40:40.710 align:start position:0% symbolic ai versus neural network sort of<00:40:38.880> paradigm<00:40:39.440> struggle 00:40:40.710 --> 00:40:40.720 align:start position:0% of paradigm struggle 00:40:40.720 --> 00:40:42.790 align:start position:0% of paradigm struggle and<00:40:40.880> we're<00:40:41.040> more<00:40:41.280> willing<00:40:41.599> to<00:40:41.920> engage<00:40:42.560> with 00:40:42.790 --> 00:40:42.800 align:start position:0% and we're more willing to engage with 00:40:42.800 --> 00:40:43.910 align:start position:0% and we're more willing to engage with neural<00:40:43.040> networks<00:40:43.440> than<00:40:43.599> the<00:40:43.680> more 00:40:43.910 --> 00:40:43.920 align:start position:0% neural networks than the more 00:40:43.920 --> 00:40:45.910 align:start position:0% neural networks than the more traditional<00:40:44.319> kind<00:40:44.480> of<00:40:44.560> cs<00:40:45.040> people 00:40:45.910 --> 00:40:45.920 align:start position:0% traditional kind of cs people 00:40:45.920 --> 00:40:48.069 align:start position:0% traditional kind of cs people who<00:40:46.079> might<00:40:46.319> have<00:40:46.880> been<00:40:47.040> more<00:40:47.280> interested<00:40:47.680> in 00:40:48.069 --> 00:40:48.079 align:start position:0% who might have been more interested in 00:40:48.079 --> 00:40:52.950 align:start position:0% who might have been more interested in the<00:40:50.839> debate 00:40:52.950 --> 00:40:52.960 align:start position:0% the debate 00:40:52.960 --> 00:40:55.430 align:start position:0% the debate i<00:40:53.119> think<00:40:53.280> one<00:40:53.520> has<00:40:53.680> to<00:40:53.760> be<00:40:53.839> careful<00:40:54.880> because<00:40:55.200> my 00:40:55.430 --> 00:40:55.440 align:start position:0% i think one has to be careful because my 00:40:55.440 --> 00:40:57.270 align:start position:0% i think one has to be careful because my sample<00:40:55.839> is<00:40:55.920> completely<00:40:56.480> biased<00:40:56.960> so<00:40:57.119> in<00:40:57.200> other 00:40:57.270 --> 00:40:57.280 align:start position:0% sample is completely biased so in other 00:40:57.280 --> 00:40:59.190 align:start position:0% sample is completely biased so in other words<00:40:57.520> i<00:40:57.680> interacted<00:40:58.400> with<00:40:58.640> people<00:40:58.880> who<00:40:59.119> were 00:40:59.190 --> 00:40:59.200 align:start position:0% words i interacted with people who were 00:40:59.200 --> 00:41:00.950 align:start position:0% words i interacted with people who were interested<00:40:59.680> in<00:40:59.760> interacting<00:41:00.319> with<00:41:00.480> me<00:41:00.720> and<00:41:00.800> if 00:41:00.950 --> 00:41:00.960 align:start position:0% interested in interacting with me and if 00:41:00.960 --> 00:41:02.230 align:start position:0% interested in interacting with me and if they<00:41:01.119> wanted<00:41:01.280> to<00:41:01.440> interact<00:41:01.760> with<00:41:01.920> me 00:41:02.230 --> 00:41:02.240 align:start position:0% they wanted to interact with me 00:41:02.240 --> 00:41:05.030 align:start position:0% they wanted to interact with me then<00:41:03.280> they<00:41:03.520> wanted<00:41:04.079> to<00:41:04.240> see<00:41:04.480> what<00:41:04.720> they<00:41:04.880> could 00:41:05.030 --> 00:41:05.040 align:start position:0% then they wanted to see what they could 00:41:05.040 --> 00:41:05.829 align:start position:0% then they wanted to see what they could learn 00:41:05.829 --> 00:41:05.839 align:start position:0% learn 00:41:05.839 --> 00:41:08.069 align:start position:0% learn in<00:41:05.920> the<00:41:06.000> way<00:41:06.160> of<00:41:06.240> biologically<00:41:07.040> inspired 00:41:08.069 --> 00:41:08.079 align:start position:0% in the way of biologically inspired 00:41:08.079 --> 00:41:08.950 align:start position:0% in the way of biologically inspired robotics 00:41:08.950 --> 00:41:08.960 align:start position:0% robotics 00:41:08.960 --> 00:41:12.550 align:start position:0% robotics so<00:41:09.440> um<00:41:10.319> i<00:41:10.400> wouldn't<00:41:10.880> claim<00:41:11.440> any<00:41:11.760> typicality 00:41:12.550 --> 00:41:12.560 align:start position:0% so um i wouldn't claim any typicality 00:41:12.560 --> 00:41:14.550 align:start position:0% so um i wouldn't claim any typicality there<00:41:12.800> i<00:41:12.880> think<00:41:13.119> other<00:41:13.359> people<00:41:13.760> were 00:41:14.550 --> 00:41:14.560 align:start position:0% there i think other people were 00:41:14.560 --> 00:41:16.069 align:start position:0% there i think other people were if<00:41:14.640> you<00:41:14.800> look<00:41:14.880> at<00:41:14.960> the<00:41:15.040> people<00:41:15.280> doing<00:41:15.520> mobile 00:41:16.069 --> 00:41:16.079 align:start position:0% if you look at the people doing mobile 00:41:16.079 --> 00:41:17.750 align:start position:0% if you look at the people doing mobile robots<00:41:17.359> there 00:41:17.750 --> 00:41:17.760 align:start position:0% robots there 00:41:17.760 --> 00:41:20.470 align:start position:0% robots there they<00:41:18.800> probably<00:41:19.119> put<00:41:19.280> on<00:41:19.440> some<00:41:19.680> laser<00:41:20.079> range 00:41:20.470 --> 00:41:20.480 align:start position:0% they probably put on some laser range 00:41:20.480 --> 00:41:22.630 align:start position:0% they probably put on some laser range finders<00:41:21.040> didn't<00:41:21.280> worry<00:41:21.599> too<00:41:21.839> much<00:41:22.079> about<00:41:22.400> the 00:41:22.630 --> 00:41:22.640 align:start position:0% finders didn't worry too much about the 00:41:22.640 --> 00:41:23.510 align:start position:0% finders didn't worry too much about the um 00:41:23.510 --> 00:41:23.520 align:start position:0% um 00:41:23.520 --> 00:41:26.950 align:start position:0% um the<00:41:23.680> details<00:41:24.240> of<00:41:24.319> the<00:41:24.400> visual<00:41:24.800> processing<00:41:26.240> um 00:41:26.950 --> 00:41:26.960 align:start position:0% the details of the visual processing um 00:41:26.960 --> 00:41:29.349 align:start position:0% the details of the visual processing um the<00:41:27.359> the<00:41:27.599> controllers<00:41:28.319> were<00:41:28.560> very<00:41:28.800> simple<00:41:29.200> for 00:41:29.349 --> 00:41:29.359 align:start position:0% the the controllers were very simple for 00:41:29.359 --> 00:41:30.309 align:start position:0% the the controllers were very simple for steering 00:41:30.309 --> 00:41:30.319 align:start position:0% steering 00:41:30.319 --> 00:41:32.150 align:start position:0% steering the<00:41:30.480> robots<00:41:31.040> and<00:41:31.200> so<00:41:31.440> a<00:41:31.520> lot<00:41:31.680> of<00:41:31.760> their<00:41:31.920> work 00:41:32.150 --> 00:41:32.160 align:start position:0% the robots and so a lot of their work 00:41:32.160 --> 00:41:33.670 align:start position:0% the robots and so a lot of their work would<00:41:32.319> be<00:41:32.480> more<00:41:32.720> at<00:41:32.800> the<00:41:32.960> planning 00:41:33.670 --> 00:41:33.680 align:start position:0% would be more at the planning 00:41:33.680 --> 00:41:36.950 align:start position:0% would be more at the planning stage<00:41:35.119> an<00:41:35.359> exception<00:41:35.839> to<00:41:36.000> that<00:41:36.240> would<00:41:36.560> be 00:41:36.950 --> 00:41:36.960 align:start position:0% stage an exception to that would be 00:41:36.960 --> 00:41:40.790 align:start position:0% stage an exception to that would be um<00:41:38.960> ronakin's<00:41:39.680> work<00:41:40.000> where<00:41:40.160> he<00:41:40.319> really<00:41:40.560> was 00:41:40.790 --> 00:41:40.800 align:start position:0% um ronakin's work where he really was 00:41:40.800 --> 00:41:42.550 align:start position:0% um ronakin's work where he really was interposing<00:41:41.599> a<00:41:41.680> more 00:41:42.550 --> 00:41:42.560 align:start position:0% interposing a more 00:41:42.560 --> 00:41:45.349 align:start position:0% interposing a more potential<00:41:43.200> field<00:41:43.599> approach<00:41:44.720> based<00:41:45.040> on<00:41:45.200> the 00:41:45.349 --> 00:41:45.359 align:start position:0% potential field approach based on the 00:41:45.359 --> 00:41:46.470 align:start position:0% potential field approach based on the frog<00:41:45.680> stuff<00:41:46.079> and 00:41:46.470 --> 00:41:46.480 align:start position:0% frog stuff and 00:41:46.480 --> 00:41:49.510 align:start position:0% frog stuff and other<00:41:46.720> people<00:41:46.960> did<00:41:47.200> pick<00:41:47.440> up<00:41:47.680> on<00:41:47.920> that<00:41:49.359> and 00:41:49.510 --> 00:41:49.520 align:start position:0% other people did pick up on that and 00:41:49.520 --> 00:41:50.230 align:start position:0% other people did pick up on that and then<00:41:49.680> of<00:41:49.760> course 00:41:50.230 --> 00:41:50.240 align:start position:0% then of course 00:41:50.240 --> 00:41:52.550 align:start position:0% then of course in<00:41:50.319> the<00:41:50.400> early<00:41:50.640> 80s<00:41:51.200> rodney<00:41:51.680> brooks<00:41:52.079> came<00:41:52.400> up 00:41:52.550 --> 00:41:52.560 align:start position:0% in the early 80s rodney brooks came up 00:41:52.560 --> 00:41:54.470 align:start position:0% in the early 80s rodney brooks came up with 00:41:54.470 --> 00:41:54.480 align:start position:0% with 00:41:54.480 --> 00:41:57.670 align:start position:0% with what<00:41:56.079> i<00:41:56.319> thought<00:41:56.720> was 00:41:57.670 --> 00:41:57.680 align:start position:0% what i thought was 00:41:57.680 --> 00:41:59.990 align:start position:0% what i thought was a<00:41:57.839> reduced<00:41:58.319> form<00:41:58.640> of<00:41:58.800> my<00:41:59.040> schema<00:41:59.440> theory<00:41:59.920> and 00:41:59.990 --> 00:42:00.000 align:start position:0% a reduced form of my schema theory and 00:42:00.000 --> 00:42:01.670 align:start position:0% a reduced form of my schema theory and what<00:42:00.400> unfortunately<00:42:00.960> most<00:42:01.200> people<00:42:01.440> thought 00:42:01.670 --> 00:42:01.680 align:start position:0% what unfortunately most people thought 00:42:01.680 --> 00:42:03.589 align:start position:0% what unfortunately most people thought was<00:42:01.839> something<00:42:02.240> brand<00:42:02.560> new 00:42:03.589 --> 00:42:03.599 align:start position:0% was something brand new 00:42:03.599 --> 00:42:04.630 align:start position:0% was something brand new i'm<00:42:03.760> sure<00:42:03.920> you've<00:42:04.000> got<00:42:04.079> a<00:42:04.160> lot<00:42:04.240> of<00:42:04.319> this<00:42:04.560> in 00:42:04.630 --> 00:42:04.640 align:start position:0% i'm sure you've got a lot of this in 00:42:04.640 --> 00:42:07.829 align:start position:0% i'm sure you've got a lot of this in these<00:42:04.880> interviews<00:42:05.839> and<00:42:06.319> um 00:42:07.829 --> 00:42:07.839 align:start position:0% these interviews and um 00:42:07.839 --> 00:42:10.150 align:start position:0% these interviews and um where<00:42:08.000> he<00:42:08.160> had<00:42:08.319> a<00:42:08.400> layered<00:42:08.800> hierarchy<00:42:09.599> but<00:42:09.920> but 00:42:10.150 --> 00:42:10.160 align:start position:0% where he had a layered hierarchy but but 00:42:10.160 --> 00:42:11.109 align:start position:0% where he had a layered hierarchy but but to<00:42:10.319> my<00:42:10.560> mind 00:42:11.109 --> 00:42:11.119 align:start position:0% to my mind 00:42:11.119 --> 00:42:14.190 align:start position:0% to my mind the<00:42:11.280> whole<00:42:11.599> point<00:42:11.920> was<00:42:12.400> that<00:42:13.359> you<00:42:13.520> had<00:42:13.680> to<00:42:13.839> have 00:42:14.190 --> 00:42:14.200 align:start position:0% the whole point was that you had to have 00:42:14.200 --> 00:42:16.790 align:start position:0% the whole point was that you had to have representations<00:42:15.280> to<00:42:15.920> close<00:42:16.240> the<00:42:16.400> loop<00:42:16.640> in 00:42:16.790 --> 00:42:16.800 align:start position:0% representations to close the loop in 00:42:16.800 --> 00:42:17.510 align:start position:0% representations to close the loop in general<00:42:17.119> if<00:42:17.280> you 00:42:17.510 --> 00:42:17.520 align:start position:0% general if you 00:42:17.520 --> 00:42:20.309 align:start position:0% general if you if<00:42:17.680> you<00:42:18.880> were<00:42:19.359> looking<00:42:19.680> for<00:42:19.839> example<00:42:20.160> at 00:42:20.309 --> 00:42:20.319 align:start position:0% if you were looking for example at 00:42:20.319 --> 00:42:21.829 align:start position:0% if you were looking for example at navigation<00:42:21.040> where<00:42:21.200> you<00:42:21.280> had<00:42:21.440> to<00:42:21.520> know<00:42:21.680> the 00:42:21.829 --> 00:42:21.839 align:start position:0% navigation where you had to know the 00:42:21.839 --> 00:42:23.190 align:start position:0% navigation where you had to know the layout<00:42:22.240> of 00:42:23.190 --> 00:42:23.200 align:start position:0% layout of 00:42:23.200 --> 00:42:26.230 align:start position:0% layout of a<00:42:23.359> complex<00:42:24.000> environment<00:42:24.720> so<00:42:25.280> but<00:42:25.920> but 00:42:26.230 --> 00:42:26.240 align:start position:0% a complex environment so but but 00:42:26.240 --> 00:42:28.790 align:start position:0% a complex environment so but but the<00:42:26.400> point<00:42:26.720> is<00:42:27.040> that<00:42:27.839> that<00:42:28.079> work<00:42:28.240> of<00:42:28.400> rodney 00:42:28.790 --> 00:42:28.800 align:start position:0% the point is that that work of rodney 00:42:28.800 --> 00:42:30.550 align:start position:0% the point is that that work of rodney brooks<00:42:29.119> neatly<00:42:29.520> complemented<00:42:30.079> what<00:42:30.319> ron 00:42:30.550 --> 00:42:30.560 align:start position:0% brooks neatly complemented what ron 00:42:30.560 --> 00:42:31.829 align:start position:0% brooks neatly complemented what ron arkham<00:42:30.960> had<00:42:31.200> taken 00:42:31.829 --> 00:42:31.839 align:start position:0% arkham had taken 00:42:31.839 --> 00:42:33.670 align:start position:0% arkham had taken from<00:42:32.079> a<00:42:32.160> more<00:42:32.400> biological<00:42:33.040> point<00:42:33.280> of<00:42:33.359> view<00:42:33.520> and 00:42:33.670 --> 00:42:33.680 align:start position:0% from a more biological point of view and 00:42:33.680 --> 00:42:34.870 align:start position:0% from a more biological point of view and created<00:42:34.160> this 00:42:34.870 --> 00:42:34.880 align:start position:0% created this 00:42:34.880 --> 00:42:37.109 align:start position:0% created this sort<00:42:35.119> of<00:42:35.200> field<00:42:35.520> of<00:42:35.599> behavior-based<00:42:36.400> robotics 00:42:37.109 --> 00:42:37.119 align:start position:0% sort of field of behavior-based robotics 00:42:37.119 --> 00:42:38.870 align:start position:0% sort of field of behavior-based robotics and<00:42:37.280> so<00:42:37.440> on 00:42:38.870 --> 00:42:38.880 align:start position:0% and so on 00:42:38.880 --> 00:42:41.190 align:start position:0% and so on but<00:42:39.440> probably<00:42:40.000> if<00:42:40.240> one<00:42:40.400> writes<00:42:40.720> the<00:42:40.880> history 00:42:41.190 --> 00:42:41.200 align:start position:0% but probably if one writes the history 00:42:41.200 --> 00:42:42.870 align:start position:0% but probably if one writes the history of<00:42:41.359> it<00:42:41.839> rodney's 00:42:42.870 --> 00:42:42.880 align:start position:0% of it rodney's 00:42:42.880 --> 00:42:47.190 align:start position:0% of it rodney's strict<00:42:43.280> hierarchy<00:42:44.079> of<00:42:45.880> representation-free 00:42:47.190 --> 00:42:47.200 align:start position:0% strict hierarchy of representation-free 00:42:47.200 --> 00:42:49.589 align:start position:0% strict hierarchy of representation-free schemas<00:42:47.760> was<00:42:48.000> more<00:42:48.240> influential<00:42:49.359> at<00:42:49.520> the 00:42:49.589 --> 00:42:49.599 align:start position:0% schemas was more influential at the 00:42:49.599 --> 00:42:51.109 align:start position:0% schemas was more influential at the beginning<00:42:50.079> at<00:42:50.240> least 00:42:51.109 --> 00:42:51.119 align:start position:0% beginning at least 00:42:51.119 --> 00:42:53.270 align:start position:0% beginning at least i<00:42:51.280> think<00:42:51.520> in<00:42:51.599> the<00:42:51.760> end<00:42:52.000> everybody<00:42:52.480> realized<00:42:53.040> as 00:42:53.270 --> 00:42:53.280 align:start position:0% i think in the end everybody realized as 00:42:53.280 --> 00:42:54.550 align:start position:0% i think in the end everybody realized as as<00:42:53.520> ron<00:42:53.920> himself 00:42:54.550 --> 00:42:54.560 align:start position:0% as ron himself 00:42:54.560 --> 00:42:56.069 align:start position:0% as ron himself pushed<00:42:54.960> that<00:42:55.119> you<00:42:55.280> had<00:42:55.440> to<00:42:55.599> see<00:42:55.839> how<00:42:55.920> to 00:42:56.069 --> 00:42:56.079 align:start position:0% pushed that you had to see how to 00:42:56.079 --> 00:42:57.750 align:start position:0% pushed that you had to see how to integrate 00:42:57.750 --> 00:42:57.760 align:start position:0% integrate 00:42:57.760 --> 00:42:59.750 align:start position:0% integrate the<00:42:57.920> delegation<00:42:58.640> of<00:42:58.880> many<00:42:59.200> functions<00:42:59.599> to 00:42:59.750 --> 00:42:59.760 align:start position:0% the delegation of many functions to 00:42:59.760 --> 00:43:02.069 align:start position:0% the delegation of many functions to perceptual<00:43:00.240> and<00:43:00.319> motor<00:43:00.640> schemas 00:43:02.069 --> 00:43:02.079 align:start position:0% perceptual and motor schemas 00:43:02.079 --> 00:43:04.390 align:start position:0% perceptual and motor schemas uh<00:43:02.560> but<00:43:02.960> still<00:43:03.200> that<00:43:03.359> had<00:43:03.520> to<00:43:03.680> interact<00:43:04.079> with 00:43:04.390 --> 00:43:04.400 align:start position:0% uh but still that had to interact with 00:43:04.400 --> 00:43:06.309 align:start position:0% uh but still that had to interact with with<00:43:04.720> long-term<00:43:05.280> knowledge<00:43:05.680> about<00:43:05.920> the<00:43:06.000> world 00:43:06.309 --> 00:43:06.319 align:start position:0% with long-term knowledge about the world 00:43:06.319 --> 00:43:07.829 align:start position:0% with long-term knowledge about the world and<00:43:06.480> in<00:43:06.560> the<00:43:06.720> end<00:43:06.880> i<00:43:07.200> think<00:43:07.359> it's<00:43:07.520> a<00:43:07.599> moot 00:43:07.829 --> 00:43:07.839 align:start position:0% and in the end i think it's a moot 00:43:07.839 --> 00:43:09.589 align:start position:0% and in the end i think it's a moot debate<00:43:08.240> you<00:43:08.319> just<00:43:08.480> said<00:43:08.640> well<00:43:08.800> in<00:43:08.960> some<00:43:09.200> cases 00:43:09.589 --> 00:43:09.599 align:start position:0% debate you just said well in some cases 00:43:09.599 --> 00:43:10.309 align:start position:0% debate you just said well in some cases the<00:43:09.760> robot 00:43:10.309 --> 00:43:10.319 align:start position:0% the robot 00:43:10.319 --> 00:43:11.990 align:start position:0% the robot doesn't<00:43:10.560> need<00:43:10.800> much<00:43:11.040> of<00:43:11.040> a<00:43:11.200> representation<00:43:11.839> of 00:43:11.990 --> 00:43:12.000 align:start position:0% doesn't need much of a representation of 00:43:12.000 --> 00:43:13.670 align:start position:0% doesn't need much of a representation of its<00:43:12.079> world<00:43:12.319> another<00:43:12.560> case<00:43:12.800> it<00:43:12.880> does 00:43:13.670 --> 00:43:13.680 align:start position:0% its world another case it does 00:43:13.680 --> 00:43:15.829 align:start position:0% its world another case it does and<00:43:13.920> so<00:43:14.480> to<00:43:14.640> be<00:43:14.720> good<00:43:14.960> at<00:43:15.040> robotics<00:43:15.520> you<00:43:15.680> really 00:43:15.829 --> 00:43:15.839 align:start position:0% and so to be good at robotics you really 00:43:15.839 --> 00:43:17.589 align:start position:0% and so to be good at robotics you really have<00:43:16.000> to<00:43:16.160> integrate<00:43:16.720> the 00:43:17.589 --> 00:43:17.599 align:start position:0% have to integrate the 00:43:17.599 --> 00:43:19.990 align:start position:0% have to integrate the the<00:43:17.760> stuff<00:43:18.079> which<00:43:18.319> is<00:43:18.560> more<00:43:19.200> easy<00:43:19.520> to<00:43:19.680> relate 00:43:19.990 --> 00:43:20.000 align:start position:0% the stuff which is more easy to relate 00:43:20.000 --> 00:43:21.829 align:start position:0% the stuff which is more easy to relate to<00:43:20.240> neural<00:43:20.560> networks<00:43:20.960> of<00:43:21.040> the<00:43:21.200> perceptual<00:43:21.760> and 00:43:21.829 --> 00:43:21.839 align:start position:0% to neural networks of the perceptual and 00:43:21.839 --> 00:43:22.870 align:start position:0% to neural networks of the perceptual and the<00:43:21.920> motor<00:43:22.400> ends 00:43:22.870 --> 00:43:22.880 align:start position:0% the motor ends 00:43:22.880 --> 00:43:25.510 align:start position:0% the motor ends to<00:43:23.920> networks<00:43:24.400> that<00:43:24.560> may<00:43:24.800> tend<00:43:25.040> to<00:43:25.200> be<00:43:25.280> more 00:43:25.510 --> 00:43:25.520 align:start position:0% to networks that may tend to be more 00:43:25.520 --> 00:43:26.069 align:start position:0% to networks that may tend to be more abstract 00:43:26.069 --> 00:43:26.079 align:start position:0% abstract 00:43:26.079 --> 00:43:28.710 align:start position:0% abstract interacting<00:43:26.720> schemas<00:43:27.280> or<00:43:27.440> even<00:43:28.240> high-level 00:43:28.710 --> 00:43:28.720 align:start position:0% interacting schemas or even high-level 00:43:28.720 --> 00:43:30.710 align:start position:0% interacting schemas or even high-level programming<00:43:29.280> languages<00:43:29.760> that<00:43:30.000> can 00:43:30.710 --> 00:43:30.720 align:start position:0% programming languages that can 00:43:30.720 --> 00:43:33.670 align:start position:0% programming languages that can bridge<00:43:31.200> into<00:43:31.920> into<00:43:32.160> representations<00:43:33.440> and 00:43:33.670 --> 00:43:33.680 align:start position:0% bridge into into representations and 00:43:33.680 --> 00:43:35.349 align:start position:0% bridge into into representations and we've<00:43:33.839> done<00:43:34.079> some<00:43:34.319> modeling<00:43:34.720> in<00:43:34.880> the<00:43:34.960> years 00:43:35.349 --> 00:43:35.359 align:start position:0% we've done some modeling in the years 00:43:35.359 --> 00:43:36.230 align:start position:0% we've done some modeling in the years since 00:43:36.230 --> 00:43:36.240 align:start position:0% since 00:43:36.240 --> 00:43:38.710 align:start position:0% since of<00:43:36.640> rat<00:43:37.119> navigation<00:43:37.839> and<00:43:38.000> looking<00:43:38.240> at<00:43:38.400> models 00:43:38.710 --> 00:43:38.720 align:start position:0% of rat navigation and looking at models 00:43:38.720 --> 00:43:40.710 align:start position:0% of rat navigation and looking at models of<00:43:38.800> the<00:43:38.880> hippocampus 00:43:40.710 --> 00:43:40.720 align:start position:0% of the hippocampus 00:43:40.720 --> 00:43:42.069 align:start position:0% of the hippocampus and<00:43:40.800> those<00:43:41.040> models<00:43:41.359> actually<00:43:41.599> go<00:43:41.760> all<00:43:41.839> the<00:43:41.920> way 00:43:42.069 --> 00:43:42.079 align:start position:0% and those models actually go all the way 00:43:42.079 --> 00:43:44.950 align:start position:0% and those models actually go all the way back<00:43:42.400> to<00:43:43.040> the<00:43:43.200> same<00:43:43.520> year<00:43:43.760> that<00:43:44.000> sunichi<00:43:44.480> omari 00:43:44.950 --> 00:43:44.960 align:start position:0% back to the same year that sunichi omari 00:43:44.960 --> 00:43:47.190 align:start position:0% back to the same year that sunichi omari was<00:43:45.119> a<00:43:45.200> visitor<00:43:45.599> we<00:43:45.680> had<00:43:45.920> an<00:43:46.319> israeli<00:43:46.800> visitor 00:43:47.190 --> 00:43:47.200 align:start position:0% was a visitor we had an israeli visitor 00:43:47.200 --> 00:43:49.990 align:start position:0% was a visitor we had an israeli visitor named<00:43:47.520> israel<00:43:48.000> lieblick 00:43:49.990 --> 00:43:50.000 align:start position:0% named israel lieblick 00:43:50.000 --> 00:43:53.829 align:start position:0% named israel lieblick and<00:43:51.040> we<00:43:51.359> were<00:43:52.000> looking<00:43:52.319> at 00:43:53.829 --> 00:43:53.839 align:start position:0% and we were looking at 00:43:53.839 --> 00:43:56.550 align:start position:0% and we were looking at finding<00:43:54.319> behavior<00:43:54.800> in<00:43:54.960> rats<00:43:55.920> which<00:43:56.160> had<00:43:56.319> gone 00:43:56.550 --> 00:43:56.560 align:start position:0% finding behavior in rats which had gone 00:43:56.560 --> 00:43:57.910 align:start position:0% finding behavior in rats which had gone out<00:43:56.720> of<00:43:56.800> fashion<00:43:57.119> so<00:43:57.280> we<00:43:57.359> went<00:43:57.520> back<00:43:57.680> to<00:43:57.760> the 00:43:57.910 --> 00:43:57.920 align:start position:0% out of fashion so we went back to the 00:43:57.920 --> 00:43:59.829 align:start position:0% out of fashion so we went back to the classic<00:43:58.319> literature 00:43:59.829 --> 00:43:59.839 align:start position:0% classic literature 00:43:59.839 --> 00:44:01.510 align:start position:0% classic literature and<00:44:00.560> came<00:44:00.800> up<00:44:00.880> with<00:44:01.040> something<00:44:01.200> called<00:44:01.440> the 00:44:01.510 --> 00:44:01.520 align:start position:0% and came up with something called the 00:44:01.520 --> 00:44:03.349 align:start position:0% and came up with something called the world<00:44:01.920> graph<00:44:02.560> the<00:44:02.800> idea 00:44:03.349 --> 00:44:03.359 align:start position:0% world graph the idea 00:44:03.359 --> 00:44:05.190 align:start position:0% world graph the idea that<00:44:03.760> the<00:44:03.920> rat<00:44:04.240> was<00:44:04.560> on<00:44:04.640> the<00:44:04.720> one<00:44:04.960> hand 00:44:05.190 --> 00:44:05.200 align:start position:0% that the rat was on the one hand 00:44:05.200 --> 00:44:06.710 align:start position:0% that the rat was on the one hand worrying<00:44:05.520> about<00:44:05.760> the<00:44:05.839> affordances<00:44:06.400> it<00:44:06.480> won't 00:44:06.710 --> 00:44:06.720 align:start position:0% worrying about the affordances it won't 00:44:06.720 --> 00:44:07.349 align:start position:0% worrying about the affordances it won't go<00:44:06.960> through 00:44:07.349 --> 00:44:07.359 align:start position:0% go through 00:44:07.359 --> 00:44:09.510 align:start position:0% go through if<00:44:07.440> there<00:44:07.599> wasn't<00:44:07.839> space<00:44:08.160> to<00:44:08.240> go<00:44:08.480> through<00:44:09.359> but 00:44:09.510 --> 00:44:09.520 align:start position:0% if there wasn't space to go through but 00:44:09.520 --> 00:44:10.870 align:start position:0% if there wasn't space to go through but it<00:44:09.680> had<00:44:09.839> to<00:44:10.000> know<00:44:10.319> where<00:44:10.640> it 00:44:10.870 --> 00:44:10.880 align:start position:0% it had to know where it 00:44:10.880 --> 00:44:12.950 align:start position:0% it had to know where it got<00:44:11.119> food<00:44:11.520> where<00:44:11.680> it<00:44:11.839> had<00:44:12.000> got<00:44:12.319> other<00:44:12.560> things 00:44:12.950 --> 00:44:12.960 align:start position:0% got food where it had got other things 00:44:12.960 --> 00:44:13.990 align:start position:0% got food where it had got other things and<00:44:13.280> that 00:44:13.990 --> 00:44:14.000 align:start position:0% and that 00:44:14.000 --> 00:44:16.870 align:start position:0% and that coincidentally<00:44:15.119> came<00:44:15.440> out<00:44:15.599> a<00:44:15.839> year<00:44:16.160> before<00:44:16.720> a 00:44:16.870 --> 00:44:16.880 align:start position:0% coincidentally came out a year before a 00:44:16.880 --> 00:44:18.710 align:start position:0% coincidentally came out a year before a classic<00:44:17.440> book<00:44:17.760> called 00:44:18.710 --> 00:44:18.720 align:start position:0% classic book called 00:44:18.720 --> 00:44:21.750 align:start position:0% classic book called the<00:44:18.880> hippocampus<00:44:19.599> is<00:44:19.680> a<00:44:19.760> cognitive<00:44:20.400> map<00:44:21.440> so<00:44:21.599> in 00:44:21.750 --> 00:44:21.760 align:start position:0% the hippocampus is a cognitive map so in 00:44:21.760 --> 00:44:23.430 align:start position:0% the hippocampus is a cognitive map so in fact<00:44:21.920> we<00:44:22.079> had<00:44:22.319> a<00:44:22.400> model<00:44:22.720> of<00:44:22.800> the<00:44:22.880> hippocampus 00:44:23.430 --> 00:44:23.440 align:start position:0% fact we had a model of the hippocampus 00:44:23.440 --> 00:44:25.670 align:start position:0% fact we had a model of the hippocampus as<00:44:23.520> a<00:44:23.599> cognitive<00:44:24.000> map<00:44:24.319> before 00:44:25.670 --> 00:44:25.680 align:start position:0% as a cognitive map before 00:44:25.680 --> 00:44:27.750 align:start position:0% as a cognitive map before the<00:44:25.839> book<00:44:26.079> which<00:44:26.400> declared<00:44:26.880> this<00:44:27.119> as<00:44:27.200> a<00:44:27.280> major 00:44:27.750 --> 00:44:27.760 align:start position:0% the book which declared this as a major 00:44:27.760 --> 00:44:29.430 align:start position:0% the book which declared this as a major theme<00:44:28.000> but<00:44:28.240> we<00:44:28.319> were<00:44:28.480> already<00:44:28.800> influenced<00:44:29.359> a 00:44:29.430 --> 00:44:29.440 align:start position:0% theme but we were already influenced a 00:44:29.440 --> 00:44:31.030 align:start position:0% theme but we were already influenced a little<00:44:29.599> bit<00:44:29.839> by<00:44:30.079> the 00:44:31.030 --> 00:44:31.040 align:start position:0% little bit by the 00:44:31.040 --> 00:44:32.710 align:start position:0% little bit by the early<00:44:31.359> findings<00:44:31.760> on<00:44:32.000> place<00:44:32.319> cells<00:44:32.560> and 00:44:32.710 --> 00:44:32.720 align:start position:0% early findings on place cells and 00:44:32.720 --> 00:44:34.390 align:start position:0% early findings on place cells and epicampus<00:44:33.280> so<00:44:33.359> i<00:44:33.440> think<00:44:33.599> that's<00:44:33.760> another<00:44:34.160> way 00:44:34.390 --> 00:44:34.400 align:start position:0% epicampus so i think that's another way 00:44:34.400 --> 00:44:35.750 align:start position:0% epicampus so i think that's another way in<00:44:34.560> which 00:44:35.750 --> 00:44:35.760 align:start position:0% in which 00:44:35.760 --> 00:44:39.030 align:start position:0% in which i<00:44:35.920> wouldn't<00:44:36.240> say<00:44:36.640> that<00:44:36.960> study<00:44:37.440> has<00:44:37.760> been 00:44:39.030 --> 00:44:39.040 align:start position:0% i wouldn't say that study has been 00:44:39.040 --> 00:44:42.470 align:start position:0% i wouldn't say that study has been very<00:44:39.280> influential<00:44:41.359> outside<00:44:41.839> a<00:44:41.920> relatively 00:44:42.470 --> 00:44:42.480 align:start position:0% very influential outside a relatively 00:44:42.480 --> 00:44:45.109 align:start position:0% very influential outside a relatively small<00:44:42.880> circle<00:44:43.200> but<00:44:43.440> for<00:44:43.599> me<00:44:43.760> it 00:44:45.109 --> 00:44:45.119 align:start position:0% small circle but for me it 00:44:45.119 --> 00:44:47.349 align:start position:0% small circle but for me it it<00:44:45.440> gave<00:44:45.760> a<00:44:45.839> way<00:44:46.000> of<00:44:46.160> thinking<00:44:46.480> about<00:44:46.720> a<00:44:46.800> hybrid 00:44:47.349 --> 00:44:47.359 align:start position:0% it gave a way of thinking about a hybrid 00:44:47.359 --> 00:44:49.109 align:start position:0% it gave a way of thinking about a hybrid system<00:44:48.079> where<00:44:48.319> we<00:44:48.480> had 00:44:49.109 --> 00:44:49.119 align:start position:0% system where we had 00:44:49.119 --> 00:44:50.790 align:start position:0% system where we had certain<00:44:49.440> parts<00:44:49.760> of<00:44:49.839> the<00:44:49.920> system<00:44:50.640> were 00:44:50.790 --> 00:44:50.800 align:start position:0% certain parts of the system were 00:44:50.800 --> 00:44:52.470 align:start position:0% certain parts of the system were developed<00:44:51.200> as<00:44:51.359> neural<00:44:51.760> networks 00:44:52.470 --> 00:44:52.480 align:start position:0% developed as neural networks 00:44:52.480 --> 00:44:55.430 align:start position:0% developed as neural networks for<00:44:53.440> the<00:44:53.760> as<00:44:53.920> it<00:44:54.000> were<00:44:54.160> the<00:44:54.400> immediate<00:44:55.200> if<00:44:55.359> you 00:44:55.430 --> 00:44:55.440 align:start position:0% for the as it were the immediate if you 00:44:55.440 --> 00:44:56.630 align:start position:0% for the as it were the immediate if you will<00:44:55.680> the<00:44:55.839> bruxian 00:44:56.630 --> 00:44:56.640 align:start position:0% will the bruxian 00:44:56.640 --> 00:44:58.150 align:start position:0% will the bruxian interactions<00:44:57.359> with<00:44:57.520> the<00:44:57.599> environment<00:44:58.000> to 00:44:58.150 --> 00:44:58.160 align:start position:0% interactions with the environment to 00:44:58.160 --> 00:45:00.230 align:start position:0% interactions with the environment to avoid<00:44:58.560> collisions<00:44:59.200> find<00:44:59.520> a<00:44:59.599> place<00:44:59.839> to<00:45:00.000> go 00:45:00.230 --> 00:45:00.240 align:start position:0% avoid collisions find a place to go 00:45:00.240 --> 00:45:01.670 align:start position:0% avoid collisions find a place to go things<00:45:00.480> of<00:45:00.560> that<00:45:00.800> kind 00:45:01.670 --> 00:45:01.680 align:start position:0% things of that kind 00:45:01.680 --> 00:45:04.470 align:start position:0% things of that kind and<00:45:01.839> a<00:45:02.000> representation<00:45:02.960> this<00:45:03.200> world<00:45:03.599> graph<00:45:04.000> of 00:45:04.470 --> 00:45:04.480 align:start position:0% and a representation this world graph of 00:45:04.480 --> 00:45:05.990 align:start position:0% and a representation this world graph of knowing<00:45:04.720> about<00:45:04.960> your<00:45:05.119> world<00:45:05.440> knowing<00:45:05.760> where 00:45:05.990 --> 00:45:06.000 align:start position:0% knowing about your world knowing where 00:45:06.000 --> 00:45:06.630 align:start position:0% knowing about your world knowing where food<00:45:06.319> is 00:45:06.630 --> 00:45:06.640 align:start position:0% food is 00:45:06.640 --> 00:45:09.030 align:start position:0% food is and<00:45:06.880> so<00:45:07.040> on<00:45:08.000> and<00:45:08.160> another<00:45:08.400> thing<00:45:08.640> interesting 00:45:09.030 --> 00:45:09.040 align:start position:0% and so on and another thing interesting 00:45:09.040 --> 00:45:11.270 align:start position:0% and so on and another thing interesting about<00:45:09.280> it<00:45:09.520> is<00:45:09.760> that 00:45:11.270 --> 00:45:11.280 align:start position:0% about it is that 00:45:11.280 --> 00:45:13.990 align:start position:0% about it is that i<00:45:11.440> mean<00:45:11.599> just<00:45:12.000> trivial<00:45:12.480> personal<00:45:12.800> history<00:45:13.119> but 00:45:13.990 --> 00:45:14.000 align:start position:0% i mean just trivial personal history but 00:45:14.000 --> 00:45:14.309 align:start position:0% i mean just trivial personal history but this 00:45:14.309 --> 00:45:14.319 align:start position:0% this 00:45:14.319 --> 00:45:16.309 align:start position:0% this in<00:45:14.400> some<00:45:14.640> sense<00:45:14.880> was<00:45:15.280> reinforcement<00:45:16.000> learning 00:45:16.309 --> 00:45:16.319 align:start position:0% in some sense was reinforcement learning 00:45:16.319 --> 00:45:17.589 align:start position:0% in some sense was reinforcement learning before<00:45:16.640> reinforcement 00:45:17.589 --> 00:45:17.599 align:start position:0% before reinforcement 00:45:17.599 --> 00:45:19.510 align:start position:0% before reinforcement learning<00:45:17.920> existed<00:45:18.480> because<00:45:18.960> we<00:45:19.119> had<00:45:19.440> the 00:45:19.510 --> 00:45:19.520 align:start position:0% learning existed because we had the 00:45:19.520 --> 00:45:21.430 align:start position:0% learning existed because we had the animal<00:45:19.839> was<00:45:19.920> hungry<00:45:20.400> then<00:45:20.640> the<00:45:20.720> reinforcement 00:45:21.430 --> 00:45:21.440 align:start position:0% animal was hungry then the reinforcement 00:45:21.440 --> 00:45:22.630 align:start position:0% animal was hungry then the reinforcement of<00:45:21.520> food<00:45:21.760> was<00:45:21.920> what<00:45:22.079> mattered<00:45:22.480> that<00:45:22.560> the 00:45:22.630 --> 00:45:22.640 align:start position:0% of food was what mattered that the 00:45:22.640 --> 00:45:23.750 align:start position:0% of food was what mattered that the animal<00:45:22.960> was<00:45:23.119> thirsty 00:45:23.750 --> 00:45:23.760 align:start position:0% animal was thirsty 00:45:23.760 --> 00:45:25.349 align:start position:0% animal was thirsty the<00:45:23.920> reinforcement<00:45:24.560> of<00:45:24.640> water<00:45:24.960> was<00:45:25.119> what 00:45:25.349 --> 00:45:25.359 align:start position:0% the reinforcement of water was what 00:45:25.359 --> 00:45:27.990 align:start position:0% the reinforcement of water was what mattered<00:45:26.319> in<00:45:26.560> any<00:45:26.720> case<00:45:27.040> avoiding<00:45:27.520> a<00:45:27.599> painful 00:45:27.990 --> 00:45:28.000 align:start position:0% mattered in any case avoiding a painful 00:45:28.000 --> 00:45:29.589 align:start position:0% mattered in any case avoiding a painful electric<00:45:28.480> shock 00:45:29.589 --> 00:45:29.599 align:start position:0% electric shock 00:45:29.599 --> 00:45:32.710 align:start position:0% electric shock was<00:45:29.920> important<00:45:31.280> and<00:45:31.520> so<00:45:31.760> in<00:45:31.920> fact<00:45:32.319> much 00:45:32.710 --> 00:45:32.720 align:start position:0% was important and so in fact much 00:45:32.720 --> 00:45:35.430 align:start position:0% was important and so in fact much later<00:45:33.920> after<00:45:34.240> the<00:45:34.400> theory<00:45:34.640> of<00:45:34.720> reinforcement 00:45:35.430 --> 00:45:35.440 align:start position:0% later after the theory of reinforcement 00:45:35.440 --> 00:45:37.030 align:start position:0% later after the theory of reinforcement learning<00:45:35.839> had<00:45:36.000> been<00:45:36.160> well<00:45:36.400> established<00:45:36.960> on 00:45:37.030 --> 00:45:37.040 align:start position:0% learning had been well established on 00:45:37.040 --> 00:45:37.910 align:start position:0% learning had been well established on the<00:45:37.119> basis<00:45:37.520> of 00:45:37.910 --> 00:45:37.920 align:start position:0% the basis of 00:45:37.920 --> 00:45:40.630 align:start position:0% the basis of of<00:45:38.079> the<00:45:39.040> sutton<00:45:39.359> work<00:45:39.680> then<00:45:39.920> we<00:45:40.079> were<00:45:40.240> able<00:45:40.400> to 00:45:40.630 --> 00:45:40.640 align:start position:0% of the sutton work then we were able to 00:45:40.640 --> 00:45:42.790 align:start position:0% of the sutton work then we were able to improve<00:45:41.040> our<00:45:41.200> original<00:45:41.599> model 00:45:42.790 --> 00:45:42.800 align:start position:0% improve our original model 00:45:42.800 --> 00:45:45.190 align:start position:0% improve our original model by<00:45:43.119> formally<00:45:43.599> using<00:45:44.079> some<00:45:44.240> of<00:45:44.400> the<00:45:44.560> theory<00:45:44.880> of 00:45:45.190 --> 00:45:45.200 align:start position:0% by formally using some of the theory of 00:45:45.200 --> 00:45:45.990 align:start position:0% by formally using some of the theory of reinforcement 00:45:45.990 --> 00:45:46.000 align:start position:0% reinforcement 00:45:46.000 --> 00:45:49.190 align:start position:0% reinforcement learning<00:45:47.520> to<00:45:48.079> fit<00:45:48.480> things<00:45:48.800> that<00:45:48.960> have<00:45:49.040> been 00:45:49.190 --> 00:45:49.200 align:start position:0% learning to fit things that have been 00:45:49.200 --> 00:45:51.589 align:start position:0% learning to fit things that have been done<00:45:49.359> in<00:45:49.520> an<00:45:49.680> ad<00:45:49.839> hoc<00:45:50.160> fashion<00:45:50.560> on<00:45:50.720> the<00:45:50.800> first 00:45:51.589 --> 00:45:51.599 align:start position:0% done in an ad hoc fashion on the first 00:45:51.599 --> 00:45:55.030 align:start position:0% done in an ad hoc fashion on the first on<00:45:51.760> the<00:45:51.920> first<00:45:52.240> pass<00:45:54.480> so 00:45:55.030 --> 00:45:55.040 align:start position:0% on the first pass so 00:45:55.040 --> 00:45:58.150 align:start position:0% on the first pass so that<00:45:55.200> was<00:45:56.000> mostly<00:45:56.400> sort<00:45:56.560> of<00:45:56.800> perceptual<00:45:57.760> side 00:45:58.150 --> 00:45:58.160 align:start position:0% that was mostly sort of perceptual side 00:45:58.160 --> 00:45:58.950 align:start position:0% that was mostly sort of perceptual side but 00:45:58.950 --> 00:45:58.960 align:start position:0% but 00:45:58.960 --> 00:46:00.870 align:start position:0% but did<00:45:59.200> you<00:45:59.280> see<00:45:59.440> this<00:45:59.599> also<00:45:59.920> on<00:46:00.079> the<00:46:00.160> motor<00:46:00.480> side 00:46:00.870 --> 00:46:00.880 align:start position:0% did you see this also on the motor side 00:46:00.880 --> 00:46:02.309 align:start position:0% did you see this also on the motor side in<00:46:00.960> terms<00:46:01.280> of<00:46:01.440> the<00:46:01.599> central<00:46:01.920> pattern 00:46:02.309 --> 00:46:02.319 align:start position:0% in terms of the central pattern 00:46:02.319 --> 00:46:03.589 align:start position:0% in terms of the central pattern generators 00:46:03.589 --> 00:46:03.599 align:start position:0% generators 00:46:03.599 --> 00:46:06.470 align:start position:0% generators being<00:46:03.839> controlled<00:46:04.240> by<00:46:04.440> representations<00:46:05.599> and 00:46:06.470 --> 00:46:06.480 align:start position:0% being controlled by representations and 00:46:06.480 --> 00:46:07.270 align:start position:0% being controlled by representations and or 00:46:07.270 --> 00:46:07.280 align:start position:0% or 00:46:07.280 --> 00:46:10.710 align:start position:0% or grasping<00:46:07.920> and<00:46:08.480> trajectories<00:46:09.200> of<00:46:09.680> them 00:46:10.710 --> 00:46:10.720 align:start position:0% grasping and trajectories of them 00:46:10.720 --> 00:46:13.750 align:start position:0% grasping and trajectories of them okay<00:46:11.119> so<00:46:12.079> um<00:46:13.040> the 00:46:13.750 --> 00:46:13.760 align:start position:0% okay so um the 00:46:13.760 --> 00:46:15.829 align:start position:0% okay so um the central<00:46:14.160> patent<00:46:14.480> generators<00:46:15.040> were<00:46:15.200> always 00:46:15.829 --> 00:46:15.839 align:start position:0% central patent generators were always 00:46:15.839 --> 00:46:17.510 align:start position:0% central patent generators were always interesting 00:46:17.510 --> 00:46:17.520 align:start position:0% interesting 00:46:17.520 --> 00:46:22.470 align:start position:0% interesting um<00:46:19.440> we<00:46:19.599> had<00:46:19.839> some<00:46:20.079> interaction 00:46:22.470 --> 00:46:22.480 align:start position:0% um we had some interaction 00:46:22.480 --> 00:46:25.510 align:start position:0% um we had some interaction and<00:46:22.640> i<00:46:22.720> think<00:46:23.040> the<00:46:24.000> at<00:46:24.160> the<00:46:24.240> ucsd<00:46:24.880> sabbatical 00:46:25.510 --> 00:46:25.520 align:start position:0% and i think the at the ucsd sabbatical 00:46:25.520 --> 00:46:26.829 align:start position:0% and i think the at the ucsd sabbatical where<00:46:25.760> i<00:46:26.000> met 00:46:26.829 --> 00:46:26.839 align:start position:0% where i met 00:46:26.839 --> 00:46:29.829 align:start position:0% where i met um<00:46:27.280> actually<00:46:27.599> no<00:46:27.760> it<00:46:27.839> goes<00:46:28.480> goes<00:46:28.720> way<00:46:28.960> back 00:46:29.829 --> 00:46:29.839 align:start position:0% um actually no it goes goes way back 00:46:29.839 --> 00:46:33.910 align:start position:0% um actually no it goes goes way back okay<00:46:30.319> so<00:46:30.640> way<00:46:30.960> way<00:46:31.200> way<00:46:31.440> back<00:46:31.839> at<00:46:32.720> stanford 00:46:33.910 --> 00:46:33.920 align:start position:0% okay so way way way back at stanford 00:46:33.920 --> 00:46:36.790 align:start position:0% okay so way way way back at stanford uh<00:46:34.240> there<00:46:34.400> were<00:46:34.640> two<00:46:34.800> people<00:46:35.280> working<00:46:35.839> on<00:46:36.480> uh 00:46:36.790 --> 00:46:36.800 align:start position:0% uh there were two people working on uh 00:46:36.800 --> 00:46:38.309 align:start position:0% uh there were two people working on uh central<00:46:37.200> pattern<00:46:37.520> generators<00:46:38.079> and 00:46:38.309 --> 00:46:38.319 align:start position:0% central pattern generators and 00:46:38.319 --> 00:46:41.430 align:start position:0% central pattern generators and insects<00:46:39.200> um<00:46:40.319> don<00:46:40.560> wilson 00:46:41.430 --> 00:46:41.440 align:start position:0% insects um don wilson 00:46:41.440 --> 00:46:44.230 align:start position:0% insects um don wilson who<00:46:42.000> died<00:46:42.960> rather<00:46:43.280> young<00:46:43.599> in<00:46:43.680> a<00:46:43.839> boating 00:46:44.230 --> 00:46:44.240 align:start position:0% who died rather young in a boating 00:46:44.240 --> 00:46:46.470 align:start position:0% who died rather young in a boating accident<00:46:44.720> on<00:46:44.800> the<00:46:44.960> snake<00:46:45.359> river<00:46:45.680> i<00:46:45.760> think 00:46:46.470 --> 00:46:46.480 align:start position:0% accident on the snake river i think 00:46:46.480 --> 00:46:49.910 align:start position:0% accident on the snake river i think and<00:46:46.880> don<00:46:47.200> kennedy<00:46:47.680> who<00:46:47.839> went<00:46:48.079> on<00:46:48.319> to<00:46:48.480> be 00:46:49.910 --> 00:46:49.920 align:start position:0% and don kennedy who went on to be 00:46:49.920 --> 00:46:51.990 align:start position:0% and don kennedy who went on to be chairman<00:46:50.319> of<00:46:50.400> the<00:46:50.560> fda<00:46:51.119> and<00:46:51.440> president<00:46:51.839> of 00:46:51.990 --> 00:46:52.000 align:start position:0% chairman of the fda and president of 00:46:52.000 --> 00:46:53.190 align:start position:0% chairman of the fda and president of stanford 00:46:53.190 --> 00:46:53.200 align:start position:0% stanford 00:46:53.200 --> 00:46:56.069 align:start position:0% stanford and<00:46:53.440> so<00:46:54.079> the<00:46:54.319> study<00:46:54.720> of<00:46:55.359> central<00:46:55.760> pattern 00:46:56.069 --> 00:46:56.079 align:start position:0% and so the study of central pattern 00:46:56.079 --> 00:46:57.430 align:start position:0% and so the study of central pattern generators<00:46:56.640> was<00:46:56.800> always<00:46:57.119> an 00:46:57.430 --> 00:46:57.440 align:start position:0% generators was always an 00:46:57.440 --> 00:47:01.430 align:start position:0% generators was always an interesting<00:46:58.079> theme<00:46:58.400> for<00:46:58.640> us<00:46:58.800> but<00:47:00.400> apart<00:47:01.119> from 00:47:01.430 --> 00:47:01.440 align:start position:0% interesting theme for us but apart from 00:47:01.440 --> 00:47:04.390 align:start position:0% interesting theme for us but apart from tony<00:47:01.839> lewis's<00:47:02.480> thesis<00:47:02.960> and<00:47:03.119> alky<00:47:03.520> i<00:47:03.680> spirits 00:47:04.390 --> 00:47:04.400 align:start position:0% tony lewis's thesis and alky i spirits 00:47:04.400 --> 00:47:04.950 align:start position:0% tony lewis's thesis and alky i spirits um 00:47:04.950 --> 00:47:04.960 align:start position:0% um 00:47:04.960 --> 00:47:06.790 align:start position:0% um postdoc<00:47:05.680> that<00:47:05.839> hasn't<00:47:06.160> been<00:47:06.400> something<00:47:06.720> that 00:47:06.790 --> 00:47:06.800 align:start position:0% postdoc that hasn't been something that 00:47:06.800 --> 00:47:08.230 align:start position:0% postdoc that hasn't been something that we've<00:47:07.040> really 00:47:08.230 --> 00:47:08.240 align:start position:0% we've really 00:47:08.240 --> 00:47:10.069 align:start position:0% we've really developed<00:47:08.960> as<00:47:09.119> this<00:47:09.280> thing<00:47:09.520> from<00:47:09.680> being<00:47:09.920> part 00:47:10.069 --> 00:47:10.079 align:start position:0% developed as this thing from being part 00:47:10.079 --> 00:47:11.829 align:start position:0% developed as this thing from being part of<00:47:10.240> just<00:47:10.400> the<00:47:10.560> general<00:47:10.960> culture<00:47:11.359> that<00:47:11.520> i<00:47:11.599> share 00:47:11.829 --> 00:47:11.839 align:start position:0% of just the general culture that i share 00:47:11.839 --> 00:47:13.510 align:start position:0% of just the general culture that i share with<00:47:12.000> my<00:47:12.240> students 00:47:13.510 --> 00:47:13.520 align:start position:0% with my students 00:47:13.520 --> 00:47:17.430 align:start position:0% with my students um<00:47:14.480> and<00:47:14.640> then<00:47:14.880> with<00:47:15.119> the<00:47:15.760> the<00:47:15.920> hands 00:47:17.430 --> 00:47:17.440 align:start position:0% um and then with the the hands 00:47:17.440 --> 00:47:19.670 align:start position:0% um and then with the the hands the<00:47:17.599> whole<00:47:17.839> point<00:47:18.000> was<00:47:18.240> that<00:47:18.480> it<00:47:18.560> wasn't<00:47:19.520> a 00:47:19.670 --> 00:47:19.680 align:start position:0% the whole point was that it wasn't a 00:47:19.680 --> 00:47:22.230 align:start position:0% the whole point was that it wasn't a central<00:47:20.079> pattern<00:47:20.480> generator 00:47:22.230 --> 00:47:22.240 align:start position:0% central pattern generator 00:47:22.240 --> 00:47:24.069 align:start position:0% central pattern generator in<00:47:22.319> the<00:47:22.480> sense<00:47:22.720> of<00:47:22.800> an<00:47:22.960> ongoing<00:47:23.440> rhythm<00:47:23.760> to<00:47:23.920> be 00:47:24.069 --> 00:47:24.079 align:start position:0% in the sense of an ongoing rhythm to be 00:47:24.079 --> 00:47:25.910 align:start position:0% in the sense of an ongoing rhythm to be modulated<00:47:24.800> it<00:47:24.880> really<00:47:25.119> was<00:47:25.359> a<00:47:25.440> discrete 00:47:25.910 --> 00:47:25.920 align:start position:0% modulated it really was a discrete 00:47:25.920 --> 00:47:27.109 align:start position:0% modulated it really was a discrete movement 00:47:27.109 --> 00:47:27.119 align:start position:0% movement 00:47:27.119 --> 00:47:29.109 align:start position:0% movement and<00:47:27.280> in<00:47:27.440> fact<00:47:28.000> one<00:47:28.160> of<00:47:28.319> stephen<00:47:28.720> charles 00:47:29.109 --> 00:47:29.119 align:start position:0% and in fact one of stephen charles 00:47:29.119 --> 00:47:31.990 align:start position:0% and in fact one of stephen charles papers<00:47:29.520> is<00:47:29.680> where<00:47:29.839> he<00:47:30.079> claims<00:47:30.480> to<00:47:30.640> have 00:47:31.990 --> 00:47:32.000 align:start position:0% papers is where he claims to have 00:47:32.000 --> 00:47:34.069 align:start position:0% papers is where he claims to have differential<00:47:32.720> brain<00:47:33.040> imaging<00:47:33.440> for<00:47:33.599> discrete 00:47:34.069 --> 00:47:34.079 align:start position:0% differential brain imaging for discrete 00:47:34.079 --> 00:47:36.790 align:start position:0% differential brain imaging for discrete movements<00:47:34.480> versus<00:47:34.880> rhythmic<00:47:35.359> movements 00:47:36.790 --> 00:47:36.800 align:start position:0% movements versus rhythmic movements 00:47:36.800 --> 00:47:39.670 align:start position:0% movements versus rhythmic movements so<00:47:37.280> um<00:47:38.160> the<00:47:38.319> idea<00:47:38.559> of<00:47:38.640> okay<00:47:38.880> you've<00:47:39.359> got<00:47:39.520> a 00:47:39.670 --> 00:47:39.680 align:start position:0% so um the idea of okay you've got a 00:47:39.680 --> 00:47:41.109 align:start position:0% so um the idea of okay you've got a target<00:47:40.079> and<00:47:40.240> then<00:47:40.400> you're 00:47:41.109 --> 00:47:41.119 align:start position:0% target and then you're 00:47:41.119 --> 00:47:43.270 align:start position:0% target and then you're coordinating<00:47:41.920> two<00:47:42.160> controllers<00:47:42.800> one<00:47:43.040> to<00:47:43.119> get 00:47:43.270 --> 00:47:43.280 align:start position:0% coordinating two controllers one to get 00:47:43.280 --> 00:47:45.349 align:start position:0% coordinating two controllers one to get the<00:47:43.440> arm<00:47:43.599> to<00:47:43.760> the<00:47:43.839> right<00:47:44.160> place 00:47:45.349 --> 00:47:45.359 align:start position:0% the arm to the right place 00:47:45.359 --> 00:47:46.870 align:start position:0% the arm to the right place to<00:47:45.599> carry<00:47:45.839> the<00:47:46.000> hand<00:47:46.240> the<00:47:46.400> other<00:47:46.559> to<00:47:46.640> get<00:47:46.800> the 00:47:46.870 --> 00:47:46.880 align:start position:0% to carry the hand the other to get the 00:47:46.880 --> 00:47:48.630 align:start position:0% to carry the hand the other to get the hand<00:47:47.200> in<00:47:47.280> the<00:47:47.440> right<00:47:47.680> shape<00:47:48.000> to<00:47:48.160> grasp<00:47:48.559> the 00:47:48.630 --> 00:47:48.640 align:start position:0% hand in the right shape to grasp the 00:47:48.640 --> 00:47:49.750 align:start position:0% hand in the right shape to grasp the particular<00:47:49.119> object 00:47:49.750 --> 00:47:49.760 align:start position:0% particular object 00:47:49.760 --> 00:47:52.230 align:start position:0% particular object that<00:47:50.000> has<00:47:50.160> been<00:47:50.400> a<00:47:50.559> research<00:47:51.040> issue<00:47:52.079> that 00:47:52.230 --> 00:47:52.240 align:start position:0% that has been a research issue that 00:47:52.240 --> 00:47:53.990 align:start position:0% that has been a research issue that we've<00:47:52.480> looked<00:47:52.720> at<00:47:52.880> both<00:47:53.119> in<00:47:53.280> terms<00:47:53.520> of<00:47:53.680> neural 00:47:53.990 --> 00:47:54.000 align:start position:0% we've looked at both in terms of neural 00:47:54.000 --> 00:47:54.630 align:start position:0% we've looked at both in terms of neural networks 00:47:54.630 --> 00:47:54.640 align:start position:0% networks 00:47:54.640 --> 00:47:57.270 align:start position:0% networks and<00:47:55.440> in<00:47:55.520> one<00:47:55.760> phd<00:47:56.240> thesis<00:47:56.640> with<00:47:56.800> a<00:47:56.880> guy<00:47:57.040> named 00:47:57.270 --> 00:47:57.280 align:start position:0% and in one phd thesis with a guy named 00:47:57.280 --> 00:47:58.150 align:start position:0% and in one phd thesis with a guy named bruce<00:47:57.680> hoff 00:47:58.150 --> 00:47:58.160 align:start position:0% bruce hoff 00:47:58.160 --> 00:48:01.109 align:start position:0% bruce hoff in<00:47:58.240> terms<00:47:58.480> of<00:47:58.640> adaptive<00:47:59.200> control<00:47:59.760> theory 00:48:01.109 --> 00:48:01.119 align:start position:0% in terms of adaptive control theory 00:48:01.119 --> 00:48:03.829 align:start position:0% in terms of adaptive control theory where<00:48:01.359> we 00:48:03.829 --> 00:48:03.839 align:start position:0% 00:48:03.839 --> 00:48:05.750 align:start position:0% again<00:48:04.160> interacted<00:48:04.640> with<00:48:04.800> the<00:48:04.960> genero<00:48:05.440> group 00:48:05.750 --> 00:48:05.760 align:start position:0% again interacted with the genero group 00:48:05.760 --> 00:48:07.109 align:start position:0% again interacted with the genero group in<00:48:05.920> terms<00:48:06.240> of<00:48:06.480> data 00:48:07.109 --> 00:48:07.119 align:start position:0% in terms of data 00:48:07.119 --> 00:48:10.150 align:start position:0% in terms of data on<00:48:07.760> what<00:48:07.920> happens<00:48:08.319> when<00:48:08.559> you<00:48:09.520> perturb<00:48:10.000> the 00:48:10.150 --> 00:48:10.160 align:start position:0% on what happens when you perturb the 00:48:10.160 --> 00:48:12.069 align:start position:0% on what happens when you perturb the position<00:48:10.640> of<00:48:10.800> an<00:48:10.960> object<00:48:11.359> or<00:48:11.520> perturb 00:48:12.069 --> 00:48:12.079 align:start position:0% position of an object or perturb 00:48:12.079 --> 00:48:14.549 align:start position:0% position of an object or perturb the<00:48:12.240> size<00:48:12.559> of<00:48:12.640> an<00:48:12.880> object<00:48:13.839> how<00:48:14.079> can<00:48:14.319> the 00:48:14.549 --> 00:48:14.559 align:start position:0% the size of an object how can the 00:48:14.559 --> 00:48:15.589 align:start position:0% the size of an object how can the controller 00:48:15.589 --> 00:48:15.599 align:start position:0% controller 00:48:15.599 --> 00:48:18.470 align:start position:0% controller adapt<00:48:16.000> to<00:48:16.160> that<00:48:16.880> and<00:48:17.200> we<00:48:17.359> came<00:48:17.599> up<00:48:17.760> with<00:48:17.920> a<00:48:18.240> very 00:48:18.470 --> 00:48:18.480 align:start position:0% adapt to that and we came up with a very 00:48:18.480 --> 00:48:20.870 align:start position:0% adapt to that and we came up with a very interesting<00:48:19.040> model<00:48:19.359> that<00:48:19.520> explains<00:48:20.000> some 00:48:20.870 --> 00:48:20.880 align:start position:0% interesting model that explains some 00:48:20.880 --> 00:48:23.670 align:start position:0% interesting model that explains some rather<00:48:21.200> strange<00:48:21.599> anomalies<00:48:22.160> so<00:48:22.400> that<00:48:23.040> if<00:48:23.520> the 00:48:23.670 --> 00:48:23.680 align:start position:0% rather strange anomalies so that if the 00:48:23.680 --> 00:48:25.589 align:start position:0% rather strange anomalies so that if the hand<00:48:24.000> is<00:48:24.160> coming<00:48:24.480> out<00:48:24.720> like<00:48:24.960> this<00:48:25.280> and<00:48:25.440> you 00:48:25.589 --> 00:48:25.599 align:start position:0% hand is coming out like this and you 00:48:25.599 --> 00:48:27.190 align:start position:0% hand is coming out like this and you suddenly<00:48:26.079> switch 00:48:27.190 --> 00:48:27.200 align:start position:0% suddenly switch 00:48:27.200 --> 00:48:30.470 align:start position:0% suddenly switch the<00:48:27.440> size<00:48:27.760> of<00:48:27.920> the<00:48:28.079> object<00:48:29.839> it<00:48:30.079> may 00:48:30.470 --> 00:48:30.480 align:start position:0% the size of the object it may 00:48:30.480 --> 00:48:33.670 align:start position:0% the size of the object it may in<00:48:30.640> some<00:48:30.880> cases<00:48:31.440> not<00:48:31.760> stay<00:48:32.960> like<00:48:33.200> this 00:48:33.670 --> 00:48:33.680 align:start position:0% in some cases not stay like this 00:48:33.680 --> 00:48:35.510 align:start position:0% in some cases not stay like this and<00:48:33.839> go<00:48:34.079> into<00:48:34.480> the<00:48:34.559> new<00:48:34.800> size<00:48:35.040> the<00:48:35.200> audio<00:48:35.440> but 00:48:35.510 --> 00:48:35.520 align:start position:0% and go into the new size the audio but 00:48:35.520 --> 00:48:37.510 align:start position:0% and go into the new size the audio but it<00:48:35.680> may<00:48:35.839> actually<00:48:36.400> sort<00:48:36.559> of<00:48:36.720> shrink<00:48:37.040> down<00:48:37.280> and 00:48:37.510 --> 00:48:37.520 align:start position:0% it may actually sort of shrink down and 00:48:37.520 --> 00:48:38.630 align:start position:0% it may actually sort of shrink down and open<00:48:37.839> up<00:48:37.920> again 00:48:38.630 --> 00:48:38.640 align:start position:0% open up again 00:48:38.640 --> 00:48:40.950 align:start position:0% open up again and<00:48:39.599> sorry<00:48:39.920> that's<00:48:40.079> if<00:48:40.240> you<00:48:40.319> displace<00:48:40.800> the 00:48:40.950 --> 00:48:40.960 align:start position:0% and sorry that's if you displace the 00:48:40.960 --> 00:48:42.630 align:start position:0% and sorry that's if you displace the distance<00:48:41.359> to<00:48:41.520> the<00:48:41.680> object<00:48:42.079> so<00:48:42.240> we<00:48:42.319> came<00:48:42.559> up 00:48:42.630 --> 00:48:42.640 align:start position:0% distance to the object so we came up 00:48:42.640 --> 00:48:44.630 align:start position:0% distance to the object so we came up with<00:48:42.800> an<00:48:42.960> optimality<00:48:43.599> criterion 00:48:44.630 --> 00:48:44.640 align:start position:0% with an optimality criterion 00:48:44.640 --> 00:48:47.109 align:start position:0% with an optimality criterion for<00:48:44.800> the<00:48:45.040> coupling<00:48:45.599> to<00:48:45.760> say<00:48:46.000> basically<00:48:46.960> it 00:48:47.109 --> 00:48:47.119 align:start position:0% for the coupling to say basically it 00:48:47.119 --> 00:48:49.510 align:start position:0% for the coupling to say basically it costs<00:48:47.359> you<00:48:47.440> to<00:48:47.599> hold<00:48:47.760> the<00:48:47.920> hand<00:48:48.240> open 00:48:49.510 --> 00:48:49.520 align:start position:0% costs you to hold the hand open 00:48:49.520 --> 00:48:51.510 align:start position:0% costs you to hold the hand open so<00:48:49.760> if<00:48:49.920> you<00:48:50.319> if<00:48:50.400> you're<00:48:50.559> suddenly<00:48:50.960> told<00:48:51.359> i've 00:48:51.510 --> 00:48:51.520 align:start position:0% so if you if you're suddenly told i've 00:48:51.520 --> 00:48:53.829 align:start position:0% so if you if you're suddenly told i've got<00:48:51.760> further<00:48:52.079> to<00:48:52.160> go<00:48:52.400> before<00:48:52.800> i<00:48:52.960> grasp<00:48:53.440> then<00:48:53.680> it 00:48:53.829 --> 00:48:53.839 align:start position:0% got further to go before i grasp then it 00:48:53.839 --> 00:48:55.270 align:start position:0% got further to go before i grasp then it may<00:48:54.000> be<00:48:54.160> worth<00:48:54.400> your<00:48:54.559> while<00:48:54.720> to<00:48:54.880> close<00:48:55.119> the 00:48:55.270 --> 00:48:55.280 align:start position:0% may be worth your while to close the 00:48:55.280 --> 00:48:57.109 align:start position:0% may be worth your while to close the hand<00:48:55.520> for<00:48:55.680> a<00:48:55.760> while 00:48:57.109 --> 00:48:57.119 align:start position:0% hand for a while 00:48:57.119 --> 00:48:59.349 align:start position:0% hand for a while in<00:48:57.280> terms<00:48:57.440> of<00:48:57.520> that<00:48:57.680> optimality<00:48:58.240> criterion<00:48:59.200> so 00:48:59.349 --> 00:48:59.359 align:start position:0% in terms of that optimality criterion so 00:48:59.359 --> 00:49:01.030 align:start position:0% in terms of that optimality criterion so that<00:48:59.520> allowed<00:48:59.839> us<00:48:59.920> to<00:49:00.079> explain<00:49:00.480> what<00:49:00.720> it<00:49:00.800> first 00:49:01.030 --> 00:49:01.040 align:start position:0% that allowed us to explain what it first 00:49:01.040 --> 00:49:01.990 align:start position:0% that allowed us to explain what it first looked<00:49:01.280> like<00:49:01.440> some<00:49:01.680> very 00:49:01.990 --> 00:49:02.000 align:start position:0% looked like some very 00:49:02.000 --> 00:49:04.390 align:start position:0% looked like some very strange<00:49:02.480> behavior<00:49:03.520> that<00:49:03.760> genero<00:49:04.160> and<00:49:04.319> his 00:49:04.390 --> 00:49:04.400 align:start position:0% strange behavior that genero and his 00:49:04.400 --> 00:49:05.910 align:start position:0% strange behavior that genero and his colleagues<00:49:04.800> have<00:49:04.960> observed<00:49:05.359> in<00:49:05.440> their<00:49:05.680> work 00:49:05.910 --> 00:49:05.920 align:start position:0% colleagues have observed in their work 00:49:05.920 --> 00:49:09.670 align:start position:0% colleagues have observed in their work in<00:49:06.079> france 00:49:09.670 --> 00:49:09.680 align:start position:0% 00:49:09.680 --> 00:49:12.069 align:start position:0% you<00:49:09.839> discussed<00:49:10.400> a<00:49:10.480> lot<00:49:10.640> of<00:49:10.720> different<00:49:11.119> ways 00:49:12.069 --> 00:49:12.079 align:start position:0% you discussed a lot of different ways 00:49:12.079 --> 00:49:13.430 align:start position:0% you discussed a lot of different ways about<00:49:12.400> how<00:49:12.640> your 00:49:13.430 --> 00:49:13.440 align:start position:0% about how your 00:49:13.440 --> 00:49:15.510 align:start position:0% about how your kind<00:49:13.680> of<00:49:13.839> work<00:49:14.160> on<00:49:14.559> different<00:49:14.880> biological 00:49:15.510 --> 00:49:15.520 align:start position:0% kind of work on different biological 00:49:15.520 --> 00:49:16.470 align:start position:0% kind of work on different biological systems 00:49:16.470 --> 00:49:16.480 align:start position:0% systems 00:49:16.480 --> 00:49:18.630 align:start position:0% systems um<00:49:16.800> influence<00:49:17.359> things<00:49:17.680> and<00:49:17.920> robotics<00:49:18.400> i<00:49:18.480> was 00:49:18.630 --> 00:49:18.640 align:start position:0% um influence things and robotics i was 00:49:18.640 --> 00:49:19.910 align:start position:0% um influence things and robotics i was curious<00:49:19.119> if<00:49:19.280> your 00:49:19.910 --> 00:49:19.920 align:start position:0% curious if your 00:49:19.920 --> 00:49:21.270 align:start position:0% curious if your interactions<00:49:20.559> or<00:49:20.640> bodies<00:49:20.960> that's<00:49:21.119> in<00:49:21.200> your 00:49:21.270 --> 00:49:21.280 align:start position:0% interactions or bodies that's in your 00:49:21.280 --> 00:49:23.030 align:start position:0% interactions or bodies that's in your work<00:49:21.520> in<00:49:21.599> robotics<00:49:22.240> what<00:49:22.400> kind<00:49:22.559> of 00:49:23.030 --> 00:49:23.040 align:start position:0% work in robotics what kind of 00:49:23.040 --> 00:49:26.710 align:start position:0% work in robotics what kind of effect<00:49:23.520> it<00:49:23.680> had<00:49:24.000> on<00:49:24.640> um<00:49:25.280> on<00:49:25.599> the<00:49:25.760> rest<00:49:26.000> of<00:49:26.160> your 00:49:26.710 --> 00:49:26.720 align:start position:0% effect it had on um on the rest of your 00:49:26.720 --> 00:49:34.790 align:start position:0% effect it had on um on the rest of your your<00:49:28.839> work 00:49:34.790 --> 00:49:34.800 align:start position:0% 00:49:34.800 --> 00:49:37.430 align:start position:0% well<00:49:35.920> as<00:49:36.160> i<00:49:36.240> say<00:49:36.400> there<00:49:36.559> was<00:49:36.720> a<00:49:36.800> specific 00:49:37.430 --> 00:49:37.440 align:start position:0% well as i say there was a specific 00:49:37.440 --> 00:49:38.790 align:start position:0% well as i say there was a specific period 00:49:38.790 --> 00:49:38.800 align:start position:0% period 00:49:38.800 --> 00:49:41.270 align:start position:0% period at<00:49:39.440> umass<00:49:40.079> with<00:49:40.240> the<00:49:40.400> lab<00:49:40.640> for<00:49:40.800> perceptual 00:49:41.270 --> 00:49:41.280 align:start position:0% at umass with the lab for perceptual 00:49:41.280 --> 00:49:41.910 align:start position:0% at umass with the lab for perceptual robotics 00:49:41.910 --> 00:49:41.920 align:start position:0% robotics 00:49:41.920 --> 00:49:44.630 align:start position:0% robotics and<00:49:42.079> then<00:49:42.319> when<00:49:42.559> i<00:49:42.720> came<00:49:43.119> here<00:49:44.079> interacting 00:49:44.630 --> 00:49:44.640 align:start position:0% and then when i came here interacting 00:49:44.640 --> 00:49:46.470 align:start position:0% and then when i came here interacting with<00:49:44.880> becky<00:49:45.359> where<00:49:45.599> we<00:49:45.839> were<00:49:46.079> actually 00:49:46.470 --> 00:49:46.480 align:start position:0% with becky where we were actually 00:49:46.480 --> 00:49:48.630 align:start position:0% with becky where we were actually looking<00:49:46.960> at 00:49:48.630 --> 00:49:48.640 align:start position:0% looking at 00:49:48.640 --> 00:49:51.510 align:start position:0% looking at robots<00:49:50.079> as<00:49:50.240> well<00:49:50.480> as<00:49:50.640> continuing<00:49:51.119> the<00:49:51.280> brain 00:49:51.510 --> 00:49:51.520 align:start position:0% robots as well as continuing the brain 00:49:51.520 --> 00:49:52.549 align:start position:0% robots as well as continuing the brain modeling 00:49:52.549 --> 00:49:52.559 align:start position:0% modeling 00:49:52.559 --> 00:49:55.670 align:start position:0% modeling and<00:49:52.640> there<00:49:52.800> there<00:49:52.960> was<00:49:53.200> a<00:49:53.280> real<00:49:53.599> conversation 00:49:55.670 --> 00:49:55.680 align:start position:0% and there there was a real conversation 00:49:55.680 --> 00:49:58.069 align:start position:0% and there there was a real conversation thinking<00:49:56.079> about<00:49:56.400> the<00:49:56.880> optic<00:49:57.280> flow<00:49:57.680> in<00:49:57.760> terms 00:49:58.069 --> 00:49:58.079 align:start position:0% thinking about the optic flow in terms 00:49:58.079 --> 00:50:00.630 align:start position:0% thinking about the optic flow in terms of<00:49:58.160> how<00:49:58.319> the<00:49:58.400> robot<00:49:58.800> could<00:49:59.040> use<00:49:59.280> it 00:50:00.630 --> 00:50:00.640 align:start position:0% of how the robot could use it 00:50:00.640 --> 00:50:03.670 align:start position:0% of how the robot could use it fed<00:50:00.880> into<00:50:01.280> our<00:50:01.440> thought<00:50:01.760> about<00:50:02.160> the<00:50:03.359> the<00:50:03.440> other 00:50:03.670 --> 00:50:03.680 align:start position:0% fed into our thought about the the other 00:50:03.680 --> 00:50:05.190 align:start position:0% fed into our thought about the the other system<00:50:04.000> and<00:50:04.079> then<00:50:04.319> thinking<00:50:04.640> about 00:50:05.190 --> 00:50:05.200 align:start position:0% system and then thinking about 00:50:05.200 --> 00:50:07.990 align:start position:0% system and then thinking about hapsis<00:50:05.760> of<00:50:06.160> the<00:50:06.319> sense<00:50:06.640> of<00:50:06.800> touch<00:50:07.760> was 00:50:07.990 --> 00:50:08.000 align:start position:0% hapsis of the sense of touch was 00:50:08.000 --> 00:50:08.870 align:start position:0% hapsis of the sense of touch was influenced 00:50:08.870 --> 00:50:08.880 align:start position:0% influenced 00:50:08.880 --> 00:50:11.270 align:start position:0% influenced by<00:50:09.040> the<00:50:09.200> robotics<00:50:10.400> but<00:50:10.559> but<00:50:10.720> i<00:50:10.800> would<00:50:10.960> say<00:50:11.119> that 00:50:11.270 --> 00:50:11.280 align:start position:0% by the robotics but but i would say that 00:50:11.280 --> 00:50:11.990 align:start position:0% by the robotics but but i would say that in<00:50:11.359> my<00:50:11.520> personal 00:50:11.990 --> 00:50:12.000 align:start position:0% in my personal 00:50:12.000 --> 00:50:14.710 align:start position:0% in my personal history<00:50:12.400> it<00:50:12.559> is<00:50:12.800> more<00:50:13.760> trying<00:50:14.000> to<00:50:14.160> understand 00:50:14.710 --> 00:50:14.720 align:start position:0% history it is more trying to understand 00:50:14.720 --> 00:50:15.349 align:start position:0% history it is more trying to understand the<00:50:14.800> brain 00:50:15.349 --> 00:50:15.359 align:start position:0% the brain 00:50:15.359 --> 00:50:18.069 align:start position:0% the brain and<00:50:15.599> the<00:50:16.000> robotics<00:50:17.280> is<00:50:17.520> a<00:50:17.599> source<00:50:17.920> of 00:50:18.069 --> 00:50:18.079 align:start position:0% and the robotics is a source of 00:50:18.079 --> 00:50:20.630 align:start position:0% and the robotics is a source of stimulation<00:50:18.880> and<00:50:19.119> occasional<00:50:19.680> application 00:50:20.630 --> 00:50:20.640 align:start position:0% stimulation and occasional application 00:50:20.640 --> 00:50:22.630 align:start position:0% stimulation and occasional application rather<00:50:20.960> than<00:50:21.680> many<00:50:21.920> other<00:50:22.079> people<00:50:22.400> you'll 00:50:22.630 --> 00:50:22.640 align:start position:0% rather than many other people you'll 00:50:22.640 --> 00:50:24.470 align:start position:0% rather than many other people you'll talk<00:50:22.880> to<00:50:23.280> for<00:50:23.440> whom<00:50:23.760> they're 00:50:24.470 --> 00:50:24.480 align:start position:0% talk to for whom they're 00:50:24.480 --> 00:50:26.150 align:start position:0% talk to for whom they're roboticists<00:50:25.200> and<00:50:25.280> they<00:50:25.520> learn<00:50:25.680> a<00:50:25.760> little<00:50:25.920> bit 00:50:26.150 --> 00:50:26.160 align:start position:0% roboticists and they learn a little bit 00:50:26.160 --> 00:50:28.630 align:start position:0% roboticists and they learn a little bit from<00:50:26.880> the<00:50:27.040> biology<00:50:27.599> occasionally<00:50:28.240> rather 00:50:28.630 --> 00:50:28.640 align:start position:0% from the biology occasionally rather 00:50:28.640 --> 00:50:29.270 align:start position:0% from the biology occasionally rather than 00:50:29.270 --> 00:50:29.280 align:start position:0% than 00:50:29.280 --> 00:50:32.950 align:start position:0% than centrally<00:50:31.839> and<00:50:32.000> now<00:50:32.240> there<00:50:32.480> seems<00:50:32.720> to<00:50:32.800> be 00:50:32.950 --> 00:50:32.960 align:start position:0% centrally and now there seems to be 00:50:32.960 --> 00:50:35.829 align:start position:0% centrally and now there seems to be quite<00:50:33.119> a<00:50:33.200> push<00:50:33.520> for<00:50:33.760> cognitive<00:50:34.319> robotics<00:50:34.960> as<00:50:35.119> a 00:50:35.829 --> 00:50:35.839 align:start position:0% quite a push for cognitive robotics as a 00:50:35.839 --> 00:50:39.109 align:start position:0% quite a push for cognitive robotics as a new<00:50:36.160> area<00:50:36.640> of 00:50:39.109 --> 00:50:39.119 align:start position:0% 00:50:39.119 --> 00:50:41.109 align:start position:0% research<00:50:39.680> and<00:50:39.760> expansion<00:50:40.400> do<00:50:40.559> you<00:50:40.640> have<00:50:40.800> any 00:50:41.109 --> 00:50:41.119 align:start position:0% research and expansion do you have any 00:50:41.119 --> 00:50:42.950 align:start position:0% research and expansion do you have any comments<00:50:41.520> on<00:50:41.599> that<00:50:41.760> or<00:50:41.920> is<00:50:42.079> that<00:50:42.240> something 00:50:42.950 --> 00:50:42.960 align:start position:0% comments on that or is that something 00:50:42.960 --> 00:50:44.870 align:start position:0% comments on that or is that something interesting<00:50:43.680> that's<00:50:43.920> what<00:50:44.079> i've<00:50:44.160> done<00:50:44.400> for<00:50:44.559> 40 00:50:44.870 --> 00:50:44.880 align:start position:0% interesting that's what i've done for 40 00:50:44.880 --> 00:50:47.270 align:start position:0% interesting that's what i've done for 40 years 00:50:47.270 --> 00:50:47.280 align:start position:0% 00:50:47.280 --> 00:50:48.790 align:start position:0% if<00:50:47.359> they<00:50:47.520> want<00:50:47.680> to<00:50:47.760> say<00:50:47.920> it's<00:50:48.160> new<00:50:48.400> good<00:50:48.640> on 00:50:48.790 --> 00:50:48.800 align:start position:0% if they want to say it's new good on 00:50:48.800 --> 00:50:50.950 align:start position:0% if they want to say it's new good on them<00:50:48.960> but<00:50:50.000> it's<00:50:50.160> the<00:50:50.319> same<00:50:50.559> with 00:50:50.950 --> 00:50:50.960 align:start position:0% them but it's the same with 00:50:50.960 --> 00:50:52.630 align:start position:0% them but it's the same with embodiment<00:50:51.680> and<00:50:51.760> so<00:50:51.920> on<00:50:52.079> i<00:50:52.160> mean<00:50:52.319> this<00:50:52.480> is<00:50:52.559> what 00:50:52.630 --> 00:50:52.640 align:start position:0% embodiment and so on i mean this is what 00:50:52.640 --> 00:50:54.390 align:start position:0% embodiment and so on i mean this is what we've<00:50:52.800> been<00:50:53.119> doing<00:50:53.440> ever<00:50:53.680> since<00:50:53.839> we<00:50:54.079> started 00:50:54.390 --> 00:50:54.400 align:start position:0% we've been doing ever since we started 00:50:54.400 --> 00:50:55.430 align:start position:0% we've been doing ever since we started work<00:50:54.640> on 00:50:55.430 --> 00:50:55.440 align:start position:0% work on 00:50:55.440 --> 00:50:57.430 align:start position:0% work on on<00:50:55.599> the<00:50:55.760> frogs<00:50:56.160> and<00:50:56.240> suddenly<00:50:56.640> people<00:50:56.880> in<00:50:57.040> ai 00:50:57.430 --> 00:50:57.440 align:start position:0% on the frogs and suddenly people in ai 00:50:57.440 --> 00:50:58.870 align:start position:0% on the frogs and suddenly people in ai and<00:50:57.599> cognitive<00:50:58.079> science<00:50:58.400> are<00:50:58.480> talking<00:50:58.720> about 00:50:58.870 --> 00:50:58.880 align:start position:0% and cognitive science are talking about 00:50:58.880 --> 00:51:02.230 align:start position:0% and cognitive science are talking about embodied<00:50:59.440> ai<00:50:59.839> embodied<00:51:00.319> robotics<00:51:00.880> but 00:51:02.230 --> 00:51:02.240 align:start position:0% embodied ai embodied robotics but 00:51:02.240 --> 00:51:04.230 align:start position:0% embodied ai embodied robotics but i<00:51:02.319> mean<00:51:02.559> not<00:51:02.800> everybody<00:51:03.119> robotics<00:51:03.760> embodied 00:51:04.230 --> 00:51:04.240 align:start position:0% i mean not everybody robotics embodied 00:51:04.240 --> 00:51:06.549 align:start position:0% i mean not everybody robotics embodied cognition<00:51:04.960> but<00:51:05.200> really<00:51:05.520> this<00:51:05.760> has<00:51:05.920> been 00:51:06.549 --> 00:51:06.559 align:start position:0% cognition but really this has been 00:51:06.559 --> 00:51:10.549 align:start position:0% cognition but really this has been a<00:51:06.720> central<00:51:07.200> theme<00:51:07.520> ever<00:51:07.839> since<00:51:09.520> the<00:51:09.680> late<00:51:10.000> 60s 00:51:10.549 --> 00:51:10.559 align:start position:0% a central theme ever since the late 60s 00:51:10.559 --> 00:51:14.549 align:start position:0% a central theme ever since the late 60s in<00:51:10.720> my<00:51:10.960> work 00:51:14.549 --> 00:51:14.559 align:start position:0% 00:51:14.559 --> 00:51:17.589 align:start position:0% so<00:51:14.800> what<00:51:15.040> year<00:51:15.280> did<00:51:15.440> you<00:51:16.319> create<00:51:16.720> the 00:51:17.589 --> 00:51:17.599 align:start position:0% so what year did you create the 00:51:17.599 --> 00:51:23.470 align:start position:0% so what year did you create the lab<00:51:17.839> for<00:51:18.000> perceptual<00:51:20.839> robotics 00:51:23.470 --> 00:51:23.480 align:start position:0% lab for perceptual robotics 00:51:23.480 --> 00:51:26.950 align:start position:0% lab for perceptual robotics 1980-ish 00:51:26.950 --> 00:51:26.960 align:start position:0% 00:51:26.960 --> 00:51:31.109 align:start position:0% um<00:51:29.599> yeah<00:51:29.920> probably 00:51:31.109 --> 00:51:31.119 align:start position:0% um yeah probably 00:51:31.119 --> 00:51:32.150 align:start position:0% um yeah probably might<00:51:31.280> have<00:51:31.359> been<00:51:31.520> a<00:51:31.599> couple<00:51:31.839> of<00:51:31.920> years 00:51:32.150 --> 00:51:32.160 align:start position:0% might have been a couple of years 00:51:32.160 --> 00:51:35.670 align:start position:0% might have been a couple of years earlier<00:51:32.800> but<00:51:33.760> 1980-ish<00:51:34.720> would<00:51:34.880> be<00:51:35.040> right<00:51:35.599> and 00:51:35.670 --> 00:51:35.680 align:start position:0% earlier but 1980-ish would be right and 00:51:35.680 --> 00:51:37.790 align:start position:0% earlier but 1980-ish would be right and what<00:51:35.839> year<00:51:36.079> did<00:51:36.240> you<00:51:36.319> come<00:51:36.480> to<00:51:36.640> usc 00:51:37.790 --> 00:51:37.800 align:start position:0% what year did you come to usc 00:51:37.800 --> 00:51:47.109 align:start position:0% what year did you come to usc 1986. 00:51:47.109 --> 00:51:47.119 align:start position:0% 00:51:47.119 --> 00:51:49.589 align:start position:0% and<00:51:47.440> the<00:51:47.520> perceptual<00:51:48.000> lab<00:51:48.240> is<00:51:48.400> still<00:51:48.559> going 00:51:49.589 --> 00:51:49.599 align:start position:0% and the perceptual lab is still going 00:51:49.599 --> 00:51:50.549 align:start position:0% and the perceptual lab is still going yeah<00:51:49.920> well 00:51:50.549 --> 00:51:50.559 align:start position:0% yeah well 00:51:50.559 --> 00:51:52.069 align:start position:0% yeah well when<00:51:50.720> i<00:51:50.800> was<00:51:50.960> last<00:51:51.200> at<00:51:51.280> umass<00:51:51.680> about<00:51:51.920> three 00:51:52.069 --> 00:51:52.079 align:start position:0% when i was last at umass about three 00:51:52.079 --> 00:51:54.150 align:start position:0% when i was last at umass about three years<00:51:52.319> ago<00:51:52.559> it<00:51:52.640> was<00:51:52.880> and<00:51:53.280> a<00:51:53.440> guy<00:51:53.599> named<00:51:53.920> rod 00:51:54.150 --> 00:51:54.160 align:start position:0% years ago it was and a guy named rod 00:51:54.160 --> 00:51:55.750 align:start position:0% years ago it was and a guy named rod groupen 00:51:55.750 --> 00:51:55.760 align:start position:0% groupen 00:51:55.760 --> 00:51:59.670 align:start position:0% groupen was<00:51:56.000> at<00:51:56.079> that<00:51:56.240> time<00:51:56.559> leading<00:51:56.960> it<00:51:57.359> and<00:51:58.480> not<00:51:58.720> only 00:51:59.670 --> 00:51:59.680 align:start position:0% was at that time leading it and not only 00:51:59.680 --> 00:52:02.790 align:start position:0% was at that time leading it and not only as<00:51:59.920> i<00:52:00.079> said<00:52:00.319> before<00:52:01.599> with<00:52:01.760> a<00:52:01.839> much<00:52:02.160> wider<00:52:02.559> range 00:52:02.790 --> 00:52:02.800 align:start position:0% as i said before with a much wider range 00:52:02.800 --> 00:52:04.630 align:start position:0% as i said before with a much wider range of<00:52:02.960> robots<00:52:03.359> than<00:52:03.520> we<00:52:03.680> had<00:52:03.920> when<00:52:04.079> i<00:52:04.240> left 00:52:04.630 --> 00:52:04.640 align:start position:0% of robots than we had when i left 00:52:04.640 --> 00:52:07.349 align:start position:0% of robots than we had when i left but<00:52:05.680> nonetheless<00:52:06.240> building<00:52:06.559> on<00:52:06.720> the<00:52:06.880> schema 00:52:07.349 --> 00:52:07.359 align:start position:0% but nonetheless building on the schema 00:52:07.359 --> 00:52:09.430 align:start position:0% but nonetheless building on the schema theory<00:52:07.760> that<00:52:07.920> i<00:52:08.000> had<00:52:08.240> initiated<00:52:08.960> so<00:52:09.119> it<00:52:09.200> was 00:52:09.430 --> 00:52:09.440 align:start position:0% theory that i had initiated so it was 00:52:09.440 --> 00:52:12.309 align:start position:0% theory that i had initiated so it was nice<00:52:09.680> to<00:52:09.839> see<00:52:10.079> that<00:52:10.240> those<00:52:10.559> ideas<00:52:11.200> that 00:52:12.309 --> 00:52:12.319 align:start position:0% nice to see that those ideas that 00:52:12.319 --> 00:52:14.390 align:start position:0% nice to see that those ideas that i<00:52:12.559> developed<00:52:13.040> at<00:52:13.200> ronak<00:52:13.680> and<00:52:13.839> developed<00:52:14.160> the 00:52:14.390 --> 00:52:14.400 align:start position:0% i developed at ronak and developed the 00:52:14.400 --> 00:52:17.349 align:start position:0% i developed at ronak and developed the damien<00:52:14.800> lions<00:52:15.280> who<00:52:15.440> came<00:52:15.680> up<00:52:15.760> with<00:52:16.000> our<00:52:16.240> rs 00:52:17.349 --> 00:52:17.359 align:start position:0% damien lions who came up with our rs 00:52:17.359 --> 00:52:20.549 align:start position:0% damien lions who came up with our rs schema<00:52:17.760> language<00:52:18.880> that<00:52:19.040> that<00:52:19.280> work<00:52:19.760> that 00:52:20.549 --> 00:52:20.559 align:start position:0% schema language that that work that 00:52:20.559 --> 00:52:24.950 align:start position:0% schema language that that work that had<00:52:20.960> been<00:52:22.880> from<00:52:23.119> the<00:52:23.280> early<00:52:23.599> 80s<00:52:24.160> basically 00:52:24.950 --> 00:52:24.960 align:start position:0% had been from the early 80s basically 00:52:24.960 --> 00:52:27.990 align:start position:0% had been from the early 80s basically at<00:52:25.200> umass<00:52:26.800> that<00:52:26.960> the<00:52:27.119> person<00:52:27.440> who<00:52:27.520> had<00:52:27.680> taken 00:52:27.990 --> 00:52:28.000 align:start position:0% at umass that the person who had taken 00:52:28.000 --> 00:52:29.910 align:start position:0% at umass that the person who had taken over<00:52:28.240> the<00:52:28.319> lab<00:52:28.480> for<00:52:28.640> perceptual<00:52:29.119> robotics<00:52:29.680> was 00:52:29.910 --> 00:52:29.920 align:start position:0% over the lab for perceptual robotics was 00:52:29.920 --> 00:52:32.630 align:start position:0% over the lab for perceptual robotics was in<00:52:30.079> some<00:52:30.319> sense<00:52:30.559> building<00:52:30.880> on<00:52:31.040> that<00:52:31.280> tradition 00:52:32.630 --> 00:52:32.640 align:start position:0% in some sense building on that tradition 00:52:32.640 --> 00:52:35.270 align:start position:0% in some sense building on that tradition rather<00:52:32.960> than<00:52:33.119> just<00:52:33.359> doing<00:52:34.319> any<00:52:34.559> old<00:52:34.720> robotics 00:52:35.270 --> 00:52:35.280 align:start position:0% rather than just doing any old robotics 00:52:35.280 --> 00:52:38.470 align:start position:0% rather than just doing any old robotics as<00:52:35.440> it<00:52:35.520> were 00:52:38.470 --> 00:52:38.480 align:start position:0% 00:52:38.480 --> 00:52:40.390 align:start position:0% and<00:52:38.559> did<00:52:38.720> you<00:52:38.960> actually<00:52:39.200> collaborate<00:52:39.839> with 00:52:40.390 --> 00:52:40.400 align:start position:0% and did you actually collaborate with 00:52:40.400 --> 00:52:42.069 align:start position:0% and did you actually collaborate with ken<00:52:40.720> salisbury<00:52:41.280> at<00:52:41.440> all<00:52:41.599> or<00:52:41.760> just 00:52:42.069 --> 00:52:42.079 align:start position:0% ken salisbury at all or just 00:52:42.079 --> 00:52:44.630 align:start position:0% ken salisbury at all or just worked<00:52:42.319> with<00:52:42.559> his<00:52:42.720> hand<00:52:44.000> well<00:52:44.240> in<00:52:44.319> terms<00:52:44.559> of 00:52:44.630 --> 00:52:44.640 align:start position:0% worked with his hand well in terms of 00:52:44.640 --> 00:52:45.670 align:start position:0% worked with his hand well in terms of getting<00:52:44.880> the<00:52:45.040> hand<00:52:45.280> and 00:52:45.670 --> 00:52:45.680 align:start position:0% getting the hand and 00:52:45.680 --> 00:52:47.430 align:start position:0% getting the hand and learning<00:52:46.000> how<00:52:46.160> to<00:52:46.240> use<00:52:46.559> it<00:52:46.640> we<00:52:46.880> interacted 00:52:47.430 --> 00:52:47.440 align:start position:0% learning how to use it we interacted 00:52:47.440 --> 00:52:49.829 align:start position:0% learning how to use it we interacted with<00:52:47.680> him<00:52:48.240> um 00:52:49.829 --> 00:52:49.839 align:start position:0% with him um 00:52:49.839 --> 00:52:52.390 align:start position:0% with him um but<00:52:50.319> we<00:52:50.480> didn't<00:52:50.800> i<00:52:50.960> think<00:52:51.280> feed<00:52:51.520> back<00:52:51.839> into<00:52:52.240> the 00:52:52.390 --> 00:52:52.400 align:start position:0% but we didn't i think feed back into the 00:52:52.400 --> 00:52:54.390 align:start position:0% but we didn't i think feed back into the design<00:52:52.800> of<00:52:52.960> a<00:52:53.040> new<00:52:53.200> generation<00:52:53.839> of<00:52:53.920> salisbury 00:52:54.390 --> 00:52:54.400 align:start position:0% design of a new generation of salisbury 00:52:54.400 --> 00:52:55.750 align:start position:0% design of a new generation of salisbury hands<00:52:54.640> or<00:52:54.800> anything<00:52:55.040> like<00:52:55.200> that<00:52:55.359> it<00:52:55.440> was<00:52:55.599> more 00:52:55.750 --> 00:52:55.760 align:start position:0% hands or anything like that it was more 00:52:55.760 --> 00:52:57.109 align:start position:0% hands or anything like that it was more that<00:52:55.920> we<00:52:56.079> were 00:52:57.109 --> 00:52:57.119 align:start position:0% that we were 00:52:57.119 --> 00:52:59.750 align:start position:0% that we were customers<00:52:57.839> and<00:52:58.000> he<00:52:58.160> was<00:52:59.119> pleased<00:52:59.520> to<00:52:59.599> be 00:52:59.750 --> 00:52:59.760 align:start position:0% customers and he was pleased to be 00:52:59.760 --> 00:53:02.390 align:start position:0% customers and he was pleased to be informed<00:53:00.240> of<00:53:00.319> what<00:53:00.480> we<00:53:00.640> were<00:53:00.800> doing<00:53:01.040> with<00:53:01.280> it 00:53:02.390 --> 00:53:02.400 align:start position:0% informed of what we were doing with it 00:53:02.400 --> 00:53:06.150 align:start position:0% informed of what we were doing with it and<00:53:04.720> i'm<00:53:04.960> sure<00:53:05.119> we<00:53:05.280> showed<00:53:05.599> him<00:53:05.680> the<00:53:05.839> touch 00:53:06.150 --> 00:53:06.160 align:start position:0% and i'm sure we showed him the touch 00:53:06.160 --> 00:53:08.230 align:start position:0% and i'm sure we showed him the touch sensors<00:53:06.720> but 00:53:08.230 --> 00:53:08.240 align:start position:0% sensors but 00:53:08.240 --> 00:53:09.990 align:start position:0% sensors but i<00:53:08.480> cannot<00:53:08.800> remember<00:53:09.119> at<00:53:09.200> this<00:53:09.440> stage<00:53:09.680> whether 00:53:09.990 --> 00:53:10.000 align:start position:0% i cannot remember at this stage whether 00:53:10.000 --> 00:53:11.589 align:start position:0% i cannot remember at this stage whether he<00:53:10.079> said<00:53:10.319> oh<00:53:10.480> great<00:53:10.800> i'm<00:53:10.960> going<00:53:11.040> to<00:53:11.200> add<00:53:11.359> those 00:53:11.589 --> 00:53:11.599 align:start position:0% he said oh great i'm going to add those 00:53:11.599 --> 00:53:13.349 align:start position:0% he said oh great i'm going to add those touch<00:53:11.839> sensors<00:53:12.240> to<00:53:12.400> my<00:53:12.640> hand<00:53:12.880> or<00:53:12.960> whether<00:53:13.280> he 00:53:13.349 --> 00:53:13.359 align:start position:0% touch sensors to my hand or whether he 00:53:13.359 --> 00:53:15.589 align:start position:0% touch sensors to my hand or whether he said<00:53:13.520> that's<00:53:13.760> nice<00:53:14.160> thank<00:53:14.400> you 00:53:15.589 --> 00:53:15.599 align:start position:0% said that's nice thank you 00:53:15.599 --> 00:53:21.030 align:start position:0% said that's nice thank you that<00:53:16.000> that<00:53:17.119> is<00:53:17.359> gone<00:53:17.680> from<00:53:17.920> my<00:53:18.079> synopsis 00:53:21.030 --> 00:53:21.040 align:start position:0% 00:53:21.040 --> 00:53:23.190 align:start position:0% do<00:53:21.200> you<00:53:21.440> what<00:53:21.599> do<00:53:21.680> you<00:53:21.760> think<00:53:22.000> are<00:53:22.160> some<00:53:22.400> of<00:53:22.559> the 00:53:23.190 --> 00:53:23.200 align:start position:0% do you what do you think are some of the 00:53:23.200 --> 00:53:24.150 align:start position:0% do you what do you think are some of the the<00:53:23.440> future 00:53:24.150 --> 00:53:24.160 align:start position:0% the future 00:53:24.160 --> 00:53:27.430 align:start position:0% the future challenges<00:53:25.520> um<00:53:25.839> in<00:53:26.000> this<00:53:26.480> in<00:53:26.640> a<00:53:26.800> field<00:53:27.200> of 00:53:27.430 --> 00:53:27.440 align:start position:0% challenges um in this in a field of 00:53:27.440 --> 00:53:27.990 align:start position:0% challenges um in this in a field of brain 00:53:27.990 --> 00:53:28.000 align:start position:0% brain 00:53:28.000 --> 00:53:32.710 align:start position:0% brain robotics 00:53:32.710 --> 00:53:32.720 align:start position:0% 00:53:32.720 --> 00:53:34.069 align:start position:0% what<00:53:32.880> do<00:53:32.960> you<00:53:33.040> think<00:53:33.200> are<00:53:33.359> some<00:53:33.520> of<00:53:33.599> the<00:53:33.680> things 00:53:34.069 --> 00:53:34.079 align:start position:0% what do you think are some of the things 00:53:34.079 --> 00:53:35.910 align:start position:0% what do you think are some of the things that<00:53:34.559> people<00:53:34.880> are<00:53:35.200> coming<00:53:35.520> across 00:53:35.910 --> 00:53:35.920 align:start position:0% that people are coming across 00:53:35.920 --> 00:53:37.670 align:start position:0% that people are coming across now<00:53:36.160> as<00:53:36.480> big<00:53:36.720> issues<00:53:37.040> that<00:53:37.119> they<00:53:37.280> might<00:53:37.520> want 00:53:37.670 --> 00:53:37.680 align:start position:0% now as big issues that they might want 00:53:37.680 --> 00:53:39.270 align:start position:0% now as big issues that they might want to<00:53:37.839> deal<00:53:38.079> with<00:53:38.319> or 00:53:39.270 --> 00:53:39.280 align:start position:0% to deal with or 00:53:39.280 --> 00:53:40.390 align:start position:0% to deal with or some<00:53:39.440> of<00:53:39.520> the<00:53:39.599> things<00:53:39.760> that<00:53:39.920> are<00:53:40.000> going<00:53:40.160> to<00:53:40.240> be 00:53:40.390 --> 00:53:40.400 align:start position:0% some of the things that are going to be 00:53:40.400 --> 00:53:43.910 align:start position:0% some of the things that are going to be coming<00:53:40.640> up<00:53:40.800> in<00:53:40.880> the<00:53:40.960> next<00:53:41.280> five<00:53:41.520> to<00:53:41.599> 10<00:53:41.839> years 00:53:43.910 --> 00:53:43.920 align:start position:0% coming up in the next five to 10 years 00:53:43.920 --> 00:53:47.109 align:start position:0% coming up in the next five to 10 years just<00:53:44.160> about<00:53:44.400> everything<00:53:46.240> i<00:53:46.319> mean<00:53:46.559> in<00:53:46.640> terms<00:53:46.960> of 00:53:47.109 --> 00:53:47.119 align:start position:0% just about everything i mean in terms of 00:53:47.119 --> 00:53:48.230 align:start position:0% just about everything i mean in terms of visual 00:53:48.230 --> 00:53:48.240 align:start position:0% visual 00:53:48.240 --> 00:53:51.030 align:start position:0% visual perception<00:53:49.119> when<00:53:49.359> i<00:53:49.520> worked<00:53:49.839> with<00:53:50.480> hansen<00:53:50.880> and 00:53:51.030 --> 00:53:51.040 align:start position:0% perception when i worked with hansen and 00:53:51.040 --> 00:53:53.270 align:start position:0% perception when i worked with hansen and reisman 00:53:53.270 --> 00:53:53.280 align:start position:0% reisman 00:53:53.280 --> 00:53:56.069 align:start position:0% reisman and<00:53:53.359> this<00:53:53.839> work<00:53:54.160> peaked<00:53:54.480> probably<00:53:54.800> about<00:53:55.040> 1980 00:53:56.069 --> 00:53:56.079 align:start position:0% and this work peaked probably about 1980 00:53:56.079 --> 00:53:57.190 align:start position:0% and this work peaked probably about 1980 on<00:53:56.319> the<00:53:56.480> visions 00:53:57.190 --> 00:53:57.200 align:start position:0% on the visions 00:53:57.200 --> 00:54:00.470 align:start position:0% on the visions system<00:53:57.599> for<00:53:57.839> scene<00:53:58.079> perception<00:54:00.079> i<00:54:00.319> thought 00:54:00.470 --> 00:54:00.480 align:start position:0% system for scene perception i thought 00:54:00.480 --> 00:54:02.630 align:start position:0% system for scene perception i thought that<00:54:00.720> in<00:54:00.800> the<00:54:00.880> next<00:54:01.119> few<00:54:01.280> years<00:54:01.520> we<00:54:01.680> would<00:54:01.839> have 00:54:02.630 --> 00:54:02.640 align:start position:0% that in the next few years we would have 00:54:02.640 --> 00:54:04.950 align:start position:0% that in the next few years we would have a<00:54:02.800> general<00:54:03.280> system<00:54:03.680> for<00:54:03.920> analyzing<00:54:04.480> objects 00:54:04.950 --> 00:54:04.960 align:start position:0% a general system for analyzing objects 00:54:04.960 --> 00:54:06.790 align:start position:0% a general system for analyzing objects in<00:54:05.119> the<00:54:05.200> scene<00:54:05.599> and<00:54:05.760> how<00:54:05.920> they<00:54:06.079> move<00:54:06.400> it's<00:54:06.640> not 00:54:06.790 --> 00:54:06.800 align:start position:0% in the scene and how they move it's not 00:54:06.800 --> 00:54:08.870 align:start position:0% in the scene and how they move it's not happened 00:54:08.870 --> 00:54:08.880 align:start position:0% happened 00:54:08.880 --> 00:54:11.349 align:start position:0% happened the<00:54:09.520> funding<00:54:09.920> has<00:54:10.000> all<00:54:10.160> gone<00:54:10.400> into<00:54:10.800> build<00:54:11.040> me<00:54:11.280> a 00:54:11.349 --> 00:54:11.359 align:start position:0% the funding has all gone into build me a 00:54:11.359 --> 00:54:13.190 align:start position:0% the funding has all gone into build me a very<00:54:11.599> special<00:54:12.000> purpose<00:54:12.400> vision<00:54:12.800> system<00:54:13.119> that 00:54:13.190 --> 00:54:13.200 align:start position:0% very special purpose vision system that 00:54:13.200 --> 00:54:14.549 align:start position:0% very special purpose vision system that does<00:54:13.440> a<00:54:13.520> particular<00:54:14.000> thing 00:54:14.549 --> 00:54:14.559 align:start position:0% does a particular thing 00:54:14.559 --> 00:54:17.349 align:start position:0% does a particular thing so<00:54:14.720> i<00:54:14.800> think<00:54:15.040> general<00:54:15.440> scene<00:54:15.760> perception<00:54:17.040> uh 00:54:17.349 --> 00:54:17.359 align:start position:0% so i think general scene perception uh 00:54:17.359 --> 00:54:18.790 align:start position:0% so i think general scene perception uh is<00:54:17.599> still<00:54:17.839> remote 00:54:18.790 --> 00:54:18.800 align:start position:0% is still remote 00:54:18.800 --> 00:54:21.829 align:start position:0% is still remote um<00:54:20.400> we've<00:54:20.640> seen<00:54:20.800> a<00:54:20.880> lot<00:54:21.040> of<00:54:21.119> progress<00:54:21.520> lately 00:54:21.829 --> 00:54:21.839 align:start position:0% um we've seen a lot of progress lately 00:54:21.839 --> 00:54:24.069 align:start position:0% um we've seen a lot of progress lately in<00:54:22.079> object<00:54:22.839> perception 00:54:24.069 --> 00:54:24.079 align:start position:0% in object perception 00:54:24.079 --> 00:54:26.069 align:start position:0% in object perception picking<00:54:24.480> out<00:54:24.720> a<00:54:24.800> particular<00:54:25.359> object<00:54:25.760> in<00:54:25.920> the 00:54:26.069 --> 00:54:26.079 align:start position:0% picking out a particular object in the 00:54:26.079 --> 00:54:28.230 align:start position:0% picking out a particular object in the scene 00:54:28.230 --> 00:54:28.240 align:start position:0% scene 00:54:28.240 --> 00:54:29.910 align:start position:0% scene mirror<00:54:28.559> system<00:54:28.960> stuff<00:54:29.280> is<00:54:29.520> how<00:54:29.680> do<00:54:29.760> you 00:54:29.910 --> 00:54:29.920 align:start position:0% mirror system stuff is how do you 00:54:29.920 --> 00:54:32.150 align:start position:0% mirror system stuff is how do you recognize<00:54:30.559> what<00:54:30.800> a<00:54:30.960> hand<00:54:31.280> is<00:54:31.440> going<00:54:31.599> to<00:54:31.760> do<00:54:32.000> to 00:54:32.150 --> 00:54:32.160 align:start position:0% recognize what a hand is going to do to 00:54:32.160 --> 00:54:32.390 align:start position:0% recognize what a hand is going to do to an 00:54:32.390 --> 00:54:32.400 align:start position:0% an 00:54:32.400 --> 00:54:34.390 align:start position:0% an object<00:54:33.440> more<00:54:33.680> generally<00:54:34.079> how<00:54:34.240> do<00:54:34.319> you 00:54:34.390 --> 00:54:34.400 align:start position:0% object more generally how do you 00:54:34.400 --> 00:54:35.829 align:start position:0% object more generally how do you recognize<00:54:34.960> actions 00:54:35.829 --> 00:54:35.839 align:start position:0% recognize actions 00:54:35.839 --> 00:54:38.630 align:start position:0% recognize actions i<00:54:36.000> think<00:54:37.280> we<00:54:37.520> have<00:54:37.839> very<00:54:38.000> little<00:54:38.240> going<00:54:38.480> so 00:54:38.630 --> 00:54:38.640 align:start position:0% i think we have very little going so 00:54:38.640 --> 00:54:41.510 align:start position:0% i think we have very little going so especially<00:54:38.960> if<00:54:39.119> we're<00:54:39.280> concerned<00:54:39.839> with 00:54:41.510 --> 00:54:41.520 align:start position:0% especially if we're concerned with 00:54:41.520 --> 00:54:44.549 align:start position:0% especially if we're concerned with robotics<00:54:42.319> for<00:54:42.640> social<00:54:43.040> assistance<00:54:43.680> of<00:54:44.079> of 00:54:44.549 --> 00:54:44.559 align:start position:0% robotics for social assistance of of 00:54:44.559 --> 00:54:47.829 align:start position:0% robotics for social assistance of of patients<00:54:45.119> and<00:54:45.280> children<00:54:45.760> and<00:54:45.920> others<00:54:47.520> being 00:54:47.829 --> 00:54:47.839 align:start position:0% patients and children and others being 00:54:47.839 --> 00:54:48.309 align:start position:0% patients and children and others being able 00:54:48.309 --> 00:54:48.319 align:start position:0% able 00:54:48.319 --> 00:54:51.670 align:start position:0% able to<00:54:48.880> flexibly<00:54:49.680> recognize 00:54:51.670 --> 00:54:51.680 align:start position:0% to flexibly recognize 00:54:51.680 --> 00:54:53.510 align:start position:0% to flexibly recognize what's<00:54:52.000> going<00:54:52.240> on<00:54:52.480> around<00:54:52.799> you<00:54:52.960> not<00:54:53.119> just<00:54:53.280> what 00:54:53.510 --> 00:54:53.520 align:start position:0% what's going on around you not just what 00:54:53.520 --> 00:54:54.789 align:start position:0% what's going on around you not just what objects<00:54:53.920> are<00:54:54.000> there<00:54:54.160> but<00:54:54.319> what 00:54:54.789 --> 00:54:54.799 align:start position:0% objects are there but what 00:54:54.799 --> 00:54:56.710 align:start position:0% objects are there but what humans<00:54:55.200> are<00:54:55.280> doing<00:54:55.760> so<00:54:55.920> that<00:54:56.079> you<00:54:56.240> can<00:54:56.480> either 00:54:56.710 --> 00:54:56.720 align:start position:0% humans are doing so that you can either 00:54:56.720 --> 00:54:57.990 align:start position:0% humans are doing so that you can either get<00:54:56.880> out<00:54:57.040> of<00:54:57.119> the<00:54:57.200> way<00:54:57.440> or 00:54:57.990 --> 00:54:58.000 align:start position:0% get out of the way or 00:54:58.000 --> 00:54:59.990 align:start position:0% get out of the way or protect<00:54:58.400> them<00:54:58.559> from<00:54:58.799> harm<00:54:59.119> or<00:54:59.359> assist<00:54:59.680> them<00:54:59.839> in 00:54:59.990 --> 00:55:00.000 align:start position:0% protect them from harm or assist them in 00:55:00.000 --> 00:55:01.430 align:start position:0% protect them from harm or assist them in some<00:55:00.160> way<00:55:00.400> i<00:55:00.559> think<00:55:00.799> that's 00:55:01.430 --> 00:55:01.440 align:start position:0% some way i think that's 00:55:01.440 --> 00:55:03.270 align:start position:0% some way i think that's maybe<00:55:01.760> so<00:55:01.839> i'd<00:55:02.000> just<00:55:02.160> say<00:55:02.319> on<00:55:02.480> the<00:55:03.040> on<00:55:03.200> the 00:55:03.270 --> 00:55:03.280 align:start position:0% maybe so i'd just say on the on the 00:55:03.280 --> 00:55:04.470 align:start position:0% maybe so i'd just say on the on the vision<00:55:03.680> side<00:55:04.000> just 00:55:04.470 --> 00:55:04.480 align:start position:0% vision side just 00:55:04.480 --> 00:55:06.710 align:start position:0% vision side just that<00:55:04.720> general<00:55:05.119> thing<00:55:05.359> of<00:55:05.920> dynamic<00:55:06.480> what<00:55:06.640> we 00:55:06.710 --> 00:55:06.720 align:start position:0% that general thing of dynamic what we 00:55:06.720 --> 00:55:08.549 align:start position:0% that general thing of dynamic what we might<00:55:06.880> call<00:55:07.119> dynamic<00:55:07.680> scene<00:55:07.920> perception<00:55:08.400> to 00:55:08.549 --> 00:55:08.559 align:start position:0% might call dynamic scene perception to 00:55:08.559 --> 00:55:09.430 align:start position:0% might call dynamic scene perception to be<00:55:08.640> able<00:55:08.720> to<00:55:08.880> recognize 00:55:09.430 --> 00:55:09.440 align:start position:0% be able to recognize 00:55:09.440 --> 00:55:12.150 align:start position:0% be able to recognize agents<00:55:10.000> objects<00:55:10.960> and<00:55:11.040> the<00:55:11.200> actions<00:55:11.680> that<00:55:11.839> link 00:55:12.150 --> 00:55:12.160 align:start position:0% agents objects and the actions that link 00:55:12.160 --> 00:55:14.870 align:start position:0% agents objects and the actions that link them 00:55:14.870 --> 00:55:14.880 align:start position:0% 00:55:14.880 --> 00:55:17.990 align:start position:0% on<00:55:15.040> the<00:55:15.200> motor<00:55:15.520> control<00:55:16.160> side 00:55:17.990 --> 00:55:18.000 align:start position:0% on the motor control side 00:55:18.000 --> 00:55:19.670 align:start position:0% on the motor control side i<00:55:18.160> would<00:55:18.400> suspect<00:55:18.799> that<00:55:18.960> the<00:55:19.119> sort<00:55:19.280> of<00:55:19.359> work 00:55:19.670 --> 00:55:19.680 align:start position:0% i would suspect that the sort of work 00:55:19.680 --> 00:55:21.829 align:start position:0% i would suspect that the sort of work that<00:55:19.839> i<00:55:20.000> associated<00:55:20.799> before<00:55:21.200> with<00:55:21.359> stephen 00:55:21.829 --> 00:55:21.839 align:start position:0% that i associated before with stephen 00:55:21.839 --> 00:55:24.069 align:start position:0% that i associated before with stephen charles<00:55:22.240> humanoid<00:55:22.960> control<00:55:23.440> and<00:55:23.599> so<00:55:23.760> on<00:55:23.839> will 00:55:24.069 --> 00:55:24.079 align:start position:0% charles humanoid control and so on will 00:55:24.079 --> 00:55:25.349 align:start position:0% charles humanoid control and so on will continue 00:55:25.349 --> 00:55:25.359 align:start position:0% continue 00:55:25.359 --> 00:55:27.109 align:start position:0% continue a<00:55:25.440> lot<00:55:25.599> of<00:55:25.760> work<00:55:26.000> in<00:55:26.079> mechanical<00:55:26.640> engineering 00:55:27.109 --> 00:55:27.119 align:start position:0% a lot of work in mechanical engineering 00:55:27.119 --> 00:55:28.470 align:start position:0% a lot of work in mechanical engineering of<00:55:27.200> different<00:55:27.599> systems 00:55:28.470 --> 00:55:28.480 align:start position:0% of different systems 00:55:28.480 --> 00:55:32.309 align:start position:0% of different systems um<00:55:30.240> as<00:55:30.480> i<00:55:30.880> mentioned<00:55:31.280> before 00:55:32.309 --> 00:55:32.319 align:start position:0% um as i mentioned before 00:55:32.319 --> 00:55:34.069 align:start position:0% um as i mentioned before the<00:55:32.480> question<00:55:32.799> of<00:55:32.880> how<00:55:33.040> much<00:55:33.280> of<00:55:33.359> the<00:55:33.599> robotics 00:55:34.069 --> 00:55:34.079 align:start position:0% the question of how much of the robotics 00:55:34.079 --> 00:55:35.750 align:start position:0% the question of how much of the robotics of<00:55:34.160> the<00:55:34.240> future<00:55:34.559> will<00:55:34.799> be 00:55:35.750 --> 00:55:35.760 align:start position:0% of the future will be 00:55:35.760 --> 00:55:38.549 align:start position:0% of the future will be so<00:55:36.000> strictly<00:55:36.400> humanoid<00:55:37.839> and<00:55:38.000> how<00:55:38.160> much<00:55:38.400> we'll 00:55:38.549 --> 00:55:38.559 align:start position:0% so strictly humanoid and how much we'll 00:55:38.559 --> 00:55:39.589 align:start position:0% so strictly humanoid and how much we'll be<00:55:38.720> able<00:55:38.880> to 00:55:39.589 --> 00:55:39.599 align:start position:0% be able to 00:55:39.599 --> 00:55:41.750 align:start position:0% be able to as<00:55:39.760> it<00:55:39.920> were<00:55:40.400> exploit<00:55:40.960> different<00:55:41.280> mechanical 00:55:41.750 --> 00:55:41.760 align:start position:0% as it were exploit different mechanical 00:55:41.760 --> 00:55:43.270 align:start position:0% as it were exploit different mechanical systems<00:55:42.160> i<00:55:42.240> don't<00:55:42.400> know<00:55:42.559> so<00:55:42.720> that's<00:55:42.880> a 00:55:43.270 --> 00:55:43.280 align:start position:0% systems i don't know so that's a 00:55:43.280 --> 00:55:45.030 align:start position:0% systems i don't know so that's a the<00:55:43.440> mechanical<00:55:44.000> engineering<00:55:44.559> end<00:55:44.799> and<00:55:44.880> the 00:55:45.030 --> 00:55:45.040 align:start position:0% the mechanical engineering end and the 00:55:45.040 --> 00:55:46.630 align:start position:0% the mechanical engineering end and the control<00:55:45.440> theory<00:55:45.760> and<00:55:45.920> is<00:55:46.000> tremendously 00:55:46.630 --> 00:55:46.640 align:start position:0% control theory and is tremendously 00:55:46.640 --> 00:55:47.990 align:start position:0% control theory and is tremendously important<00:55:47.359> but<00:55:47.599> that's 00:55:47.990 --> 00:55:48.000 align:start position:0% important but that's 00:55:48.000 --> 00:55:52.470 align:start position:0% important but that's probably<00:55:48.880> rather<00:55:49.280> separate 00:55:52.470 --> 00:55:52.480 align:start position:0% 00:55:52.480 --> 00:55:57.109 align:start position:0% everything<00:55:52.880> in<00:55:53.040> between<00:55:54.160> you<00:55:54.240> know 00:55:57.109 --> 00:55:57.119 align:start position:0% 00:55:57.119 --> 00:56:00.230 align:start position:0% planning<00:55:57.680> is<00:55:57.839> still<00:55:58.240> pretty<00:55:58.559> primitive 00:56:00.230 --> 00:56:00.240 align:start position:0% planning is still pretty primitive 00:56:00.240 --> 00:56:01.589 align:start position:0% planning is still pretty primitive it's<00:56:00.480> fine<00:56:00.720> if<00:56:00.880> you've<00:56:01.040> got<00:56:01.200> a<00:56:01.280> very 00:56:01.589 --> 00:56:01.599 align:start position:0% it's fine if you've got a very 00:56:01.599 --> 00:56:04.390 align:start position:0% it's fine if you've got a very constrained<00:56:02.400> environment 00:56:04.390 --> 00:56:04.400 align:start position:0% constrained environment 00:56:04.400 --> 00:56:08.710 align:start position:0% constrained environment but<00:56:05.359> going<00:56:05.520> beyond<00:56:05.760> that<00:56:06.000> and<00:56:06.079> then<00:56:06.960> language 00:56:08.710 --> 00:56:08.720 align:start position:0% but going beyond that and then language 00:56:08.720 --> 00:56:11.910 align:start position:0% but going beyond that and then language i<00:56:08.799> mean<00:56:08.960> that's<00:56:09.280> not<00:56:09.920> really<00:56:10.240> robotics<00:56:11.359> but 00:56:11.910 --> 00:56:11.920 align:start position:0% i mean that's not really robotics but 00:56:11.920 --> 00:56:15.829 align:start position:0% i mean that's not really robotics but if<00:56:12.079> we're<00:56:12.240> going<00:56:12.480> to<00:56:12.640> have<00:56:14.079> robots<00:56:14.640> that<00:56:14.960> are 00:56:15.829 --> 00:56:15.839 align:start position:0% if we're going to have robots that are 00:56:15.839 --> 00:56:16.230 align:start position:0% if we're going to have robots that are built 00:56:16.230 --> 00:56:16.240 align:start position:0% built 00:56:16.240 --> 00:56:18.549 align:start position:0% built as<00:56:16.480> some<00:56:16.640> of<00:56:16.720> them<00:56:16.960> will<00:56:17.119> be<00:56:17.359> for<00:56:17.839> human 00:56:18.549 --> 00:56:18.559 align:start position:0% as some of them will be for human 00:56:18.559 --> 00:56:19.430 align:start position:0% as some of them will be for human interaction 00:56:19.430 --> 00:56:19.440 align:start position:0% interaction 00:56:19.440 --> 00:56:22.309 align:start position:0% interaction then<00:56:20.400> a<00:56:20.480> decent<00:56:20.880> language<00:56:21.280> interface<00:56:21.920> that 00:56:22.309 --> 00:56:22.319 align:start position:0% then a decent language interface that 00:56:22.319 --> 00:56:24.230 align:start position:0% then a decent language interface that can<00:56:22.559> pick<00:56:22.880> up<00:56:23.040> on<00:56:23.200> ambiguities 00:56:24.230 --> 00:56:24.240 align:start position:0% can pick up on ambiguities 00:56:24.240 --> 00:56:27.510 align:start position:0% can pick up on ambiguities and<00:56:25.280> use<00:56:25.599> the<00:56:25.839> current<00:56:26.319> context<00:56:27.040> to 00:56:27.510 --> 00:56:27.520 align:start position:0% and use the current context to 00:56:27.520 --> 00:56:29.349 align:start position:0% and use the current context to to<00:56:27.680> remove<00:56:28.079> some<00:56:28.240> of<00:56:28.319> those<00:56:28.559> ambiguities<00:56:29.280> are 00:56:29.349 --> 00:56:29.359 align:start position:0% to remove some of those ambiguities are 00:56:29.359 --> 00:56:31.349 align:start position:0% to remove some of those ambiguities are going<00:56:29.520> to<00:56:29.680> be<00:56:29.760> very<00:56:30.079> important 00:56:31.349 --> 00:56:31.359 align:start position:0% going to be very important 00:56:31.359 --> 00:56:34.710 align:start position:0% going to be very important so 00:56:34.710 --> 00:56:34.720 align:start position:0% 00:56:34.720 --> 00:56:36.870 align:start position:0% i<00:56:34.799> think<00:56:35.040> the<00:56:35.280> general<00:56:35.680> point<00:56:36.000> is<00:56:36.160> i<00:56:36.400> i<00:56:36.640> see 00:56:36.870 --> 00:56:36.880 align:start position:0% i think the general point is i i see 00:56:36.880 --> 00:56:40.150 align:start position:0% i think the general point is i i see robotics<00:56:37.520> as<00:56:37.760> blurring 00:56:40.150 --> 00:56:40.160 align:start position:0% robotics as blurring 00:56:40.160 --> 00:56:41.829 align:start position:0% robotics as blurring it's<00:56:40.319> not<00:56:40.559> really<00:56:40.799> a<00:56:40.880> separate<00:56:41.280> subject 00:56:41.829 --> 00:56:41.839 align:start position:0% it's not really a separate subject 00:56:41.839 --> 00:56:44.390 align:start position:0% it's not really a separate subject anymore<00:56:43.040> just<00:56:43.280> as<00:56:43.440> computer<00:56:43.920> science<00:56:44.240> has 00:56:44.390 --> 00:56:44.400 align:start position:0% anymore just as computer science has 00:56:44.400 --> 00:56:45.670 align:start position:0% anymore just as computer science has blurred<00:56:44.640> when<00:56:44.799> i<00:56:44.960> when<00:56:45.200> i<00:56:45.280> set<00:56:45.440> up<00:56:45.599> the 00:56:45.670 --> 00:56:45.680 align:start position:0% blurred when i when i set up the 00:56:45.680 --> 00:56:47.910 align:start position:0% blurred when i when i set up the department<00:56:46.240> at<00:56:46.400> umass 00:56:47.910 --> 00:56:47.920 align:start position:0% department at umass 00:56:47.920 --> 00:56:51.670 align:start position:0% department at umass um<00:56:49.040> when<00:56:49.280> i<00:56:49.599> persuaded<00:56:50.240> some<00:56:50.480> skeptics 00:56:51.670 --> 00:56:51.680 align:start position:0% um when i persuaded some skeptics 00:56:51.680 --> 00:56:55.990 align:start position:0% um when i persuaded some skeptics to<00:56:52.160> allow<00:56:52.559> becky<00:56:52.960> to<00:56:53.119> hire<00:56:53.359> me<00:56:53.599> here 00:56:55.990 --> 00:56:56.000 align:start position:0% 00:56:56.000 --> 00:56:57.670 align:start position:0% the<00:56:56.160> view<00:56:56.400> of<00:56:56.480> computer<00:56:56.880> science<00:56:57.200> was<00:56:57.359> pretty 00:56:57.670 --> 00:56:57.680 align:start position:0% the view of computer science was pretty 00:56:57.680 --> 00:56:59.510 align:start position:0% the view of computer science was pretty narrow<00:56:58.799> um 00:56:59.510 --> 00:56:59.520 align:start position:0% narrow um 00:56:59.520 --> 00:57:01.270 align:start position:0% narrow um you<00:56:59.599> know<00:56:59.680> we<00:56:59.839> do<00:57:00.000> operating<00:57:00.559> systems<00:57:00.960> to<00:57:01.119> do<00:57:01.200> a 00:57:01.270 --> 00:57:01.280 align:start position:0% you know we do operating systems to do a 00:57:01.280 --> 00:57:03.589 align:start position:0% you know we do operating systems to do a little<00:57:01.440> bit<00:57:01.599> of<00:57:02.160> theory<00:57:02.480> of<00:57:02.640> turing<00:57:03.040> machines 00:57:03.589 --> 00:57:03.599 align:start position:0% little bit of theory of turing machines 00:57:03.599 --> 00:57:04.950 align:start position:0% little bit of theory of turing machines and<00:57:03.760> beyond<00:57:04.079> that 00:57:04.950 --> 00:57:04.960 align:start position:0% and beyond that 00:57:04.960 --> 00:57:08.069 align:start position:0% and beyond that it's<00:57:05.200> not<00:57:05.440> computer<00:57:05.920> science<00:57:07.200> and<00:57:07.440> now 00:57:08.069 --> 00:57:08.079 align:start position:0% it's not computer science and now 00:57:08.079 --> 00:57:11.670 align:start position:0% it's not computer science and now we<00:57:08.319> have<00:57:10.480> one<00:57:10.640> of<00:57:10.720> the<00:57:10.799> things<00:57:11.040> i<00:57:11.200> initiated 00:57:11.670 --> 00:57:11.680 align:start position:0% we have one of the things i initiated 00:57:11.680 --> 00:57:12.069 align:start position:0% we have one of the things i initiated here 00:57:12.069 --> 00:57:12.079 align:start position:0% here 00:57:12.079 --> 00:57:14.710 align:start position:0% here was<00:57:12.319> a<00:57:13.119> seminar<00:57:13.520> for<00:57:13.680> a<00:57:13.760> phd<00:57:14.240> student<00:57:14.480> just 00:57:14.710 --> 00:57:14.720 align:start position:0% was a seminar for a phd student just 00:57:14.720 --> 00:57:16.230 align:start position:0% was a seminar for a phd student just each<00:57:14.880> week<00:57:15.119> to<00:57:15.200> have<00:57:15.359> one<00:57:15.599> of<00:57:15.680> our<00:57:15.839> faculty 00:57:16.230 --> 00:57:16.240 align:start position:0% each week to have one of our faculty 00:57:16.240 --> 00:57:18.549 align:start position:0% each week to have one of our faculty come<00:57:16.400> in<00:57:16.480> and<00:57:16.640> talk<00:57:16.799> about<00:57:17.040> their<00:57:17.200> research 00:57:18.549 --> 00:57:18.559 align:start position:0% come in and talk about their research 00:57:18.559 --> 00:57:20.470 align:start position:0% come in and talk about their research and<00:57:18.799> i<00:57:19.200> for<00:57:19.359> the<00:57:19.440> first<00:57:19.680> year<00:57:19.920> or<00:57:20.000> two<00:57:20.240> that<00:57:20.319> i 00:57:20.470 --> 00:57:20.480 align:start position:0% and i for the first year or two that i 00:57:20.480 --> 00:57:22.309 align:start position:0% and i for the first year or two that i would<00:57:20.640> sit<00:57:20.880> in<00:57:21.040> on<00:57:21.119> the<00:57:21.280> lectures 00:57:22.309 --> 00:57:22.319 align:start position:0% would sit in on the lectures 00:57:22.319 --> 00:57:25.030 align:start position:0% would sit in on the lectures and<00:57:22.720> uh<00:57:24.000> you<00:57:24.160> know<00:57:24.240> the<00:57:24.319> barriers<00:57:24.720> have<00:57:24.880> gone 00:57:25.030 --> 00:57:25.040 align:start position:0% and uh you know the barriers have gone 00:57:25.040 --> 00:57:27.349 align:start position:0% and uh you know the barriers have gone with<00:57:25.200> we've<00:57:25.440> got<00:57:25.920> paul<00:57:26.240> debovek<00:57:26.960> who 00:57:27.349 --> 00:57:27.359 align:start position:0% with we've got paul debovek who 00:57:27.359 --> 00:57:30.470 align:start position:0% with we've got paul debovek who uh<00:57:28.559> as<00:57:28.880> his<00:57:29.119> computer<00:57:29.599> science<00:57:29.920> work<00:57:30.160> came<00:57:30.400> up 00:57:30.470 --> 00:57:30.480 align:start position:0% uh as his computer science work came up 00:57:30.480 --> 00:57:31.349 align:start position:0% uh as his computer science work came up with<00:57:30.640> a<00:57:30.720> system 00:57:31.349 --> 00:57:31.359 align:start position:0% with a system 00:57:31.359 --> 00:57:34.309 align:start position:0% with a system for<00:57:32.160> facial<00:57:32.720> motion<00:57:33.200> capture<00:57:33.599> that<00:57:33.920> powered 00:57:34.309 --> 00:57:34.319 align:start position:0% for facial motion capture that powered 00:57:34.319 --> 00:57:34.710 align:start position:0% for facial motion capture that powered the 00:57:34.710 --> 00:57:34.720 align:start position:0% the 00:57:34.720 --> 00:57:38.309 align:start position:0% the success<00:57:35.200> of<00:57:35.280> the<00:57:35.440> avatar<00:57:35.920> movie<00:57:36.319> and 00:57:38.309 --> 00:57:38.319 align:start position:0% success of the avatar movie and 00:57:38.319 --> 00:57:41.190 align:start position:0% success of the avatar movie and we've<00:57:38.559> got<00:57:39.520> people<00:57:39.839> doing<00:57:40.160> sensor<00:57:40.640> networks 00:57:41.190 --> 00:57:41.200 align:start position:0% we've got people doing sensor networks 00:57:41.200 --> 00:57:44.309 align:start position:0% we've got people doing sensor networks so<00:57:41.359> gaurav<00:57:42.079> sikatmi<00:57:42.720> is<00:57:42.799> both<00:57:43.040> looking<00:57:43.440> at 00:57:44.309 --> 00:57:44.319 align:start position:0% so gaurav sikatmi is both looking at 00:57:44.319 --> 00:57:45.990 align:start position:0% so gaurav sikatmi is both looking at mobile<00:57:44.720> robots<00:57:45.119> but<00:57:45.280> he's<00:57:45.440> also<00:57:45.680> looking<00:57:45.920> at 00:57:45.990 --> 00:57:46.000 align:start position:0% mobile robots but he's also looking at 00:57:46.000 --> 00:57:47.589 align:start position:0% mobile robots but he's also looking at what<00:57:46.240> happens<00:57:46.559> if<00:57:46.720> you<00:57:46.880> scatter<00:57:47.280> a<00:57:47.359> few 00:57:47.589 --> 00:57:47.599 align:start position:0% what happens if you scatter a few 00:57:47.599 --> 00:57:48.069 align:start position:0% what happens if you scatter a few thousand 00:57:48.069 --> 00:57:48.079 align:start position:0% thousand 00:57:48.079 --> 00:57:49.829 align:start position:0% thousand sensors<00:57:48.480> in<00:57:48.640> a<00:57:48.720> bay<00:57:49.119> to<00:57:49.280> monitor<00:57:49.760> the 00:57:49.829 --> 00:57:49.839 align:start position:0% sensors in a bay to monitor the 00:57:49.839 --> 00:57:53.109 align:start position:0% sensors in a bay to monitor the ecosystem 00:57:53.109 --> 00:57:53.119 align:start position:0% 00:57:53.119 --> 00:57:55.349 align:start position:0% there's<00:57:53.359> no<00:57:53.599> line<00:57:54.000> between<00:57:54.400> those<00:57:54.640> two<00:57:55.119> two 00:57:55.349 --> 00:57:55.359 align:start position:0% there's no line between those two two 00:57:55.359 --> 00:57:56.390 align:start position:0% there's no line between those two two projects 00:57:56.390 --> 00:57:56.400 align:start position:0% projects 00:57:56.400 --> 00:57:58.870 align:start position:0% projects um<00:57:57.119> so<00:57:57.280> the<00:57:57.440> idea<00:57:57.680> that<00:57:57.839> computer<00:57:58.240> science<00:57:58.720> is 00:57:58.870 --> 00:57:58.880 align:start position:0% um so the idea that computer science is 00:57:58.880 --> 00:58:00.470 align:start position:0% um so the idea that computer science is no<00:57:59.119> longer 00:58:00.470 --> 00:58:00.480 align:start position:0% no longer 00:58:00.480 --> 00:58:03.589 align:start position:0% no longer symbolic<00:58:01.040> manipulation<00:58:01.839> in<00:58:02.000> a<00:58:02.079> box<00:58:03.040> but 00:58:03.589 --> 00:58:03.599 align:start position:0% symbolic manipulation in a box but 00:58:03.599 --> 00:58:05.510 align:start position:0% symbolic manipulation in a box but but<00:58:03.839> embodies<00:58:04.400> all<00:58:04.559> these<00:58:04.960> techniques<00:58:05.440> of 00:58:05.510 --> 00:58:05.520 align:start position:0% but embodies all these techniques of 00:58:05.520 --> 00:58:06.950 align:start position:0% but embodies all these techniques of perception<00:58:06.319> all<00:58:06.480> these 00:58:06.950 --> 00:58:06.960 align:start position:0% perception all these 00:58:06.960 --> 00:58:09.430 align:start position:0% perception all these diverse<00:58:07.440> forms<00:58:07.920> of<00:58:08.079> effector<00:58:08.559> control<00:58:09.119> and<00:58:09.280> so 00:58:09.430 --> 00:58:09.440 align:start position:0% diverse forms of effector control and so 00:58:09.440 --> 00:58:09.990 align:start position:0% diverse forms of effector control and so on 00:58:09.990 --> 00:58:10.000 align:start position:0% on 00:58:10.000 --> 00:58:12.789 align:start position:0% on means<00:58:10.319> i<00:58:10.400> think<00:58:10.640> that<00:58:11.760> although<00:58:12.160> there<00:58:12.400> will 00:58:12.789 --> 00:58:12.799 align:start position:0% means i think that although there will 00:58:12.799 --> 00:58:13.430 align:start position:0% means i think that although there will still<00:58:13.119> be 00:58:13.430 --> 00:58:13.440 align:start position:0% still be 00:58:13.440 --> 00:58:16.710 align:start position:0% still be a<00:58:13.520> certain<00:58:14.079> class<00:58:15.440> of 00:58:16.710 --> 00:58:16.720 align:start position:0% a certain class of 00:58:16.720 --> 00:58:19.349 align:start position:0% a certain class of computerized<00:58:17.599> devices<00:58:18.640> that<00:58:18.960> people 00:58:19.349 --> 00:58:19.359 align:start position:0% computerized devices that people 00:58:19.359 --> 00:58:21.349 align:start position:0% computerized devices that people recognize<00:58:20.079> as<00:58:20.319> robots<00:58:20.720> probably<00:58:21.040> the<00:58:21.119> more 00:58:21.349 --> 00:58:21.359 align:start position:0% recognize as robots probably the more 00:58:21.359 --> 00:58:21.990 align:start position:0% recognize as robots probably the more humanoid 00:58:21.990 --> 00:58:22.000 align:start position:0% humanoid 00:58:22.000 --> 00:58:26.230 align:start position:0% humanoid ones<00:58:22.400> the<00:58:24.000> the<00:58:24.160> expertise<00:58:25.119> that 00:58:26.230 --> 00:58:26.240 align:start position:0% ones the the expertise that 00:58:26.240 --> 00:58:28.950 align:start position:0% ones the the expertise that is<00:58:26.400> in<00:58:26.559> robotics<00:58:27.280> will<00:58:27.599> not<00:58:27.839> be<00:58:28.079> segregated 00:58:28.950 --> 00:58:28.960 align:start position:0% is in robotics will not be segregated 00:58:28.960 --> 00:58:29.990 align:start position:0% is in robotics will not be segregated from 00:58:29.990 --> 00:58:30.000 align:start position:0% from 00:58:30.000 --> 00:58:33.430 align:start position:0% from this<00:58:31.119> very<00:58:31.920> dynamic<00:58:32.480> network<00:58:32.960> of 00:58:33.430 --> 00:58:33.440 align:start position:0% this very dynamic network of 00:58:33.440 --> 00:58:35.030 align:start position:0% this very dynamic network of of<00:58:33.599> computer<00:58:34.000> science<00:58:34.319> research<00:58:34.799> areas 00:58:35.030 --> 00:58:35.040 align:start position:0% of computer science research areas 00:58:35.040 --> 00:58:37.109 align:start position:0% of computer science research areas that's<00:58:35.280> emerged<00:58:35.760> in<00:58:35.920> the<00:58:36.000> last 00:58:37.109 --> 00:58:37.119 align:start position:0% that's emerged in the last 00:58:37.119 --> 00:58:40.789 align:start position:0% that's emerged in the last 20<00:58:37.440> years<00:58:37.839> let's<00:58:38.160> say<00:58:39.839> and<00:58:40.000> you<00:58:40.240> yourself<00:58:40.640> have 00:58:40.789 --> 00:58:40.799 align:start position:0% 20 years let's say and you yourself have 00:58:40.799 --> 00:58:42.069 align:start position:0% 20 years let's say and you yourself have had<00:58:41.040> a<00:58:41.119> very 00:58:42.069 --> 00:58:42.079 align:start position:0% had a very 00:58:42.079 --> 00:58:45.510 align:start position:0% had a very um<00:58:43.440> trans<00:58:43.920> inter<00:58:44.400> or<00:58:44.559> trans-disciplinary<00:58:45.440> i 00:58:45.510 --> 00:58:45.520 align:start position:0% um trans inter or trans-disciplinary i 00:58:45.520 --> 00:58:47.030 align:start position:0% um trans inter or trans-disciplinary i don't<00:58:45.680> know<00:58:45.760> how<00:58:45.920> you<00:58:46.079> would<00:58:46.319> call<00:58:46.559> it 00:58:47.030 --> 00:58:47.040 align:start position:0% don't know how you would call it 00:58:47.040 --> 00:58:50.549 align:start position:0% don't know how you would call it um<00:58:47.520> career<00:58:48.079> and<00:58:49.200> even 00:58:50.549 --> 00:58:50.559 align:start position:0% um career and even 00:58:50.559 --> 00:58:52.470 align:start position:0% um career and even kind<00:58:50.720> of<00:58:50.799> belonging<00:58:51.440> to<00:58:51.599> different<00:58:52.079> parts<00:58:52.400> of 00:58:52.470 --> 00:58:52.480 align:start position:0% kind of belonging to different parts of 00:58:52.480 --> 00:58:54.950 align:start position:0% kind of belonging to different parts of the<00:58:52.559> institution<00:58:53.359> how<00:58:53.520> did<00:58:53.760> you 00:58:54.950 --> 00:58:54.960 align:start position:0% the institution how did you 00:58:54.960 --> 00:58:57.990 align:start position:0% the institution how did you kind<00:58:55.119> of<00:58:55.359> navigate<00:58:55.920> that 00:58:57.990 --> 00:58:58.000 align:start position:0% kind of navigate that 00:58:58.000 --> 00:59:02.390 align:start position:0% kind of navigate that because<00:59:00.640> if<00:59:00.799> it<00:59:00.960> makes<00:59:01.280> sense 00:59:02.390 --> 00:59:02.400 align:start position:0% because if it makes sense 00:59:02.400 --> 00:59:09.030 align:start position:0% because if it makes sense is<00:59:02.559> it<00:59:02.839> challenging<00:59:05.040> talk<00:59:05.359> very<00:59:05.599> fast 00:59:09.030 --> 00:59:09.040 align:start position:0% 00:59:09.040 --> 00:59:10.950 align:start position:0% yeah<00:59:09.440> i<00:59:09.520> mean<00:59:09.680> i<00:59:09.760> think<00:59:10.160> there<00:59:10.400> is<00:59:10.480> always<00:59:10.799> a 00:59:10.950 --> 00:59:10.960 align:start position:0% yeah i mean i think there is always a 00:59:10.960 --> 00:59:13.030 align:start position:0% yeah i mean i think there is always a danger<00:59:11.920> um 00:59:13.030 --> 00:59:13.040 align:start position:0% danger um 00:59:13.040 --> 00:59:16.069 align:start position:0% danger um that<00:59:13.359> if<00:59:13.520> you<00:59:13.599> do<00:59:13.839> too<00:59:14.000> many<00:59:14.319> things<00:59:15.680> you<00:59:15.920> end 00:59:16.069 --> 00:59:16.079 align:start position:0% that if you do too many things you end 00:59:16.079 --> 00:59:20.789 align:start position:0% that if you do too many things you end up<00:59:16.160> not<00:59:16.400> being<00:59:16.880> good<00:59:17.119> at<00:59:17.359> any<00:59:17.599> of<00:59:17.839> them 00:59:20.789 --> 00:59:20.799 align:start position:0% 00:59:20.799 --> 00:59:23.990 align:start position:0% so<00:59:21.040> i<00:59:21.280> think<00:59:22.000> the<00:59:22.160> answer<00:59:22.799> has<00:59:23.200> been<00:59:23.599> not<00:59:23.839> to 00:59:23.990 --> 00:59:24.000 align:start position:0% so i think the answer has been not to 00:59:24.000 --> 00:59:25.589 align:start position:0% so i think the answer has been not to try<00:59:24.240> everything<00:59:24.640> all<00:59:24.799> at<00:59:24.880> once 00:59:25.589 --> 00:59:25.599 align:start position:0% try everything all at once 00:59:25.599 --> 00:59:28.789 align:start position:0% try everything all at once i<00:59:25.760> mean<00:59:25.920> in<00:59:26.079> fact<00:59:27.040> when<00:59:27.200> i<00:59:27.359> came<00:59:27.680> here 00:59:28.789 --> 00:59:28.799 align:start position:0% i mean in fact when i came here 00:59:28.799 --> 00:59:32.069 align:start position:0% i mean in fact when i came here 25<00:59:29.359> years<00:59:29.599> ago<00:59:29.839> i<00:59:30.000> dropped<00:59:30.319> my<00:59:30.480> work<00:59:30.839> in 00:59:32.069 --> 00:59:32.079 align:start position:0% 25 years ago i dropped my work in 00:59:32.079 --> 00:59:34.950 align:start position:0% 25 years ago i dropped my work in in<00:59:32.400> algebra<00:59:33.280> theory<00:59:33.599> of<00:59:33.920> computation<00:59:34.799> for 00:59:34.950 --> 00:59:34.960 align:start position:0% in algebra theory of computation for 00:59:34.960 --> 00:59:35.910 align:start position:0% in algebra theory of computation for example<00:59:35.359> which<00:59:35.599> was 00:59:35.910 --> 00:59:35.920 align:start position:0% example which was 00:59:35.920 --> 00:59:38.710 align:start position:0% example which was a<00:59:36.079> sad<00:59:36.400> thing<00:59:36.640> to<00:59:36.799> do<00:59:37.119> but<00:59:37.359> i<00:59:38.160> just<00:59:38.400> couldn't 00:59:38.710 --> 00:59:38.720 align:start position:0% a sad thing to do but i just couldn't 00:59:38.720 --> 00:59:40.470 align:start position:0% a sad thing to do but i just couldn't establish<00:59:39.200> the<00:59:39.359> program<00:59:39.760> here<00:59:39.920> and<00:59:40.000> then<00:59:40.319> as 00:59:40.470 --> 00:59:40.480 align:start position:0% establish the program here and then as 00:59:40.480 --> 00:59:42.309 align:start position:0% establish the program here and then as we<00:59:40.640> said<00:59:40.880> later<00:59:41.280> on 00:59:42.309 --> 00:59:42.319 align:start position:0% we said later on 00:59:42.319 --> 00:59:44.390 align:start position:0% we said later on it<00:59:42.559> became<00:59:42.960> prudent<00:59:43.440> to<00:59:43.599> hire<00:59:43.839> these<00:59:44.160> great 00:59:44.390 --> 00:59:44.400 align:start position:0% it became prudent to hire these great 00:59:44.400 --> 00:59:45.750 align:start position:0% it became prudent to hire these great younger<00:59:44.720> people 00:59:45.750 --> 00:59:45.760 align:start position:0% younger people 00:59:45.760 --> 00:59:48.390 align:start position:0% younger people like<00:59:46.160> shaolin<00:59:46.799> matarich<00:59:47.440> and<00:59:47.520> then<00:59:47.760> sukkatmi 00:59:48.390 --> 00:59:48.400 align:start position:0% like shaolin matarich and then sukkatmi 00:59:48.400 --> 00:59:49.510 align:start position:0% like shaolin matarich and then sukkatmi and<00:59:48.640> eti 00:59:49.510 --> 00:59:49.520 align:start position:0% and eti 00:59:49.520 --> 00:59:51.430 align:start position:0% and eti to<00:59:49.680> take<00:59:49.920> over<00:59:50.240> the<00:59:50.400> robotics<00:59:50.960> so<00:59:51.119> i<00:59:51.200> think 00:59:51.430 --> 00:59:51.440 align:start position:0% to take over the robotics so i think 00:59:51.440 --> 00:59:53.190 align:start position:0% to take over the robotics so i think that 00:59:53.190 --> 00:59:53.200 align:start position:0% that 00:59:53.200 --> 00:59:55.030 align:start position:0% that and<00:59:53.359> now<00:59:53.599> i'm<00:59:53.839> obsessed<00:59:54.240> with<00:59:54.480> the<00:59:54.559> evolution 00:59:55.030 --> 00:59:55.040 align:start position:0% and now i'm obsessed with the evolution 00:59:55.040 --> 00:59:57.190 align:start position:0% and now i'm obsessed with the evolution of<00:59:55.200> language<00:59:56.079> i've<00:59:56.319> always<00:59:56.559> worked<00:59:56.880> on 00:59:57.190 --> 00:59:57.200 align:start position:0% of language i've always worked on 00:59:57.200 --> 01:00:00.309 align:start position:0% of language i've always worked on linguistics<00:59:58.799> off<00:59:59.040> and<00:59:59.200> on<00:59:59.680> since<01:00:00.000> i<01:00:00.079> knew 01:00:00.309 --> 01:00:00.319 align:start position:0% linguistics off and on since i knew 01:00:00.319 --> 01:00:02.230 align:start position:0% linguistics off and on since i knew chomsky<01:00:00.880> as<01:00:00.960> a<01:00:01.040> graduate<01:00:01.520> student<01:00:01.839> when<01:00:02.000> i<01:00:02.160> was 01:00:02.230 --> 01:00:02.240 align:start position:0% chomsky as a graduate student when i was 01:00:02.240 --> 01:00:04.230 align:start position:0% chomsky as a graduate student when i was a<01:00:02.319> graduate<01:00:02.720> student<01:00:03.040> not<01:00:03.200> here 01:00:04.230 --> 01:00:04.240 align:start position:0% a graduate student not here 01:00:04.240 --> 01:00:07.190 align:start position:0% a graduate student not here um<01:00:05.440> but<01:00:05.599> i<01:00:05.839> think<01:00:06.000> that's<01:00:06.240> probably<01:00:06.799> that<01:00:07.040> in 01:00:07.190 --> 01:00:07.200 align:start position:0% um but i think that's probably that in 01:00:07.200 --> 01:00:09.190 align:start position:0% um but i think that's probably that in any<01:00:07.440> particular<01:00:08.240> year 01:00:09.190 --> 01:00:09.200 align:start position:0% any particular year 01:00:09.200 --> 01:00:14.789 align:start position:0% any particular year um<01:00:11.040> there<01:00:11.200> have<01:00:11.440> been<01:00:11.680> real<01:00:12.839> foci 01:00:14.789 --> 01:00:14.799 align:start position:0% um there have been real foci 01:00:14.799 --> 01:00:17.270 align:start position:0% um there have been real foci grounded<01:00:15.359> by<01:00:15.520> having<01:00:15.839> very<01:00:16.079> good<01:00:16.720> phd 01:00:17.270 --> 01:00:17.280 align:start position:0% grounded by having very good phd 01:00:17.280 --> 01:00:19.109 align:start position:0% grounded by having very good phd students 01:00:19.109 --> 01:00:19.119 align:start position:0% students 01:00:19.119 --> 01:00:21.270 align:start position:0% students and<01:00:19.599> but<01:00:19.839> at<01:00:20.000> the<01:00:20.079> same<01:00:20.400> time<01:00:20.640> the<01:00:20.799> base<01:00:21.119> of 01:00:21.270 --> 01:00:21.280 align:start position:0% and but at the same time the base of 01:00:21.280 --> 01:00:22.950 align:start position:0% and but at the same time the base of knowledge<01:00:21.680> is<01:00:21.839> increasing<01:00:22.559> so 01:00:22.950 --> 01:00:22.960 align:start position:0% knowledge is increasing so 01:00:22.960 --> 01:00:24.870 align:start position:0% knowledge is increasing so that<01:00:23.599> opportunities<01:00:24.160> can't<01:00:24.319> later<01:00:24.559> so<01:00:24.720> for 01:00:24.870 --> 01:00:24.880 align:start position:0% that opportunities can't later so for 01:00:24.880 --> 01:00:25.990 align:start position:0% that opportunities can't later so for example<01:00:25.280> i<01:00:25.359> had<01:00:25.520> a 01:00:25.990 --> 01:00:26.000 align:start position:0% example i had a 01:00:26.000 --> 01:00:29.030 align:start position:0% example i had a group<01:00:26.240> of<01:00:26.480> four<01:00:26.799> phd<01:00:27.359> students<01:00:27.839> at<01:00:28.079> umass 01:00:29.030 --> 01:00:29.040 align:start position:0% group of four phd students at umass 01:00:29.040 --> 01:00:31.589 align:start position:0% group of four phd students at umass working<01:00:29.440> on<01:00:30.240> schema<01:00:30.720> theory<01:00:30.960> approaches<01:00:31.440> to 01:00:31.589 --> 01:00:31.599 align:start position:0% working on schema theory approaches to 01:00:31.599 --> 01:00:33.109 align:start position:0% working on schema theory approaches to language<01:00:32.000> that<01:00:32.160> came<01:00:32.319> to<01:00:32.480> an<01:00:32.640> end<01:00:32.720> when<01:00:32.880> i<01:00:32.960> left 01:00:33.109 --> 01:00:33.119 align:start position:0% language that came to an end when i left 01:00:33.119 --> 01:00:34.789 align:start position:0% language that came to an end when i left there<01:00:33.280> in<01:00:33.440> 86 01:00:34.789 --> 01:00:34.799 align:start position:0% there in 86 01:00:34.799 --> 01:00:38.710 align:start position:0% there in 86 but<01:00:34.960> then<01:00:35.280> when<01:00:35.599> about<01:00:36.160> 11<01:00:36.559> years<01:00:36.960> later 01:00:38.710 --> 01:00:38.720 align:start position:0% but then when about 11 years later 01:00:38.720 --> 01:00:40.470 align:start position:0% but then when about 11 years later we<01:00:38.880> did<01:00:39.040> the<01:00:39.200> brain<01:00:39.440> imaging<01:00:39.760> which<01:00:40.000> said<01:00:40.240> oh 01:00:40.470 --> 01:00:40.480 align:start position:0% we did the brain imaging which said oh 01:00:40.480 --> 01:00:42.470 align:start position:0% we did the brain imaging which said oh look<01:00:40.720> these<01:00:40.960> mirror<01:00:41.280> neurons<01:00:41.839> and<01:00:41.920> the<01:00:42.079> human 01:00:42.470 --> 01:00:42.480 align:start position:0% look these mirror neurons and the human 01:00:42.480 --> 01:00:43.589 align:start position:0% look these mirror neurons and the human appear<01:00:42.880> to<01:00:43.040> be<01:00:43.280> in 01:00:43.589 --> 01:00:43.599 align:start position:0% appear to be in 01:00:43.599 --> 01:00:45.270 align:start position:0% appear to be in broca's<01:00:44.000> area<01:00:44.240> language<01:00:44.640> area<01:00:44.880> i<01:00:44.960> was<01:00:45.040> then 01:00:45.270 --> 01:00:45.280 align:start position:0% broca's area language area i was then 01:00:45.280 --> 01:00:47.430 align:start position:0% broca's area language area i was then ready<01:00:46.240> to<01:00:46.319> be<01:00:46.400> able<01:00:46.559> to 01:00:47.430 --> 01:00:47.440 align:start position:0% ready to be able to 01:00:47.440 --> 01:00:49.750 align:start position:0% ready to be able to to<01:00:47.599> land<01:00:47.920> on<01:00:48.000> my<01:00:48.240> feet<01:00:48.480> running<01:00:48.880> and<01:00:49.040> returning 01:00:49.750 --> 01:00:49.760 align:start position:0% to land on my feet running and returning 01:00:49.760 --> 01:00:52.710 align:start position:0% to land on my feet running and returning to<01:00:50.079> to<01:00:50.240> language<01:00:50.720> but<01:00:50.960> now 01:00:52.710 --> 01:00:52.720 align:start position:0% to to language but now 01:00:52.720 --> 01:00:56.069 align:start position:0% to to language but now tying<01:00:53.119> it<01:00:53.200> into<01:00:53.440> an<01:00:53.599> evolutionary<01:00:54.839> scenario 01:00:56.069 --> 01:00:56.079 align:start position:0% tying it into an evolutionary scenario 01:00:56.079 --> 01:00:58.870 align:start position:0% tying it into an evolutionary scenario as<01:00:56.240> well<01:00:56.400> as<01:00:56.640> trying<01:00:56.799> to<01:00:56.880> think<01:00:57.200> through 01:00:58.870 --> 01:00:58.880 align:start position:0% as well as trying to think through 01:00:58.880 --> 01:01:00.630 align:start position:0% as well as trying to think through whether<01:00:59.200> this<01:00:59.440> scenario<01:00:59.920> gave<01:01:00.160> us<01:01:00.319> a<01:01:00.400> new 01:01:00.630 --> 01:01:00.640 align:start position:0% whether this scenario gave us a new 01:01:00.640 --> 01:01:02.390 align:start position:0% whether this scenario gave us a new approach<01:01:01.040> for<01:01:01.200> thinking<01:01:01.520> about<01:01:01.839> the<01:01:02.000> human 01:01:02.390 --> 01:01:02.400 align:start position:0% approach for thinking about the human 01:01:02.400 --> 01:01:04.470 align:start position:0% approach for thinking about the human brain<01:01:02.799> and<01:01:02.960> neurolinguistics<01:01:03.920> which<01:01:04.160> it<01:01:04.240> has 01:01:04.470 --> 01:01:04.480 align:start position:0% brain and neurolinguistics which it has 01:01:04.480 --> 01:01:07.750 align:start position:0% brain and neurolinguistics which it has done 01:01:07.750 --> 01:01:07.760 align:start position:0% 01:01:07.760 --> 01:01:10.069 align:start position:0% i<01:01:08.000> had<01:01:08.240> it<01:01:08.400> okay<01:01:08.880> just<01:01:09.040> a<01:01:09.119> quick<01:01:09.359> one<01:01:09.760> i<01:01:09.839> was 01:01:10.069 --> 01:01:10.079 align:start position:0% i had it okay just a quick one i was 01:01:10.079 --> 01:01:12.069 align:start position:0% i had it okay just a quick one i was curious<01:01:10.640> about<01:01:10.960> you<01:01:11.119> mentioned<01:01:11.520> kind<01:01:11.680> of 01:01:12.069 --> 01:01:12.079 align:start position:0% curious about you mentioned kind of 01:01:12.079 --> 01:01:14.069 align:start position:0% curious about you mentioned kind of changing<01:01:12.559> places<01:01:13.040> and<01:01:13.280> the<01:01:13.359> availability<01:01:13.920> of 01:01:14.069 --> 01:01:14.079 align:start position:0% changing places and the availability of 01:01:14.079 --> 01:01:15.589 align:start position:0% changing places and the availability of students<01:01:14.559> and<01:01:14.640> things<01:01:14.880> like<01:01:15.040> that<01:01:15.200> as<01:01:15.359> having 01:01:15.589 --> 01:01:15.599 align:start position:0% students and things like that as having 01:01:15.599 --> 01:01:16.230 align:start position:0% students and things like that as having an<01:01:15.760> impact 01:01:16.230 --> 01:01:16.240 align:start position:0% an impact 01:01:16.240 --> 01:01:19.750 align:start position:0% an impact what<01:01:16.400> about<01:01:16.720> funding<01:01:17.760> did 01:01:19.750 --> 01:01:19.760 align:start position:0% what about funding did 01:01:19.760 --> 01:01:22.710 align:start position:0% what about funding did is<01:01:19.920> that<01:01:20.079> answer<01:01:20.400> your<01:01:20.559> question<01:01:21.280> yes<01:01:22.400> no<01:01:22.559> i'd 01:01:22.710 --> 01:01:22.720 align:start position:0% is that answer your question yes no i'd 01:01:22.720 --> 01:01:24.870 align:start position:0% is that answer your question yes no i'd say<01:01:22.960> funding<01:01:23.359> has<01:01:23.520> been<01:01:23.839> very<01:01:24.079> difficult 01:01:24.870 --> 01:01:24.880 align:start position:0% say funding has been very difficult 01:01:24.880 --> 01:01:30.789 align:start position:0% say funding has been very difficult because<01:01:25.200> i<01:01:25.280> think<01:01:25.520> what<01:01:25.680> happens<01:01:26.160> is<01:01:26.400> that 01:01:30.789 --> 01:01:30.799 align:start position:0% 01:01:30.799 --> 01:01:34.150 align:start position:0% the<01:01:30.960> funding<01:01:31.359> agencies<01:01:32.000> prefer<01:01:33.040> narrow 01:01:34.150 --> 01:01:34.160 align:start position:0% the funding agencies prefer narrow 01:01:34.160 --> 01:01:37.589 align:start position:0% the funding agencies prefer narrow focused<01:01:36.319> proposals 01:01:37.589 --> 01:01:37.599 align:start position:0% focused proposals 01:01:37.599 --> 01:01:41.190 align:start position:0% focused proposals and<01:01:37.760> they<01:01:38.000> also<01:01:39.440> prefer<01:01:40.079> proposals<01:01:40.799> except 01:01:41.190 --> 01:01:41.200 align:start position:0% and they also prefer proposals except 01:01:41.200 --> 01:01:43.750 align:start position:0% and they also prefer proposals except for<01:01:41.359> very<01:01:41.599> young<01:01:41.920> people<01:01:42.400> that<01:01:43.119> are<01:01:43.280> based<01:01:43.599> on 01:01:43.750 --> 01:01:43.760 align:start position:0% for very young people that are based on 01:01:43.760 --> 01:01:45.910 align:start position:0% for very young people that are based on a<01:01:43.839> track<01:01:44.160> record<01:01:44.559> in<01:01:44.720> a<01:01:44.799> particular<01:01:45.280> area 01:01:45.910 --> 01:01:45.920 align:start position:0% a track record in a particular area 01:01:45.920 --> 01:01:49.510 align:start position:0% a track record in a particular area so<01:01:46.240> that<01:01:47.760> i<01:01:47.920> would<01:01:48.160> say<01:01:48.480> that<01:01:48.880> that's<01:01:49.119> the<01:01:49.280> one 01:01:49.510 --> 01:01:49.520 align:start position:0% so that i would say that that's the one 01:01:49.520 --> 01:01:51.670 align:start position:0% so that i would say that that's the one dimension<01:01:50.000> of<01:01:50.160> my<01:01:50.319> career<01:01:50.720> that<01:01:50.880> has<01:01:51.280> not<01:01:51.440> been 01:01:51.670 --> 01:01:51.680 align:start position:0% dimension of my career that has not been 01:01:51.680 --> 01:01:53.510 align:start position:0% dimension of my career that has not been as<01:01:51.839> successful<01:01:52.400> as<01:01:52.480> i<01:01:52.559> would<01:01:52.799> like<01:01:53.040> it<01:01:53.119> to<01:01:53.280> be 01:01:53.510 --> 01:01:53.520 align:start position:0% as successful as i would like it to be 01:01:53.520 --> 01:01:55.349 align:start position:0% as successful as i would like it to be there<01:01:53.680> have<01:01:53.839> been<01:01:54.079> periods<01:01:54.559> where 01:01:55.349 --> 01:01:55.359 align:start position:0% there have been periods where 01:01:55.359 --> 01:01:57.270 align:start position:0% there have been periods where i<01:01:55.520> have<01:01:55.760> been<01:01:55.920> well-funded<01:01:56.559> other<01:01:56.799> periods 01:01:57.270 --> 01:01:57.280 align:start position:0% i have been well-funded other periods 01:01:57.280 --> 01:01:58.710 align:start position:0% i have been well-funded other periods where<01:01:57.520> it's<01:01:57.680> the 01:01:58.710 --> 01:01:58.720 align:start position:0% where it's the 01:01:58.720 --> 01:02:00.549 align:start position:0% where it's the teaching<01:01:59.119> assistantships<01:01:59.839> and<01:02:00.000> fellowships 01:02:00.549 --> 01:02:00.559 align:start position:0% teaching assistantships and fellowships 01:02:00.559 --> 01:02:02.150 align:start position:0% teaching assistantships and fellowships for<01:02:00.720> the<01:02:00.880> students<01:02:01.359> that<01:02:01.520> have<01:02:01.680> basically 01:02:02.150 --> 01:02:02.160 align:start position:0% for the students that have basically 01:02:02.160 --> 01:02:03.349 align:start position:0% for the students that have basically kept<01:02:02.480> things 01:02:03.349 --> 01:02:03.359 align:start position:0% kept things 01:02:03.359 --> 01:02:05.750 align:start position:0% kept things things<01:02:03.680> going<01:02:04.720> so<01:02:04.880> i<01:02:04.960> wouldn't<01:02:05.280> say<01:02:05.440> i<01:02:05.520> would 01:02:05.750 --> 01:02:05.760 align:start position:0% things going so i wouldn't say i would 01:02:05.760 --> 01:02:06.710 align:start position:0% things going so i wouldn't say i would recommend 01:02:06.710 --> 01:02:06.720 align:start position:0% recommend 01:02:06.720 --> 01:02:10.069 align:start position:0% recommend this<01:02:07.039> diverse<01:02:07.680> career<01:02:08.079> to<01:02:08.559> most<01:02:08.880> people<01:02:09.680> but 01:02:10.069 --> 01:02:10.079 align:start position:0% this diverse career to most people but 01:02:10.079 --> 01:02:13.109 align:start position:0% this diverse career to most people but uh<01:02:11.440> and<01:02:11.520> there<01:02:11.680> are<01:02:11.839> times<01:02:12.160> when<01:02:12.319> i<01:02:12.559> i<01:02:12.720> sort<01:02:12.880> of 01:02:13.109 --> 01:02:13.119 align:start position:0% uh and there are times when i i sort of 01:02:13.119 --> 01:02:14.630 align:start position:0% uh and there are times when i i sort of envy<01:02:13.440> some<01:02:13.599> of<01:02:13.680> those<01:02:13.839> people<01:02:14.079> who<01:02:14.240> stayed 01:02:14.630 --> 01:02:14.640 align:start position:0% envy some of those people who stayed 01:02:14.640 --> 01:02:17.190 align:start position:0% envy some of those people who stayed very<01:02:14.799> well<01:02:15.039> focused<01:02:15.599> and<01:02:16.079> gone 01:02:17.190 --> 01:02:17.200 align:start position:0% very well focused and gone 01:02:17.200 --> 01:02:20.470 align:start position:0% very well focused and gone gone<01:02:17.440> deep<01:02:19.359> uh 01:02:20.470 --> 01:02:20.480 align:start position:0% gone deep uh 01:02:20.480 --> 01:02:23.990 align:start position:0% gone deep uh but<01:02:21.039> overall<01:02:21.599> i<01:02:21.680> think<01:02:22.160> despite<01:02:22.720> that 01:02:23.990 --> 01:02:24.000 align:start position:0% but overall i think despite that 01:02:24.000 --> 01:02:25.990 align:start position:0% but overall i think despite that nastiness<01:02:24.640> with<01:02:24.799> funding<01:02:25.200> from<01:02:25.440> time<01:02:25.599> to<01:02:25.760> time 01:02:25.990 --> 01:02:26.000 align:start position:0% nastiness with funding from time to time 01:02:26.000 --> 01:02:27.029 align:start position:0% nastiness with funding from time to time it's<01:02:26.160> been<01:02:26.400> worth<01:02:26.720> it 01:02:27.029 --> 01:02:27.039 align:start position:0% it's been worth it 01:02:27.039 --> 01:02:28.789 align:start position:0% it's been worth it because<01:02:27.440> having<01:02:27.680> this<01:02:27.920> broad<01:02:28.160> perspective 01:02:28.789 --> 01:02:28.799 align:start position:0% because having this broad perspective 01:02:28.799 --> 01:02:32.549 align:start position:0% because having this broad perspective has<01:02:28.960> been<01:02:29.200> very<01:02:29.440> exciting 01:02:32.549 --> 01:02:32.559 align:start position:0% 01:02:32.559 --> 01:02:34.029 align:start position:0% yeah<01:02:32.799> do<01:02:32.880> you<01:02:33.039> find<01:02:33.280> that<01:02:33.440> the 01:02:34.029 --> 01:02:34.039 align:start position:0% yeah do you find that the 01:02:34.039 --> 01:02:36.549 align:start position:0% yeah do you find that the interdisciplinarity<01:02:35.039> was<01:02:35.280> inspired<01:02:35.760> by<01:02:36.000> the 01:02:36.549 --> 01:02:36.559 align:start position:0% interdisciplinarity was inspired by the 01:02:36.559 --> 01:02:38.470 align:start position:0% interdisciplinarity was inspired by the cyberneticians<01:02:37.440> who<01:02:37.599> were<01:02:37.760> also<01:02:38.079> very 01:02:38.470 --> 01:02:38.480 align:start position:0% cyberneticians who were also very 01:02:38.480 --> 01:02:41.670 align:start position:0% cyberneticians who were also very interdisciplinary<01:02:39.200> in<01:02:39.280> their<01:02:39.520> approach 01:02:41.670 --> 01:02:41.680 align:start position:0% interdisciplinary in their approach 01:02:41.680 --> 01:02:43.109 align:start position:0% interdisciplinary in their approach oh<01:02:41.760> well<01:02:41.920> that's<01:02:42.079> how<01:02:42.240> it<01:02:42.400> started<01:02:42.880> i<01:02:42.960> would 01:02:43.109 --> 01:02:43.119 align:start position:0% oh well that's how it started i would 01:02:43.119 --> 01:02:45.670 align:start position:0% oh well that's how it started i would say<01:02:43.359> because<01:02:44.079> until<01:02:44.480> i<01:02:44.640> read<01:02:44.880> wiener's<01:02:45.280> book<01:02:45.599> i 01:02:45.670 --> 01:02:45.680 align:start position:0% say because until i read wiener's book i 01:02:45.680 --> 01:02:48.309 align:start position:0% say because until i read wiener's book i was<01:02:45.920> a<01:02:46.000> pure<01:02:46.240> mathematician<01:02:47.039> and<01:02:47.200> my 01:02:48.309 --> 01:02:48.319 align:start position:0% was a pure mathematician and my 01:02:48.319 --> 01:02:50.230 align:start position:0% was a pure mathematician and my in<01:02:48.400> fact<01:02:48.640> my<01:02:48.799> freshman<01:02:49.200> year<01:02:49.359> at<01:02:49.520> university<01:02:50.079> i 01:02:50.230 --> 01:02:50.240 align:start position:0% in fact my freshman year at university i 01:02:50.240 --> 01:02:51.589 align:start position:0% in fact my freshman year at university i founded<01:02:50.559> a<01:02:50.640> little<01:02:50.799> group<01:02:51.119> called<01:02:51.440> the 01:02:51.589 --> 01:02:51.599 align:start position:0% founded a little group called the 01:02:51.599 --> 01:02:53.670 align:start position:0% founded a little group called the useless<01:02:52.079> mathematics<01:02:52.799> mob<01:02:53.039> with<01:02:53.200> the<01:02:53.359> idea 01:02:53.670 --> 01:02:53.680 align:start position:0% useless mathematics mob with the idea 01:02:53.680 --> 01:02:55.430 align:start position:0% useless mathematics mob with the idea that<01:02:53.839> if<01:02:54.000> mathematics<01:02:54.559> could<01:02:54.720> be<01:02:54.880> applied<01:02:55.359> it 01:02:55.430 --> 01:02:55.440 align:start position:0% that if mathematics could be applied it 01:02:55.440 --> 01:02:57.349 align:start position:0% that if mathematics could be applied it wasn't<01:02:55.760> worth<01:02:56.079> doing 01:02:57.349 --> 01:02:57.359 align:start position:0% wasn't worth doing 01:02:57.359 --> 01:03:00.390 align:start position:0% wasn't worth doing and<01:02:57.599> then<01:02:57.839> i<01:02:57.920> was<01:02:58.240> changed<01:02:58.640> by<01:02:58.960> cybernetics 01:03:00.390 --> 01:03:00.400 align:start position:0% and then i was changed by cybernetics 01:03:00.400 --> 01:03:03.029 align:start position:0% and then i was changed by cybernetics and<01:03:00.559> that<01:03:00.799> got<01:03:00.960> me<01:03:01.119> reading<01:03:01.760> um<01:03:02.559> and<01:03:02.640> then<01:03:02.799> as<01:03:02.960> i 01:03:03.029 --> 01:03:03.039 align:start position:0% and that got me reading um and then as i 01:03:03.039 --> 01:03:03.589 align:start position:0% and that got me reading um and then as i said<01:03:03.200> i 01:03:03.589 --> 01:03:03.599 align:start position:0% said i 01:03:03.599 --> 01:03:05.510 align:start position:0% said i you<01:03:03.760> know<01:03:04.000> met<01:03:04.400> neurophysiologists<01:03:05.440> and 01:03:05.510 --> 01:03:05.520 align:start position:0% you know met neurophysiologists and 01:03:05.520 --> 01:03:07.270 align:start position:0% you know met neurophysiologists and started<01:03:05.839> sitting<01:03:06.160> in<01:03:06.240> on<01:03:06.400> their<01:03:06.559> experiments 01:03:07.270 --> 01:03:07.280 align:start position:0% started sitting in on their experiments 01:03:07.280 --> 01:03:07.510 align:start position:0% started sitting in on their experiments and 01:03:07.510 --> 01:03:07.520 align:start position:0% and 01:03:07.520 --> 01:03:09.430 align:start position:0% and learning<01:03:07.760> about<01:03:07.920> the<01:03:08.079> frog's<01:03:08.480> brain<01:03:08.880> and<01:03:09.119> that 01:03:09.430 --> 01:03:09.440 align:start position:0% learning about the frog's brain and that 01:03:09.440 --> 01:03:10.789 align:start position:0% learning about the frog's brain and that led<01:03:09.680> to 01:03:10.789 --> 01:03:10.799 align:start position:0% led to 01:03:10.799 --> 01:03:14.069 align:start position:0% led to mit<01:03:11.520> as<01:03:11.760> an<01:03:11.920> interdisciplinary<01:03:12.720> hotbed<01:03:13.760> as<01:03:14.000> it 01:03:14.069 --> 01:03:14.079 align:start position:0% mit as an interdisciplinary hotbed as it 01:03:14.079 --> 01:03:14.710 align:start position:0% mit as an interdisciplinary hotbed as it were<01:03:14.400> so 01:03:14.710 --> 01:03:14.720 align:start position:0% were so 01:03:14.720 --> 01:03:17.990 align:start position:0% were so by<01:03:14.960> the<01:03:15.200> time<01:03:15.520> i<01:03:16.559> finished<01:03:16.880> my<01:03:17.119> senior<01:03:17.599> year<01:03:17.920> i 01:03:17.990 --> 01:03:18.000 align:start position:0% by the time i finished my senior year i 01:03:18.000 --> 01:03:20.230 align:start position:0% by the time i finished my senior year i would<01:03:18.240> say<01:03:18.480> i<01:03:18.559> was<01:03:18.720> already 01:03:20.230 --> 01:03:20.240 align:start position:0% would say i was already 01:03:20.240 --> 01:03:23.829 align:start position:0% would say i was already mocked<01:03:21.520> for<01:03:21.839> for<01:03:22.079> this<01:03:22.319> career 01:03:23.829 --> 01:03:23.839 align:start position:0% mocked for for this career 01:03:23.839 --> 01:03:26.390 align:start position:0% mocked for for this career in<01:03:23.920> terms<01:03:24.240> of<01:03:24.400> actually<01:03:24.720> working<01:03:25.119> with<01:03:25.839> weiner 01:03:26.390 --> 01:03:26.400 align:start position:0% in terms of actually working with weiner 01:03:26.400 --> 01:03:26.870 align:start position:0% in terms of actually working with weiner and 01:03:26.870 --> 01:03:26.880 align:start position:0% and 01:03:26.880 --> 01:03:28.309 align:start position:0% and interacting<01:03:27.359> with<01:03:27.520> them<01:03:27.920> what<01:03:28.079> were<01:03:28.240> they 01:03:28.309 --> 01:03:28.319 align:start position:0% interacting with them what were they 01:03:28.319 --> 01:03:29.990 align:start position:0% interacting with them what were they like<01:03:29.359> as<01:03:29.599> people 01:03:29.990 --> 01:03:30.000 align:start position:0% like as people 01:03:30.000 --> 01:03:32.150 align:start position:0% like as people and<01:03:30.079> what<01:03:30.240> was<01:03:30.319> it<01:03:30.400> like<01:03:30.640> to<01:03:30.720> be<01:03:31.200> a<01:03:31.359> student 01:03:32.150 --> 01:03:32.160 align:start position:0% and what was it like to be a student 01:03:32.160 --> 01:03:37.829 align:start position:0% and what was it like to be a student learning<01:03:32.480> from<01:03:32.720> that 01:03:37.829 --> 01:03:37.839 align:start position:0% 01:03:37.839 --> 01:03:39.190 align:start position:0% i<01:03:38.000> have<01:03:38.160> a<01:03:38.240> story<01:03:38.480> but<01:03:38.640> i'm<01:03:38.720> not<01:03:38.880> going<01:03:38.960> to<01:03:39.039> put 01:03:39.190 --> 01:03:39.200 align:start position:0% i have a story but i'm not going to put 01:03:39.200 --> 01:03:46.470 align:start position:0% i have a story but i'm not going to put it<01:03:39.359> on<01:03:42.839> tape 01:03:46.470 --> 01:03:46.480 align:start position:0% 01:03:46.480 --> 01:03:48.390 align:start position:0% no<01:03:46.720> if<01:03:46.799> you<01:03:46.960> send<01:03:47.119> me<01:03:47.200> an<01:03:47.359> email<01:03:47.920> i'll<01:03:48.079> send<01:03:48.240> you 01:03:48.390 --> 01:03:48.400 align:start position:0% no if you send me an email i'll send you 01:03:48.400 --> 01:03:50.710 align:start position:0% no if you send me an email i'll send you a<01:03:48.480> writer<01:03:48.960> but<01:03:49.119> i'm<01:03:49.200> not<01:03:49.359> doing<01:03:49.520> it 01:03:50.710 --> 01:03:50.720 align:start position:0% a writer but i'm not doing it 01:03:50.720 --> 01:03:52.549 align:start position:0% a writer but i'm not doing it um<01:03:51.280> well<01:03:51.520> they<01:03:51.599> were<01:03:51.760> very<01:03:52.000> different<01:03:52.240> people 01:03:52.549 --> 01:03:52.559 align:start position:0% um well they were very different people 01:03:52.559 --> 01:03:54.390 align:start position:0% um well they were very different people weiner<01:03:53.359> was<01:03:53.680> on<01:03:53.839> the<01:03:53.920> one<01:03:54.079> hand 01:03:54.390 --> 01:03:54.400 align:start position:0% weiner was on the one hand 01:03:54.400 --> 01:03:55.990 align:start position:0% weiner was on the one hand terribly<01:03:54.799> brilliant<01:03:55.280> and<01:03:55.440> on<01:03:55.520> the<01:03:55.680> other<01:03:55.839> hand 01:03:55.990 --> 01:03:56.000 align:start position:0% terribly brilliant and on the other hand 01:03:56.000 --> 01:03:57.510 align:start position:0% terribly brilliant and on the other hand terribly<01:03:56.400> insecure 01:03:57.510 --> 01:03:57.520 align:start position:0% terribly insecure 01:03:57.520 --> 01:04:01.109 align:start position:0% terribly insecure and<01:03:59.520> if<01:03:59.680> you<01:04:00.000> read<01:04:00.400> his 01:04:01.109 --> 01:04:01.119 align:start position:0% and if you read his 01:04:01.119 --> 01:04:04.870 align:start position:0% and if you read his autobiography<01:04:03.520> you<01:04:03.680> get<01:04:03.839> to<01:04:04.000> understand<01:04:04.480> it<01:04:04.640> i 01:04:04.870 --> 01:04:04.880 align:start position:0% autobiography you get to understand it i 01:04:04.880 --> 01:04:05.990 align:start position:0% autobiography you get to understand it i think 01:04:05.990 --> 01:04:06.000 align:start position:0% think 01:04:06.000 --> 01:04:08.789 align:start position:0% think as<01:04:06.240> a<01:04:06.400> child<01:04:06.799> he<01:04:06.960> was<01:04:07.359> pushed<01:04:07.760> by<01:04:07.920> his<01:04:08.240> father 01:04:08.789 --> 01:04:08.799 align:start position:0% as a child he was pushed by his father 01:04:08.799 --> 01:04:10.630 align:start position:0% as a child he was pushed by his father to<01:04:08.960> be<01:04:09.200> a<01:04:09.280> child<01:04:09.680> prodigy 01:04:10.630 --> 01:04:10.640 align:start position:0% to be a child prodigy 01:04:10.640 --> 01:04:13.510 align:start position:0% to be a child prodigy so<01:04:10.799> he<01:04:10.960> got<01:04:11.200> his<01:04:12.079> bachelor's<01:04:12.559> degree<01:04:13.039> from 01:04:13.510 --> 01:04:13.520 align:start position:0% so he got his bachelor's degree from 01:04:13.520 --> 01:04:16.950 align:start position:0% so he got his bachelor's degree from tufts<01:04:14.000> i<01:04:14.160> think<01:04:14.400> at<01:04:14.559> 14<01:04:15.039> and<01:04:15.200> harvard<01:04:15.599> at<01:04:15.760> 18. 01:04:16.950 --> 01:04:16.960 align:start position:0% tufts i think at 14 and harvard at 18. 01:04:16.960 --> 01:04:18.710 align:start position:0% tufts i think at 14 and harvard at 18. but<01:04:17.119> as<01:04:17.280> i<01:04:17.440> understand<01:04:17.920> it<01:04:18.079> his<01:04:18.240> father 01:04:18.710 --> 01:04:18.720 align:start position:0% but as i understand it his father 01:04:18.720 --> 01:04:20.549 align:start position:0% but as i understand it his father instead<01:04:19.119> of<01:04:19.440> congratulating<01:04:20.319> him 01:04:20.549 --> 01:04:20.559 align:start position:0% instead of congratulating him 01:04:20.559 --> 01:04:23.190 align:start position:0% instead of congratulating him on<01:04:20.720> how<01:04:20.960> bright<01:04:21.200> he<01:04:21.359> was<01:04:22.319> would<01:04:22.559> sort<01:04:22.799> of<01:04:22.880> say 01:04:23.190 --> 01:04:23.200 align:start position:0% on how bright he was would sort of say 01:04:23.200 --> 01:04:23.589 align:start position:0% on how bright he was would sort of say see 01:04:23.589 --> 01:04:23.599 align:start position:0% see 01:04:23.599 --> 01:04:26.470 align:start position:0% see norbert<01:04:24.559> my<01:04:24.720> theories<01:04:25.119> really<01:04:25.359> work<01:04:25.680> even<01:04:26.079> you 01:04:26.470 --> 01:04:26.480 align:start position:0% norbert my theories really work even you 01:04:26.480 --> 01:04:27.670 align:start position:0% norbert my theories really work even you can<01:04:26.720> do 01:04:27.670 --> 01:04:27.680 align:start position:0% can do 01:04:27.680 --> 01:04:31.029 align:start position:0% can do well<01:04:28.000> so<01:04:28.559> he<01:04:28.720> always<01:04:28.960> had<01:04:29.119> this 01:04:31.029 --> 01:04:31.039 align:start position:0% well so he always had this 01:04:31.039 --> 01:04:33.349 align:start position:0% well so he always had this need<01:04:31.359> for<01:04:31.520> praise<01:04:32.000> and<01:04:32.079> i<01:04:32.240> i<01:04:32.400> think<01:04:33.039> when<01:04:33.280> it 01:04:33.349 --> 01:04:33.359 align:start position:0% need for praise and i i think when it 01:04:33.359 --> 01:04:36.870 align:start position:0% need for praise and i i think when it came<01:04:33.599> to<01:04:33.760> graduate<01:04:34.319> students 01:04:36.870 --> 01:04:36.880 align:start position:0% 01:04:36.880 --> 01:04:38.789 align:start position:0% he<01:04:37.200> was<01:04:37.440> more<01:04:37.760> tuned<01:04:38.079> to<01:04:38.240> the<01:04:38.319> graduate 01:04:38.789 --> 01:04:38.799 align:start position:0% he was more tuned to the graduate 01:04:38.799 --> 01:04:41.270 align:start position:0% he was more tuned to the graduate student<01:04:39.359> who<01:04:39.839> would 01:04:41.270 --> 01:04:41.280 align:start position:0% student who would 01:04:41.280 --> 01:04:45.510 align:start position:0% student who would appreciate<01:04:42.960> him<01:04:43.760> overtly<01:04:44.559> rather<01:04:45.039> than<01:04:45.280> being 01:04:45.510 --> 01:04:45.520 align:start position:0% appreciate him overtly rather than being 01:04:45.520 --> 01:04:47.190 align:start position:0% appreciate him overtly rather than being able<01:04:45.680> to<01:04:45.760> pick<01:04:46.079> what<01:04:46.240> were<01:04:46.480> necessarily<01:04:47.119> the 01:04:47.190 --> 01:04:47.200 align:start position:0% able to pick what were necessarily the 01:04:47.200 --> 01:04:50.069 align:start position:0% able to pick what were necessarily the best<01:04:47.440> graduate<01:04:47.839> student 01:04:50.069 --> 01:04:50.079 align:start position:0% best graduate student 01:04:50.079 --> 01:04:53.430 align:start position:0% best graduate student so<01:04:51.119> that's<01:04:52.079> weiner 01:04:53.430 --> 01:04:53.440 align:start position:0% so that's weiner 01:04:53.440 --> 01:04:56.549 align:start position:0% so that's weiner um<01:04:54.160> probably<01:04:54.480> a<01:04:54.480> little<01:04:54.720> autistic 01:04:56.549 --> 01:04:56.559 align:start position:0% um probably a little autistic 01:04:56.559 --> 01:04:59.109 align:start position:0% um probably a little autistic very<01:04:56.799> bright<01:04:57.680> he<01:04:57.839> wrote<01:04:58.079> a<01:04:58.319> novel<01:04:58.720> called<01:04:58.960> the 01:04:59.109 --> 01:04:59.119 align:start position:0% very bright he wrote a novel called the 01:04:59.119 --> 01:05:00.630 align:start position:0% very bright he wrote a novel called the tempter 01:05:00.630 --> 01:05:00.640 align:start position:0% tempter 01:05:00.640 --> 01:05:02.870 align:start position:0% tempter and<01:05:01.039> if<01:05:01.200> you<01:05:01.359> read<01:05:01.599> that<01:05:01.839> novel<01:05:02.400> and<01:05:02.559> look<01:05:02.799> at 01:05:02.870 --> 01:05:02.880 align:start position:0% and if you read that novel and look at 01:05:02.880 --> 01:05:04.230 align:start position:0% and if you read that novel and look at the<01:05:02.960> love<01:05:03.200> scenes<01:05:03.440> that<01:05:03.599> novel<01:05:03.839> you<01:05:04.000> could<01:05:04.079> be 01:05:04.230 --> 01:05:04.240 align:start position:0% the love scenes that novel you could be 01:05:04.240 --> 01:05:05.829 align:start position:0% the love scenes that novel you could be pretty<01:05:04.480> sure<01:05:04.720> the<01:05:04.880> guy<01:05:05.119> did<01:05:05.359> not<01:05:05.520> really 01:05:05.829 --> 01:05:05.839 align:start position:0% pretty sure the guy did not really 01:05:05.839 --> 01:05:06.950 align:start position:0% pretty sure the guy did not really understand 01:05:06.950 --> 01:05:06.960 align:start position:0% understand 01:05:06.960 --> 01:05:10.230 align:start position:0% understand the<01:05:07.119> human<01:05:07.440> emotion<01:05:08.559> of<01:05:08.799> being<01:05:09.119> in<01:05:09.280> love 01:05:10.230 --> 01:05:10.240 align:start position:0% the human emotion of being in love 01:05:10.240 --> 01:05:13.589 align:start position:0% the human emotion of being in love so<01:05:10.799> um<01:05:12.319> mcculloch<01:05:12.799> described<01:05:13.200> the<01:05:13.280> difference 01:05:13.589 --> 01:05:13.599 align:start position:0% so um mcculloch described the difference 01:05:13.599 --> 01:05:14.470 align:start position:0% so um mcculloch described the difference between<01:05:13.920> them 01:05:14.470 --> 01:05:14.480 align:start position:0% between them 01:05:14.480 --> 01:05:15.829 align:start position:0% between them i<01:05:14.559> don't<01:05:14.720> know<01:05:14.799> where<01:05:14.960> this<01:05:15.200> helps<01:05:15.520> you<01:05:15.680> in<01:05:15.760> the 01:05:15.829 --> 01:05:15.839 align:start position:0% i don't know where this helps you in the 01:05:15.839 --> 01:05:17.589 align:start position:0% i don't know where this helps you in the british<01:05:16.160> civil<01:05:16.480> war 01:05:17.589 --> 01:05:17.599 align:start position:0% british civil war 01:05:17.599 --> 01:05:19.510 align:start position:0% british civil war back<01:05:17.839> in<01:05:18.000> the<01:05:18.240> 1600s<01:05:19.119> there<01:05:19.280> were<01:05:19.359> the 01:05:19.510 --> 01:05:19.520 align:start position:0% back in the 1600s there were the 01:05:19.520 --> 01:05:20.789 align:start position:0% back in the 1600s there were the cavaliers 01:05:20.789 --> 01:05:20.799 align:start position:0% cavaliers 01:05:20.799 --> 01:05:23.430 align:start position:0% cavaliers who<01:05:21.039> were<01:05:21.200> the<01:05:22.000> proponents<01:05:22.640> of<01:05:22.720> the<01:05:22.880> king<01:05:23.200> who 01:05:23.430 --> 01:05:23.440 align:start position:0% who were the proponents of the king who 01:05:23.440 --> 01:05:24.150 align:start position:0% who were the proponents of the king who wore 01:05:24.150 --> 01:05:24.160 align:start position:0% wore 01:05:24.160 --> 01:05:25.910 align:start position:0% wore hats<01:05:24.480> with<01:05:24.720> feathers<01:05:25.200> coming<01:05:25.520> out<01:05:25.680> of<01:05:25.760> them 01:05:25.910 --> 01:05:25.920 align:start position:0% hats with feathers coming out of them 01:05:25.920 --> 01:05:28.069 align:start position:0% hats with feathers coming out of them and<01:05:26.000> were<01:05:26.160> very<01:05:26.400> lavishly<01:05:26.960> dressed<01:05:27.440> and 01:05:28.069 --> 01:05:28.079 align:start position:0% and were very lavishly dressed and 01:05:28.079 --> 01:05:30.230 align:start position:0% and were very lavishly dressed and the<01:05:28.240> round<01:05:28.640> heads<01:05:29.200> who<01:05:29.440> went<01:05:29.680> with<01:05:29.839> oliver 01:05:30.230 --> 01:05:30.240 align:start position:0% the round heads who went with oliver 01:05:30.240 --> 01:05:32.150 align:start position:0% the round heads who went with oliver cromwell<01:05:30.640> who<01:05:30.799> were<01:05:30.960> very<01:05:31.280> dowly 01:05:32.150 --> 01:05:32.160 align:start position:0% cromwell who were very dowly 01:05:32.160 --> 01:05:33.990 align:start position:0% cromwell who were very dowly dressed<01:05:32.559> inside<01:05:32.960> so<01:05:33.119> he<01:05:33.280> characterized 01:05:33.990 --> 01:05:34.000 align:start position:0% dressed inside so he characterized 01:05:34.000 --> 01:05:36.710 align:start position:0% dressed inside so he characterized himself<01:05:34.480> mcculloch<01:05:34.960> as<01:05:35.119> the<01:05:35.280> cavalier<01:05:35.920> to 01:05:36.710 --> 01:05:36.720 align:start position:0% himself mcculloch as the cavalier to 01:05:36.720 --> 01:05:39.910 align:start position:0% himself mcculloch as the cavalier to wiener's<01:05:37.839> round<01:05:38.160> head 01:05:39.910 --> 01:05:39.920 align:start position:0% wiener's round head 01:05:39.920 --> 01:05:43.349 align:start position:0% wiener's round head and<01:05:40.240> uh<01:05:41.359> we<01:05:41.839> mcculloch's<01:05:42.559> problem 01:05:43.349 --> 01:05:43.359 align:start position:0% and uh we mcculloch's problem 01:05:43.359 --> 01:05:45.750 align:start position:0% and uh we mcculloch's problem what<01:05:43.760> was<01:05:44.559> i<01:05:44.720> thought<01:05:44.960> there<01:05:45.119> was<01:05:45.200> a<01:05:45.280> problem 01:05:45.750 --> 01:05:45.760 align:start position:0% what was i thought there was a problem 01:05:45.760 --> 01:05:46.950 align:start position:0% what was i thought there was a problem but<01:05:46.000> he<01:05:46.079> was<01:05:46.160> a<01:05:46.319> romantic 01:05:46.950 --> 01:05:46.960 align:start position:0% but he was a romantic 01:05:46.960 --> 01:05:48.710 align:start position:0% but he was a romantic and<01:05:47.200> and<01:05:47.359> so<01:05:47.520> when<01:05:47.760> you<01:05:47.920> talk<01:05:48.160> to<01:05:48.319> him<01:05:48.480> it<01:05:48.559> was 01:05:48.710 --> 01:05:48.720 align:start position:0% and and so when you talk to him it was 01:05:48.720 --> 01:05:50.710 align:start position:0% and and so when you talk to him it was tremendously<01:05:49.359> exciting 01:05:50.710 --> 01:05:50.720 align:start position:0% tremendously exciting 01:05:50.720 --> 01:05:52.470 align:start position:0% tremendously exciting but<01:05:51.039> you<01:05:51.200> could<01:05:51.280> never<01:05:51.520> be<01:05:51.680> sure<01:05:51.839> what<01:05:52.160> parts 01:05:52.470 --> 01:05:52.480 align:start position:0% but you could never be sure what parts 01:05:52.480 --> 01:05:54.710 align:start position:0% but you could never be sure what parts of<01:05:52.559> the<01:05:52.720> account<01:05:53.680> really<01:05:53.920> were<01:05:54.160> anchored<01:05:54.559> in 01:05:54.710 --> 01:05:54.720 align:start position:0% of the account really were anchored in 01:05:54.720 --> 01:05:56.870 align:start position:0% of the account really were anchored in the<01:05:54.880> current 01:05:56.870 --> 01:05:56.880 align:start position:0% the current 01:05:56.880 --> 01:05:59.109 align:start position:0% the current neuroscience<01:05:57.839> and<01:05:58.000> what<01:05:58.240> counts<01:05:58.559> were<01:05:58.720> his 01:05:59.109 --> 01:05:59.119 align:start position:0% neuroscience and what counts were his 01:05:59.119 --> 01:06:01.750 align:start position:0% neuroscience and what counts were his extrapolation<01:05:59.839> of<01:05:59.920> how<01:06:00.079> it<01:06:00.160> had<01:06:00.400> to<01:06:00.559> be 01:06:01.750 --> 01:06:01.760 align:start position:0% extrapolation of how it had to be 01:06:01.760 --> 01:06:04.710 align:start position:0% extrapolation of how it had to be so<01:06:02.000> if<01:06:02.160> you<01:06:02.400> knew<01:06:02.839> him<01:06:03.839> well<01:06:04.079> enough<01:06:04.400> or<01:06:04.559> were 01:06:04.710 --> 01:06:04.720 align:start position:0% so if you knew him well enough or were 01:06:04.720 --> 01:06:05.589 align:start position:0% so if you knew him well enough or were thoughtful<01:06:05.200> enough 01:06:05.589 --> 01:06:05.599 align:start position:0% thoughtful enough 01:06:05.599 --> 01:06:07.750 align:start position:0% thoughtful enough to<01:06:05.839> say<01:06:06.079> i'll<01:06:06.240> take<01:06:06.480> the<01:06:06.640> inspiration<01:06:07.359> but<01:06:07.520> i'm 01:06:07.750 --> 01:06:07.760 align:start position:0% to say i'll take the inspiration but i'm 01:06:07.760 --> 01:06:09.510 align:start position:0% to say i'll take the inspiration but i'm responsible<01:06:08.640> for 01:06:09.510 --> 01:06:09.520 align:start position:0% responsible for 01:06:09.520 --> 01:06:12.309 align:start position:0% responsible for sifting<01:06:10.079> through<01:06:10.319> it<01:06:11.440> then<01:06:11.680> he<01:06:11.760> was<01:06:12.000> great<01:06:12.160> so 01:06:12.309 --> 01:06:12.319 align:start position:0% sifting through it then he was great so 01:06:12.319 --> 01:06:13.750 align:start position:0% sifting through it then he was great so he<01:06:12.400> had<01:06:12.480> a<01:06:12.640> very<01:06:12.799> nice<01:06:13.039> group<01:06:13.280> around<01:06:13.520> him<01:06:13.680> he 01:06:13.750 --> 01:06:13.760 align:start position:0% he had a very nice group around him he 01:06:13.760 --> 01:06:16.230 align:start position:0% he had a very nice group around him he had<01:06:13.920> an<01:06:14.079> office 01:06:16.230 --> 01:06:16.240 align:start position:0% had an office 01:06:16.240 --> 01:06:18.470 align:start position:0% had an office which<01:06:16.559> was<01:06:17.039> lined<01:06:17.359> with<01:06:17.520> books<01:06:17.839> and<01:06:18.000> filing 01:06:18.470 --> 01:06:18.480 align:start position:0% which was lined with books and filing 01:06:18.480 --> 01:06:19.990 align:start position:0% which was lined with books and filing cabinets<01:06:19.039> and<01:06:19.119> then<01:06:19.280> there<01:06:19.440> was<01:06:19.680> a 01:06:19.990 --> 01:06:20.000 align:start position:0% cabinets and then there was a 01:06:20.000 --> 01:06:22.710 align:start position:0% cabinets and then there was a blackboard<01:06:20.640> about<01:06:21.200> yay<01:06:21.520> big<01:06:21.760> as<01:06:21.920> he<01:06:22.000> would<01:06:22.160> say 01:06:22.710 --> 01:06:22.720 align:start position:0% blackboard about yay big as he would say 01:06:22.720 --> 01:06:23.670 align:start position:0% blackboard about yay big as he would say and<01:06:22.880> there<01:06:23.039> was<01:06:23.119> a 01:06:23.670 --> 01:06:23.680 align:start position:0% and there was a 01:06:23.680 --> 01:06:26.549 align:start position:0% and there was a an<01:06:23.920> old<01:06:24.160> packing<01:06:24.640> case<01:06:25.039> and<01:06:25.200> so<01:06:25.839> all<01:06:26.079> the<01:06:26.319> best 01:06:26.549 --> 01:06:26.559 align:start position:0% an old packing case and so all the best 01:06:26.559 --> 01:06:28.309 align:start position:0% an old packing case and so all the best people<01:06:26.799> would<01:06:27.039> come<01:06:27.200> into<01:06:27.440> this<01:06:27.680> office 01:06:28.309 --> 01:06:28.319 align:start position:0% people would come into this office 01:06:28.319 --> 01:06:30.230 align:start position:0% people would come into this office and<01:06:28.400> they'd<01:06:28.720> stand<01:06:29.039> up<01:06:29.200> on<01:06:29.280> the<01:06:29.440> packing<01:06:29.920> case 01:06:30.230 --> 01:06:30.240 align:start position:0% and they'd stand up on the packing case 01:06:30.240 --> 01:06:31.750 align:start position:0% and they'd stand up on the packing case and<01:06:30.319> scribble<01:06:30.720> and<01:06:30.880> chalk<01:06:31.200> on<01:06:31.359> this<01:06:31.520> little 01:06:31.750 --> 01:06:31.760 align:start position:0% and scribble and chalk on this little 01:06:31.760 --> 01:06:32.710 align:start position:0% and scribble and chalk on this little board<01:06:32.079> so<01:06:32.240> just 01:06:32.710 --> 01:06:32.720 align:start position:0% board so just 01:06:32.720 --> 01:06:34.470 align:start position:0% board so just sitting<01:06:33.039> in<01:06:33.200> a<01:06:33.280> chair<01:06:33.599> in<01:06:33.680> the<01:06:33.839> corner<01:06:34.160> of<01:06:34.240> that 01:06:34.470 --> 01:06:34.480 align:start position:0% sitting in a chair in the corner of that 01:06:34.480 --> 01:06:36.390 align:start position:0% sitting in a chair in the corner of that office<01:06:34.799> around<01:06:35.119> the<01:06:35.280> many<01:06:35.599> tables<01:06:36.079> that<01:06:36.240> were 01:06:36.390 --> 01:06:36.400 align:start position:0% office around the many tables that were 01:06:36.400 --> 01:06:37.190 align:start position:0% office around the many tables that were there 01:06:37.190 --> 01:06:37.200 align:start position:0% there 01:06:37.200 --> 01:06:39.190 align:start position:0% there was<01:06:37.440> an<01:06:37.599> education<01:06:38.240> in<01:06:38.400> itself<01:06:38.720> so<01:06:38.880> i<01:06:38.960> would 01:06:39.190 --> 01:06:39.200 align:start position:0% was an education in itself so i would 01:06:39.200 --> 01:06:41.670 align:start position:0% was an education in itself so i would say<01:06:39.440> that 01:06:41.670 --> 01:06:41.680 align:start position:0% say that 01:06:41.680 --> 01:06:43.109 align:start position:0% say that although<01:06:41.920> i<01:06:42.079> respected<01:06:42.559> weiner<01:06:42.960> as<01:06:43.039> a 01:06:43.109 --> 01:06:43.119 align:start position:0% although i respected weiner as a 01:06:43.119 --> 01:06:44.950 align:start position:0% although i respected weiner as a mathematician<01:06:44.079> in<01:06:44.160> the<01:06:44.240> end<01:06:44.480> i<01:06:44.559> didn't<01:06:44.720> get 01:06:44.950 --> 01:06:44.960 align:start position:0% mathematician in the end i didn't get 01:06:44.960 --> 01:06:46.630 align:start position:0% mathematician in the end i didn't get all<01:06:45.039> that<01:06:45.200> much<01:06:45.440> out<01:06:45.520> of<01:06:45.680> interacting<01:06:46.400> with 01:06:46.630 --> 01:06:46.640 align:start position:0% all that much out of interacting with 01:06:46.640 --> 01:06:47.430 align:start position:0% all that much out of interacting with him 01:06:47.430 --> 01:06:47.440 align:start position:0% him 01:06:47.440 --> 01:06:51.270 align:start position:0% him um<01:06:48.720> whereas<01:06:49.680> mcculloch<01:06:50.480> although<01:06:50.880> he<01:06:51.039> didn't 01:06:51.270 --> 01:06:51.280 align:start position:0% um whereas mcculloch although he didn't 01:06:51.280 --> 01:06:52.470 align:start position:0% um whereas mcculloch although he didn't contribute<01:06:51.680> so<01:06:51.839> much<01:06:52.000> to<01:06:52.160> my 01:06:52.470 --> 01:06:52.480 align:start position:0% contribute so much to my 01:06:52.480 --> 01:06:55.349 align:start position:0% contribute so much to my formal<01:06:53.200> development<01:06:54.240> uh<01:06:54.480> was<01:06:54.720> in<01:06:54.880> some<01:06:55.039> sense 01:06:55.349 --> 01:06:55.359 align:start position:0% formal development uh was in some sense 01:06:55.359 --> 01:06:57.270 align:start position:0% formal development uh was in some sense my<01:06:55.599> guru<01:06:56.079> and 01:06:57.270 --> 01:06:57.280 align:start position:0% my guru and 01:06:57.280 --> 01:06:58.950 align:start position:0% my guru and thinking<01:06:57.839> seeing<01:06:58.079> how<01:06:58.319> he<01:06:58.480> thought<01:06:58.640> about<01:06:58.880> the 01:06:58.950 --> 01:06:58.960 align:start position:0% thinking seeing how he thought about the 01:06:58.960 --> 01:07:01.109 align:start position:0% thinking seeing how he thought about the brain<01:06:59.280> and<01:06:59.359> then<01:07:00.079> being<01:07:00.400> critical<01:07:00.799> about<01:07:00.960> it 01:07:01.109 --> 01:07:01.119 align:start position:0% brain and then being critical about it 01:07:01.119 --> 01:07:02.630 align:start position:0% brain and then being critical about it not<01:07:01.280> in<01:07:01.359> terms<01:07:01.599> of<01:07:01.680> accepting<01:07:02.160> it<01:07:02.240> but<01:07:02.400> rather 01:07:02.630 --> 01:07:02.640 align:start position:0% not in terms of accepting it but rather 01:07:02.640 --> 01:07:03.990 align:start position:0% not in terms of accepting it but rather saying<01:07:02.799> okay<01:07:02.960> that's<01:07:03.200> a<01:07:03.280> starting<01:07:03.599> point<01:07:03.839> now 01:07:03.990 --> 01:07:04.000 align:start position:0% saying okay that's a starting point now 01:07:04.000 --> 01:07:05.430 align:start position:0% saying okay that's a starting point now all<01:07:04.160> these<01:07:04.319> people<01:07:04.640> are<01:07:04.720> coming<01:07:05.039> into<01:07:05.280> the 01:07:05.430 --> 01:07:05.440 align:start position:0% all these people are coming into the 01:07:05.440 --> 01:07:06.950 align:start position:0% all these people are coming into the office<01:07:05.760> what<01:07:05.920> are<01:07:06.000> they<01:07:06.240> saying<01:07:06.480> how<01:07:06.640> can<01:07:06.799> i 01:07:06.950 --> 01:07:06.960 align:start position:0% office what are they saying how can i 01:07:06.960 --> 01:07:09.109 align:start position:0% office what are they saying how can i understand<01:07:07.520> that 01:07:09.109 --> 01:07:09.119 align:start position:0% understand that 01:07:09.119 --> 01:07:11.349 align:start position:0% understand that that<01:07:09.359> really<01:07:09.599> i<01:07:09.680> think<01:07:10.000> created<01:07:10.559> a<01:07:10.960> broader 01:07:11.349 --> 01:07:11.359 align:start position:0% that really i think created a broader 01:07:11.359 --> 01:07:13.270 align:start position:0% that really i think created a broader intellectual<01:07:12.000> framework 01:07:13.270 --> 01:07:13.280 align:start position:0% intellectual framework 01:07:13.280 --> 01:07:15.829 align:start position:0% intellectual framework um<01:07:14.079> that<01:07:14.480> that<01:07:14.720> has<01:07:14.799> become<01:07:15.280> part<01:07:15.440> of<01:07:15.520> the<01:07:15.680> way 01:07:15.829 --> 01:07:15.839 align:start position:0% um that that has become part of the way 01:07:15.839 --> 01:07:17.349 align:start position:0% um that that has become part of the way i<01:07:16.000> approach<01:07:16.400> things 01:07:17.349 --> 01:07:17.359 align:start position:0% i approach things 01:07:17.359 --> 01:07:19.750 align:start position:0% i approach things did<01:07:17.599> you<01:07:17.760> interact<01:07:18.160> much<01:07:18.400> with<01:07:18.799> let<01:07:19.119> finn<01:07:19.440> or 01:07:19.750 --> 01:07:19.760 align:start position:0% did you interact much with let finn or 01:07:19.760 --> 01:07:21.430 align:start position:0% did you interact much with let finn or pitts 01:07:21.430 --> 01:07:21.440 align:start position:0% pitts 01:07:21.440 --> 01:07:24.230 align:start position:0% pitts okay<01:07:21.920> let<01:07:22.160> van<01:07:22.400> i<01:07:22.640> interact<01:07:23.039> with<01:07:23.280> quite<01:07:23.599> a<01:07:23.680> lot 01:07:24.230 --> 01:07:24.240 align:start position:0% okay let van i interact with quite a lot 01:07:24.240 --> 01:07:24.630 align:start position:0% okay let van i interact with quite a lot um 01:07:24.630 --> 01:07:24.640 align:start position:0% um 01:07:24.640 --> 01:07:26.549 align:start position:0% um pitts<01:07:25.039> unfortunately<01:07:25.760> by<01:07:25.920> that<01:07:26.079> time<01:07:26.319> already 01:07:26.549 --> 01:07:26.559 align:start position:0% pitts unfortunately by that time already 01:07:26.559 --> 01:07:28.470 align:start position:0% pitts unfortunately by that time already had<01:07:26.720> the<01:07:26.839> dts 01:07:28.470 --> 01:07:28.480 align:start position:0% had the dts 01:07:28.480 --> 01:07:31.910 align:start position:0% had the dts and<01:07:29.359> as<01:07:30.400> an<01:07:30.559> undergraduate<01:07:31.359> i<01:07:31.520> had 01:07:31.910 --> 01:07:31.920 align:start position:0% and as an undergraduate i had 01:07:31.920 --> 01:07:35.910 align:start position:0% and as an undergraduate i had written<01:07:32.480> a<01:07:33.039> paper<01:07:34.240> which<01:07:34.559> came<01:07:34.799> out<01:07:35.039> in<01:07:35.200> the 01:07:35.910 --> 01:07:35.920 align:start position:0% written a paper which came out in the 01:07:35.920 --> 01:07:38.950 align:start position:0% written a paper which came out in the journal<01:07:36.240> of<01:07:36.319> the<01:07:36.400> acm<01:07:36.960> in<01:07:37.400> 1961 01:07:38.950 --> 01:07:38.960 align:start position:0% journal of the acm in 1961 01:07:38.960 --> 01:07:41.589 align:start position:0% journal of the acm in 1961 just<01:07:39.200> after<01:07:39.520> i<01:07:39.680> started<01:07:40.000> at<01:07:40.160> mit<01:07:40.720> but<01:07:41.359> it 01:07:41.589 --> 01:07:41.599 align:start position:0% just after i started at mit but it 01:07:41.599 --> 01:07:43.829 align:start position:0% just after i started at mit but it included<01:07:42.240> a<01:07:42.559> reanalysis<01:07:43.359> of<01:07:43.440> some<01:07:43.599> of<01:07:43.680> the 01:07:43.829 --> 01:07:43.839 align:start position:0% included a reanalysis of some of the 01:07:43.839 --> 01:07:46.150 align:start position:0% included a reanalysis of some of the ideas<01:07:44.160> in<01:07:44.240> the<01:07:44.400> 1943<01:07:45.280> paper<01:07:45.599> and<01:07:45.680> i<01:07:45.839> went<01:07:46.000> to 01:07:46.150 --> 01:07:46.160 align:start position:0% ideas in the 1943 paper and i went to 01:07:46.160 --> 01:07:48.150 align:start position:0% ideas in the 1943 paper and i went to discuss<01:07:46.640> those<01:07:46.880> with<01:07:47.119> pips 01:07:48.150 --> 01:07:48.160 align:start position:0% discuss those with pips 01:07:48.160 --> 01:07:50.950 align:start position:0% discuss those with pips and<01:07:48.319> unfortunately<01:07:49.119> um<01:07:50.319> he<01:07:50.480> just<01:07:50.640> started 01:07:50.950 --> 01:07:50.960 align:start position:0% and unfortunately um he just started 01:07:50.960 --> 01:07:51.910 align:start position:0% and unfortunately um he just started shaking 01:07:51.910 --> 01:07:51.920 align:start position:0% shaking 01:07:51.920 --> 01:07:54.950 align:start position:0% shaking and<01:07:52.400> so<01:07:52.559> we<01:07:52.720> never<01:07:52.880> had<01:07:53.039> a<01:07:53.119> real<01:07:53.359> conversation 01:07:54.950 --> 01:07:54.960 align:start position:0% and so we never had a real conversation 01:07:54.960 --> 01:07:56.630 align:start position:0% and so we never had a real conversation but<01:07:55.200> talking<01:07:55.440> to<01:07:55.599> latvian<01:07:56.000> about<01:07:56.160> the<01:07:56.319> brain 01:07:56.630 --> 01:07:56.640 align:start position:0% but talking to latvian about the brain 01:07:56.640 --> 01:07:58.870 align:start position:0% but talking to latvian about the brain allegran's<01:07:57.119> problem<01:07:57.440> was<01:07:57.599> that<01:07:57.680> he<01:07:57.839> was<01:07:58.000> also 01:07:58.870 --> 01:07:58.880 align:start position:0% allegran's problem was that he was also 01:07:58.880 --> 01:08:00.470 align:start position:0% allegran's problem was that he was also a<01:07:59.039> sort<01:07:59.200> of<01:07:59.280> romantic<01:07:59.680> so<01:07:59.839> he<01:08:00.000> didn't<01:08:00.160> believe 01:08:00.470 --> 01:08:00.480 align:start position:0% a sort of romantic so he didn't believe 01:08:00.480 --> 01:08:02.230 align:start position:0% a sort of romantic so he didn't believe in<01:08:00.720> rigorous<01:08:01.839> he 01:08:02.230 --> 01:08:02.240 align:start position:0% in rigorous he 01:08:02.240 --> 01:08:04.150 align:start position:0% in rigorous he he<01:08:02.480> claimed<01:08:02.720> that<01:08:02.799> he<01:08:02.960> once<01:08:03.200> got<01:08:03.359> a<01:08:03.520> grant<01:08:03.839> from 01:08:04.150 --> 01:08:04.160 align:start position:0% he claimed that he once got a grant from 01:08:04.160 --> 01:08:06.870 align:start position:0% he claimed that he once got a grant from nsf 01:08:06.870 --> 01:08:06.880 align:start position:0% 01:08:06.880 --> 01:08:09.190 align:start position:0% but<01:08:07.039> he<01:08:07.200> would<01:08:07.359> only<01:08:07.520> accept<01:08:07.839> the<01:08:08.000> grant<01:08:08.960> if 01:08:09.190 --> 01:08:09.200 align:start position:0% but he would only accept the grant if 01:08:09.200 --> 01:08:10.710 align:start position:0% but he would only accept the grant if they<01:08:09.440> promise<01:08:09.760> he<01:08:09.839> didn't<01:08:10.079> have<01:08:10.160> to<01:08:10.319> publish 01:08:10.710 --> 01:08:10.720 align:start position:0% they promise he didn't have to publish 01:08:10.720 --> 01:08:12.309 align:start position:0% they promise he didn't have to publish anything 01:08:12.309 --> 01:08:12.319 align:start position:0% anything 01:08:12.319 --> 01:08:14.309 align:start position:0% anything that<01:08:12.559> he<01:08:12.720> sort<01:08:12.880> of<01:08:12.960> felt<01:08:13.119> that<01:08:13.280> just<01:08:13.839> grappling 01:08:14.309 --> 01:08:14.319 align:start position:0% that he sort of felt that just grappling 01:08:14.319 --> 01:08:16.309 align:start position:0% that he sort of felt that just grappling with<01:08:14.480> the<01:08:14.640> brain<01:08:15.039> and<01:08:15.280> coming<01:08:15.520> to<01:08:15.680> understand 01:08:16.309 --> 01:08:16.319 align:start position:0% with the brain and coming to understand 01:08:16.319 --> 01:08:16.709 align:start position:0% with the brain and coming to understand it<01:08:16.400> was 01:08:16.709 --> 01:08:16.719 align:start position:0% it was 01:08:16.719 --> 01:08:18.709 align:start position:0% it was was<01:08:16.960> great<01:08:17.199> that<01:08:17.359> one<01:08:17.520> shouldn't<01:08:17.759> be<01:08:18.000> bound<01:08:18.480> by 01:08:18.709 --> 01:08:18.719 align:start position:0% was great that one shouldn't be bound by 01:08:18.719 --> 01:08:22.309 align:start position:0% was great that one shouldn't be bound by this<01:08:19.199> so<01:08:19.359> i<01:08:19.839> feel<01:08:20.080> that<01:08:20.319> um 01:08:22.309 --> 01:08:22.319 align:start position:0% this so i feel that um 01:08:22.319 --> 01:08:24.550 align:start position:0% this so i feel that um people<01:08:22.560> i<01:08:22.719> talk<01:08:22.880> to<01:08:23.120> as<01:08:23.279> a<01:08:23.359> graduate<01:08:23.679> student 01:08:24.550 --> 01:08:24.560 align:start position:0% people i talk to as a graduate student 01:08:24.560 --> 01:08:25.990 align:start position:0% people i talk to as a graduate student over<01:08:24.719> at<01:08:24.799> harvard<01:08:25.199> medical<01:08:25.520> school<01:08:25.839> were 01:08:25.990 --> 01:08:26.000 align:start position:0% over at harvard medical school were 01:08:26.000 --> 01:08:27.910 align:start position:0% over at harvard medical school were huble<01:08:26.319> and<01:08:26.480> weasel<01:08:26.880> especially<01:08:27.359> huble<01:08:27.679> who 01:08:27.910 --> 01:08:27.920 align:start position:0% huble and weasel especially huble who 01:08:27.920 --> 01:08:29.749 align:start position:0% huble and weasel especially huble who had<01:08:28.000> done<01:08:28.159> the<01:08:28.319> basic<01:08:28.719> work<01:08:29.040> on<01:08:29.279> the 01:08:29.749 --> 01:08:29.759 align:start position:0% had done the basic work on the 01:08:29.759 --> 01:08:32.950 align:start position:0% had done the basic work on the edge<01:08:30.080> detectors<01:08:30.640> in<01:08:30.960> visual<01:08:31.279> cortex 01:08:32.950 --> 01:08:32.960 align:start position:0% edge detectors in visual cortex 01:08:32.960 --> 01:08:36.829 align:start position:0% edge detectors in visual cortex and 01:08:36.829 --> 01:08:36.839 align:start position:0% 01:08:36.839 --> 01:08:39.910 align:start position:0% they<01:08:38.000> were<01:08:38.400> rigorous<01:08:39.279> and 01:08:39.910 --> 01:08:39.920 align:start position:0% they were rigorous and 01:08:39.920 --> 01:08:42.470 align:start position:0% they were rigorous and spawned<01:08:40.560> a<01:08:40.640> lot<01:08:40.880> of<01:08:41.040> people<01:08:41.359> who<01:08:41.520> were<01:08:41.679> working 01:08:42.470 --> 01:08:42.480 align:start position:0% spawned a lot of people who were working 01:08:42.480 --> 01:08:43.990 align:start position:0% spawned a lot of people who were working in<01:08:42.640> the<01:08:42.799> rigorous<01:08:43.279> development<01:08:43.759> of<01:08:43.839> their 01:08:43.990 --> 01:08:44.000 align:start position:0% in the rigorous development of their 01:08:44.000 --> 01:08:45.669 align:start position:0% in the rigorous development of their original<01:08:44.400> findings<01:08:44.799> and<01:08:44.880> they<01:08:45.040> got<01:08:45.120> the<01:08:45.279> nobel 01:08:45.669 --> 01:08:45.679 align:start position:0% original findings and they got the nobel 01:08:45.679 --> 01:08:46.229 align:start position:0% original findings and they got the nobel prize 01:08:46.229 --> 01:08:46.239 align:start position:0% prize 01:08:46.239 --> 01:08:48.550 align:start position:0% prize latvin's<01:08:46.880> strategy<01:08:47.440> i<01:08:47.600> think<01:08:48.080> i<01:08:48.159> thought<01:08:48.400> his 01:08:48.550 --> 01:08:48.560 align:start position:0% latvin's strategy i think i thought his 01:08:48.560 --> 01:08:49.749 align:start position:0% latvin's strategy i think i thought his results<01:08:48.880> were<01:08:49.040> actually<01:08:49.359> more 01:08:49.749 --> 01:08:49.759 align:start position:0% results were actually more 01:08:49.759 --> 01:08:52.789 align:start position:0% results were actually more important<01:08:51.120> in<01:08:51.279> and<01:08:51.440> of<01:08:51.679> themselves 01:08:52.789 --> 01:08:52.799 align:start position:0% important in and of themselves 01:08:52.799 --> 01:08:57.430 align:start position:0% important in and of themselves but<01:08:53.040> his<01:08:53.279> approach<01:08:54.080> just<01:08:54.400> blocked<01:08:54.880> any<01:08:55.199> real 01:08:57.430 --> 01:08:57.440 align:start position:0% but his approach just blocked any real 01:08:57.440 --> 01:09:01.430 align:start position:0% but his approach just blocked any real coherent<01:08:58.239> development<01:08:59.600> of<01:09:00.000> his<01:09:00.400> group 01:09:01.430 --> 01:09:01.440 align:start position:0% coherent development of his group 01:09:01.440 --> 01:09:03.269 align:start position:0% coherent development of his group into<01:09:01.679> something<01:09:02.000> that<01:09:02.159> had<01:09:02.319> a<01:09:02.480> rich<01:09:02.799> body<01:09:03.120> of 01:09:03.269 --> 01:09:03.279 align:start position:0% into something that had a rich body of 01:09:03.279 --> 01:09:05.110 align:start position:0% into something that had a rich body of results<01:09:03.839> rather<01:09:04.080> than<01:09:04.239> these<01:09:04.560> few<01:09:04.880> very 01:09:05.110 --> 01:09:05.120 align:start position:0% results rather than these few very 01:09:05.120 --> 01:09:09.030 align:start position:0% results rather than these few very tantalizing<01:09:05.920> and<01:09:06.159> important<01:09:06.640> results 01:09:09.030 --> 01:09:09.040 align:start position:0% tantalizing and important results 01:09:09.040 --> 01:09:11.430 align:start position:0% tantalizing and important results so<01:09:09.279> lots<01:09:09.600> of<01:09:10.000> interesting<01:09:10.560> personalities 01:09:11.430 --> 01:09:11.440 align:start position:0% so lots of interesting personalities 01:09:11.440 --> 01:09:12.470 align:start position:0% so lots of interesting personalities yeah<01:09:11.920> yeah 01:09:12.470 --> 01:09:12.480 align:start position:0% yeah yeah 01:09:12.480 --> 01:09:15.030 align:start position:0% yeah yeah and<01:09:12.719> and<01:09:13.279> shannon<01:09:14.000> what<01:09:14.159> was<01:09:14.400> he<01:09:14.560> like<01:09:14.799> as<01:09:14.960> a 01:09:15.030 --> 01:09:15.040 align:start position:0% and and shannon what was he like as a 01:09:15.040 --> 01:09:17.749 align:start position:0% and and shannon what was he like as a personality 01:09:17.749 --> 01:09:17.759 align:start position:0% personality 01:09:17.759 --> 01:09:20.390 align:start position:0% personality well<01:09:18.000> shannon<01:09:18.560> had<01:09:18.719> a<01:09:18.960> very<01:09:19.359> fertile<01:09:19.920> mind<01:09:20.159> so 01:09:20.390 --> 01:09:20.400 align:start position:0% well shannon had a very fertile mind so 01:09:20.400 --> 01:09:22.390 align:start position:0% well shannon had a very fertile mind so on<01:09:20.480> the<01:09:20.560> one<01:09:20.799> hand<01:09:21.040> he<01:09:21.120> had<01:09:21.359> these<01:09:21.679> rigorous 01:09:22.390 --> 01:09:22.400 align:start position:0% on the one hand he had these rigorous 01:09:22.400 --> 01:09:25.189 align:start position:0% on the one hand he had these rigorous mathematical<01:09:23.040> theories<01:09:23.440> of<01:09:23.600> communication 01:09:25.189 --> 01:09:25.199 align:start position:0% mathematical theories of communication 01:09:25.199 --> 01:09:26.470 align:start position:0% mathematical theories of communication but<01:09:25.520> he<01:09:25.600> was<01:09:25.759> always<01:09:26.000> coming<01:09:26.239> up<01:09:26.319> with 01:09:26.470 --> 01:09:26.480 align:start position:0% but he was always coming up with 01:09:26.480 --> 01:09:28.470 align:start position:0% but he was always coming up with interesting<01:09:26.960> ideas<01:09:27.279> so<01:09:27.520> one<01:09:27.679> of<01:09:27.759> his<01:09:28.000> ideas 01:09:28.470 --> 01:09:28.480 align:start position:0% interesting ideas so one of his ideas 01:09:28.480 --> 01:09:30.309 align:start position:0% interesting ideas so one of his ideas was<01:09:28.640> an<01:09:28.799> assisted<01:09:29.359> olympics<01:09:29.920> where<01:09:30.159> for 01:09:30.309 --> 01:09:30.319 align:start position:0% was an assisted olympics where for 01:09:30.319 --> 01:09:31.030 align:start position:0% was an assisted olympics where for example 01:09:31.030 --> 01:09:31.040 align:start position:0% example 01:09:31.040 --> 01:09:33.189 align:start position:0% example you<01:09:31.199> would<01:09:31.359> have<01:09:31.759> large<01:09:32.080> elastic<01:09:32.640> bands<01:09:33.040> that 01:09:33.189 --> 01:09:33.199 align:start position:0% you would have large elastic bands that 01:09:33.199 --> 01:09:34.789 align:start position:0% you would have large elastic bands that would<01:09:33.359> be<01:09:33.520> around<01:09:33.839> the<01:09:34.080> thighs<01:09:34.560> of<01:09:34.640> the 01:09:34.789 --> 01:09:34.799 align:start position:0% would be around the thighs of the 01:09:34.799 --> 01:09:36.229 align:start position:0% would be around the thighs of the athletes<01:09:35.359> so<01:09:35.679> that 01:09:36.229 --> 01:09:36.239 align:start position:0% athletes so that 01:09:36.239 --> 01:09:39.430 align:start position:0% athletes so that the<01:09:36.400> return<01:09:36.960> stroke<01:09:37.359> would<01:09:37.600> be<01:09:38.080> augmented 01:09:39.430 --> 01:09:39.440 align:start position:0% the return stroke would be augmented 01:09:39.440 --> 01:09:41.189 align:start position:0% the return stroke would be augmented as<01:09:39.600> they<01:09:39.839> ran<01:09:40.159> and<01:09:40.239> so<01:09:40.400> they<01:09:40.560> would<01:09:40.719> perhaps<01:09:41.040> be 01:09:41.189 --> 01:09:41.199 align:start position:0% as they ran and so they would perhaps be 01:09:41.199 --> 01:09:43.030 align:start position:0% as they ran and so they would perhaps be able<01:09:41.359> to<01:09:41.520> run<01:09:41.839> faster<01:09:42.239> than<01:09:42.319> would<01:09:42.560> otherwise 01:09:43.030 --> 01:09:43.040 align:start position:0% able to run faster than would otherwise 01:09:43.040 --> 01:09:44.149 align:start position:0% able to run faster than would otherwise be<01:09:43.279> possible 01:09:44.149 --> 01:09:44.159 align:start position:0% be possible 01:09:44.159 --> 01:09:45.910 align:start position:0% be possible and<01:09:44.319> as<01:09:44.480> i<01:09:44.560> mentioned<01:09:44.960> earlier<01:09:45.359> he<01:09:45.440> had<01:09:45.679> this 01:09:45.910 --> 01:09:45.920 align:start position:0% and as i mentioned earlier he had this 01:09:45.920 --> 01:09:47.349 align:start position:0% and as i mentioned earlier he had this wonderful<01:09:46.400> collection<01:09:46.880> of 01:09:47.349 --> 01:09:47.359 align:start position:0% wonderful collection of 01:09:47.359 --> 01:09:49.829 align:start position:0% wonderful collection of things<01:09:47.679> on<01:09:47.839> the<01:09:48.000> pond<01:09:48.400> behind<01:09:48.799> his<01:09:49.040> house 01:09:49.829 --> 01:09:49.839 align:start position:0% things on the pond behind his house 01:09:49.839 --> 01:09:50.950 align:start position:0% things on the pond behind his house outside<01:09:50.400> boston 01:09:50.950 --> 01:09:50.960 align:start position:0% outside boston 01:09:50.960 --> 01:09:55.270 align:start position:0% outside boston including<01:09:51.440> the<01:09:52.400> the<01:09:52.560> bicycle<01:09:53.120> honor<01:09:53.359> pontoons 01:09:55.270 --> 01:09:55.280 align:start position:0% including the the bicycle honor pontoons 01:09:55.280 --> 01:09:58.870 align:start position:0% including the the bicycle honor pontoons so<01:09:55.840> interesting<01:09:56.400> guy<01:09:57.760> and<01:09:58.000> colin 01:09:58.870 --> 01:09:58.880 align:start position:0% so interesting guy and colin 01:09:58.880 --> 01:10:00.830 align:start position:0% so interesting guy and colin what<01:09:59.120> was<01:09:59.360> coleman<01:09:59.679> like<01:09:59.840> when<01:10:00.000> he<01:10:00.080> visited 01:10:00.830 --> 01:10:00.840 align:start position:0% what was coleman like when he visited 01:10:00.840 --> 01:10:03.590 align:start position:0% what was coleman like when he visited him 01:10:03.590 --> 01:10:03.600 align:start position:0% him 01:10:03.600 --> 01:10:05.350 align:start position:0% him well<01:10:03.760> i<01:10:03.840> did<01:10:04.000> my<01:10:04.159> post<01:10:04.480> doc<01:10:04.719> with<01:10:04.880> him<01:10:05.120> and<01:10:05.199> we 01:10:05.350 --> 01:10:05.360 align:start position:0% well i did my post doc with him and we 01:10:05.360 --> 01:10:07.270 align:start position:0% well i did my post doc with him and we put<01:10:05.600> out<01:10:05.760> a<01:10:05.840> book<01:10:06.080> together 01:10:07.270 --> 01:10:07.280 align:start position:0% put out a book together 01:10:07.280 --> 01:10:09.910 align:start position:0% put out a book together um<01:10:08.320> combining<01:10:08.960> some<01:10:09.120> of<01:10:09.199> my<01:10:09.440> ideas<01:10:09.760> and 01:10:09.910 --> 01:10:09.920 align:start position:0% um combining some of my ideas and 01:10:09.920 --> 01:10:11.189 align:start position:0% um combining some of my ideas and automated<01:10:10.480> theory 01:10:11.189 --> 01:10:11.199 align:start position:0% automated theory 01:10:11.199 --> 01:10:13.669 align:start position:0% automated theory with<01:10:11.679> some<01:10:11.840> of<01:10:12.000> his<01:10:12.239> work<01:10:12.960> at<01:10:13.120> that<01:10:13.360> time<01:10:13.520> he 01:10:13.669 --> 01:10:13.679 align:start position:0% with some of his work at that time he 01:10:13.679 --> 01:10:14.390 align:start position:0% with some of his work at that time he was<01:10:13.760> getting<01:10:14.000> into 01:10:14.390 --> 01:10:14.400 align:start position:0% was getting into 01:10:14.400 --> 01:10:16.550 align:start position:0% was getting into applying<01:10:14.800> algebraic<01:10:15.360> geometry<01:10:15.920> to<01:10:16.159> linear 01:10:16.550 --> 01:10:16.560 align:start position:0% applying algebraic geometry to linear 01:10:16.560 --> 01:10:17.590 align:start position:0% applying algebraic geometry to linear systems 01:10:17.590 --> 01:10:17.600 align:start position:0% systems 01:10:17.600 --> 01:10:20.390 align:start position:0% systems and<01:10:17.679> then<01:10:17.920> a<01:10:18.000> guy<01:10:18.239> named<01:10:18.480> peter<01:10:18.800> falb<01:10:19.280> who<01:10:19.520> had 01:10:20.390 --> 01:10:20.400 align:start position:0% and then a guy named peter falb who had 01:10:20.400 --> 01:10:21.990 align:start position:0% and then a guy named peter falb who had who<01:10:20.560> was<01:10:20.640> the<01:10:20.880> person<01:10:21.199> i<01:10:21.280> first<01:10:21.520> heard<01:10:21.760> about 01:10:21.990 --> 01:10:22.000 align:start position:0% who was the person i first heard about 01:10:22.000 --> 01:10:23.350 align:start position:0% who was the person i first heard about him<01:10:22.239> from 01:10:23.350 --> 01:10:23.360 align:start position:0% him from 01:10:23.360 --> 01:10:26.149 align:start position:0% him from um<01:10:24.640> he<01:10:24.800> was<01:10:25.040> a<01:10:25.120> somewhat<01:10:25.360> difficult<01:10:25.760> person<01:10:26.080> to 01:10:26.149 --> 01:10:26.159 align:start position:0% um he was a somewhat difficult person to 01:10:26.159 --> 01:10:27.030 align:start position:0% um he was a somewhat difficult person to work<01:10:26.400> with 01:10:27.030 --> 01:10:27.040 align:start position:0% work with 01:10:27.040 --> 01:10:30.070 align:start position:0% work with because<01:10:27.440> if<01:10:27.520> you<01:10:27.679> came<01:10:27.920> up<01:10:28.000> with<01:10:28.159> a<01:10:28.840> result 01:10:30.070 --> 01:10:30.080 align:start position:0% because if you came up with a result 01:10:30.080 --> 01:10:31.669 align:start position:0% because if you came up with a result either<01:10:30.400> it<01:10:30.480> wasn't<01:10:30.800> interesting<01:10:31.280> or<01:10:31.440> he'd 01:10:31.669 --> 01:10:31.679 align:start position:0% either it wasn't interesting or he'd 01:10:31.679 --> 01:10:33.189 align:start position:0% either it wasn't interesting or he'd already<01:10:32.000> thought<01:10:32.239> of<01:10:32.400> it<01:10:32.719> so<01:10:32.880> that<01:10:33.040> was<01:10:33.120> a 01:10:33.189 --> 01:10:33.199 align:start position:0% already thought of it so that was a 01:10:33.199 --> 01:10:34.950 align:start position:0% already thought of it so that was a little<01:10:33.440> frustrating 01:10:34.950 --> 01:10:34.960 align:start position:0% little frustrating 01:10:34.960 --> 01:10:37.430 align:start position:0% little frustrating but<01:10:35.920> what<01:10:36.159> he<01:10:36.239> came<01:10:36.480> up<01:10:36.640> with<01:10:36.960> i<01:10:37.040> mean<01:10:37.199> he 01:10:37.430 --> 01:10:37.440 align:start position:0% but what he came up with i mean he 01:10:37.440 --> 01:10:38.709 align:start position:0% but what he came up with i mean he really<01:10:37.760> is 01:10:38.709 --> 01:10:38.719 align:start position:0% really is 01:10:38.719 --> 01:10:42.070 align:start position:0% really is probably<01:10:39.040> the<01:10:39.120> most<01:10:39.440> important<01:10:41.040> person<01:10:41.679> in 01:10:42.070 --> 01:10:42.080 align:start position:0% probably the most important person in 01:10:42.080 --> 01:10:44.229 align:start position:0% probably the most important person in mathematical<01:10:42.800> contributions<01:10:43.520> to<01:10:43.679> control 01:10:44.229 --> 01:10:44.239 align:start position:0% mathematical contributions to control 01:10:44.239 --> 01:10:45.430 align:start position:0% mathematical contributions to control theory 01:10:45.430 --> 01:10:45.440 align:start position:0% theory 01:10:45.440 --> 01:10:48.390 align:start position:0% theory uh<01:10:45.920> after<01:10:46.239> wiener<01:10:46.960> wiener<01:10:47.280> came<01:10:47.520> up<01:10:47.679> with<01:10:48.159> with 01:10:48.390 --> 01:10:48.400 align:start position:0% uh after wiener wiener came up with with 01:10:48.400 --> 01:10:49.590 align:start position:0% uh after wiener wiener came up with with hopf<01:10:48.719> with<01:10:48.880> the<01:10:48.960> wiener<01:10:49.280> hop 01:10:49.590 --> 01:10:49.600 align:start position:0% hopf with the wiener hop 01:10:49.600 --> 01:10:52.709 align:start position:0% hopf with the wiener hop filter<01:10:50.000> and<01:10:51.199> kalman<01:10:51.600> really<01:10:51.920> pushed<01:10:52.239> it<01:10:52.480> into 01:10:52.709 --> 01:10:52.719 align:start position:0% filter and kalman really pushed it into 01:10:52.719 --> 01:10:53.270 align:start position:0% filter and kalman really pushed it into the 01:10:53.270 --> 01:10:53.280 align:start position:0% the 01:10:53.280 --> 01:10:56.310 align:start position:0% the into<01:10:53.520> the<01:10:53.600> age<01:10:53.840> of<01:10:54.000> computation<01:10:54.800> by<01:10:55.679> replacing 01:10:56.310 --> 01:10:56.320 align:start position:0% into the age of computation by replacing 01:10:56.320 --> 01:10:57.510 align:start position:0% into the age of computation by replacing tell<01:10:56.480> me<01:10:56.640> the<01:10:56.719> infinite<01:10:57.199> time 01:10:57.510 --> 01:10:57.520 align:start position:0% tell me the infinite time 01:10:57.520 --> 01:10:59.030 align:start position:0% tell me the infinite time series<01:10:57.920> till<01:10:58.159> now<01:10:58.320> and<01:10:58.480> i'll<01:10:58.640> tell<01:10:58.800> you<01:10:58.880> what 01:10:59.030 --> 01:10:59.040 align:start position:0% series till now and i'll tell you what 01:10:59.040 --> 01:11:01.189 align:start position:0% series till now and i'll tell you what comes<01:10:59.280> in<01:10:59.440> the<01:10:59.520> future<01:11:00.320> just<01:11:00.480> saying<01:11:00.719> here's<01:11:00.960> a 01:11:01.189 --> 01:11:01.199 align:start position:0% comes in the future just saying here's a 01:11:01.199 --> 01:11:04.070 align:start position:0% comes in the future just saying here's a a<01:11:01.600> finite<01:11:02.080> state<01:11:02.560> system<01:11:03.040> that<01:11:03.280> will 01:11:04.070 --> 01:11:04.080 align:start position:0% a finite state system that will 01:11:04.080 --> 01:11:06.709 align:start position:0% a finite state system that will record<01:11:04.800> in<01:11:05.120> compact<01:11:05.679> form<01:11:06.080> what<01:11:06.239> you<01:11:06.400> need<01:11:06.560> to 01:11:06.709 --> 01:11:06.719 align:start position:0% record in compact form what you need to 01:11:06.719 --> 01:11:08.229 align:start position:0% record in compact form what you need to know<01:11:06.880> about<01:11:07.120> the<01:11:07.199> history<01:11:07.520> to<01:11:07.600> make 01:11:08.229 --> 01:11:08.239 align:start position:0% know about the history to make 01:11:08.239 --> 01:11:09.990 align:start position:0% know about the history to make good<01:11:08.400> predictions<01:11:09.040> about<01:11:09.280> the<01:11:09.360> future<01:11:09.840> so 01:11:09.990 --> 01:11:10.000 align:start position:0% good predictions about the future so 01:11:10.000 --> 01:11:15.270 align:start position:0% good predictions about the future so that<01:11:10.159> was<01:11:10.960> fundamental 01:11:15.270 --> 01:11:15.280 align:start position:0% 01:11:15.280 --> 01:11:18.470 align:start position:0% so<01:11:15.520> final<01:11:15.920> question<01:11:17.840> um 01:11:18.470 --> 01:11:18.480 align:start position:0% so final question um 01:11:18.480 --> 01:11:20.950 align:start position:0% so final question um so<01:11:18.800> would<01:11:19.040> you<01:11:19.280> have<01:11:19.520> any<01:11:19.760> advice<01:11:20.320> for<01:11:20.640> young 01:11:20.950 --> 01:11:20.960 align:start position:0% so would you have any advice for young 01:11:20.960 --> 01:11:24.830 align:start position:0% so would you have any advice for young people<01:11:21.360> who<01:11:21.520> are<01:11:21.600> interested<01:11:22.159> in 01:11:24.830 --> 01:11:24.840 align:start position:0% 01:11:24.840 --> 01:11:27.510 align:start position:0% robotics 01:11:27.510 --> 01:11:27.520 align:start position:0% robotics 01:11:27.520 --> 01:11:31.110 align:start position:0% robotics no<01:11:29.760> you<01:11:29.920> want<01:11:30.000> me<01:11:30.159> to<01:11:30.239> say<01:11:30.400> more<01:11:30.640> or<01:11:30.800> just<01:11:30.960> leave 01:11:31.110 --> 01:11:31.120 align:start position:0% no you want me to say more or just leave 01:11:31.120 --> 01:11:31.510 align:start position:0% no you want me to say more or just leave it<01:11:31.199> alone 01:11:31.510 --> 01:11:31.520 align:start position:0% it alone 01:11:31.520 --> 01:11:32.290 align:start position:0% it alone you've<01:11:31.760> warned<01:11:32.080> them 01:11:32.290 --> 01:11:32.300 align:start position:0% you've warned them 01:11:32.300 --> 01:11:34.550 align:start position:0% you've warned them [Laughter] 01:11:34.550 --> 01:11:34.560 align:start position:0% [Laughter] 01:11:34.560 --> 01:11:36.149 align:start position:0% [Laughter] well<01:11:34.800> i<01:11:35.040> mean<01:11:35.199> i<01:11:35.280> think<01:11:35.520> in<01:11:35.600> a<01:11:35.679> sense<01:11:35.920> it's 01:11:36.149 --> 01:11:36.159 align:start position:0% well i mean i think in a sense it's 01:11:36.159 --> 01:11:38.310 align:start position:0% well i mean i think in a sense it's implicit<01:11:36.719> in<01:11:36.800> what<01:11:37.040> we've<01:11:37.199> been<01:11:37.440> discussing 01:11:38.310 --> 01:11:38.320 align:start position:0% implicit in what we've been discussing 01:11:38.320 --> 01:11:43.590 align:start position:0% implicit in what we've been discussing that<01:11:38.840> um<01:11:41.040> the<01:11:41.280> boundaries<01:11:41.920> between<01:11:42.400> robotics 01:11:43.590 --> 01:11:43.600 align:start position:0% that um the boundaries between robotics 01:11:43.600 --> 01:11:46.310 align:start position:0% that um the boundaries between robotics and<01:11:43.920> computer<01:11:44.480> science<01:11:45.280> and<01:11:45.440> neuroscience 01:11:46.310 --> 01:11:46.320 align:start position:0% and computer science and neuroscience 01:11:46.320 --> 01:11:47.669 align:start position:0% and computer science and neuroscience and<01:11:46.480> cognitive<01:11:47.040> science 01:11:47.669 --> 01:11:47.679 align:start position:0% and cognitive science 01:11:47.679 --> 01:11:52.070 align:start position:0% and cognitive science are<01:11:48.080> no<01:11:48.400> longer<01:11:49.920> impermeable 01:11:52.070 --> 01:11:52.080 align:start position:0% are no longer impermeable 01:11:52.080 --> 01:11:53.990 align:start position:0% are no longer impermeable they've<01:11:52.320> always<01:11:52.560> been<01:11:52.800> a<01:11:52.880> little<01:11:53.199> porous<01:11:53.679> but 01:11:53.990 --> 01:11:54.000 align:start position:0% they've always been a little porous but 01:11:54.000 --> 01:11:55.270 align:start position:0% they've always been a little porous but now 01:11:55.270 --> 01:11:55.280 align:start position:0% now 01:11:55.280 --> 01:11:57.750 align:start position:0% now they're<01:11:55.679> they're<01:11:56.080> really<01:11:56.480> porous<01:11:57.199> and<01:11:57.360> that<01:11:57.600> i 01:11:57.750 --> 01:11:57.760 align:start position:0% they're they're really porous and that i 01:11:57.760 --> 01:11:58.790 align:start position:0% they're they're really porous and that i think<01:11:58.080> the 01:11:58.790 --> 01:11:58.800 align:start position:0% think the 01:11:58.800 --> 01:12:00.390 align:start position:0% think the the<01:11:58.960> big<01:11:59.199> breakthroughs<01:11:59.840> are<01:11:59.920> going<01:12:00.159> to<01:12:00.239> be 01:12:00.390 --> 01:12:00.400 align:start position:0% the big breakthroughs are going to be 01:12:00.400 --> 01:12:02.709 align:start position:0% the big breakthroughs are going to be made<01:12:00.640> not<01:12:00.880> by<01:12:01.120> saying<01:12:01.440> i'm<01:12:01.679> a<01:12:01.760> robotist 01:12:02.709 --> 01:12:02.719 align:start position:0% made not by saying i'm a robotist 01:12:02.719 --> 01:12:05.750 align:start position:0% made not by saying i'm a robotist in<01:12:02.960> some<01:12:03.199> narrow<01:12:03.679> sense<01:12:03.920> the<01:12:04.080> word<01:12:05.440> i<01:12:05.520> don't 01:12:05.750 --> 01:12:05.760 align:start position:0% in some narrow sense the word i don't 01:12:05.760 --> 01:12:07.590 align:start position:0% in some narrow sense the word i don't think<01:12:05.920> it's<01:12:06.080> good<01:12:06.320> advice<01:12:06.640> to<01:12:06.719> anybody<01:12:07.120> to<01:12:07.280> say 01:12:07.590 --> 01:12:07.600 align:start position:0% think it's good advice to anybody to say 01:12:07.600 --> 01:12:08.229 align:start position:0% think it's good advice to anybody to say okay 01:12:08.229 --> 01:12:08.239 align:start position:0% okay 01:12:08.239 --> 01:12:09.669 align:start position:0% okay there<01:12:08.480> are<01:12:08.560> so<01:12:08.719> many<01:12:08.880> connections<01:12:09.440> i'm<01:12:09.520> going 01:12:09.669 --> 01:12:09.679 align:start position:0% there are so many connections i'm going 01:12:09.679 --> 01:12:11.430 align:start position:0% there are so many connections i'm going to<01:12:09.760> master<01:12:10.080> them<01:12:10.320> all<01:12:10.480> and<01:12:10.560> work<01:12:10.880> on<01:12:10.960> them<01:12:11.199> all 01:12:11.430 --> 01:12:11.440 align:start position:0% to master them all and work on them all 01:12:11.440 --> 01:12:14.550 align:start position:0% to master them all and work on them all but<01:12:11.600> i<01:12:11.760> think<01:12:12.000> rather<01:12:12.480> by<01:12:13.199> finding<01:12:14.159> an 01:12:14.550 --> 01:12:14.560 align:start position:0% but i think rather by finding an 01:12:14.560 --> 01:12:16.550 align:start position:0% but i think rather by finding an interdisciplinary<01:12:15.520> conversation<01:12:16.239> rather 01:12:16.550 --> 01:12:16.560 align:start position:0% interdisciplinary conversation rather 01:12:16.560 --> 01:12:18.870 align:start position:0% interdisciplinary conversation rather than<01:12:16.719> the<01:12:16.800> whole<01:12:17.199> schmear 01:12:18.870 --> 01:12:18.880 align:start position:0% than the whole schmear 01:12:18.880 --> 01:12:20.310 align:start position:0% than the whole schmear that's<01:12:19.199> going<01:12:19.280> to<01:12:19.360> be<01:12:19.520> the<01:12:19.600> way<01:12:19.760> to<01:12:19.840> get<01:12:20.080> new 01:12:20.310 --> 01:12:20.320 align:start position:0% that's going to be the way to get new 01:12:20.320 --> 01:12:23.030 align:start position:0% that's going to be the way to get new insights<01:12:21.440> but 01:12:23.030 --> 01:12:23.040 align:start position:0% insights but 01:12:23.040 --> 01:12:24.310 align:start position:0% insights but you<01:12:23.199> know<01:12:23.440> it's<01:12:23.600> going<01:12:23.760> to<01:12:23.920> depend<01:12:24.239> on 01:12:24.310 --> 01:12:24.320 align:start position:0% you know it's going to depend on 01:12:24.320 --> 01:12:25.590 align:start position:0% you know it's going to depend on discipline<01:12:24.800> you're<01:12:24.880> going<01:12:24.960> to<01:12:25.120> have<01:12:25.199> to<01:12:25.360> learn 01:12:25.590 --> 01:12:25.600 align:start position:0% discipline you're going to have to learn 01:12:25.600 --> 01:12:26.310 align:start position:0% discipline you're going to have to learn a<01:12:25.679> lot<01:12:25.920> about 01:12:26.310 --> 01:12:26.320 align:start position:0% a lot about 01:12:26.320 --> 01:12:29.030 align:start position:0% a lot about the<01:12:26.480> mathematics<01:12:27.199> underlying<01:12:27.920> it<01:12:28.159> or<01:12:28.719> a<01:12:28.880> lot 01:12:29.030 --> 01:12:29.040 align:start position:0% the mathematics underlying it or a lot 01:12:29.040 --> 01:12:29.750 align:start position:0% the mathematics underlying it or a lot about<01:12:29.360> the 01:12:29.750 --> 01:12:29.760 align:start position:0% about the 01:12:29.760 --> 01:12:31.510 align:start position:0% about the mechanics<01:12:30.239> underlying<01:12:30.800> it<01:12:30.880> or<01:12:31.040> a<01:12:31.120> lot<01:12:31.280> about 01:12:31.510 --> 01:12:31.520 align:start position:0% mechanics underlying it or a lot about 01:12:31.520 --> 01:12:33.750 align:start position:0% mechanics underlying it or a lot about the<01:12:31.600> neurobiology<01:12:32.480> so<01:12:32.719> whatever<01:12:33.120> you<01:12:33.360> do<01:12:33.520> it's 01:12:33.750 --> 01:12:33.760 align:start position:0% the neurobiology so whatever you do it's 01:12:33.760 --> 01:12:35.510 align:start position:0% the neurobiology so whatever you do it's not<01:12:34.000> going<01:12:34.239> to<01:12:34.480> be 01:12:35.510 --> 01:12:35.520 align:start position:0% not going to be 01:12:35.520 --> 01:12:37.750 align:start position:0% not going to be any<01:12:35.920> more<01:12:36.719> what<01:12:36.960> it<01:12:37.040> might<01:12:37.199> have<01:12:37.280> been<01:12:37.520> 40 01:12:37.750 --> 01:12:37.760 align:start position:0% any more what it might have been 40 01:12:37.760 --> 01:12:39.669 align:start position:0% any more what it might have been 40 years<01:12:38.000> ago<01:12:38.239> that<01:12:38.400> there<01:12:38.640> are<01:12:38.719> some 01:12:39.669 --> 01:12:39.679 align:start position:0% years ago that there are some 01:12:39.679 --> 01:12:42.870 align:start position:0% years ago that there are some easy<01:12:40.080> picking<01:12:40.480> some<01:12:40.800> low-hanging<01:12:41.440> fruit<01:12:42.640> it's 01:12:42.870 --> 01:12:42.880 align:start position:0% easy picking some low-hanging fruit it's 01:12:42.880 --> 01:12:44.229 align:start position:0% easy picking some low-hanging fruit it's probably<01:12:43.120> going<01:12:43.280> to<01:12:43.360> require<01:12:43.679> an<01:12:43.840> intense 01:12:44.229 --> 01:12:44.239 align:start position:0% probably going to require an intense 01:12:44.239 --> 01:12:45.270 align:start position:0% probably going to require an intense amount<01:12:44.480> of<01:12:44.560> work 01:12:45.270 --> 01:12:45.280 align:start position:0% amount of work 01:12:45.280 --> 01:12:48.070 align:start position:0% amount of work at<01:12:45.440> one<01:12:45.600> of<01:12:45.679> those<01:12:46.000> interfaces<01:12:46.960> to<01:12:47.360> to<01:12:47.679> bring 01:12:48.070 --> 01:12:48.080 align:start position:0% at one of those interfaces to to bring 01:12:48.080 --> 01:12:49.990 align:start position:0% at one of those interfaces to to bring back<01:12:48.320> really<01:12:48.640> new<01:12:48.960> ideas<01:12:49.280> to<01:12:49.440> robotics 01:12:49.990 --> 01:12:50.000 align:start position:0% back really new ideas to robotics 01:12:50.000 --> 01:12:53.510 align:start position:0% back really new ideas to robotics or<01:12:50.480> as<01:12:50.640> we've<01:12:50.880> discussed<01:12:51.280> to<01:12:51.440> export<01:12:52.960> ideas 01:12:53.510 --> 01:12:53.520 align:start position:0% or as we've discussed to export ideas 01:12:53.520 --> 01:12:55.189 align:start position:0% or as we've discussed to export ideas from<01:12:53.679> really<01:12:53.920> working<01:12:54.320> with<01:12:54.480> the<01:12:54.640> embodied 01:12:55.189 --> 01:12:55.199 align:start position:0% from really working with the embodied 01:12:55.199 --> 01:12:56.790 align:start position:0% from really working with the embodied systems 01:12:56.790 --> 01:12:56.800 align:start position:0% systems 01:12:56.800 --> 01:12:58.390 align:start position:0% systems because<01:12:57.040> for<01:12:57.199> example<01:12:57.600> now<01:12:57.840> there<01:12:58.080> are<01:12:58.239> there 01:12:58.390 --> 01:12:58.400 align:start position:0% because for example now there are there 01:12:58.400 --> 01:13:00.070 align:start position:0% because for example now there are there are<01:12:58.560> people<01:12:59.040> who<01:12:59.280> are 01:13:00.070 --> 01:13:00.080 align:start position:0% are people who are 01:13:00.080 --> 01:13:01.990 align:start position:0% are people who are really<01:13:00.480> into<01:13:00.719> computational<01:13:01.360> neuroscience 01:13:01.990 --> 01:13:02.000 align:start position:0% really into computational neuroscience 01:13:02.000 --> 01:13:04.870 align:start position:0% really into computational neuroscience but<01:13:02.159> suggesting<01:13:02.719> that<01:13:02.960> by<01:13:03.280> using<01:13:03.679> robots<01:13:04.159> not 01:13:04.870 --> 01:13:04.880 align:start position:0% but suggesting that by using robots not 01:13:04.880 --> 01:13:06.550 align:start position:0% but suggesting that by using robots not as<01:13:05.120> devices<01:13:05.600> to<01:13:05.760> be<01:13:05.840> technologically 01:13:06.550 --> 01:13:06.560 align:start position:0% as devices to be technologically 01:13:06.560 --> 01:13:07.910 align:start position:0% as devices to be technologically important<01:13:07.040> but<01:13:07.280> by 01:13:07.910 --> 01:13:07.920 align:start position:0% important but by 01:13:07.920 --> 01:13:09.430 align:start position:0% important but by showing<01:13:08.239> that<01:13:08.400> your<01:13:08.640> model<01:13:08.880> of<01:13:08.960> the<01:13:09.120> brain 01:13:09.430 --> 01:13:09.440 align:start position:0% showing that your model of the brain 01:13:09.440 --> 01:13:11.430 align:start position:0% showing that your model of the brain really<01:13:09.679> works<01:13:10.080> with<01:13:10.320> real<01:13:10.640> senses<01:13:11.040> and<01:13:11.199> real 01:13:11.430 --> 01:13:11.440 align:start position:0% really works with real senses and real 01:13:11.440 --> 01:13:13.910 align:start position:0% really works with real senses and real effectors<01:13:12.080> so<01:13:12.239> that's<01:13:12.480> where<01:13:12.719> the<01:13:12.880> influence 01:13:13.910 --> 01:13:13.920 align:start position:0% effectors so that's where the influence 01:13:13.920 --> 01:13:15.830 align:start position:0% effectors so that's where the influence is<01:13:14.080> beginning<01:13:14.480> to<01:13:14.640> go<01:13:14.800> the<01:13:14.960> other<01:13:15.120> way<01:13:15.360> so<01:13:15.600> all 01:13:15.830 --> 01:13:15.840 align:start position:0% is beginning to go the other way so all 01:13:15.840 --> 01:13:18.229 align:start position:0% is beginning to go the other way so all these<01:13:16.080> exciting<01:13:16.840> specialities<01:13:17.920> each<01:13:18.159> of 01:13:18.229 --> 01:13:18.239 align:start position:0% these exciting specialities each of 01:13:18.239 --> 01:13:20.229 align:start position:0% these exciting specialities each of which<01:13:18.480> is<01:13:18.640> interdisciplinary<01:13:19.679> each<01:13:19.920> of<01:13:20.000> which 01:13:20.229 --> 01:13:20.239 align:start position:0% which is interdisciplinary each of which 01:13:20.239 --> 01:13:22.390 align:start position:0% which is interdisciplinary each of which requires<01:13:20.719> a<01:13:20.800> lot<01:13:20.960> of<01:13:21.040> rigorous<01:13:21.520> hard<01:13:21.760> work<01:13:22.159> but 01:13:22.390 --> 01:13:22.400 align:start position:0% requires a lot of rigorous hard work but 01:13:22.400 --> 01:13:25.430 align:start position:0% requires a lot of rigorous hard work but that's<01:13:22.800> where<01:13:23.040> the<01:13:23.199> future<01:13:23.600> lies<01:13:23.920> i<01:13:24.080> think 01:13:25.430 --> 01:13:25.440 align:start position:0% that's where the future lies i think 01:13:25.440 --> 01:13:27.189 align:start position:0% that's where the future lies i think and<01:13:25.600> as<01:13:25.760> a<01:13:25.840> sort<01:13:26.000> of<01:13:26.159> follow-up<01:13:26.640> was<01:13:26.800> there<01:13:26.960> a 01:13:27.189 --> 01:13:27.199 align:start position:0% and as a sort of follow-up was there a 01:13:27.199 --> 01:13:29.590 align:start position:0% and as a sort of follow-up was there a point<01:13:27.520> in<01:13:28.000> your<01:13:28.239> recollection<01:13:28.960> where<01:13:29.280> people 01:13:29.590 --> 01:13:29.600 align:start position:0% point in your recollection where people 01:13:29.600 --> 01:13:31.110 align:start position:0% point in your recollection where people started<01:13:29.920> talking<01:13:30.239> about<01:13:30.400> robotics 01:13:31.110 --> 01:13:31.120 align:start position:0% started talking about robotics 01:13:31.120 --> 01:13:33.510 align:start position:0% started talking about robotics as<01:13:31.280> a<01:13:31.440> field<01:13:31.840> instead<01:13:32.159> of<01:13:32.800> the<01:13:32.960> sort<01:13:33.199> of 01:13:33.510 --> 01:13:33.520 align:start position:0% as a field instead of the sort of 01:13:33.520 --> 01:13:35.189 align:start position:0% as a field instead of the sort of different<01:13:33.840> disciplines<01:13:34.480> that<01:13:34.719> control 01:13:35.189 --> 01:13:35.199 align:start position:0% different disciplines that control 01:13:35.199 --> 01:13:36.550 align:start position:0% different disciplines that control theory<01:13:35.520> or<01:13:35.679> something<01:13:35.920> like<01:13:36.080> that<01:13:36.320> when 01:13:36.550 --> 01:13:36.560 align:start position:0% theory or something like that when 01:13:36.560 --> 01:13:37.510 align:start position:0% theory or something like that when there's 01:13:37.510 --> 01:13:37.520 align:start position:0% there's 01:13:37.520 --> 01:13:39.430 align:start position:0% there's suddenly<01:13:37.920> some<01:13:38.159> moment<01:13:38.560> where<01:13:38.719> there's 01:13:39.430 --> 01:13:39.440 align:start position:0% suddenly some moment where there's 01:13:39.440 --> 01:13:42.709 align:start position:0% suddenly some moment where there's robotics<01:13:40.080> labs<01:13:40.400> or<01:13:40.560> robotics<01:13:41.040> conferences 01:13:42.709 --> 01:13:42.719 align:start position:0% robotics labs or robotics conferences 01:13:42.719 --> 01:13:47.840 align:start position:0% robotics labs or robotics conferences the<01:13:42.960> 13th<01:13:43.600> of<01:13:43.840> june<01:13:44.840> 1976