WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.719 --> 00:00:02.869 align:start position:0% so<00:00:00.880> why<00:00:01.040> don't<00:00:01.199> we<00:00:01.360> start<00:00:01.680> by<00:00:02.000> just<00:00:02.399> having<00:00:02.720> you 00:00:02.869 --> 00:00:02.879 align:start position:0% so why don't we start by just having you 00:00:02.879 --> 00:00:03.429 align:start position:0% so why don't we start by just having you tell<00:00:03.120> us 00:00:03.429 --> 00:00:03.439 align:start position:0% tell us 00:00:03.439 --> 00:00:06.150 align:start position:0% tell us um<00:00:04.960> let's<00:00:05.120> see<00:00:05.279> where<00:00:05.520> you<00:00:05.600> were<00:00:05.759> born<00:00:06.080> and 00:00:06.150 --> 00:00:06.160 align:start position:0% um let's see where you were born and 00:00:06.160 --> 00:00:08.790 align:start position:0% um let's see where you were born and where<00:00:06.399> you<00:00:06.560> grew<00:00:06.799> up 00:00:08.790 --> 00:00:08.800 align:start position:0% where you grew up 00:00:08.800 --> 00:00:11.589 align:start position:0% where you grew up i<00:00:08.880> was<00:00:09.120> born<00:00:09.599> in<00:00:10.080> slovakia<00:00:10.960> in<00:00:11.120> the<00:00:11.280> city<00:00:11.519> of 00:00:11.589 --> 00:00:11.599 align:start position:0% i was born in slovakia in the city of 00:00:11.599 --> 00:00:13.030 align:start position:0% i was born in slovakia in the city of bratislava 00:00:13.030 --> 00:00:13.040 align:start position:0% bratislava 00:00:13.040 --> 00:00:16.790 align:start position:0% bratislava which<00:00:13.280> is<00:00:13.440> the<00:00:13.519> capital<00:00:14.559> um<00:00:15.599> our<00:00:15.759> family<00:00:16.320> uh 00:00:16.790 --> 00:00:16.800 align:start position:0% which is the capital um our family uh 00:00:16.800 --> 00:00:18.710 align:start position:0% which is the capital um our family uh emigrated<00:00:17.600> uh<00:00:17.840> just<00:00:18.080> at<00:00:18.160> the<00:00:18.240> beginning<00:00:18.560> of 00:00:18.710 --> 00:00:18.720 align:start position:0% emigrated uh just at the beginning of 00:00:18.720 --> 00:00:20.150 align:start position:0% emigrated uh just at the beginning of the<00:00:18.800> second<00:00:19.039> world<00:00:19.359> war 00:00:20.150 --> 00:00:20.160 align:start position:0% the second world war 00:00:20.160 --> 00:00:22.710 align:start position:0% the second world war and<00:00:20.560> uh<00:00:20.800> by<00:00:21.039> then<00:00:21.279> it<00:00:21.359> was<00:00:21.600> impossible<00:00:22.240> to<00:00:22.400> get 00:00:22.710 --> 00:00:22.720 align:start position:0% and uh by then it was impossible to get 00:00:22.720 --> 00:00:25.109 align:start position:0% and uh by then it was impossible to get the<00:00:23.119> visas<00:00:23.519> to<00:00:23.680> the<00:00:23.760> united<00:00:24.160> states 00:00:25.109 --> 00:00:25.119 align:start position:0% the visas to the united states 00:00:25.119 --> 00:00:27.589 align:start position:0% the visas to the united states because<00:00:25.840> um<00:00:26.480> the<00:00:26.800> united<00:00:27.119> states<00:00:27.439> had 00:00:27.589 --> 00:00:27.599 align:start position:0% because um the united states had 00:00:27.599 --> 00:00:29.349 align:start position:0% because um the united states had nationality<00:00:28.320> quarters<00:00:28.800> in<00:00:28.880> those<00:00:29.119> days 00:00:29.349 --> 00:00:29.359 align:start position:0% nationality quarters in those days 00:00:29.359 --> 00:00:31.189 align:start position:0% nationality quarters in those days people<00:00:29.599> from<00:00:29.840> each<00:00:30.000> country 00:00:31.189 --> 00:00:31.199 align:start position:0% people from each country 00:00:31.199 --> 00:00:33.110 align:start position:0% people from each country so<00:00:31.519> we<00:00:31.679> went<00:00:31.840> to<00:00:32.000> south<00:00:32.239> america<00:00:32.719> and<00:00:32.800> lived<00:00:33.040> in 00:00:33.110 --> 00:00:33.120 align:start position:0% so we went to south america and lived in 00:00:33.120 --> 00:00:35.110 align:start position:0% so we went to south america and lived in bolivia<00:00:33.680> for<00:00:33.840> five<00:00:34.160> years<00:00:34.480> waiting<00:00:34.800> for<00:00:35.040> our 00:00:35.110 --> 00:00:35.120 align:start position:0% bolivia for five years waiting for our 00:00:35.120 --> 00:00:36.950 align:start position:0% bolivia for five years waiting for our number<00:00:35.360> to<00:00:35.520> come<00:00:35.680> up 00:00:36.950 --> 00:00:36.960 align:start position:0% number to come up 00:00:36.960 --> 00:00:39.590 align:start position:0% number to come up and<00:00:37.360> when<00:00:37.600> it<00:00:37.760> came<00:00:38.000> up<00:00:38.399> we<00:00:38.640> moved<00:00:39.120> to<00:00:39.280> los 00:00:39.590 --> 00:00:39.600 align:start position:0% and when it came up we moved to los 00:00:39.600 --> 00:00:40.229 align:start position:0% and when it came up we moved to los angeles 00:00:40.229 --> 00:00:40.239 align:start position:0% angeles 00:00:40.239 --> 00:00:42.830 align:start position:0% angeles how<00:00:40.559> old<00:00:40.719> were<00:00:40.879> you<00:00:41.680> when<00:00:41.840> we<00:00:42.000> got<00:00:42.239> here<00:00:42.480> it<00:00:42.559> was 00:00:42.830 --> 00:00:42.840 align:start position:0% how old were you when we got here it was 00:00:42.840 --> 00:00:46.069 align:start position:0% how old were you when we got here it was 17. 00:00:46.069 --> 00:00:46.079 align:start position:0% 00:00:46.079 --> 00:00:47.910 align:start position:0% and<00:00:46.399> uh<00:00:46.800> you<00:00:46.960> did<00:00:47.120> your<00:00:47.280> undergraduate<00:00:47.840> at 00:00:47.910 --> 00:00:47.920 align:start position:0% and uh you did your undergraduate at 00:00:47.920 --> 00:00:50.150 align:start position:0% and uh you did your undergraduate at ucla<00:00:48.559> i<00:00:48.640> did<00:00:48.879> my<00:00:49.039> undergraduate<00:00:49.520> work<00:00:49.760> at 00:00:50.150 --> 00:00:50.160 align:start position:0% ucla i did my undergraduate work at 00:00:50.160 --> 00:00:53.270 align:start position:0% ucla i did my undergraduate work at ucla<00:00:50.800> except<00:00:51.039> for<00:00:51.199> the<00:00:51.360> senior<00:00:51.760> year 00:00:53.270 --> 00:00:53.280 align:start position:0% ucla except for the senior year 00:00:53.280 --> 00:00:56.950 align:start position:0% ucla except for the senior year which<00:00:53.600> i<00:00:53.680> did<00:00:53.840> at<00:00:54.000> berkeley<00:00:56.000> ucla 00:00:56.950 --> 00:00:56.960 align:start position:0% which i did at berkeley ucla 00:00:56.960 --> 00:01:01.029 align:start position:0% which i did at berkeley ucla was<00:00:57.280> just<00:00:57.840> starting<00:00:58.960> its<00:00:59.520> engineering 00:01:01.029 --> 00:01:01.039 align:start position:0% was just starting its engineering 00:01:01.039 --> 00:01:05.350 align:start position:0% was just starting its engineering uh<00:01:01.359> curriculum<00:01:02.239> when<00:01:02.480> i<00:01:02.559> went<00:01:02.800> there<00:01:03.280> and 00:01:05.350 --> 00:01:05.360 align:start position:0% uh curriculum when i went there and 00:01:05.360 --> 00:01:08.870 align:start position:0% uh curriculum when i went there and basically<00:01:05.920> they<00:01:06.560> added<00:01:06.960> one<00:01:07.200> year<00:01:07.439> every<00:01:07.760> year 00:01:08.870 --> 00:01:08.880 align:start position:0% basically they added one year every year 00:01:08.880 --> 00:01:10.710 align:start position:0% basically they added one year every year so<00:01:09.119> when<00:01:09.360> i<00:01:09.439> became<00:01:09.840> a<00:01:09.920> senior<00:01:10.320> i<00:01:10.400> could<00:01:10.640> have 00:01:10.710 --> 00:01:10.720 align:start position:0% so when i became a senior i could have 00:01:10.720 --> 00:01:12.710 align:start position:0% so when i became a senior i could have stayed<00:01:11.040> at<00:01:11.119> ucla<00:01:11.840> was<00:01:12.000> the<00:01:12.159> first 00:01:12.710 --> 00:01:12.720 align:start position:0% stayed at ucla was the first 00:01:12.720 --> 00:01:16.710 align:start position:0% stayed at ucla was the first time<00:01:13.040> they<00:01:13.280> offered<00:01:13.600> a<00:01:13.680> senior<00:01:14.159> year<00:01:15.520> and 00:01:16.710 --> 00:01:16.720 align:start position:0% time they offered a senior year and 00:01:16.720 --> 00:01:18.230 align:start position:0% time they offered a senior year and but<00:01:16.960> i<00:01:17.040> was<00:01:17.200> also<00:01:17.439> eager<00:01:17.600> to<00:01:17.680> get<00:01:17.840> away<00:01:18.080> from 00:01:18.230 --> 00:01:18.240 align:start position:0% but i was also eager to get away from 00:01:18.240 --> 00:01:20.070 align:start position:0% but i was also eager to get away from home<00:01:19.119> and 00:01:20.070 --> 00:01:20.080 align:start position:0% home and 00:01:20.080 --> 00:01:22.710 align:start position:0% home and so<00:01:21.280> i<00:01:21.439> really<00:01:21.680> wanted<00:01:22.000> to<00:01:22.080> go<00:01:22.240> to<00:01:22.400> a<00:01:22.479> more 00:01:22.710 --> 00:01:22.720 align:start position:0% so i really wanted to go to a more 00:01:22.720 --> 00:01:24.230 align:start position:0% so i really wanted to go to a more established<00:01:23.280> place<00:01:23.520> and<00:01:23.600> not<00:01:23.759> be<00:01:23.920> a<00:01:24.000> guinea 00:01:24.230 --> 00:01:24.240 align:start position:0% established place and not be a guinea 00:01:24.240 --> 00:01:25.270 align:start position:0% established place and not be a guinea pig<00:01:24.479> in<00:01:24.560> the<00:01:24.640> first<00:01:24.880> year 00:01:25.270 --> 00:01:25.280 align:start position:0% pig in the first year 00:01:25.280 --> 00:01:27.910 align:start position:0% pig in the first year so<00:01:26.720> i<00:01:26.799> went<00:01:26.960> to<00:01:27.119> berkeley<00:01:27.520> and<00:01:27.680> had<00:01:27.840> a 00:01:27.910 --> 00:01:27.920 align:start position:0% so i went to berkeley and had a 00:01:27.920 --> 00:01:29.590 align:start position:0% so i went to berkeley and had a wonderful<00:01:28.320> year 00:01:29.590 --> 00:01:29.600 align:start position:0% wonderful year 00:01:29.600 --> 00:01:32.469 align:start position:0% wonderful year and<00:01:29.840> you<00:01:30.079> wanted<00:01:30.320> to<00:01:30.400> be<00:01:30.479> an<00:01:30.640> engineer<00:01:31.759> yes<00:01:32.320> my 00:01:32.469 --> 00:01:32.479 align:start position:0% and you wanted to be an engineer yes my 00:01:32.479 --> 00:01:33.910 align:start position:0% and you wanted to be an engineer yes my father<00:01:32.720> was<00:01:32.880> an<00:01:33.040> engineer 00:01:33.910 --> 00:01:33.920 align:start position:0% father was an engineer 00:01:33.920 --> 00:01:37.350 align:start position:0% father was an engineer and<00:01:34.960> i<00:01:35.119> guess<00:01:35.439> it<00:01:35.520> was<00:01:35.759> largely<00:01:36.640> inspiration 00:01:37.350 --> 00:01:37.360 align:start position:0% and i guess it was largely inspiration 00:01:37.360 --> 00:01:39.190 align:start position:0% and i guess it was largely inspiration from<00:01:37.600> him 00:01:39.190 --> 00:01:39.200 align:start position:0% from him 00:01:39.200 --> 00:01:42.310 align:start position:0% from him and<00:01:39.439> i<00:01:39.520> was<00:01:39.680> good<00:01:39.840> in<00:01:39.920> mathematics<00:01:40.720> and<00:01:41.439> so<00:01:42.000> yes 00:01:42.310 --> 00:01:42.320 align:start position:0% and i was good in mathematics and so yes 00:01:42.320 --> 00:01:42.870 align:start position:0% and i was good in mathematics and so yes i've 00:01:42.870 --> 00:01:42.880 align:start position:0% i've 00:01:42.880 --> 00:01:45.190 align:start position:0% i've i<00:01:43.040> always<00:01:43.280> wanted<00:01:43.520> to<00:01:43.600> be<00:01:43.680> an<00:01:43.840> engineer<00:01:45.040> but 00:01:45.190 --> 00:01:45.200 align:start position:0% i always wanted to be an engineer but 00:01:45.200 --> 00:01:47.190 align:start position:0% i always wanted to be an engineer but that's<00:01:45.439> not<00:01:45.600> completely<00:01:46.079> true 00:01:47.190 --> 00:01:47.200 align:start position:0% that's not completely true 00:01:47.200 --> 00:01:49.590 align:start position:0% that's not completely true once<00:01:47.520> i<00:01:47.600> got<00:01:47.759> my<00:01:47.920> master's<00:01:48.320> in<00:01:48.479> engineering<00:01:49.439> i 00:01:49.590 --> 00:01:49.600 align:start position:0% once i got my master's in engineering i 00:01:49.600 --> 00:01:52.310 align:start position:0% once i got my master's in engineering i went<00:01:49.840> through<00:01:50.000> a<00:01:50.159> period<00:01:50.640> when 00:01:52.310 --> 00:01:52.320 align:start position:0% went through a period when 00:01:52.320 --> 00:01:54.310 align:start position:0% went through a period when i<00:01:52.479> seriously<00:01:53.040> considered<00:01:53.840> becoming<00:01:54.240> a 00:01:54.310 --> 00:01:54.320 align:start position:0% i seriously considered becoming a 00:01:54.320 --> 00:01:55.749 align:start position:0% i seriously considered becoming a minister 00:01:55.749 --> 00:01:55.759 align:start position:0% minister 00:01:55.759 --> 00:01:59.030 align:start position:0% minister um<00:01:56.159> and<00:01:57.280> i<00:01:57.520> actually<00:01:58.000> i<00:01:58.159> was<00:01:58.320> working<00:01:58.719> running 00:01:59.030 --> 00:01:59.040 align:start position:0% um and i actually i was working running 00:01:59.040 --> 00:02:00.789 align:start position:0% um and i actually i was working running a<00:01:59.119> computer<00:01:59.520> at<00:01:59.600> ucla 00:02:00.789 --> 00:02:00.799 align:start position:0% a computer at ucla 00:02:00.799 --> 00:02:03.429 align:start position:0% a computer at ucla and<00:02:00.960> in<00:02:01.040> the<00:02:01.200> afternoons<00:02:01.759> i<00:02:01.920> came<00:02:02.079> to<00:02:02.240> usc 00:02:03.429 --> 00:02:03.439 align:start position:0% and in the afternoons i came to usc 00:02:03.439 --> 00:02:05.109 align:start position:0% and in the afternoons i came to usc which<00:02:03.759> at<00:02:03.920> that 00:02:05.109 --> 00:02:05.119 align:start position:0% which at that 00:02:05.119 --> 00:02:07.109 align:start position:0% which at that at<00:02:05.280> that<00:02:05.520> time<00:02:06.000> had<00:02:06.159> an<00:02:06.320> accredited 00:02:07.109 --> 00:02:07.119 align:start position:0% at that time had an accredited 00:02:07.119 --> 00:02:11.110 align:start position:0% at that time had an accredited theological<00:02:07.759> seminary<00:02:08.319> on<00:02:08.399> the<00:02:08.479> campus 00:02:11.110 --> 00:02:11.120 align:start position:0% 00:02:11.120 --> 00:02:14.150 align:start position:0% so<00:02:11.360> i<00:02:11.520> came<00:02:11.760> here<00:02:12.239> and<00:02:12.400> i<00:02:12.720> i<00:02:12.959> spent 00:02:14.150 --> 00:02:14.160 align:start position:0% so i came here and i i spent 00:02:14.160 --> 00:02:17.510 align:start position:0% so i came here and i i spent two<00:02:14.319> and<00:02:14.480> a<00:02:14.480> half<00:02:14.800> years<00:02:15.680> almost<00:02:16.000> three<00:02:16.319> years 00:02:17.510 --> 00:02:17.520 align:start position:0% two and a half years almost three years 00:02:17.520 --> 00:02:21.270 align:start position:0% two and a half years almost three years in<00:02:17.680> a<00:02:17.760> master<00:02:18.080> of<00:02:18.239> theology<00:02:18.800> program<00:02:19.920> and 00:02:21.270 --> 00:02:21.280 align:start position:0% in a master of theology program and 00:02:21.280 --> 00:02:24.229 align:start position:0% in a master of theology program and the<00:02:21.440> first<00:02:21.680> year<00:02:21.920> was<00:02:22.160> entirely<00:02:22.720> made<00:02:22.959> uh 00:02:24.229 --> 00:02:24.239 align:start position:0% the first year was entirely made uh 00:02:24.239 --> 00:02:25.190 align:start position:0% the first year was entirely made uh first<00:02:24.560> year 00:02:25.190 --> 00:02:25.200 align:start position:0% first year 00:02:25.200 --> 00:02:28.229 align:start position:0% first year were<00:02:26.319> undergraduate<00:02:27.200> deficiencies<00:02:28.000> that<00:02:28.160> i 00:02:28.229 --> 00:02:28.239 align:start position:0% were undergraduate deficiencies that i 00:02:28.239 --> 00:02:29.830 align:start position:0% were undergraduate deficiencies that i had<00:02:28.560> because<00:02:28.879> engineers<00:02:29.440> have 00:02:29.830 --> 00:02:29.840 align:start position:0% had because engineers have 00:02:29.840 --> 00:02:32.710 align:start position:0% had because engineers have almost<00:02:30.080> no<00:02:30.319> humanities<00:02:30.879> in<00:02:30.959> social<00:02:31.360> sciences 00:02:32.710 --> 00:02:32.720 align:start position:0% almost no humanities in social sciences 00:02:32.720 --> 00:02:34.390 align:start position:0% almost no humanities in social sciences so<00:02:32.959> i<00:02:33.120> spent<00:02:33.440> the<00:02:33.519> first<00:02:33.760> year<00:02:34.080> taking 00:02:34.390 --> 00:02:34.400 align:start position:0% so i spent the first year taking 00:02:34.400 --> 00:02:35.350 align:start position:0% so i spent the first year taking sociology 00:02:35.350 --> 00:02:35.360 align:start position:0% sociology 00:02:35.360 --> 00:02:38.390 align:start position:0% sociology 1<00:02:36.800> or<00:02:37.040> 101 00:02:38.390 --> 00:02:38.400 align:start position:0% 1 or 101 00:02:38.400 --> 00:02:41.509 align:start position:0% 1 or 101 psychology<00:02:38.959> 101<00:02:39.680> and<00:02:39.760> so<00:02:40.000> on<00:02:40.800> the<00:02:40.959> second<00:02:41.200> year 00:02:41.509 --> 00:02:41.519 align:start position:0% psychology 101 and so on the second year 00:02:41.519 --> 00:02:44.630 align:start position:0% psychology 101 and so on the second year i<00:02:41.599> took<00:02:41.840> all<00:02:42.000> the<00:02:42.080> things<00:02:42.319> that<00:02:42.400> i<00:02:42.560> wanted 00:02:44.630 --> 00:02:44.640 align:start position:0% i took all the things that i wanted 00:02:44.640 --> 00:02:47.190 align:start position:0% i took all the things that i wanted in<00:02:44.800> the<00:02:44.959> third<00:02:45.280> year<00:02:46.400> second<00:02:46.720> and<00:02:46.800> third<00:02:47.040> year 00:02:47.190 --> 00:02:47.200 align:start position:0% in the third year second and third year 00:02:47.200 --> 00:02:48.550 align:start position:0% in the third year second and third year by<00:02:47.360> the<00:02:47.519> fourth<00:02:47.760> year<00:02:48.000> it<00:02:48.160> would<00:02:48.319> have<00:02:48.400> been 00:02:48.550 --> 00:02:48.560 align:start position:0% by the fourth year it would have been 00:02:48.560 --> 00:02:50.229 align:start position:0% by the fourth year it would have been entirely<00:02:48.959> professional<00:02:49.519> courses<00:02:49.920> involved 00:02:50.229 --> 00:02:50.239 align:start position:0% entirely professional courses involved 00:02:50.239 --> 00:02:52.710 align:start position:0% entirely professional courses involved like<00:02:50.400> in<00:02:50.480> running<00:02:50.800> a<00:02:50.959> church 00:02:52.710 --> 00:02:52.720 align:start position:0% like in running a church 00:02:52.720 --> 00:02:59.670 align:start position:0% like in running a church and<00:02:54.080> i<00:02:54.319> couldn't<00:02:54.560> stand<00:02:54.879> it<00:02:55.040> so<00:02:55.120> i<00:02:55.280> dropped<00:02:55.599> out 00:02:59.670 --> 00:02:59.680 align:start position:0% 00:02:59.680 --> 00:03:01.030 align:start position:0% were<00:02:59.840> you<00:03:00.000> studying<00:03:00.319> robotics<00:03:00.800> from<00:03:00.959> the 00:03:01.030 --> 00:03:01.040 align:start position:0% were you studying robotics from the 00:03:01.040 --> 00:03:03.350 align:start position:0% were you studying robotics from the beginning<00:03:01.599> or<00:03:01.760> when<00:03:02.080> did<00:03:02.239> you<00:03:02.640> no 00:03:03.350 --> 00:03:03.360 align:start position:0% beginning or when did you no 00:03:03.360 --> 00:03:05.509 align:start position:0% beginning or when did you no my<00:03:03.519> interest<00:03:03.840> in<00:03:03.920> robotics<00:03:04.879> started<00:03:05.280> in<00:03:05.360> the 00:03:05.509 --> 00:03:05.519 align:start position:0% my interest in robotics started in the 00:03:05.519 --> 00:03:07.589 align:start position:0% my interest in robotics started in the 1980s 00:03:07.589 --> 00:03:07.599 align:start position:0% 1980s 00:03:07.599 --> 00:03:09.350 align:start position:0% 1980s i<00:03:07.680> was<00:03:07.920> at<00:03:08.000> ufc<00:03:08.480> of<00:03:08.560> course<00:03:08.800> where<00:03:08.959> i<00:03:09.040> started 00:03:09.350 --> 00:03:09.360 align:start position:0% i was at ufc of course where i started 00:03:09.360 --> 00:03:12.390 align:start position:0% i was at ufc of course where i started in<00:03:09.440> 1962<00:03:10.560> so<00:03:10.720> i<00:03:10.800> was<00:03:11.040> at<00:03:11.120> ufc<00:03:11.599> 40<00:03:11.920> years 00:03:12.390 --> 00:03:12.400 align:start position:0% in 1962 so i was at ufc 40 years 00:03:12.400 --> 00:03:15.030 align:start position:0% in 1962 so i was at ufc 40 years before<00:03:13.280> i<00:03:13.519> formally<00:03:14.000> retired<00:03:14.480> and<00:03:14.640> came<00:03:14.879> here 00:03:15.030 --> 00:03:15.040 align:start position:0% before i formally retired and came here 00:03:15.040 --> 00:03:16.710 align:start position:0% before i formally retired and came here to<00:03:15.200> cal<00:03:15.440> poly 00:03:16.710 --> 00:03:16.720 align:start position:0% to cal poly 00:03:16.720 --> 00:03:19.750 align:start position:0% to cal poly where<00:03:16.959> i<00:03:17.040> now<00:03:17.200> have<00:03:17.360> a<00:03:17.440> faculty<00:03:17.920> position 00:03:19.750 --> 00:03:19.760 align:start position:0% where i now have a faculty position 00:03:19.760 --> 00:03:25.350 align:start position:0% where i now have a faculty position but<00:03:21.120> in<00:03:21.200> the<00:03:21.360> 1980s 00:03:25.350 --> 00:03:25.360 align:start position:0% 00:03:25.360 --> 00:03:30.309 align:start position:0% we<00:03:25.599> hired<00:03:26.000> a<00:03:26.080> young<00:03:26.319> man<00:03:27.920> from<00:03:28.239> stanford 00:03:30.309 --> 00:03:30.319 align:start position:0% we hired a young man from stanford 00:03:30.319 --> 00:03:33.750 align:start position:0% we hired a young man from stanford who<00:03:30.480> was<00:03:30.720> the<00:03:30.959> first<00:03:31.200> robotics<00:03:31.680> person<00:03:32.239> in<00:03:32.400> the 00:03:33.750 --> 00:03:33.760 align:start position:0% who was the first robotics person in the 00:03:33.760 --> 00:03:37.190 align:start position:0% who was the first robotics person in the school<00:03:34.000> of<00:03:34.159> engineering<00:03:34.640> at<00:03:35.440> usc 00:03:37.190 --> 00:03:37.200 align:start position:0% school of engineering at usc 00:03:37.200 --> 00:03:40.470 align:start position:0% school of engineering at usc and 00:03:40.470 --> 00:03:40.480 align:start position:0% 00:03:40.480 --> 00:03:45.350 align:start position:0% so<00:03:41.599> who<00:03:41.760> was<00:03:41.840> that 00:03:45.350 --> 00:03:45.360 align:start position:0% 00:03:45.360 --> 00:03:48.470 align:start position:0% why<00:03:45.599> am<00:03:45.760> i<00:03:45.840> drawing<00:03:46.159> a<00:03:46.239> blank<00:03:46.480> on<00:03:46.640> his<00:03:46.799> name 00:03:48.470 --> 00:03:48.480 align:start position:0% why am i drawing a blank on his name 00:03:48.480 --> 00:03:49.990 align:start position:0% why am i drawing a blank on his name it'll<00:03:48.720> come<00:03:48.879> to<00:03:48.959> me<00:03:49.120> in<00:03:49.200> a<00:03:49.280> moment<00:03:49.680> and<00:03:49.840> you'll 00:03:49.990 --> 00:03:50.000 align:start position:0% it'll come to me in a moment and you'll 00:03:50.000 --> 00:03:52.070 align:start position:0% it'll come to me in a moment and you'll be<00:03:50.159> doing<00:03:50.400> editing<00:03:50.799> anyway<00:03:51.120> right<00:03:51.440> yeah<00:03:51.599> so 00:03:52.070 --> 00:03:52.080 align:start position:0% be doing editing anyway right yeah so 00:03:52.080 --> 00:03:59.350 align:start position:0% be doing editing anyway right yeah so as<00:03:52.239> soon<00:03:52.400> as<00:03:52.560> i<00:03:52.720> get<00:03:52.879> the<00:03:52.959> name<00:03:53.200> i'll<00:03:53.680> tell<00:03:53.840> you 00:03:59.350 --> 00:03:59.360 align:start position:0% 00:03:59.360 --> 00:04:02.070 align:start position:0% he<00:03:59.599> dropped<00:04:00.000> out<00:04:00.159> of<00:04:00.239> robotics<00:04:00.799> by<00:04:00.959> the<00:04:01.040> way 00:04:02.070 --> 00:04:02.080 align:start position:0% he dropped out of robotics by the way 00:04:02.080 --> 00:04:05.990 align:start position:0% he dropped out of robotics by the way sometime<00:04:02.480> after<00:04:02.799> that 00:04:05.990 --> 00:04:06.000 align:start position:0% 00:04:06.000 --> 00:04:09.110 align:start position:0% but<00:04:06.159> he<00:04:06.319> got<00:04:06.480> his<00:04:06.640> phd<00:04:07.120> at<00:04:07.439> stanford<00:04:08.159> and 00:04:09.110 --> 00:04:09.120 align:start position:0% but he got his phd at stanford and 00:04:09.120 --> 00:04:12.710 align:start position:0% but he got his phd at stanford and when<00:04:09.360> he<00:04:09.680> came<00:04:10.239> he<00:04:10.480> really<00:04:10.879> wanted<00:04:11.920> to<00:04:12.159> have 00:04:12.710 --> 00:04:12.720 align:start position:0% when he came he really wanted to have 00:04:12.720 --> 00:04:15.589 align:start position:0% when he came he really wanted to have a<00:04:13.599> robot<00:04:14.000> manipulator<00:04:14.799> when<00:04:15.040> he<00:04:15.200> came<00:04:15.360> in<00:04:15.519> the 00:04:15.589 --> 00:04:15.599 align:start position:0% a robot manipulator when he came in the 00:04:15.599 --> 00:04:18.710 align:start position:0% a robot manipulator when he came in the 1980s<00:04:16.320> we<00:04:16.479> really<00:04:16.720> had<00:04:16.880> no<00:04:17.120> mobile<00:04:17.519> robots<00:04:18.000> yet 00:04:18.710 --> 00:04:18.720 align:start position:0% 1980s we really had no mobile robots yet 00:04:18.720 --> 00:04:21.830 align:start position:0% 1980s we really had no mobile robots yet except<00:04:19.120> a<00:04:19.280> few<00:04:20.160> remotely<00:04:20.720> guided<00:04:21.120> vehicles<00:04:21.680> on 00:04:21.830 --> 00:04:21.840 align:start position:0% except a few remotely guided vehicles on 00:04:21.840 --> 00:04:22.870 align:start position:0% except a few remotely guided vehicles on factory<00:04:22.240> floors 00:04:22.870 --> 00:04:22.880 align:start position:0% factory floors 00:04:22.880 --> 00:04:26.150 align:start position:0% factory floors but<00:04:23.120> but<00:04:23.440> largely<00:04:24.080> it<00:04:24.160> was<00:04:24.400> manipulators 00:04:26.150 --> 00:04:26.160 align:start position:0% but but largely it was manipulators 00:04:26.160 --> 00:04:30.550 align:start position:0% but but largely it was manipulators so<00:04:26.960> uh<00:04:27.520> i<00:04:27.919> wrote<00:04:28.160> a<00:04:29.040> grant<00:04:29.360> proposal<00:04:29.840> to<00:04:29.919> nsf 00:04:30.550 --> 00:04:30.560 align:start position:0% so uh i wrote a grant proposal to nsf 00:04:30.560 --> 00:04:36.950 align:start position:0% so uh i wrote a grant proposal to nsf and<00:04:30.800> got<00:04:31.040> money<00:04:31.280> to<00:04:31.440> buy<00:04:31.840> a<00:04:32.080> puma<00:04:33.040> manipulator 00:04:36.950 --> 00:04:36.960 align:start position:0% 00:04:36.960 --> 00:04:41.510 align:start position:0% and<00:04:37.280> uh<00:04:37.759> so<00:04:38.240> that<00:04:38.560> came<00:04:39.199> and<00:04:39.440> then 00:04:41.510 --> 00:04:41.520 align:start position:0% and uh so that came and then 00:04:41.520 --> 00:04:46.310 align:start position:0% and uh so that came and then then<00:04:41.680> he<00:04:41.919> and<00:04:42.080> i<00:04:43.120> started<00:04:43.360> a<00:04:43.440> robotics<00:04:44.000> lab 00:04:46.310 --> 00:04:46.320 align:start position:0% then he and i started a robotics lab 00:04:46.320 --> 00:04:49.670 align:start position:0% then he and i started a robotics lab it<00:04:46.479> was<00:04:46.639> only<00:04:46.880> in<00:04:46.960> the<00:04:47.240> 1990s<00:04:48.800> when 00:04:49.670 --> 00:04:49.680 align:start position:0% it was only in the 1990s when 00:04:49.680 --> 00:04:51.270 align:start position:0% it was only in the 1990s when i<00:04:49.759> had<00:04:50.000> a<00:04:50.080> number<00:04:50.320> of<00:04:50.479> students<00:04:50.880> working<00:04:51.199> in 00:04:51.270 --> 00:04:51.280 align:start position:0% i had a number of students working in 00:04:51.280 --> 00:04:53.189 align:start position:0% i had a number of students working in the<00:04:51.440> lab<00:04:51.759> with<00:04:52.000> me<00:04:52.240> and<00:04:52.479> we<00:04:52.639> began<00:04:52.880> to<00:04:53.040> get 00:04:53.189 --> 00:04:53.199 align:start position:0% the lab with me and we began to get 00:04:53.199 --> 00:04:54.950 align:start position:0% the lab with me and we began to get interested<00:04:53.600> in<00:04:53.759> mobile<00:04:54.160> robots 00:04:54.950 --> 00:04:54.960 align:start position:0% interested in mobile robots 00:04:54.960 --> 00:04:58.150 align:start position:0% interested in mobile robots and<00:04:55.120> then<00:04:55.360> we<00:04:55.600> built 00:04:58.150 --> 00:04:58.160 align:start position:0% 00:04:58.160 --> 00:05:01.430 align:start position:0% four-legged<00:04:58.720> and<00:04:58.880> six-legged<00:05:00.160> and<00:05:00.639> wheeled 00:05:01.430 --> 00:05:01.440 align:start position:0% four-legged and six-legged and wheeled 00:05:01.440 --> 00:05:05.029 align:start position:0% four-legged and six-legged and wheeled machines<00:05:01.919> that<00:05:02.080> ran<00:05:02.320> around<00:05:03.280> and<00:05:04.320> we<00:05:04.560> also<00:05:04.800> got 00:05:05.029 --> 00:05:05.039 align:start position:0% machines that ran around and we also got 00:05:05.039 --> 00:05:07.590 align:start position:0% machines that ran around and we also got interested<00:05:05.360> in<00:05:05.440> robot<00:05:05.840> helicopters 00:05:07.590 --> 00:05:07.600 align:start position:0% interested in robot helicopters 00:05:07.600 --> 00:05:09.510 align:start position:0% interested in robot helicopters which<00:05:07.840> is<00:05:08.000> a<00:05:08.080> tradition<00:05:08.560> that<00:05:09.120> gorham 00:05:09.510 --> 00:05:09.520 align:start position:0% which is a tradition that gorham 00:05:09.520 --> 00:05:11.670 align:start position:0% which is a tradition that gorham sukhothmi<00:05:10.160> followed 00:05:11.670 --> 00:05:11.680 align:start position:0% sukhothmi followed 00:05:11.680 --> 00:05:13.749 align:start position:0% sukhothmi followed and<00:05:12.160> took<00:05:12.400> on<00:05:12.560> from<00:05:12.720> me<00:05:12.960> and<00:05:13.039> continued<00:05:13.520> in<00:05:13.680> the 00:05:13.749 --> 00:05:13.759 align:start position:0% and took on from me and continued in the 00:05:13.759 --> 00:05:15.830 align:start position:0% and took on from me and continued in the process 00:05:15.830 --> 00:05:15.840 align:start position:0% process 00:05:15.840 --> 00:05:17.510 align:start position:0% process yeah<00:05:16.080> i<00:05:16.160> saw<00:05:16.400> a<00:05:16.400> lot<00:05:16.560> of<00:05:16.720> those<00:05:16.880> helicopters 00:05:17.510 --> 00:05:17.520 align:start position:0% yeah i saw a lot of those helicopters 00:05:17.520 --> 00:05:18.870 align:start position:0% yeah i saw a lot of those helicopters good<00:05:18.000> okay 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position:0% 20 years from 00:05:31.520 --> 00:05:34.230 align:start position:0% 20 years from when<00:05:31.680> you<00:05:32.160> started<00:05:32.560> on<00:05:32.639> the<00:05:32.720> faculty<00:05:33.280> until 00:05:34.230 --> 00:05:34.240 align:start position:0% when you started on the faculty until 00:05:34.240 --> 00:05:36.629 align:start position:0% when you started on the faculty until you<00:05:34.400> started<00:05:34.639> working<00:05:34.960> in<00:05:35.039> robotics 00:05:36.629 --> 00:05:36.639 align:start position:0% you started working in robotics 00:05:36.639 --> 00:05:39.270 align:start position:0% you started working in robotics when<00:05:37.199> i<00:05:37.440> wrote<00:05:37.680> my<00:05:37.840> thesis<00:05:38.320> on<00:05:38.560> mathematical 00:05:39.270 --> 00:05:39.280 align:start position:0% when i wrote my thesis on mathematical 00:05:39.280 --> 00:05:40.150 align:start position:0% when i wrote my thesis on mathematical models<00:05:39.759> of 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is<00:05:46.960> the<00:05:47.280> mathematical<00:05:48.000> relationship 00:05:48.710 --> 00:05:48.720 align:start position:0% what is the mathematical relationship 00:05:48.720 --> 00:05:49.830 align:start position:0% what is the mathematical relationship between 00:05:49.830 --> 00:05:49.840 align:start position:0% between 00:05:49.840 --> 00:05:53.749 align:start position:0% between the<00:05:50.080> visual<00:05:50.560> input<00:05:51.280> and<00:05:51.600> the<00:05:52.320> manual<00:05:52.880> output 00:05:53.749 --> 00:05:53.759 align:start position:0% the visual input and the manual output 00:05:53.759 --> 00:05:57.270 align:start position:0% the visual input and the manual output in<00:05:54.080> controlling<00:05:54.560> a<00:05:54.639> joystick<00:05:55.199> let's<00:05:55.440> say 00:05:57.270 --> 00:05:57.280 align:start position:0% in controlling a joystick let's say 00:05:57.280 --> 00:05:59.670 align:start position:0% in controlling a joystick let's say and<00:05:57.520> then<00:05:57.680> i<00:05:57.840> continued<00:05:58.720> in<00:05:59.039> that<00:05:59.360> kind<00:05:59.600> of 00:05:59.670 --> 00:05:59.680 align:start position:0% and then i continued in that kind of 00:05:59.680 --> 00:06:00.790 align:start position:0% and then i continued in that kind of work<00:06:00.000> for 00:06:00.790 --> 00:06:00.800 align:start position:0% work for 00:06:00.800 --> 00:06:03.670 align:start position:0% work for a<00:06:00.960> number<00:06:01.199> of<00:06:01.360> years<00:06:01.840> maybe<00:06:02.960> six<00:06:03.199> eight<00:06:03.440> ten 00:06:03.670 --> 00:06:03.680 align:start position:0% a number of years maybe six eight ten 00:06:03.680 --> 00:06:04.469 align:start position:0% a number of years maybe six eight ten years 00:06:04.469 --> 00:06:04.479 align:start position:0% years 00:06:04.479 --> 00:06:07.430 align:start position:0% years after<00:06:04.800> i<00:06:04.880> came<00:06:05.199> to<00:06:05.360> usc<00:06:06.400> but<00:06:06.639> i<00:06:06.720> was<00:06:06.880> also<00:06:07.199> very 00:06:07.430 --> 00:06:07.440 align:start position:0% after i came to usc but i was also very 00:06:07.440 --> 00:06:09.990 align:start position:0% after i came to usc but i was also very interested<00:06:07.840> in<00:06:07.919> biomedical<00:06:08.479> engineering 00:06:09.990 --> 00:06:10.000 align:start position:0% interested in biomedical engineering 00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:13.909 align:start position:0% interested in biomedical engineering and<00:06:11.759> this<00:06:12.319> started<00:06:12.720> because<00:06:13.039> i<00:06:13.199> met 00:06:13.909 --> 00:06:13.919 align:start position:0% and this started because i met 00:06:13.919 --> 00:06:16.230 align:start position:0% and this started because i met uh<00:06:14.639> one<00:06:14.800> of<00:06:15.039> one<00:06:15.199> of<00:06:15.280> the<00:06:15.360> people<00:06:15.600> on<00:06:15.680> my<00:06:15.840> phd 00:06:16.230 --> 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in<00:06:24.800> the 00:06:25.189 --> 00:06:25.199 align:start position:0% peculiar interest in the 00:06:25.199 --> 00:06:27.430 align:start position:0% peculiar interest in the among<00:06:25.520> the<00:06:25.680> students<00:06:26.080> i<00:06:26.240> know<00:06:26.479> here<00:06:27.039> there's<00:06:27.360> a 00:06:27.430 --> 00:06:27.440 align:start position:0% among the students i know here there's a 00:06:27.440 --> 00:06:29.670 align:start position:0% among the students i know here there's a man<00:06:27.680> at<00:06:27.759> the<00:06:27.919> medical<00:06:28.240> school 00:06:29.670 --> 00:06:29.680 align:start position:0% man at the medical school 00:06:29.680 --> 00:06:32.230 align:start position:0% man at the medical school who<00:06:29.840> needs<00:06:30.080> some<00:06:30.319> advice<00:06:30.639> from<00:06:30.800> an<00:06:30.960> engineer 00:06:32.230 --> 00:06:32.240 align:start position:0% who needs some advice from an engineer 00:06:32.240 --> 00:06:33.749 align:start position:0% who needs some advice from an engineer because<00:06:32.720> he<00:06:32.880> says<00:06:33.120> he's<00:06:33.280> getting<00:06:33.520> very 00:06:33.749 --> 00:06:33.759 align:start position:0% because he says he's getting very 00:06:33.759 --> 00:06:35.029 align:start position:0% because he says he's getting very strange<00:06:34.160> results 00:06:35.029 --> 00:06:35.039 align:start position:0% strange results 00:06:35.039 --> 00:06:37.670 align:start position:0% strange results he<00:06:35.280> says<00:06:35.440> he's<00:06:35.680> got<00:06:36.000> blood<00:06:36.400> flowing<00:06:37.280> against 00:06:37.670 --> 00:06:37.680 align:start position:0% he says he's got blood flowing against 00:06:37.680 --> 00:06:39.430 align:start position:0% he says he's got blood flowing against the<00:06:37.840> pressure<00:06:38.240> gradient 00:06:39.430 --> 00:06:39.440 align:start position:0% the pressure gradient 00:06:39.440 --> 00:06:42.790 align:start position:0% the pressure gradient in<00:06:39.600> the<00:06:39.759> sheep<00:06:40.000> that<00:06:40.240> he<00:06:40.319> works<00:06:40.560> with<00:06:42.160> so<00:06:42.479> um 00:06:42.790 --> 00:06:42.800 align:start position:0% in the sheep that he works with so um 00:06:42.800 --> 00:06:44.469 align:start position:0% in the sheep that he works with so um it's<00:06:43.039> flowing<00:06:43.360> uphill 00:06:44.469 --> 00:06:44.479 align:start position:0% it's flowing uphill 00:06:44.479 --> 00:06:46.469 align:start position:0% it's flowing uphill and<00:06:44.720> he<00:06:44.880> doesn't<00:06:45.120> understand<00:06:46.080> and<00:06:46.160> he<00:06:46.319> said 00:06:46.469 --> 00:06:46.479 align:start position:0% and he doesn't understand and he said 00:06:46.479 --> 00:06:48.070 align:start position:0% and he doesn't understand and he said i'm<00:06:46.639> not<00:06:46.800> interested<00:06:47.280> can<00:06:47.440> you<00:06:47.520> go<00:06:47.680> see<00:06:47.840> him<00:06:48.000> so 00:06:48.070 --> 00:06:48.080 align:start position:0% i'm not interested can you go see him so 00:06:48.080 --> 00:06:49.189 align:start position:0% i'm not interested can you go see him so i<00:06:48.160> went<00:06:48.319> to<00:06:48.479> see<00:06:48.639> it 00:06:49.189 --> 00:06:49.199 align:start position:0% i went to see it 00:06:49.199 --> 00:06:52.230 align:start position:0% i went to see it so<00:06:49.360> i<00:06:49.440> went<00:06:49.599> to<00:06:49.759> see<00:06:50.000> um<00:06:50.240> professor<00:06:50.720> ossaly<00:06:51.599> ass 00:06:52.230 --> 00:06:52.240 align:start position:0% so i went to see um professor ossaly ass 00:06:52.240 --> 00:06:52.950 align:start position:0% so i went to see um professor ossaly ass ali 00:06:52.950 --> 00:06:52.960 align:start position:0% ali 00:06:52.960 --> 00:06:56.230 align:start position:0% ali who<00:06:53.199> was<00:06:53.599> in<00:06:55.280> physiology 00:06:56.230 --> 00:06:56.240 align:start position:0% who was in physiology 00:06:56.240 --> 00:06:58.790 align:start position:0% who was in physiology and<00:06:56.560> obstetrics<00:06:57.440> at<00:06:57.520> the<00:06:58.000> ucla<00:06:58.479> medical 00:06:58.790 --> 00:06:58.800 align:start position:0% and obstetrics at the ucla medical 00:06:58.800 --> 00:07:01.270 align:start position:0% and obstetrics at the ucla medical school 00:07:01.270 --> 00:07:01.280 align:start position:0% 00:07:01.280 --> 00:07:04.390 align:start position:0% it<00:07:01.440> turned<00:07:01.680> out<00:07:02.720> that<00:07:03.039> the<00:07:03.599> reason<00:07:04.080> for 00:07:04.390 --> 00:07:04.400 align:start position:0% it turned out that the reason for 00:07:04.400 --> 00:07:09.029 align:start position:0% it turned out that the reason for the<00:07:04.880> mysterious<00:07:05.759> uphill<00:07:06.240> slow<00:07:07.120> was<00:07:07.440> that 00:07:09.029 --> 00:07:09.039 align:start position:0% the mysterious uphill slow was that 00:07:09.039 --> 00:07:12.070 align:start position:0% the mysterious uphill slow was that he<00:07:09.199> didn't<00:07:09.520> understand<00:07:10.720> that<00:07:11.120> um<00:07:11.599> this<00:07:11.840> is<00:07:12.000> a 00:07:12.070 --> 00:07:12.080 align:start position:0% he didn't understand that um this is a 00:07:12.080 --> 00:07:15.029 align:start position:0% he didn't understand that um this is a dynamic<00:07:12.639> phenomenon<00:07:13.360> and<00:07:13.440> not<00:07:13.680> a<00:07:13.759> static<00:07:14.240> one 00:07:15.029 --> 00:07:15.039 align:start position:0% dynamic phenomenon and not a static one 00:07:15.039 --> 00:07:18.710 align:start position:0% dynamic phenomenon and not a static one and<00:07:15.360> so<00:07:16.240> when 00:07:18.710 --> 00:07:18.720 align:start position:0% 00:07:18.720 --> 00:07:22.390 align:start position:0% blood<00:07:19.039> is<00:07:19.199> ejected<00:07:19.599> by<00:07:19.759> the<00:07:19.840> heart 00:07:22.390 --> 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stops and the blood 00:07:32.160 --> 00:07:34.469 align:start position:0% when the pressure stops and the blood and<00:07:32.319> the<00:07:32.479> pressure<00:07:32.800> gradient<00:07:33.280> reverses 00:07:34.469 --> 00:07:34.479 align:start position:0% and the pressure gradient reverses 00:07:34.479 --> 00:07:37.029 align:start position:0% and the pressure gradient reverses the<00:07:34.720> blood<00:07:34.960> continues<00:07:35.440> to<00:07:35.599> flow<00:07:36.560> against<00:07:36.960> the 00:07:37.029 --> 00:07:37.039 align:start position:0% the blood continues to flow against the 00:07:37.039 --> 00:07:38.629 align:start position:0% the blood continues to flow against the pressure<00:07:37.360> gradient<00:07:37.759> but<00:07:37.919> with<00:07:38.080> decreasing 00:07:38.629 --> 00:07:38.639 align:start position:0% pressure gradient but with decreasing 00:07:38.639 --> 00:07:40.550 align:start position:0% pressure gradient but with decreasing velocity 00:07:40.550 --> 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and<00:07:56.400> did<00:07:56.639> a<00:07:56.720> number<00:07:56.960> of<00:07:57.120> other<00:07:57.280> things 00:07:57.670 --> 00:07:57.680 align:start position:0% at usc and did a number of other things 00:07:57.680 --> 00:08:00.230 align:start position:0% at usc and did a number of other things involving<00:07:58.080> respiration<00:07:58.800> circulation<00:07:59.759> muscle 00:08:00.230 --> 00:08:00.240 align:start position:0% involving respiration circulation muscle 00:08:00.240 --> 00:08:00.790 align:start position:0% involving respiration circulation muscle function 00:08:00.790 --> 00:08:00.800 align:start position:0% function 00:08:00.800 --> 00:08:06.230 align:start position:0% function and<00:08:00.960> so<00:08:01.120> on<00:08:02.479> what<00:08:02.720> year<00:08:02.879> was<00:08:03.120> uh 00:08:06.230 --> 00:08:06.240 align:start position:0% 00:08:06.240 --> 00:08:11.510 align:start position:0% probably<00:08:06.879> around<00:08:08.560> in<00:08:08.720> the<00:08:08.800> early<00:08:09.199> 70s 00:08:11.510 --> 00:08:11.520 align:start position:0% probably around in the early 70s 00:08:11.520 --> 00:08:13.270 align:start position:0% probably around in the early 70s yeah<00:08:12.160> i<00:08:12.240> would<00:08:12.400> have<00:08:12.560> to<00:08:12.639> look<00:08:12.800> it<00:08:12.879> up<00:08:13.039> because 00:08:13.270 --> 00:08:13.280 align:start position:0% yeah i would have to look it up because 00:08:13.280 --> 00:08:14.710 align:start position:0% yeah i would have to look it up because i<00:08:13.360> don't<00:08:13.599> remember<00:08:14.080> but<00:08:14.479> that's 00:08:14.710 --> 00:08:14.720 align:start position:0% i don't remember but that's 00:08:14.720 --> 00:08:21.189 align:start position:0% i don't remember but that's approximately<00:08:15.440> right 00:08:21.189 --> 00:08:21.199 align:start position:0% 00:08:21.199 --> 00:08:25.589 align:start position:0% so<00:08:21.599> so<00:08:22.160> i<00:08:22.400> started<00:08:23.039> in 00:08:25.589 --> 00:08:25.599 align:start position:0% 00:08:25.599 --> 00:08:28.230 align:start position:0% human<00:08:26.000> operator<00:08:26.400> models<00:08:27.280> then<00:08:27.759> at<00:08:27.919> the<00:08:28.000> same 00:08:28.230 --> 00:08:28.240 align:start position:0% human operator models then at the same 00:08:28.240 --> 00:08:29.510 align:start position:0% human operator models then at the same time<00:08:28.479> as<00:08:28.639> i<00:08:28.800> moved<00:08:29.120> into 00:08:29.510 --> 00:08:29.520 align:start position:0% time as i moved into 00:08:29.520 --> 00:08:32.230 align:start position:0% time as i moved into biomedical<00:08:30.080> engineering<00:08:30.560> things<00:08:31.199> i<00:08:31.440> also 00:08:32.230 --> 00:08:32.240 align:start position:0% biomedical engineering things i also 00:08:32.240 --> 00:08:33.670 align:start position:0% biomedical engineering things i also started<00:08:32.560> to<00:08:32.640> get<00:08:32.800> interested<00:08:33.200> in<00:08:33.279> signal 00:08:33.670 --> 00:08:33.680 align:start position:0% started to get interested in signal 00:08:33.680 --> 00:08:34.949 align:start position:0% started to get interested in signal processing 00:08:34.949 --> 00:08:34.959 align:start position:0% processing 00:08:34.959 --> 00:08:37.350 align:start position:0% processing and<00:08:35.440> i<00:08:35.680> introduced<00:08:36.159> the<00:08:36.320> first<00:08:36.880> course<00:08:37.279> in 00:08:37.350 --> 00:08:37.360 align:start position:0% and i introduced the first course in 00:08:37.360 --> 00:08:38.790 align:start position:0% and i introduced the first course in digital<00:08:37.760> signal<00:08:38.080> processing 00:08:38.790 --> 00:08:38.800 align:start position:0% digital signal processing 00:08:38.800 --> 00:08:42.070 align:start position:0% digital signal processing at<00:08:38.959> usc<00:08:40.959> so 00:08:42.070 --> 00:08:42.080 align:start position:0% at usc so 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align:start position:0% i'd actually been consulting for beckman instruments 00:08:52.150 --> 00:08:52.160 align:start position:0% instruments 00:08:52.160 --> 00:08:55.910 align:start position:0% instruments and<00:08:53.040> working<00:08:53.360> on<00:08:53.519> analog<00:08:53.920> computers 00:08:55.910 --> 00:08:55.920 align:start position:0% and working on analog computers 00:08:55.920 --> 00:08:57.590 align:start position:0% and working on analog computers now<00:08:56.240> most<00:08:56.480> people<00:08:56.800> don't<00:08:56.959> remember<00:08:57.279> what<00:08:57.440> an 00:08:57.590 --> 00:08:57.600 align:start position:0% now most people don't remember what an 00:08:57.600 --> 00:08:59.110 align:start position:0% now most people don't remember what an analog<00:08:57.920> computer<00:08:58.320> is<00:08:58.399> like<00:08:58.720> but 00:08:59.110 --> 00:08:59.120 align:start position:0% analog computer is like but 00:08:59.120 --> 00:09:01.750 align:start position:0% analog computer is like but but<00:08:59.360> in<00:08:59.519> those<00:08:59.760> days<00:09:00.160> uh<00:09:00.959> that's<00:09:01.279> what<00:09:01.440> i<00:09:01.519> did 00:09:01.750 --> 00:09:01.760 align:start position:0% but in those days uh that's what i did 00:09:01.760 --> 00:09:03.350 align:start position:0% but in those days uh that's what i did and<00:09:01.839> so<00:09:02.160> in<00:09:02.399> uh 00:09:03.350 --> 00:09:03.360 align:start position:0% and so in uh 00:09:03.360 --> 00:09:07.190 align:start position:0% and so in uh sometime<00:09:03.760> in<00:09:03.839> the<00:09:04.040> 1960s 00:09:07.190 --> 00:09:07.200 align:start position:0% 00:09:07.200 --> 00:09:10.470 align:start position:0% i<00:09:08.160> co-authored<00:09:08.800> a<00:09:08.880> book<00:09:09.680> this<00:09:09.920> green<00:09:10.240> book 00:09:10.470 --> 00:09:10.480 align:start position:0% i co-authored a book this green book 00:09:10.480 --> 00:09:15.990 align:start position:0% i co-authored a book this green book right<00:09:10.640> here 00:09:15.990 --> 00:09:16.000 align:start position:0% 00:09:16.000 --> 00:09:19.110 align:start position:0% hybrid<00:09:16.399> computation<00:09:17.040> refers<00:09:17.519> to<00:09:17.760> a<00:09:18.399> combined 00:09:19.110 --> 00:09:19.120 align:start position:0% hybrid computation refers to a combined 00:09:19.120 --> 00:09:22.310 align:start position:0% hybrid computation refers to a combined analog<00:09:19.600> and<00:09:19.680> digital<00:09:20.839> computation<00:09:21.920> so<00:09:22.080> that 00:09:22.310 --> 00:09:22.320 align:start position:0% analog and digital computation so that 00:09:22.320 --> 00:09:23.030 align:start position:0% analog and digital computation so that if<00:09:22.480> you 00:09:23.030 --> 00:09:23.040 align:start position:0% if you 00:09:23.040 --> 00:09:25.110 align:start position:0% if you so<00:09:23.279> the<00:09:23.440> idea<00:09:23.760> was<00:09:24.240> to<00:09:24.399> be<00:09:24.560> able<00:09:24.720> to<00:09:24.800> get<00:09:24.959> the 00:09:25.110 --> 00:09:25.120 align:start position:0% so the idea was to be able to get the 00:09:25.120 --> 00:09:26.790 align:start position:0% so the idea was to be able to get the speed<00:09:25.440> and<00:09:25.600> bandwidth<00:09:26.080> out<00:09:26.240> of<00:09:26.320> the<00:09:26.399> analog 00:09:26.790 --> 00:09:26.800 align:start position:0% speed and bandwidth out of the analog 00:09:26.800 --> 00:09:28.150 align:start position:0% speed and bandwidth out of the analog computer<00:09:27.200> and<00:09:27.279> the<00:09:27.440> precision<00:09:27.920> out<00:09:28.000> of<00:09:28.080> the 00:09:28.150 --> 00:09:28.160 align:start position:0% computer and the precision out of the 00:09:28.160 --> 00:09:32.150 align:start position:0% computer and the precision out of the digital<00:09:28.480> computer 00:09:32.150 --> 00:09:32.160 align:start position:0% 00:09:32.160 --> 00:09:34.470 align:start position:0% and<00:09:32.399> i<00:09:32.560> think<00:09:32.959> the<00:09:33.360> this<00:09:33.600> book<00:09:33.839> was<00:09:34.320> the 00:09:34.470 --> 00:09:34.480 align:start position:0% and i think the this book was the 00:09:34.480 --> 00:09:40.230 align:start position:0% and i think the this book was the copyright<00:09:34.959> date<00:09:35.120> is<00:09:35.279> 1968. 00:09:40.230 --> 00:09:40.240 align:start position:0% 00:09:40.240 --> 00:09:43.030 align:start position:0% interesting<00:09:40.959> so<00:09:41.519> um<00:09:42.240> so<00:09:42.480> as<00:09:42.640> you<00:09:42.720> can<00:09:42.800> see<00:09:42.959> i 00:09:43.030 --> 00:09:43.040 align:start position:0% interesting so um so as you can see i 00:09:43.040 --> 00:09:45.509 align:start position:0% interesting so um so as you can see i did<00:09:43.200> a<00:09:43.279> variety<00:09:43.760> of<00:09:43.839> things 00:09:45.509 --> 00:09:45.519 align:start position:0% did a variety of things 00:09:45.519 --> 00:09:47.750 align:start position:0% did a variety of things now<00:09:45.760> then<00:09:45.920> in<00:09:46.080> the<00:09:46.160> 1980s<00:09:46.959> it<00:09:47.120> was<00:09:47.279> interesting 00:09:47.750 --> 00:09:47.760 align:start position:0% now then in the 1980s it was interesting 00:09:47.760 --> 00:09:48.949 align:start position:0% now then in the 1980s it was interesting because<00:09:48.160> as<00:09:48.399> i 00:09:48.949 --> 00:09:48.959 align:start position:0% because as i 00:09:48.959 --> 00:09:52.150 align:start position:0% because as i started<00:09:49.279> learning<00:09:49.600> about<00:09:49.839> robotics 00:09:52.150 --> 00:09:52.160 align:start position:0% started learning about robotics 00:09:52.160 --> 00:09:55.190 align:start position:0% started learning about robotics what<00:09:53.360> what<00:09:53.519> i<00:09:53.600> discovered<00:09:54.160> was<00:09:54.560> that<00:09:54.800> in<00:09:54.959> some 00:09:55.190 --> 00:09:55.200 align:start position:0% what what i discovered was that in some 00:09:55.200 --> 00:09:56.389 align:start position:0% what what i discovered was that in some ways 00:09:56.389 --> 00:09:56.399 align:start position:0% ways 00:09:56.399 --> 00:09:59.030 align:start position:0% ways the<00:09:56.560> field<00:09:56.800> of<00:09:56.880> robotics<00:09:58.240> was<00:09:58.399> a<00:09:58.560> blend<00:09:58.959> of 00:09:59.030 --> 00:09:59.040 align:start position:0% the field of robotics was a blend of 00:09:59.040 --> 00:10:04.069 align:start position:0% the field of robotics was a blend of many<00:09:59.279> of<00:09:59.440> the<00:09:59.519> things<00:09:59.760> i<00:09:59.839> had<00:10:00.000> studied<00:10:02.839> before 00:10:04.069 --> 00:10:04.079 align:start position:0% many of the things i had studied before 00:10:04.079 --> 00:10:06.949 align:start position:0% many of the things i had studied before certainly<00:10:05.360> the<00:10:05.519> robot<00:10:05.920> was<00:10:06.160> in<00:10:06.320> some<00:10:06.560> sense 00:10:06.949 --> 00:10:06.959 align:start position:0% certainly the robot was in some sense 00:10:06.959 --> 00:10:08.790 align:start position:0% certainly the robot was in some sense modeled<00:10:07.440> after<00:10:07.680> a<00:10:07.760> human 00:10:08.790 --> 00:10:08.800 align:start position:0% modeled after a human 00:10:08.800 --> 00:10:10.389 align:start position:0% modeled after a human so<00:10:09.120> that<00:10:09.600> what<00:10:09.760> i<00:10:09.920> learned<00:10:10.160> about 00:10:10.389 --> 00:10:10.399 align:start position:0% so that what i learned about 00:10:10.399 --> 00:10:11.829 align:start position:0% so that what i learned about manipulation 00:10:11.829 --> 00:10:11.839 align:start position:0% manipulation 00:10:11.839 --> 00:10:15.110 align:start position:0% manipulation in<00:10:12.079> manual<00:10:12.480> control<00:10:12.880> systems<00:10:14.480> was<00:10:14.800> also 00:10:15.110 --> 00:10:15.120 align:start position:0% in manual control systems was also 00:10:15.120 --> 00:10:16.790 align:start position:0% in manual control systems was also applicable<00:10:15.600> to<00:10:15.760> a<00:10:15.839> large<00:10:16.079> extent 00:10:16.790 --> 00:10:16.800 align:start position:0% applicable to a large extent 00:10:16.800 --> 00:10:18.790 align:start position:0% applicable to a large extent here<00:10:17.600> there<00:10:17.760> was<00:10:17.920> a<00:10:18.000> great<00:10:18.160> deal<00:10:18.399> of<00:10:18.480> signal 00:10:18.790 --> 00:10:18.800 align:start position:0% here there was a great deal of signal 00:10:18.800 --> 00:10:20.710 align:start position:0% here there was a great deal of signal processing<00:10:19.360> there<00:10:19.519> was<00:10:19.680> a<00:10:19.760> lot<00:10:19.920> of<00:10:20.000> control 00:10:20.710 --> 00:10:20.720 align:start position:0% processing there was a lot of control 00:10:20.720 --> 00:10:24.710 align:start position:0% processing there was a lot of control of<00:10:20.800> course<00:10:21.040> i<00:10:21.120> was<00:10:21.279> a<00:10:21.360> controls<00:10:21.839> person<00:10:22.959> so 00:10:24.710 --> 00:10:24.720 align:start position:0% of course i was a controls person so 00:10:24.720 --> 00:10:27.750 align:start position:0% of course i was a controls person so many<00:10:24.959> of<00:10:25.120> these<00:10:25.360> things<00:10:26.640> fitted<00:10:26.959> very<00:10:27.279> well 00:10:27.750 --> 00:10:27.760 align:start position:0% many of these things fitted very well 00:10:27.760 --> 00:10:30.389 align:start position:0% many of these things fitted very well and<00:10:28.480> they<00:10:28.640> began<00:10:28.959> to<00:10:29.120> click<00:10:29.839> and<00:10:30.160> come 00:10:30.389 --> 00:10:30.399 align:start position:0% and they began to click and come 00:10:30.399 --> 00:10:31.509 align:start position:0% and they began to click and come together 00:10:31.509 --> 00:10:31.519 align:start position:0% together 00:10:31.519 --> 00:10:33.750 align:start position:0% together so<00:10:31.839> then<00:10:32.240> as<00:10:32.480> i<00:10:32.560> got<00:10:32.720> into<00:10:32.880> robotics<00:10:33.360> i<00:10:33.519> stayed 00:10:33.750 --> 00:10:33.760 align:start position:0% so then as i got into robotics i stayed 00:10:33.760 --> 00:10:34.870 align:start position:0% so then as i got into robotics i stayed in<00:10:33.920> the<00:10:34.000> field 00:10:34.870 --> 00:10:34.880 align:start position:0% in the field 00:10:34.880 --> 00:10:38.389 align:start position:0% in the field and<00:10:35.120> i'm<00:10:35.279> still<00:10:35.440> there<00:10:37.200> okay<00:10:37.519> i'm<00:10:37.600> just<00:10:37.760> gonna 00:10:38.389 --> 00:10:38.399 align:start position:0% and i'm still there okay i'm just gonna 00:10:38.399 --> 00:10:41.509 align:start position:0% and i'm still there okay i'm just gonna switch<00:10:38.720> the<00:10:38.880> slide<00:10:39.200> real<00:10:39.360> quick<00:10:41.200> really 00:10:41.509 --> 00:10:41.519 align:start position:0% switch the slide real quick really 00:10:41.519 --> 00:10:42.310 align:start position:0% switch the slide real quick really bright 00:10:42.310 --> 00:10:42.320 align:start position:0% bright 00:10:42.320 --> 00:10:46.389 align:start position:0% bright very<00:10:42.480> good<00:10:43.279> um<00:10:45.200> okay<00:10:45.600> um 00:10:46.389 --> 00:10:46.399 align:start position:0% very good um okay um 00:10:46.399 --> 00:10:50.150 align:start position:0% very good um okay um so<00:10:47.839> who<00:10:48.079> was<00:10:48.160> your<00:10:48.560> thesis<00:10:48.959> advisor 00:10:50.150 --> 00:10:50.160 align:start position:0% so who was your thesis advisor 00:10:50.160 --> 00:10:54.230 align:start position:0% so who was your thesis advisor my<00:10:50.399> thesis<00:10:50.800> advisor<00:10:51.360> at<00:10:51.760> ucla<00:10:52.880> was<00:10:53.200> john<00:10:53.440> lymon 00:10:54.230 --> 00:10:54.240 align:start position:0% my thesis advisor at ucla was john lymon 00:10:54.240 --> 00:10:57.030 align:start position:0% my thesis advisor at ucla was john lymon who<00:10:54.480> was<00:10:54.800> uh<00:10:55.279> whose<00:10:55.519> field<00:10:55.760> was<00:10:56.000> biotechnology 00:10:57.030 --> 00:10:57.040 align:start position:0% who was uh whose field was biotechnology 00:10:57.040 --> 00:10:58.230 align:start position:0% who was uh whose field was biotechnology they<00:10:57.200> didn't<00:10:57.360> call<00:10:57.600> it<00:10:57.680> biomedical 00:10:58.230 --> 00:10:58.240 align:start position:0% they didn't call it biomedical 00:10:58.240 --> 00:10:58.870 align:start position:0% they didn't call it biomedical engineering 00:10:58.870 --> 00:10:58.880 align:start position:0% engineering 00:10:58.880 --> 00:11:01.110 align:start position:0% engineering he<00:10:59.040> was<00:10:59.200> really<00:10:59.440> more<00:10:59.680> interested<00:11:00.160> in<00:11:00.720> human 00:11:01.110 --> 00:11:01.120 align:start position:0% he was really more interested in human 00:11:01.120 --> 00:11:02.150 align:start position:0% he was really more interested in human factors 00:11:02.150 --> 00:11:02.160 align:start position:0% factors 00:11:02.160 --> 00:11:04.550 align:start position:0% factors the<00:11:02.320> ways<00:11:02.640> in<00:11:02.800> which<00:11:03.120> uh<00:11:03.680> humans<00:11:04.079> relate<00:11:04.399> to 00:11:04.550 --> 00:11:04.560 align:start position:0% the ways in which uh humans relate to 00:11:04.560 --> 00:11:06.710 align:start position:0% the ways in which uh humans relate to machines<00:11:05.040> and<00:11:05.200> operate<00:11:05.600> machines 00:11:06.710 --> 00:11:06.720 align:start position:0% machines and operate machines 00:11:06.720 --> 00:11:08.790 align:start position:0% machines and operate machines and<00:11:06.959> this<00:11:07.200> whole<00:11:07.440> idea<00:11:07.839> of<00:11:08.000> human<00:11:08.320> operator 00:11:08.790 --> 00:11:08.800 align:start position:0% and this whole idea of human operator 00:11:08.800 --> 00:11:12.630 align:start position:0% and this whole idea of human operator models<00:11:09.360> came<00:11:09.680> out<00:11:09.839> of<00:11:09.920> my<00:11:10.160> phd<00:11:10.720> thesis 00:11:12.630 --> 00:11:12.640 align:start position:0% models came out of my phd thesis 00:11:12.640 --> 00:11:15.829 align:start position:0% models came out of my phd thesis and<00:11:13.360> since<00:11:13.680> died<00:11:14.320> yeah<00:11:15.360> what<00:11:15.519> kind<00:11:15.680> of 00:11:15.829 --> 00:11:15.839 align:start position:0% and since died yeah what kind of 00:11:15.839 --> 00:11:17.509 align:start position:0% and since died yeah what kind of influence<00:11:16.240> did<00:11:16.480> cybernetics 00:11:17.509 --> 00:11:17.519 align:start position:0% influence did cybernetics 00:11:17.519 --> 00:11:20.230 align:start position:0% influence did cybernetics have<00:11:17.839> on<00:11:17.920> that<00:11:18.160> field<00:11:19.279> well<00:11:19.519> quite<00:11:19.760> a<00:11:19.839> bit<00:11:20.160> i 00:11:20.230 --> 00:11:20.240 align:start position:0% have on that field well quite a bit i 00:11:20.240 --> 00:11:20.630 align:start position:0% have on that field well quite a bit i mean 00:11:20.630 --> 00:11:20.640 align:start position:0% mean 00:11:20.640 --> 00:11:22.870 align:start position:0% mean i<00:11:20.800> was<00:11:20.959> personally<00:11:21.519> very<00:11:21.760> influenced<00:11:22.240> by<00:11:22.480> it 00:11:22.870 --> 00:11:22.880 align:start position:0% i was personally very influenced by it 00:11:22.880 --> 00:11:25.190 align:start position:0% i was personally very influenced by it really<00:11:23.200> norbert<00:11:23.600> weiner 00:11:25.190 --> 00:11:25.200 align:start position:0% really norbert weiner 00:11:25.200 --> 00:11:27.670 align:start position:0% really norbert weiner who<00:11:25.440> invented<00:11:25.760> that<00:11:25.920> word<00:11:26.240> as<00:11:26.320> far<00:11:26.480> as<00:11:26.640> i<00:11:26.720> know 00:11:27.670 --> 00:11:27.680 align:start position:0% who invented that word as far as i know 00:11:27.680 --> 00:11:29.269 align:start position:0% who invented that word as far as i know and<00:11:28.160> uh 00:11:29.269 --> 00:11:29.279 align:start position:0% and uh 00:11:29.279 --> 00:11:32.389 align:start position:0% and uh so<00:11:30.720> and<00:11:30.959> particularly<00:11:31.839> you<00:11:32.000> know<00:11:32.079> i've<00:11:32.240> had 00:11:32.389 --> 00:11:32.399 align:start position:0% so and particularly you know i've had 00:11:32.399 --> 00:11:32.949 align:start position:0% so and particularly you know i've had from<00:11:32.560> the 00:11:32.949 --> 00:11:32.959 align:start position:0% from the 00:11:32.959 --> 00:11:35.990 align:start position:0% from the from<00:11:33.200> the<00:11:33.279> very<00:11:33.519> beginning<00:11:34.079> of<00:11:34.320> my<00:11:35.600> college 00:11:35.990 --> 00:11:36.000 align:start position:0% from the very beginning of my college 00:11:36.000 --> 00:11:36.710 align:start position:0% from the very beginning of my college career 00:11:36.710 --> 00:11:36.720 align:start position:0% career 00:11:36.720 --> 00:11:39.590 align:start position:0% career i've<00:11:36.880> been<00:11:37.120> very<00:11:37.360> interested<00:11:37.839> in<00:11:38.000> the<00:11:39.040> broader 00:11:39.590 --> 00:11:39.600 align:start position:0% i've been very interested in the broader 00:11:39.600 --> 00:11:41.990 align:start position:0% i've been very interested in the broader impacts<00:11:40.079> of<00:11:40.240> science<00:11:40.640> and<00:11:40.839> technology 00:11:41.990 --> 00:11:42.000 align:start position:0% impacts of science and technology 00:11:42.000 --> 00:11:44.710 align:start position:0% impacts of science and technology so<00:11:42.320> weiner's<00:11:42.880> book<00:11:43.440> on<00:11:43.839> the<00:11:44.000> human<00:11:44.399> use<00:11:44.640> of 00:11:44.710 --> 00:11:44.720 align:start position:0% so weiner's book on the human use of 00:11:44.720 --> 00:11:46.230 align:start position:0% so weiner's book on the human use of human<00:11:45.120> beings 00:11:46.230 --> 00:11:46.240 align:start position:0% human beings 00:11:46.240 --> 00:11:47.750 align:start position:0% human beings was<00:11:46.480> one<00:11:46.720> that<00:11:46.880> had<00:11:47.120> a<00:11:47.200> great<00:11:47.360> deal<00:11:47.600> of 00:11:47.750 --> 00:11:47.760 align:start position:0% was one that had a great deal of 00:11:47.760 --> 00:11:49.590 align:start position:0% was one that had a great deal of influence<00:11:48.240> on<00:11:48.399> me<00:11:48.640> i<00:11:48.720> always<00:11:49.040> felt<00:11:49.279> that<00:11:49.440> there 00:11:49.590 --> 00:11:49.600 align:start position:0% influence on me i always felt that there 00:11:49.600 --> 00:11:50.550 align:start position:0% influence on me i always felt that there was<00:11:49.760> a 00:11:50.550 --> 00:11:50.560 align:start position:0% was a 00:11:50.560 --> 00:11:52.470 align:start position:0% was a we<00:11:50.720> really<00:11:51.120> needed<00:11:51.360> to<00:11:51.519> make<00:11:51.680> sure<00:11:51.920> that<00:11:52.079> human 00:11:52.470 --> 00:11:52.480 align:start position:0% we really needed to make sure that human 00:11:52.480 --> 00:11:54.629 align:start position:0% we really needed to make sure that human beings<00:11:53.040> are<00:11:53.200> not<00:11:53.440> treated<00:11:53.760> like<00:11:54.000> machines<00:11:54.480> or 00:11:54.629 --> 00:11:54.639 align:start position:0% beings are not treated like machines or 00:11:54.639 --> 00:11:56.710 align:start position:0% beings are not treated like machines or become<00:11:54.959> machines 00:11:56.710 --> 00:11:56.720 align:start position:0% become machines 00:11:56.720 --> 00:12:00.470 align:start position:0% become machines and<00:11:57.760> this 00:12:00.470 --> 00:12:00.480 align:start position:0% 00:12:00.480 --> 00:12:03.269 align:start position:0% this<00:12:00.720> clearly<00:12:01.120> had<00:12:01.279> a<00:12:01.360> lot<00:12:01.519> of<00:12:01.680> effect<00:12:02.079> on<00:12:03.040> my 00:12:03.269 --> 00:12:03.279 align:start position:0% this clearly had a lot of effect on my 00:12:03.279 --> 00:12:05.670 align:start position:0% this clearly had a lot of effect on my studies<00:12:03.600> in<00:12:03.680> robotics<00:12:04.320> as<00:12:04.399> well 00:12:05.670 --> 00:12:05.680 align:start position:0% studies in robotics as well 00:12:05.680 --> 00:12:08.150 align:start position:0% studies in robotics as well i<00:12:05.839> think<00:12:06.000> in<00:12:06.160> a<00:12:06.240> curious<00:12:06.720> way<00:12:07.040> i've<00:12:07.760> always<00:12:08.000> had 00:12:08.150 --> 00:12:08.160 align:start position:0% i think in a curious way i've always had 00:12:08.160 --> 00:12:09.190 align:start position:0% i think in a curious way i've always had the<00:12:08.320> feeling 00:12:09.190 --> 00:12:09.200 align:start position:0% the feeling 00:12:09.200 --> 00:12:13.110 align:start position:0% the feeling that<00:12:10.399> as<00:12:10.639> you<00:12:10.800> study<00:12:11.839> robots<00:12:12.480> and<00:12:12.560> the<00:12:12.720> way<00:12:12.959> in 00:12:13.110 --> 00:12:13.120 align:start position:0% that as you study robots and the way in 00:12:13.120 --> 00:12:13.430 align:start position:0% that as you study robots and the way in which 00:12:13.430 --> 00:12:13.440 align:start position:0% which 00:12:13.440 --> 00:12:15.350 align:start position:0% which particular<00:12:13.839> humanoid<00:12:14.320> robots<00:12:14.800> particularly 00:12:15.350 --> 00:12:15.360 align:start position:0% particular humanoid robots particularly 00:12:15.360 --> 00:12:17.110 align:start position:0% particular humanoid robots particularly in<00:12:15.440> which<00:12:15.600> they<00:12:15.760> behave 00:12:17.110 --> 00:12:17.120 align:start position:0% in which they behave 00:12:17.120 --> 00:12:21.269 align:start position:0% in which they behave we<00:12:17.279> also<00:12:17.600> learn<00:12:17.839> something<00:12:18.160> about<00:12:18.399> ourselves 00:12:21.269 --> 00:12:21.279 align:start position:0% 00:12:21.279 --> 00:12:23.590 align:start position:0% and<00:12:21.519> that<00:12:22.079> gives<00:12:22.320> you<00:12:22.639> in<00:12:22.800> one<00:12:23.040> sentence<00:12:23.440> some 00:12:23.590 --> 00:12:23.600 align:start position:0% and that gives you in one sentence some 00:12:23.600 --> 00:12:27.030 align:start position:0% and that gives you in one sentence some of<00:12:23.680> my<00:12:23.839> philosophy<00:12:24.399> of<00:12:24.480> life 00:12:27.030 --> 00:12:27.040 align:start position:0% 00:12:27.040 --> 00:12:30.310 align:start position:0% great<00:12:29.040> so<00:12:29.200> what<00:12:29.360> are<00:12:29.680> some<00:12:29.839> of<00:12:29.920> the<00:12:30.079> things 00:12:30.310 --> 00:12:30.320 align:start position:0% great so what are some of the things 00:12:30.320 --> 00:12:31.509 align:start position:0% great so what are some of the things you've<00:12:30.560> learned<00:12:30.800> about 00:12:31.509 --> 00:12:31.519 align:start position:0% you've learned about 00:12:31.519 --> 00:12:35.990 align:start position:0% you've learned about people<00:12:31.920> by<00:12:32.160> studying<00:12:32.560> robots 00:12:35.990 --> 00:12:36.000 align:start position:0% 00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:38.790 align:start position:0% well<00:12:36.800> but<00:12:37.600> it's<00:12:37.839> particularly<00:12:38.399> the<00:12:38.560> things 00:12:38.790 --> 00:12:38.800 align:start position:0% well but it's particularly the things 00:12:38.800 --> 00:12:39.350 align:start position:0% well but it's particularly the things that 00:12:39.350 --> 00:12:39.360 align:start position:0% that 00:12:39.360 --> 00:12:43.509 align:start position:0% that where<00:12:39.600> robots<00:12:40.079> and<00:12:40.240> people<00:12:40.639> are<00:12:41.360> different 00:12:43.509 --> 00:12:43.519 align:start position:0% where robots and people are different 00:12:43.519 --> 00:12:46.389 align:start position:0% where robots and people are different makes<00:12:43.839> you<00:12:44.000> appreciate<00:12:44.560> the<00:12:44.720> way<00:12:45.040> in<00:12:45.200> which<00:12:46.079> we 00:12:46.389 --> 00:12:46.399 align:start position:0% makes you appreciate the way in which we 00:12:46.399 --> 00:12:47.269 align:start position:0% makes you appreciate the way in which we as<00:12:46.480> humans 00:12:47.269 --> 00:12:47.279 align:start position:0% as humans 00:12:47.279 --> 00:12:50.230 align:start position:0% as humans process<00:12:47.760> information<00:12:49.200> the<00:12:49.360> way<00:12:49.680> which<00:12:50.079> in 00:12:50.230 --> 00:12:50.240 align:start position:0% process information the way which in 00:12:50.240 --> 00:12:52.710 align:start position:0% process information the way which in which<00:12:50.480> we're<00:12:50.720> able<00:12:51.040> to 00:12:52.710 --> 00:12:52.720 align:start position:0% which we're able to 00:12:52.720 --> 00:12:55.269 align:start position:0% which we're able to do<00:12:52.959> multitasking<00:12:54.000> in<00:12:54.079> ways<00:12:54.480> in<00:12:54.639> which<00:12:54.880> robots 00:12:55.269 --> 00:12:55.279 align:start position:0% do multitasking in ways in which robots 00:12:55.279 --> 00:12:57.269 align:start position:0% do multitasking in ways in which robots can't<00:12:55.519> do<00:12:55.760> very<00:12:56.000> well 00:12:57.269 --> 00:12:57.279 align:start position:0% can't do very well 00:12:57.279 --> 00:12:59.269 align:start position:0% can't do very well we<00:12:57.440> certainly<00:12:58.000> slow<00:12:58.320> ourselves<00:12:58.800> down<00:12:59.040> by 00:12:59.269 --> 00:12:59.279 align:start position:0% we certainly slow ourselves down by 00:12:59.279 --> 00:13:01.110 align:start position:0% we certainly slow ourselves down by multitasking<00:13:00.079> but<00:13:00.240> that<00:13:00.480> doesn't<00:13:00.720> mean<00:13:00.959> that 00:13:01.110 --> 00:13:01.120 align:start position:0% multitasking but that doesn't mean that 00:13:01.120 --> 00:13:02.550 align:start position:0% multitasking but that doesn't mean that we<00:13:01.279> don't 00:13:02.550 --> 00:13:02.560 align:start position:0% we don't 00:13:02.560 --> 00:13:05.190 align:start position:0% we don't that<00:13:02.720> we<00:13:02.880> can't<00:13:03.120> do<00:13:03.360> it<00:13:04.320> as<00:13:04.480> you<00:13:04.560> know<00:13:04.880> this<00:13:05.040> is 00:13:05.190 --> 00:13:05.200 align:start position:0% that we can't do it as you know this is 00:13:05.200 --> 00:13:05.990 align:start position:0% that we can't do it as you know this is one<00:13:05.360> of<00:13:05.440> the<00:13:05.519> curses 00:13:05.990 --> 00:13:06.000 align:start position:0% one of the curses 00:13:06.000 --> 00:13:07.590 align:start position:0% one of the curses of<00:13:06.079> the<00:13:06.240> present<00:13:06.560> time<00:13:06.880> is<00:13:07.040> that<00:13:07.200> everybody 00:13:07.590 --> 00:13:07.600 align:start position:0% of the present time is that everybody 00:13:07.600 --> 00:13:09.990 align:start position:0% of the present time is that everybody wants<00:13:07.839> to<00:13:07.920> do<00:13:08.079> multitasking 00:13:09.990 --> 00:13:10.000 align:start position:0% wants to do multitasking 00:13:10.000 --> 00:13:12.470 align:start position:0% wants to do multitasking so<00:13:10.800> so<00:13:11.120> that's<00:13:11.360> one<00:13:11.519> of<00:13:11.600> the<00:13:11.680> issues<00:13:12.000> and<00:13:12.320> i'm 00:13:12.470 --> 00:13:12.480 align:start position:0% so so that's one of the issues and i'm 00:13:12.480 --> 00:13:14.470 align:start position:0% so so that's one of the issues and i'm enormously<00:13:13.120> impressed<00:13:13.680> by 00:13:14.470 --> 00:13:14.480 align:start position:0% enormously impressed by 00:13:14.480 --> 00:13:17.990 align:start position:0% enormously impressed by the<00:13:14.880> human<00:13:15.279> sensory<00:13:15.839> system<00:13:17.440> we<00:13:17.600> have<00:13:17.760> an 00:13:17.990 --> 00:13:18.000 align:start position:0% the human sensory system we have an 00:13:18.000 --> 00:13:19.110 align:start position:0% the human sensory system we have an amazing<00:13:18.480> way 00:13:19.110 --> 00:13:19.120 align:start position:0% amazing way 00:13:19.120 --> 00:13:22.550 align:start position:0% amazing way of<00:13:20.480> receiving<00:13:20.959> information<00:13:21.680> from<00:13:22.079> multiple 00:13:22.550 --> 00:13:22.560 align:start position:0% of receiving information from multiple 00:13:22.560 --> 00:13:24.310 align:start position:0% of receiving information from multiple senses<00:13:23.000> simultaneously 00:13:24.310 --> 00:13:24.320 align:start position:0% senses simultaneously 00:13:24.320 --> 00:13:26.310 align:start position:0% senses simultaneously and<00:13:24.480> then<00:13:24.720> assigning<00:13:25.279> weights<00:13:25.600> to<00:13:25.760> these<00:13:26.160> so 00:13:26.310 --> 00:13:26.320 align:start position:0% and then assigning weights to these so 00:13:26.320 --> 00:13:27.670 align:start position:0% and then assigning weights to these so that<00:13:26.560> times 00:13:27.670 --> 00:13:27.680 align:start position:0% that times 00:13:27.680 --> 00:13:29.190 align:start position:0% that times vision<00:13:28.000> is<00:13:28.160> more<00:13:28.320> important<00:13:28.639> than<00:13:28.800> hearing 00:13:29.190 --> 00:13:29.200 align:start position:0% vision is more important than hearing 00:13:29.200 --> 00:13:30.389 align:start position:0% vision is more important than hearing and<00:13:29.360> other<00:13:29.519> times<00:13:29.760> hearing<00:13:30.079> is<00:13:30.240> more 00:13:30.389 --> 00:13:30.399 align:start position:0% and other times hearing is more 00:13:30.399 --> 00:13:31.269 align:start position:0% and other times hearing is more important 00:13:31.269 --> 00:13:31.279 align:start position:0% important 00:13:31.279 --> 00:13:34.150 align:start position:0% important other<00:13:31.600> times<00:13:32.560> the<00:13:32.800> sense<00:13:33.040> of<00:13:33.200> smell<00:13:33.600> dominates 00:13:34.150 --> 00:13:34.160 align:start position:0% other times the sense of smell dominates 00:13:34.160 --> 00:13:36.310 align:start position:0% other times the sense of smell dominates everything<00:13:34.560> if<00:13:34.720> you<00:13:34.800> smell<00:13:35.120> smoke 00:13:36.310 --> 00:13:36.320 align:start position:0% everything if you smell smoke 00:13:36.320 --> 00:13:39.590 align:start position:0% everything if you smell smoke and<00:13:36.639> and<00:13:36.800> so<00:13:36.959> on<00:13:37.519> so<00:13:38.560> these<00:13:39.040> kinds<00:13:39.279> of 00:13:39.590 --> 00:13:39.600 align:start position:0% and and so on so these kinds of 00:13:39.600 --> 00:13:41.750 align:start position:0% and and so on so these kinds of subtle<00:13:40.160> changes<00:13:40.639> in<00:13:40.800> the<00:13:40.880> way<00:13:41.120> we<00:13:41.279> relate<00:13:41.600> to 00:13:41.750 --> 00:13:41.760 align:start position:0% subtle changes in the way we relate to 00:13:41.760 --> 00:13:44.150 align:start position:0% subtle changes in the way we relate to the<00:13:41.920> world<00:13:42.399> are<00:13:42.639> very<00:13:42.800> important<00:13:43.199> in<00:13:43.279> robotics 00:13:44.150 --> 00:13:44.160 align:start position:0% the world are very important in robotics 00:13:44.160 --> 00:13:46.150 align:start position:0% the world are very important in robotics because<00:13:44.399> after<00:13:44.639> all<00:13:44.880> robot<00:13:45.279> is<00:13:45.360> a<00:13:45.440> machine 00:13:46.150 --> 00:13:46.160 align:start position:0% because after all robot is a machine 00:13:46.160 --> 00:13:48.710 align:start position:0% because after all robot is a machine that<00:13:46.480> senses<00:13:46.959> the<00:13:47.040> world 00:13:48.710 --> 00:13:48.720 align:start position:0% that senses the world 00:13:48.720 --> 00:13:50.870 align:start position:0% that senses the world and<00:13:49.360> so<00:13:49.600> sensing<00:13:50.079> is<00:13:50.160> very<00:13:50.320> important<00:13:50.639> but 00:13:50.870 --> 00:13:50.880 align:start position:0% and so sensing is very important but 00:13:50.880 --> 00:13:52.870 align:start position:0% and so sensing is very important but senses<00:13:51.279> for<00:13:51.440> robots<00:13:51.920> tend<00:13:52.079> to<00:13:52.240> be 00:13:52.870 --> 00:13:52.880 align:start position:0% senses for robots tend to be 00:13:52.880 --> 00:13:54.790 align:start position:0% senses for robots tend to be unifunctional<00:13:54.000> you<00:13:54.079> know<00:13:54.320> they're<00:13:54.639> they 00:13:54.790 --> 00:13:54.800 align:start position:0% unifunctional you know they're they 00:13:54.800 --> 00:13:56.470 align:start position:0% unifunctional you know they're they don't<00:13:55.040> have<00:13:55.279> the<00:13:55.440> ability<00:13:55.920> to<00:13:56.000> do<00:13:56.160> that<00:13:56.320> kind 00:13:56.470 --> 00:13:56.480 align:start position:0% don't have the ability to do that kind 00:13:56.480 --> 00:13:57.189 align:start position:0% don't have the ability to do that kind of<00:13:56.639> blending 00:13:57.189 --> 00:13:57.199 align:start position:0% of blending 00:13:57.199 --> 00:14:00.389 align:start position:0% of blending but<00:13:57.360> i<00:13:57.440> think<00:13:57.600> it'll<00:13:57.839> happen<00:13:58.240> more<00:13:58.399> and<00:13:58.480> more 00:14:00.389 --> 00:14:00.399 align:start position:0% but i think it'll happen more and more 00:14:00.399 --> 00:14:02.949 align:start position:0% but i think it'll happen more and more fusion<00:14:01.680> that's<00:14:01.839> right<00:14:02.079> sensor<00:14:02.480> fusion<00:14:02.880> i 00:14:02.949 --> 00:14:02.959 align:start position:0% fusion that's right sensor fusion i 00:14:02.959 --> 00:14:03.590 align:start position:0% fusion that's right sensor fusion i think 00:14:03.590 --> 00:14:03.600 align:start position:0% think 00:14:03.600 --> 00:14:06.470 align:start position:0% think is<00:14:04.000> we<00:14:04.399> humans<00:14:04.800> do<00:14:05.120> all<00:14:05.279> the<00:14:05.440> time<00:14:06.079> and<00:14:06.240> it's 00:14:06.470 --> 00:14:06.480 align:start position:0% is we humans do all the time and it's 00:14:06.480 --> 00:14:07.910 align:start position:0% is we humans do all the time and it's becoming<00:14:06.959> more<00:14:07.120> and<00:14:07.279> more 00:14:07.910 --> 00:14:07.920 align:start position:0% becoming more and more 00:14:07.920 --> 00:14:11.189 align:start position:0% becoming more and more important<00:14:08.320> in<00:14:08.399> robotics<00:14:08.959> as<00:14:09.040> well<00:14:10.880> so<00:14:11.040> what 00:14:11.189 --> 00:14:11.199 align:start position:0% important in robotics as well so what 00:14:11.199 --> 00:14:12.629 align:start position:0% important in robotics as well so what are<00:14:11.360> some<00:14:11.519> of<00:14:11.600> the<00:14:11.680> central<00:14:12.079> problems<00:14:12.560> that 00:14:12.629 --> 00:14:12.639 align:start position:0% are some of the central problems that 00:14:12.639 --> 00:14:13.910 align:start position:0% are some of the central problems that you<00:14:12.880> focused<00:14:13.279> on<00:14:13.440> in<00:14:13.600> your 00:14:13.910 --> 00:14:13.920 align:start position:0% you focused on in your 00:14:13.920 --> 00:14:16.790 align:start position:0% you focused on in your robotics<00:14:14.839> career<00:14:15.839> well<00:14:16.079> i<00:14:16.160> was<00:14:16.320> particularly 00:14:16.790 --> 00:14:16.800 align:start position:0% robotics career well i was particularly 00:14:16.800 --> 00:14:17.910 align:start position:0% robotics career well i was particularly interested<00:14:17.279> in 00:14:17.910 --> 00:14:17.920 align:start position:0% interested in 00:14:17.920 --> 00:14:21.509 align:start position:0% interested in ways<00:14:18.320> in<00:14:18.399> which<00:14:20.079> robots<00:14:20.480> could<00:14:20.720> learn 00:14:21.509 --> 00:14:21.519 align:start position:0% ways in which robots could learn 00:14:21.519 --> 00:14:25.110 align:start position:0% ways in which robots could learn display<00:14:22.000> some<00:14:22.240> intelligence<00:14:24.079> so 00:14:25.110 --> 00:14:25.120 align:start position:0% display some intelligence so 00:14:25.120 --> 00:14:27.590 align:start position:0% display some intelligence so in<00:14:25.279> the<00:14:25.360> early<00:14:25.600> days<00:14:26.000> as<00:14:26.079> you<00:14:26.240> know<00:14:27.199> we<00:14:27.360> spent 00:14:27.590 --> 00:14:27.600 align:start position:0% in the early days as you know we spent 00:14:27.600 --> 00:14:30.470 align:start position:0% in the early days as you know we spent so<00:14:27.760> much<00:14:27.920> time<00:14:28.160> just<00:14:28.399> keeping<00:14:28.720> them<00:14:28.880> working 00:14:30.470 --> 00:14:30.480 align:start position:0% so much time just keeping them working 00:14:30.480 --> 00:14:32.550 align:start position:0% so much time just keeping them working the<00:14:30.959> meantime<00:14:31.440> between<00:14:31.839> failures<00:14:32.240> wasn't 00:14:32.550 --> 00:14:32.560 align:start position:0% the meantime between failures wasn't 00:14:32.560 --> 00:14:33.910 align:start position:0% the meantime between failures wasn't very<00:14:32.800> long<00:14:33.360> and 00:14:33.910 --> 00:14:33.920 align:start position:0% very long and 00:14:33.920 --> 00:14:36.389 align:start position:0% very long and so<00:14:34.880> and<00:14:35.120> also<00:14:35.360> in<00:14:35.440> the<00:14:35.600> early<00:14:35.839> days<00:14:36.079> we<00:14:36.240> just 00:14:36.389 --> 00:14:36.399 align:start position:0% so and also in the early days we just 00:14:36.399 --> 00:14:37.189 align:start position:0% so and also in the early days we just couldn't<00:14:36.800> buy 00:14:37.189 --> 00:14:37.199 align:start position:0% couldn't buy 00:14:37.199 --> 00:14:40.230 align:start position:0% couldn't buy inexpensive<00:14:37.839> robots<00:14:38.240> to<00:14:38.399> use<00:14:38.639> in<00:14:38.720> the<00:14:38.880> lab<00:14:39.279> so 00:14:40.230 --> 00:14:40.240 align:start position:0% inexpensive robots to use in the lab so 00:14:40.240 --> 00:14:43.509 align:start position:0% inexpensive robots to use in the lab so i<00:14:40.480> was<00:14:41.760> when<00:14:42.000> i<00:14:42.079> built<00:14:42.320> the<00:14:42.560> robotics<00:14:43.120> lab<00:14:43.440> at 00:14:43.509 --> 00:14:43.519 align:start position:0% i was when i built the robotics lab at 00:14:43.519 --> 00:14:44.389 align:start position:0% i was when i built the robotics lab at usc 00:14:44.389 --> 00:14:44.399 align:start position:0% usc 00:14:44.399 --> 00:14:47.670 align:start position:0% usc i<00:14:44.880> actually<00:14:45.279> put<00:14:45.519> in<00:14:45.680> a<00:14:45.760> small<00:14:46.079> machine<00:14:46.480> shop 00:14:47.670 --> 00:14:47.680 align:start position:0% i actually put in a small machine shop 00:14:47.680 --> 00:14:49.910 align:start position:0% i actually put in a small machine shop so<00:14:48.000> we<00:14:48.160> had<00:14:48.399> a<00:14:48.560> lathe<00:14:48.880> and<00:14:49.040> a<00:14:49.120> drill<00:14:49.440> press<00:14:49.760> and 00:14:49.910 --> 00:14:49.920 align:start position:0% so we had a lathe and a drill press and 00:14:49.920 --> 00:14:51.509 align:start position:0% so we had a lathe and a drill press and things<00:14:50.160> like<00:14:50.320> that<00:14:50.560> so<00:14:50.720> that<00:14:50.880> my<00:14:51.120> students 00:14:51.509 --> 00:14:51.519 align:start position:0% things like that so that my students 00:14:51.519 --> 00:14:52.389 align:start position:0% things like that so that my students actually<00:14:52.000> made 00:14:52.389 --> 00:14:52.399 align:start position:0% actually made 00:14:52.399 --> 00:14:54.310 align:start position:0% actually made parts<00:14:52.800> that<00:14:53.040> were<00:14:53.199> needed<00:14:53.519> to<00:14:53.600> put<00:14:53.839> robots 00:14:54.310 --> 00:14:54.320 align:start position:0% parts that were needed to put robots 00:14:54.320 --> 00:14:55.670 align:start position:0% parts that were needed to put robots together 00:14:55.670 --> 00:14:55.680 align:start position:0% together 00:14:55.680 --> 00:14:57.750 align:start position:0% together and<00:14:56.240> this<00:14:56.480> was<00:14:56.720> unheard<00:14:57.120> of<00:14:57.199> in<00:14:57.360> a<00:14:57.440> computer 00:14:57.750 --> 00:14:57.760 align:start position:0% and this was unheard of in a computer 00:14:57.760 --> 00:14:59.590 align:start position:0% and this was unheard of in a computer science<00:14:58.079> department 00:14:59.590 --> 00:14:59.600 align:start position:0% science department 00:14:59.600 --> 00:15:01.110 align:start position:0% science department you<00:14:59.760> probably<00:15:00.079> know<00:15:00.320> there's<00:15:00.560> a<00:15:00.720> famous 00:15:01.110 --> 00:15:01.120 align:start position:0% you probably know there's a famous 00:15:01.120 --> 00:15:03.350 align:start position:0% you probably know there's a famous saying<00:15:01.519> that<00:15:02.320> never<00:15:02.639> trust<00:15:02.880> a<00:15:02.959> computer 00:15:03.350 --> 00:15:03.360 align:start position:0% saying that never trust a computer 00:15:03.360 --> 00:15:05.509 align:start position:0% saying that never trust a computer scientist<00:15:03.839> who<00:15:03.920> carries<00:15:04.240> a<00:15:04.320> screwdriver 00:15:05.509 --> 00:15:05.519 align:start position:0% scientist who carries a screwdriver 00:15:05.519 --> 00:15:07.990 align:start position:0% scientist who carries a screwdriver and<00:15:05.760> so<00:15:06.240> we<00:15:06.399> did<00:15:06.639> a<00:15:07.360> lot<00:15:07.600> more<00:15:07.760> than 00:15:07.990 --> 00:15:08.000 align:start position:0% and so we did a lot more than 00:15:08.000 --> 00:15:10.829 align:start position:0% and so we did a lot more than screwdrivers 00:15:10.829 --> 00:15:10.839 align:start position:0% screwdrivers 00:15:10.839 --> 00:15:13.590 align:start position:0% screwdrivers so<00:15:12.639> but 00:15:13.590 --> 00:15:13.600 align:start position:0% so but 00:15:13.600 --> 00:15:16.150 align:start position:0% so but but<00:15:13.920> so<00:15:14.320> so<00:15:14.560> initially<00:15:15.199> our<00:15:15.360> goal<00:15:15.600> was<00:15:15.760> to<00:15:15.920> try 00:15:16.150 --> 00:15:16.160 align:start position:0% but so so initially our goal was to try 00:15:16.160 --> 00:15:18.310 align:start position:0% but so so initially our goal was to try to<00:15:16.240> do<00:15:16.399> things<00:15:16.720> about 00:15:18.310 --> 00:15:18.320 align:start position:0% to do things about 00:15:18.320 --> 00:15:22.710 align:start position:0% to do things about locomotion<00:15:20.639> actually<00:15:21.040> tony<00:15:21.360> lewis<00:15:21.680> worked 00:15:22.710 --> 00:15:22.720 align:start position:0% locomotion actually tony lewis worked 00:15:22.720 --> 00:15:27.590 align:start position:0% locomotion actually tony lewis worked on<00:15:24.800> one<00:15:25.040> of<00:15:25.120> the<00:15:25.360> projects 00:15:27.590 --> 00:15:27.600 align:start position:0% on one of the projects 00:15:27.600 --> 00:15:31.509 align:start position:0% on one of the projects having<00:15:27.920> to<00:15:28.000> do<00:15:28.160> with<00:15:28.399> uh<00:15:30.480> enabling<00:15:30.959> robots<00:15:31.360> to 00:15:31.509 --> 00:15:31.519 align:start position:0% having to do with uh enabling robots to 00:15:31.519 --> 00:15:33.350 align:start position:0% having to do with uh enabling robots to learn<00:15:31.759> how<00:15:31.920> to<00:15:32.079> walk 00:15:33.350 --> 00:15:33.360 align:start position:0% learn how to walk 00:15:33.360 --> 00:15:35.910 align:start position:0% learn how to walk we<00:15:33.600> built<00:15:34.000> several<00:15:34.480> six-legged<00:15:35.279> machines<00:15:35.759> and 00:15:35.910 --> 00:15:35.920 align:start position:0% we built several six-legged machines and 00:15:35.920 --> 00:15:37.350 align:start position:0% we built several six-legged machines and i<00:15:36.000> think<00:15:36.079> he<00:15:36.240> carried<00:15:36.639> on<00:15:36.720> some<00:15:36.880> of<00:15:36.959> this<00:15:37.120> work 00:15:37.350 --> 00:15:37.360 align:start position:0% i think he carried on some of this work 00:15:37.360 --> 00:15:39.509 align:start position:0% i think he carried on some of this work in<00:15:37.440> iguana<00:15:37.920> robotics<00:15:38.480> as<00:15:38.639> well 00:15:39.509 --> 00:15:39.519 align:start position:0% in iguana robotics as well 00:15:39.519 --> 00:15:42.550 align:start position:0% in iguana robotics as well so<00:15:39.920> we<00:15:40.160> we<00:15:40.320> built<00:15:40.560> these<00:15:40.800> machines<00:15:41.519> where 00:15:42.550 --> 00:15:42.560 align:start position:0% so we we built these machines where 00:15:42.560 --> 00:15:45.829 align:start position:0% so we we built these machines where we<00:15:42.800> did<00:15:42.959> not<00:15:43.199> specifically<00:15:44.000> program<00:15:45.199> a 00:15:45.829 --> 00:15:45.839 align:start position:0% we did not specifically program a 00:15:45.839 --> 00:15:49.189 align:start position:0% we did not specifically program a movement<00:15:46.320> sequence<00:15:46.800> for<00:15:46.959> the<00:15:47.120> legs<00:15:48.800> and 00:15:49.189 --> 00:15:49.199 align:start position:0% movement sequence for the legs and 00:15:49.199 --> 00:15:52.389 align:start position:0% movement sequence for the legs and so<00:15:49.680> when<00:15:49.920> you<00:15:50.079> first<00:15:50.399> turn<00:15:50.639> it<00:15:50.800> on<00:15:51.680> and 00:15:52.389 --> 00:15:52.399 align:start position:0% so when you first turn it on and 00:15:52.399 --> 00:15:55.749 align:start position:0% so when you first turn it on and it<00:15:52.959> has<00:15:53.120> some<00:15:53.360> kind<00:15:53.519> of<00:15:53.680> a<00:15:54.639> reward<00:15:55.199> system<00:15:55.600> to 00:15:55.749 --> 00:15:55.759 align:start position:0% it has some kind of a reward system to 00:15:55.759 --> 00:15:58.069 align:start position:0% it has some kind of a reward system to see<00:15:56.399> how<00:15:56.639> fire<00:15:56.880> can<00:15:57.120> travel<00:15:57.440> in<00:15:57.519> the<00:15:57.680> direction 00:15:58.069 --> 00:15:58.079 align:start position:0% see how fire can travel in the direction 00:15:58.079 --> 00:16:00.310 align:start position:0% see how fire can travel in the direction of<00:15:58.160> the<00:15:58.240> body<00:15:58.560> axis 00:16:00.310 --> 00:16:00.320 align:start position:0% of the body axis 00:16:00.320 --> 00:16:01.749 align:start position:0% of the body axis and<00:16:00.480> of<00:16:00.560> course<00:16:00.800> it<00:16:00.880> does<00:16:01.040> nothing<00:16:01.279> but<00:16:01.519> fall 00:16:01.749 --> 00:16:01.759 align:start position:0% and of course it does nothing but fall 00:16:01.759 --> 00:16:03.509 align:start position:0% and of course it does nothing but fall down<00:16:02.079> and<00:16:02.240> its<00:16:02.480> legs<00:16:02.880> flail 00:16:03.509 --> 00:16:03.519 align:start position:0% down and its legs flail 00:16:03.519 --> 00:16:07.509 align:start position:0% down and its legs flail wildly<00:16:05.199> but<00:16:06.160> little<00:16:06.480> by<00:16:06.639> little<00:16:06.959> the<00:16:07.120> machine 00:16:07.509 --> 00:16:07.519 align:start position:0% wildly but little by little the machine 00:16:07.519 --> 00:16:08.550 align:start position:0% wildly but little by little the machine learns<00:16:07.920> how<00:16:08.079> to 00:16:08.550 --> 00:16:08.560 align:start position:0% learns how to 00:16:08.560 --> 00:16:10.389 align:start position:0% learns how to select<00:16:08.959> the<00:16:09.120> leg<00:16:09.279> sequence<00:16:09.839> that<00:16:10.000> gives<00:16:10.240> it 00:16:10.389 --> 00:16:10.399 align:start position:0% select the leg sequence that gives it 00:16:10.399 --> 00:16:12.310 align:start position:0% select the leg sequence that gives it mobility<00:16:10.959> forward 00:16:12.310 --> 00:16:12.320 align:start position:0% mobility forward 00:16:12.320 --> 00:16:17.189 align:start position:0% mobility forward and<00:16:12.959> so<00:16:13.759> so<00:16:14.560> our<00:16:14.800> robots 00:16:17.189 --> 00:16:17.199 align:start position:0% and so so our robots 00:16:17.199 --> 00:16:21.110 align:start position:0% and so so our robots learned<00:16:18.320> how<00:16:18.480> to<00:16:18.639> do<00:16:18.880> a<00:16:19.600> wavegate 00:16:21.110 --> 00:16:21.120 align:start position:0% learned how to do a wavegate 00:16:21.120 --> 00:16:23.430 align:start position:0% learned how to do a wavegate so<00:16:21.279> that<00:16:21.440> they<00:16:21.600> use<00:16:21.920> the<00:16:22.639> two<00:16:22.800> front<00:16:23.120> legs<00:16:23.360> or 00:16:23.430 --> 00:16:23.440 align:start position:0% so that they use the two front legs or 00:16:23.440 --> 00:16:24.949 align:start position:0% so that they use the two front legs or two<00:16:23.600> middle<00:16:23.839> legs<00:16:24.079> and<00:16:24.160> two<00:16:24.320> rear<00:16:24.560> legs<00:16:24.800> in 00:16:24.949 --> 00:16:24.959 align:start position:0% two middle legs and two rear legs in 00:16:24.959 --> 00:16:26.150 align:start position:0% two middle legs and two rear legs in sequence 00:16:26.150 --> 00:16:26.160 align:start position:0% sequence 00:16:26.160 --> 00:16:29.829 align:start position:0% sequence in<00:16:26.320> a<00:16:26.399> wave<00:16:26.720> that<00:16:26.800> travels<00:16:27.279> across<00:16:27.600> the<00:16:27.759> body 00:16:29.829 --> 00:16:29.839 align:start position:0% in a wave that travels across the body 00:16:29.839 --> 00:16:33.829 align:start position:0% in a wave that travels across the body and<00:16:30.000> so<00:16:30.240> on<00:16:31.839> so<00:16:32.000> that<00:16:32.320> was<00:16:32.480> one<00:16:32.720> of<00:16:32.800> the<00:16:32.959> issues 00:16:33.829 --> 00:16:33.839 align:start position:0% and so on so that was one of the issues 00:16:33.839 --> 00:16:38.470 align:start position:0% and so on so that was one of the issues the<00:16:34.839> uh 00:16:38.470 --> 00:16:38.480 align:start position:0% 00:16:38.480 --> 00:16:42.470 align:start position:0% then<00:16:39.199> i<00:16:39.279> had<00:16:39.519> a<00:16:40.160> contract<00:16:40.720> from 00:16:42.470 --> 00:16:42.480 align:start position:0% then i had a contract from 00:16:42.480 --> 00:16:46.710 align:start position:0% then i had a contract from jpl<00:16:45.120> which<00:16:45.440> involved 00:16:46.710 --> 00:16:46.720 align:start position:0% jpl which involved 00:16:46.720 --> 00:16:50.949 align:start position:0% jpl which involved comparing<00:16:49.360> wheeled<00:16:49.680> and<00:16:49.839> legged<00:16:50.160> robots 00:16:50.949 --> 00:16:50.959 align:start position:0% comparing wheeled and legged robots 00:16:50.959 --> 00:16:55.829 align:start position:0% comparing wheeled and legged robots on<00:16:51.199> a<00:16:51.440> simulated<00:16:53.759> moon-like<00:16:54.320> surface 00:16:55.829 --> 00:16:55.839 align:start position:0% on a simulated moon-like surface 00:16:55.839 --> 00:17:00.069 align:start position:0% on a simulated moon-like surface so<00:16:56.160> we<00:16:56.399> we<00:16:56.639> built<00:16:57.040> a<00:16:58.720> sandbox 00:17:00.069 --> 00:17:00.079 align:start position:0% so we we built a sandbox 00:17:00.079 --> 00:17:03.189 align:start position:0% so we we built a sandbox with<00:17:00.639> sand<00:17:01.519> that<00:17:01.680> was<00:17:02.000> that<00:17:02.240> follow<00:17:02.560> a<00:17:02.639> jpl 00:17:03.189 --> 00:17:03.199 align:start position:0% with sand that was that follow a jpl 00:17:03.199 --> 00:17:04.230 align:start position:0% with sand that was that follow a jpl specifications 00:17:04.230 --> 00:17:04.240 align:start position:0% specifications 00:17:04.240 --> 00:17:06.949 align:start position:0% specifications as<00:17:04.480> being<00:17:04.720> something<00:17:05.120> equivalent<00:17:05.760> to<00:17:06.640> moon 00:17:06.949 --> 00:17:06.959 align:start position:0% as being something equivalent to moon 00:17:06.959 --> 00:17:08.549 align:start position:0% as being something equivalent to moon sand 00:17:08.549 --> 00:17:08.559 align:start position:0% sand 00:17:08.559 --> 00:17:11.590 align:start position:0% sand and<00:17:09.919> we<00:17:10.160> put<00:17:10.400> in<00:17:10.640> rocks<00:17:11.120> and<00:17:11.360> you<00:17:11.439> know 00:17:11.590 --> 00:17:11.600 align:start position:0% and we put in rocks and you know 00:17:11.600 --> 00:17:12.069 align:start position:0% and we put in rocks and you know whatever 00:17:12.069 --> 00:17:12.079 align:start position:0% whatever 00:17:12.079 --> 00:17:15.829 align:start position:0% whatever so 00:17:15.829 --> 00:17:15.839 align:start position:0% 00:17:15.839 --> 00:17:21.110 align:start position:0% sand<00:17:16.240> isn't<00:17:16.480> particularly<00:17:17.039> good<00:17:17.199> for<00:17:17.439> robots 00:17:21.110 --> 00:17:21.120 align:start position:0% 00:17:21.120 --> 00:17:25.029 align:start position:0% so<00:17:21.760> yeah<00:17:22.240> and<00:17:22.400> we<00:17:22.640> found 00:17:25.029 --> 00:17:25.039 align:start position:0% 00:17:25.039 --> 00:17:28.150 align:start position:0% that<00:17:26.079> the<00:17:26.319> robots<00:17:27.039> that<00:17:27.280> legged<00:17:27.600> robots 00:17:28.150 --> 00:17:28.160 align:start position:0% that the robots that legged robots 00:17:28.160 --> 00:17:28.950 align:start position:0% that the robots that legged robots actually 00:17:28.950 --> 00:17:28.960 align:start position:0% actually 00:17:28.960 --> 00:17:32.070 align:start position:0% actually do<00:17:29.360> better<00:17:30.640> than<00:17:30.880> wheeled<00:17:31.200> robots 00:17:32.070 --> 00:17:32.080 align:start position:0% do better than wheeled robots 00:17:32.080 --> 00:17:33.669 align:start position:0% do better than wheeled robots if<00:17:32.240> there<00:17:32.400> are<00:17:32.559> a<00:17:32.640> lot<00:17:32.880> of<00:17:33.039> obstacles<00:17:33.520> that 00:17:33.669 --> 00:17:33.679 align:start position:0% if there are a lot of obstacles that 00:17:33.679 --> 00:17:36.310 align:start position:0% if there are a lot of obstacles that they<00:17:34.240> have<00:17:34.400> to<00:17:34.480> climb<00:17:34.880> over 00:17:36.310 --> 00:17:36.320 align:start position:0% they have to climb over 00:17:36.320 --> 00:17:39.350 align:start position:0% they have to climb over and<00:17:36.720> uh<00:17:37.600> otherwise<00:17:38.160> they're<00:17:38.480> much<00:17:38.799> slower<00:17:39.200> and 00:17:39.350 --> 00:17:39.360 align:start position:0% and uh otherwise they're much slower and 00:17:39.360 --> 00:17:41.110 align:start position:0% and uh otherwise they're much slower and use<00:17:39.520> a<00:17:39.600> lot<00:17:39.840> more<00:17:40.000> energy 00:17:41.110 --> 00:17:41.120 align:start position:0% use a lot more energy 00:17:41.120 --> 00:17:45.029 align:start position:0% use a lot more energy than<00:17:41.440> wheeled<00:17:41.679> robots 00:17:45.029 --> 00:17:45.039 align:start position:0% 00:17:45.039 --> 00:17:46.789 align:start position:0% what<00:17:45.200> was<00:17:45.360> the<00:17:45.440> first<00:17:45.760> robot<00:17:46.160> that<00:17:46.320> you<00:17:46.480> worked 00:17:46.789 --> 00:17:46.799 align:start position:0% what was the first robot that you worked 00:17:46.799 --> 00:17:48.230 align:start position:0% what was the first robot that you worked on 00:17:48.230 --> 00:17:48.240 align:start position:0% on 00:17:48.240 --> 00:17:50.070 align:start position:0% on i<00:17:48.400> don't<00:17:48.559> remember<00:17:49.200> well<00:17:49.440> the<00:17:49.520> first<00:17:49.760> robot 00:17:50.070 --> 00:17:50.080 align:start position:0% i don't remember well the first robot 00:17:50.080 --> 00:17:52.470 align:start position:0% i don't remember well the first robot was<00:17:50.240> a<00:17:50.320> puma<00:17:50.640> of<00:17:50.720> course 00:17:52.470 --> 00:17:52.480 align:start position:0% was a puma of course 00:17:52.480 --> 00:17:54.789 align:start position:0% was a puma of course the<00:17:52.720> first<00:17:52.960> robot<00:17:53.440> we<00:17:53.520> worked<00:17:53.840> on<00:17:54.160> in<00:17:54.320> the<00:17:54.400> lab 00:17:54.789 --> 00:17:54.799 align:start position:0% the first robot we worked on in the lab 00:17:54.799 --> 00:17:55.830 align:start position:0% the first robot we worked on in the lab was<00:17:55.039> uh<00:17:55.280> just<00:17:55.520> it 00:17:55.830 --> 00:17:55.840 align:start position:0% was uh just it 00:17:55.840 --> 00:17:59.510 align:start position:0% was uh just it was<00:17:56.080> a<00:17:56.240> robot<00:17:56.640> manipulator<00:17:57.760> and<00:17:57.919> then<00:17:58.320> because 00:17:59.510 --> 00:17:59.520 align:start position:0% was a robot manipulator and then because 00:17:59.520 --> 00:18:03.510 align:start position:0% was a robot manipulator and then because of<00:18:02.080> of<00:18:02.160> the<00:18:02.320> interest<00:18:02.640> that<00:18:02.799> i'd<00:18:02.960> had 00:18:03.510 --> 00:18:03.520 align:start position:0% of of the interest that i'd had 00:18:03.520 --> 00:18:06.470 align:start position:0% of of the interest that i'd had in<00:18:03.840> uh<00:18:04.160> manipulation<00:18:04.880> and<00:18:05.039> manual<00:18:05.440> control 00:18:06.470 --> 00:18:06.480 align:start position:0% in uh manipulation and manual control 00:18:06.480 --> 00:18:07.830 align:start position:0% in uh manipulation and manual control one<00:18:06.720> of<00:18:06.799> the<00:18:06.880> things<00:18:07.039> that<00:18:07.120> we<00:18:07.280> wanted<00:18:07.520> to<00:18:07.679> do 00:18:07.830 --> 00:18:07.840 align:start position:0% one of the things that we wanted to do 00:18:07.840 --> 00:18:09.430 align:start position:0% one of the things that we wanted to do is<00:18:07.919> to<00:18:08.080> see<00:18:08.240> whether<00:18:08.480> we<00:18:08.640> can<00:18:08.799> get 00:18:09.430 --> 00:18:09.440 align:start position:0% is to see whether we can get 00:18:09.440 --> 00:18:11.669 align:start position:0% is to see whether we can get robot<00:18:09.919> arms<00:18:10.640> to<00:18:10.799> pick<00:18:11.039> up<00:18:11.200> objects<00:18:11.520> and 00:18:11.669 --> 00:18:11.679 align:start position:0% robot arms to pick up objects and 00:18:11.679 --> 00:18:15.750 align:start position:0% robot arms to pick up objects and manipulate<00:18:12.840> them<00:18:13.840> so 00:18:15.750 --> 00:18:15.760 align:start position:0% manipulate them so 00:18:15.760 --> 00:18:19.190 align:start position:0% manipulate them so this<00:18:16.080> led<00:18:16.320> to<00:18:16.480> a<00:18:16.559> collaboration<00:18:17.679> with 00:18:19.190 --> 00:18:19.200 align:start position:0% this led to a collaboration with 00:18:19.200 --> 00:18:22.150 align:start position:0% this led to a collaboration with a<00:18:19.360> man<00:18:19.679> named<00:18:20.240> tomovich<00:18:21.120> from<00:18:21.600> the<00:18:21.760> former 00:18:22.150 --> 00:18:22.160 align:start position:0% a man named tomovich from the former 00:18:22.160 --> 00:18:23.590 align:start position:0% a man named tomovich from the former yugoslavia 00:18:23.590 --> 00:18:23.600 align:start position:0% yugoslavia 00:18:23.600 --> 00:18:25.990 align:start position:0% yugoslavia who<00:18:23.760> had<00:18:23.919> been<00:18:24.080> the<00:18:24.240> developer<00:18:24.880> of<00:18:25.679> probably 00:18:25.990 --> 00:18:26.000 align:start position:0% who had been the developer of probably 00:18:26.000 --> 00:18:26.789 align:start position:0% who had been the developer of probably the<00:18:26.160> first 00:18:26.789 --> 00:18:26.799 align:start position:0% the first 00:18:26.799 --> 00:18:29.909 align:start position:0% the first five-fingered<00:18:27.600> hand<00:18:28.799> for<00:18:28.960> robots 00:18:29.909 --> 00:18:29.919 align:start position:0% five-fingered hand for robots 00:18:29.919 --> 00:18:31.830 align:start position:0% five-fingered hand for robots actually<00:18:30.320> he<00:18:30.559> originally<00:18:31.120> developed<00:18:31.520> it<00:18:31.679> as<00:18:31.760> a 00:18:31.830 --> 00:18:31.840 align:start position:0% actually he originally developed it as a 00:18:31.840 --> 00:18:33.350 align:start position:0% actually he originally developed it as a prosthetic<00:18:32.400> device 00:18:33.350 --> 00:18:33.360 align:start position:0% prosthetic device 00:18:33.360 --> 00:18:36.070 align:start position:0% prosthetic device and<00:18:33.520> then<00:18:33.760> we<00:18:33.919> adapted<00:18:34.480> it<00:18:34.559> to<00:18:34.720> become<00:18:35.280> a<00:18:35.679> robot 00:18:36.070 --> 00:18:36.080 align:start position:0% and then we adapted it to become a robot 00:18:36.080 --> 00:18:37.190 align:start position:0% and then we adapted it to become a robot hand 00:18:37.190 --> 00:18:37.200 align:start position:0% hand 00:18:37.200 --> 00:18:40.549 align:start position:0% hand and<00:18:37.600> having<00:18:38.000> five<00:18:38.320> fingers 00:18:40.549 --> 00:18:40.559 align:start position:0% and having five fingers 00:18:40.559 --> 00:18:43.750 align:start position:0% and having five fingers which<00:18:41.360> were<00:18:41.600> not<00:18:41.840> independently<00:18:42.480> controlled 00:18:43.750 --> 00:18:43.760 align:start position:0% which were not independently controlled 00:18:43.760 --> 00:18:45.830 align:start position:0% which were not independently controlled but<00:18:43.919> were<00:18:44.240> synergistically<00:18:45.039> controlled<00:18:45.600> so 00:18:45.830 --> 00:18:45.840 align:start position:0% but were synergistically controlled so 00:18:45.840 --> 00:18:47.110 align:start position:0% but were synergistically controlled so that<00:18:46.000> what<00:18:46.240> happened<00:18:46.559> was 00:18:47.110 --> 00:18:47.120 align:start position:0% that what happened was 00:18:47.120 --> 00:18:49.909 align:start position:0% that what happened was if<00:18:47.360> the<00:18:47.520> hand<00:18:48.880> reached<00:18:49.200> any<00:18:49.440> kind<00:18:49.600> of<00:18:49.760> an 00:18:49.909 --> 00:18:49.919 align:start position:0% if the hand reached any kind of an 00:18:49.919 --> 00:18:50.710 align:start position:0% if the hand reached any kind of an object 00:18:50.710 --> 00:18:50.720 align:start position:0% object 00:18:50.720 --> 00:18:52.390 align:start position:0% object then<00:18:50.960> the<00:18:51.120> fingers<00:18:51.520> would<00:18:51.760> all<00:18:51.919> begin<00:18:52.240> to 00:18:52.390 --> 00:18:52.400 align:start position:0% then the fingers would all begin to 00:18:52.400 --> 00:18:54.830 align:start position:0% then the fingers would all begin to close<00:18:53.039> until<00:18:53.280> they<00:18:53.520> made 00:18:54.830 --> 00:18:54.840 align:start position:0% close until they made 00:18:54.840 --> 00:18:57.590 align:start position:0% close until they made contact<00:18:56.000> so<00:18:56.240> it<00:18:56.400> would<00:18:56.559> be<00:18:57.039> this<00:18:57.280> meant<00:18:57.440> that 00:18:57.590 --> 00:18:57.600 align:start position:0% contact so it would be this meant that 00:18:57.600 --> 00:18:59.510 align:start position:0% contact so it would be this meant that it<00:18:57.679> was<00:18:57.919> passively<00:18:58.480> shape<00:18:58.720> adapted<00:18:59.280> it<00:18:59.360> could 00:18:59.510 --> 00:18:59.520 align:start position:0% it was passively shape adapted it could 00:18:59.520 --> 00:19:01.830 align:start position:0% it was passively shape adapted it could pick<00:18:59.760> up<00:18:59.919> an<00:19:00.240> object<00:19:00.480> of<00:19:00.640> any<00:19:00.880> arbitrary<00:19:01.360> shape 00:19:01.830 --> 00:19:01.840 align:start position:0% pick up an object of any arbitrary shape 00:19:01.840 --> 00:19:03.270 align:start position:0% pick up an object of any arbitrary shape without<00:19:02.160> having<00:19:02.320> to<00:19:02.480> be<00:19:02.640> individually 00:19:03.270 --> 00:19:03.280 align:start position:0% without having to be individually 00:19:03.280 --> 00:19:06.789 align:start position:0% without having to be individually commanded<00:19:04.000> for<00:19:04.160> each<00:19:04.400> finger 00:19:06.789 --> 00:19:06.799 align:start position:0% 00:19:06.799 --> 00:19:09.909 align:start position:0% so<00:19:07.840> this<00:19:08.080> got<00:19:08.240> us<00:19:08.480> into<00:19:09.039> some<00:19:09.200> work<00:19:09.440> on<00:19:09.520> robot 00:19:09.909 --> 00:19:09.919 align:start position:0% so this got us into some work on robot 00:19:09.919 --> 00:19:11.830 align:start position:0% so this got us into some work on robot hands<00:19:10.240> that<00:19:10.320> we<00:19:10.480> did<00:19:10.640> for<00:19:10.799> maybe<00:19:11.120> 10<00:19:11.360> years<00:19:11.679> or 00:19:11.830 --> 00:19:11.840 align:start position:0% hands that we did for maybe 10 years or 00:19:11.840 --> 00:19:13.669 align:start position:0% hands that we did for maybe 10 years or so 00:19:13.669 --> 00:19:13.679 align:start position:0% so 00:19:13.679 --> 00:19:15.430 align:start position:0% so what<00:19:13.840> were<00:19:14.000> the<00:19:14.080> biggest<00:19:14.480> challenges<00:19:15.039> in 00:19:15.430 --> 00:19:15.440 align:start position:0% what were the biggest challenges in 00:19:15.440 --> 00:19:19.110 align:start position:0% what were the biggest challenges in grasping<00:19:16.000> and<00:19:16.080> manipulation 00:19:19.110 --> 00:19:19.120 align:start position:0% 00:19:19.120 --> 00:19:22.310 align:start position:0% i<00:19:19.280> would<00:19:19.520> say<00:19:19.760> from<00:19:20.480> my<00:19:20.799> point<00:19:21.039> of<00:19:21.120> view 00:19:22.310 --> 00:19:22.320 align:start position:0% i would say from my point of view 00:19:22.320 --> 00:19:23.830 align:start position:0% i would say from my point of view one<00:19:22.559> of<00:19:22.640> the<00:19:22.720> biggest<00:19:23.039> challenges<00:19:23.520> was<00:19:23.679> just 00:19:23.830 --> 00:19:23.840 align:start position:0% one of the biggest challenges was just 00:19:23.840 --> 00:19:27.190 align:start position:0% one of the biggest challenges was just simply<00:19:24.160> mechanical<00:19:24.720> reliability 00:19:27.190 --> 00:19:27.200 align:start position:0% simply mechanical reliability 00:19:27.200 --> 00:19:29.190 align:start position:0% simply mechanical reliability we<00:19:27.360> had<00:19:27.520> a<00:19:27.679> lot<00:19:27.840> of<00:19:28.000> trouble<00:19:28.320> with<00:19:28.559> these<00:19:28.960> with 00:19:29.190 --> 00:19:29.200 align:start position:0% we had a lot of trouble with these with 00:19:29.200 --> 00:19:30.310 align:start position:0% we had a lot of trouble with these with these<00:19:29.360> hands<00:19:29.679> we 00:19:30.310 --> 00:19:30.320 align:start position:0% these hands we 00:19:30.320 --> 00:19:32.150 align:start position:0% these hands we we<00:19:30.480> installed<00:19:31.039> the<00:19:31.200> pressure<00:19:31.600> sensors<00:19:32.000> on 00:19:32.150 --> 00:19:32.160 align:start position:0% we installed the pressure sensors on 00:19:32.160 --> 00:19:34.470 align:start position:0% we installed the pressure sensors on them<00:19:32.799> on<00:19:33.039> the 00:19:34.470 --> 00:19:34.480 align:start position:0% them on the 00:19:34.480 --> 00:19:36.549 align:start position:0% them on the on<00:19:34.720> the<00:19:34.960> sensitive<00:19:35.440> surfaces<00:19:35.919> of<00:19:36.080> the<00:19:36.160> fingers 00:19:36.549 --> 00:19:36.559 align:start position:0% on the sensitive surfaces of the fingers 00:19:36.559 --> 00:19:40.230 align:start position:0% on the sensitive surfaces of the fingers on<00:19:36.640> the<00:19:36.840> palm 00:19:40.230 --> 00:19:40.240 align:start position:0% 00:19:40.240 --> 00:19:43.590 align:start position:0% so<00:19:40.480> that<00:19:40.640> worked<00:19:41.200> pretty<00:19:41.440> well 00:19:43.590 --> 00:19:43.600 align:start position:0% so that worked pretty well 00:19:43.600 --> 00:19:45.590 align:start position:0% so that worked pretty well but<00:19:43.760> you<00:19:43.919> see<00:19:44.080> the<00:19:44.160> whole<00:19:44.480> goal<00:19:44.880> was<00:19:45.120> to<00:19:45.280> try<00:19:45.520> to 00:19:45.590 --> 00:19:45.600 align:start position:0% but you see the whole goal was to try to 00:19:45.600 --> 00:19:46.950 align:start position:0% but you see the whole goal was to try to build<00:19:45.919> a<00:19:46.000> very<00:19:46.400> simple 00:19:46.950 --> 00:19:46.960 align:start position:0% build a very simple 00:19:46.960 --> 00:19:51.830 align:start position:0% build a very simple and<00:19:47.200> inexpensive<00:19:47.919> hand<00:19:48.880> to<00:19:49.039> compete<00:19:49.520> with 00:19:51.830 --> 00:19:51.840 align:start position:0% 00:19:51.840 --> 00:19:53.830 align:start position:0% usual<00:19:52.400> parallel<00:19:52.880> jaw<00:19:53.120> grippers<00:19:53.600> that<00:19:53.679> were 00:19:53.830 --> 00:19:53.840 align:start position:0% usual parallel jaw grippers that were 00:19:53.840 --> 00:19:56.870 align:start position:0% usual parallel jaw grippers that were used<00:19:54.080> in<00:19:54.240> industry 00:19:56.870 --> 00:19:56.880 align:start position:0% 00:19:56.880 --> 00:19:59.029 align:start position:0% and<00:19:57.520> when<00:19:57.679> we<00:19:57.840> could<00:19:58.000> keep<00:19:58.160> the<00:19:58.320> hand<00:19:58.559> working 00:19:59.029 --> 00:19:59.039 align:start position:0% and when we could keep the hand working 00:19:59.039 --> 00:20:01.830 align:start position:0% and when we could keep the hand working it<00:19:59.200> worked<00:19:59.520> very<00:19:59.760> well 00:20:01.830 --> 00:20:01.840 align:start position:0% it worked very well 00:20:01.840 --> 00:20:04.630 align:start position:0% it worked very well but<00:20:02.080> i<00:20:02.240> never<00:20:02.559> was<00:20:02.799> able<00:20:03.039> to<00:20:03.200> find<00:20:03.919> uh<00:20:04.320> to<00:20:04.480> be 00:20:04.630 --> 00:20:04.640 align:start position:0% but i never was able to find uh to be 00:20:04.640 --> 00:20:05.590 align:start position:0% but i never was able to find uh to be honest<00:20:04.880> with<00:20:05.039> you 00:20:05.590 --> 00:20:05.600 align:start position:0% honest with you 00:20:05.600 --> 00:20:08.070 align:start position:0% honest with you the<00:20:06.080> killer<00:20:06.480> application<00:20:07.760> for<00:20:08.000> a 00:20:08.070 --> 00:20:08.080 align:start position:0% the killer application for a 00:20:08.080 --> 00:20:09.750 align:start position:0% the killer application for a multi-fingered<00:20:08.720> robot<00:20:09.120> hand 00:20:09.750 --> 00:20:09.760 align:start position:0% multi-fingered robot hand 00:20:09.760 --> 00:20:12.390 align:start position:0% multi-fingered robot hand as<00:20:10.000> a<00:20:10.080> robot<00:20:10.480> hand<00:20:10.960> ideally<00:20:11.679> it<00:20:11.760> would<00:20:11.919> be 00:20:12.390 --> 00:20:12.400 align:start position:0% as a robot hand ideally it would be 00:20:12.400 --> 00:20:14.710 align:start position:0% as a robot hand ideally it would be excellent<00:20:12.960> for<00:20:13.120> a<00:20:13.200> prosthetic<00:20:13.840> hand 00:20:14.710 --> 00:20:14.720 align:start position:0% excellent for a prosthetic hand 00:20:14.720 --> 00:20:16.470 align:start position:0% excellent for a prosthetic hand but<00:20:14.880> for<00:20:15.039> a<00:20:15.200> prosthetic<00:20:15.760> hand<00:20:16.080> now<00:20:16.240> when 00:20:16.470 --> 00:20:16.480 align:start position:0% but for a prosthetic hand now when 00:20:16.480 --> 00:20:19.430 align:start position:0% but for a prosthetic hand now when needed<00:20:16.880> nearly<00:20:17.280> total<00:20:17.520> reliability 00:20:19.430 --> 00:20:19.440 align:start position:0% needed nearly total reliability 00:20:19.440 --> 00:20:25.590 align:start position:0% needed nearly total reliability uh<00:20:20.080> in<00:20:20.240> the<00:20:20.880> for<00:20:21.120> the<00:20:21.200> robotic<00:20:21.760> hand 00:20:25.590 --> 00:20:25.600 align:start position:0% 00:20:25.600 --> 00:20:27.830 align:start position:0% the<00:20:25.840> applications<00:20:26.400> that<00:20:26.640> we<00:20:26.880> tried<00:20:27.600> which 00:20:27.830 --> 00:20:27.840 align:start position:0% the applications that we tried which 00:20:27.840 --> 00:20:28.789 align:start position:0% the applications that we tried which were<00:20:28.080> primarily 00:20:28.789 --> 00:20:28.799 align:start position:0% were primarily 00:20:28.799 --> 00:20:31.830 align:start position:0% were primarily having<00:20:29.120> to<00:20:29.200> do<00:20:29.440> with<00:20:30.240> manufacturing 00:20:31.830 --> 00:20:31.840 align:start position:0% having to do with manufacturing 00:20:31.840 --> 00:20:34.070 align:start position:0% having to do with manufacturing the<00:20:32.000> idea<00:20:32.320> being<00:20:32.559> that<00:20:33.200> since<00:20:33.440> the<00:20:33.520> human<00:20:33.840> hand 00:20:34.070 --> 00:20:34.080 align:start position:0% the idea being that since the human hand 00:20:34.080 --> 00:20:35.669 align:start position:0% the idea being that since the human hand is<00:20:34.159> highly<00:20:34.559> adaptive<00:20:35.039> and<00:20:35.120> it<00:20:35.200> can<00:20:35.360> pick<00:20:35.520> up 00:20:35.669 --> 00:20:35.679 align:start position:0% is highly adaptive and it can pick up 00:20:35.679 --> 00:20:38.390 align:start position:0% is highly adaptive and it can pick up objects<00:20:36.159> of<00:20:36.240> a<00:20:36.400> variety<00:20:36.880> of<00:20:37.039> shapes<00:20:37.360> and<00:20:37.520> sizes 00:20:38.390 --> 00:20:38.400 align:start position:0% objects of a variety of shapes and sizes 00:20:38.400 --> 00:20:39.990 align:start position:0% objects of a variety of shapes and sizes the<00:20:38.559> robot<00:20:38.880> hand<00:20:39.120> should<00:20:39.280> be<00:20:39.360> able<00:20:39.600> to<00:20:39.679> do<00:20:39.840> the 00:20:39.990 --> 00:20:40.000 align:start position:0% the robot hand should be able to do the 00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:42.630 align:start position:0% the robot hand should be able to do the same<00:20:41.120> and<00:20:41.440> the<00:20:41.600> answer<00:20:42.000> is<00:20:42.159> yes 00:20:42.630 --> 00:20:42.640 align:start position:0% same and the answer is yes 00:20:42.640 --> 00:20:46.390 align:start position:0% same and the answer is yes it<00:20:42.799> could<00:20:44.159> however 00:20:46.390 --> 00:20:46.400 align:start position:0% it could however 00:20:46.400 --> 00:20:49.669 align:start position:0% it could however to<00:20:46.559> build<00:20:46.799> a<00:20:46.960> five-fingered<00:20:48.080> reliable<00:20:49.120> hand 00:20:49.669 --> 00:20:49.679 align:start position:0% to build a five-fingered reliable hand 00:20:49.679 --> 00:20:52.710 align:start position:0% to build a five-fingered reliable hand is<00:20:49.919> very<00:20:50.240> expensive<00:20:51.679> and<00:20:52.080> it<00:20:52.159> was<00:20:52.400> much 00:20:52.710 --> 00:20:52.720 align:start position:0% is very expensive and it was much 00:20:52.720 --> 00:20:54.710 align:start position:0% is very expensive and it was much cheaper<00:20:53.200> for<00:20:53.440> industry 00:20:54.710 --> 00:20:54.720 align:start position:0% cheaper for industry 00:20:54.720 --> 00:20:57.029 align:start position:0% cheaper for industry for<00:20:54.880> the<00:20:55.360> robot<00:20:55.760> arm<00:20:56.080> to<00:20:56.240> go<00:20:56.400> and<00:20:56.559> pick<00:20:56.799> up<00:20:56.960> a 00:20:57.029 --> 00:20:57.039 align:start position:0% for the robot arm to go and pick up a 00:20:57.039 --> 00:20:58.149 align:start position:0% for the robot arm to go and pick up a different<00:20:57.360> hand 00:20:58.149 --> 00:20:58.159 align:start position:0% different hand 00:20:58.159 --> 00:21:01.190 align:start position:0% different hand from<00:20:58.480> some<00:20:59.520> magazine<00:21:00.080> of<00:21:00.240> hands 00:21:01.190 --> 00:21:01.200 align:start position:0% from some magazine of hands 00:21:01.200 --> 00:21:02.710 align:start position:0% from some magazine of hands then<00:21:01.440> you<00:21:01.520> could<00:21:01.679> get<00:21:01.919> one<00:21:02.080> that<00:21:02.240> would<00:21:02.559> be 00:21:02.710 --> 00:21:02.720 align:start position:0% then you could get one that would be 00:21:02.720 --> 00:21:04.950 align:start position:0% then you could get one that would be designed<00:21:03.120> to<00:21:03.200> pick<00:21:03.440> up<00:21:03.760> small<00:21:04.159> round<00:21:04.480> objects 00:21:04.950 --> 00:21:04.960 align:start position:0% designed to pick up small round objects 00:21:04.960 --> 00:21:07.190 align:start position:0% designed to pick up small round objects or<00:21:05.200> fat<00:21:05.520> square<00:21:05.840> objects<00:21:06.240> and<00:21:06.400> so<00:21:06.559> on 00:21:07.190 --> 00:21:07.200 align:start position:0% or fat square objects and so on 00:21:07.200 --> 00:21:09.750 align:start position:0% or fat square objects and so on and<00:21:07.360> that<00:21:07.520> was<00:21:07.760> a<00:21:07.840> lot<00:21:08.080> less<00:21:08.320> expensive<00:21:09.600> to 00:21:09.750 --> 00:21:09.760 align:start position:0% and that was a lot less expensive to 00:21:09.760 --> 00:21:11.190 align:start position:0% and that was a lot less expensive to have<00:21:09.919> a<00:21:10.000> series<00:21:10.320> of<00:21:10.480> special<00:21:10.799> purpose 00:21:11.190 --> 00:21:11.200 align:start position:0% have a series of special purpose 00:21:11.200 --> 00:21:13.029 align:start position:0% have a series of special purpose grippers 00:21:13.029 --> 00:21:13.039 align:start position:0% grippers 00:21:13.039 --> 00:21:15.110 align:start position:0% grippers but<00:21:13.440> nevertheless<00:21:14.080> we<00:21:14.240> did<00:21:14.480> what<00:21:14.640> professors 00:21:15.110 --> 00:21:15.120 align:start position:0% but nevertheless we did what professors 00:21:15.120 --> 00:21:16.710 align:start position:0% but nevertheless we did what professors do<00:21:15.280> we<00:21:15.440> published<00:21:15.840> a<00:21:15.919> lot<00:21:16.080> of<00:21:16.159> papers<00:21:16.559> on 00:21:16.710 --> 00:21:16.720 align:start position:0% do we published a lot of papers on 00:21:16.720 --> 00:21:19.510 align:start position:0% do we published a lot of papers on grasping 00:21:19.510 --> 00:21:19.520 align:start position:0% 00:21:19.520 --> 00:21:22.149 align:start position:0% great<00:21:20.159> do<00:21:20.320> you<00:21:20.480> still<00:21:20.799> uh<00:21:21.200> do<00:21:21.360> you<00:21:21.520> still 00:21:22.149 --> 00:21:22.159 align:start position:0% great do you still uh do you still 00:21:22.159 --> 00:21:24.230 align:start position:0% great do you still uh do you still involved<00:21:22.480> in<00:21:22.559> the<00:21:22.640> field<00:21:22.880> of<00:21:23.039> grasping 00:21:24.230 --> 00:21:24.240 align:start position:0% involved in the field of grasping 00:21:24.240 --> 00:21:27.669 align:start position:0% involved in the field of grasping not<00:21:24.559> anymore<00:21:25.120> really<00:21:26.480> last<00:21:26.799> year<00:21:27.039> was<00:21:27.280> invited 00:21:27.669 --> 00:21:27.679 align:start position:0% not anymore really last year was invited 00:21:27.679 --> 00:21:28.950 align:start position:0% not anymore really last year was invited to<00:21:27.760> give<00:21:27.919> a<00:21:28.000> talk<00:21:28.240> on<00:21:28.320> the<00:21:28.480> history<00:21:28.799> of 00:21:28.950 --> 00:21:28.960 align:start position:0% to give a talk on the history of 00:21:28.960 --> 00:21:32.630 align:start position:0% to give a talk on the history of grasping 00:21:32.630 --> 00:21:32.640 align:start position:0% 00:21:32.640 --> 00:21:34.710 align:start position:0% and<00:21:33.520> but<00:21:33.679> i<00:21:33.840> don't<00:21:34.000> have<00:21:34.159> anything<00:21:34.320> to<00:21:34.400> do<00:21:34.559> with 00:21:34.710 --> 00:21:34.720 align:start position:0% and but i don't have anything to do with 00:21:34.720 --> 00:21:37.669 align:start position:0% and but i don't have anything to do with it<00:21:34.799> anymore 00:21:37.669 --> 00:21:37.679 align:start position:0% 00:21:37.679 --> 00:21:41.270 align:start position:0% and<00:21:37.840> did<00:21:38.080> you<00:21:38.640> build<00:21:38.880> other<00:21:39.200> hands<00:21:39.679> after<00:21:40.000> that 00:21:41.270 --> 00:21:41.280 align:start position:0% and did you build other hands after that 00:21:41.280 --> 00:21:44.230 align:start position:0% and did you build other hands after that no<00:21:41.600> that<00:21:41.760> was<00:21:42.000> really<00:21:42.240> the<00:21:42.480> only<00:21:42.799> hand<00:21:43.120> that<00:21:44.000> we 00:21:44.230 --> 00:21:44.240 align:start position:0% no that was really the only hand that we 00:21:44.240 --> 00:21:45.669 align:start position:0% no that was really the only hand that we built 00:21:45.669 --> 00:21:45.679 align:start position:0% built 00:21:45.679 --> 00:21:48.950 align:start position:0% built there<00:21:45.919> are<00:21:46.000> still 00:21:48.950 --> 00:21:48.960 align:start position:0% 00:21:48.960 --> 00:21:51.990 align:start position:0% i<00:21:49.200> still<00:21:49.360> have<00:21:49.600> one<00:21:49.919> the<00:21:50.080> latest<00:21:50.480> model<00:21:51.039> in 00:21:51.990 --> 00:21:52.000 align:start position:0% i still have one the latest model in 00:21:52.000 --> 00:21:57.590 align:start position:0% i still have one the latest model in a<00:21:53.520> file<00:21:53.840> cabinet<00:21:54.320> in<00:21:54.400> my<00:21:54.559> office<00:21:54.880> at<00:21:54.960> usc 00:21:57.590 --> 00:21:57.600 align:start position:0% 00:21:57.600 --> 00:22:00.149 align:start position:0% and<00:21:58.159> it<00:21:58.799> comes<00:21:59.120> out<00:21:59.280> occasionally<00:21:59.919> for 00:22:00.149 --> 00:22:00.159 align:start position:0% and it comes out occasionally for 00:22:00.159 --> 00:22:03.590 align:start position:0% and it comes out occasionally for historical<00:22:00.720> reasons 00:22:03.590 --> 00:22:03.600 align:start position:0% 00:22:03.600 --> 00:22:06.390 align:start position:0% um<00:22:03.919> what<00:22:04.159> was<00:22:04.320> the<00:22:04.400> first<00:22:04.799> uh<00:22:05.679> mobile<00:22:06.000> robot 00:22:06.390 --> 00:22:06.400 align:start position:0% um what was the first uh mobile robot 00:22:06.400 --> 00:22:14.230 align:start position:0% um what was the first uh mobile robot that<00:22:06.640> you<00:22:06.799> worked<00:22:10.840> on 00:22:14.230 --> 00:22:14.240 align:start position:0% 00:22:14.240 --> 00:22:17.110 align:start position:0% well<00:22:14.480> there<00:22:14.640> were<00:22:15.919> we<00:22:16.080> built<00:22:16.400> two<00:22:16.640> or<00:22:16.799> three<00:22:17.039> of 00:22:17.110 --> 00:22:17.120 align:start position:0% well there were we built two or three of 00:22:17.120 --> 00:22:17.590 align:start position:0% well there were we built two or three of them 00:22:17.590 --> 00:22:17.600 align:start position:0% them 00:22:17.600 --> 00:22:19.270 align:start position:0% them and<00:22:17.840> i'm<00:22:18.000> trying<00:22:18.159> to<00:22:18.320> remember<00:22:18.640> which<00:22:18.880> one<00:22:19.039> was 00:22:19.270 --> 00:22:19.280 align:start position:0% and i'm trying to remember which one was 00:22:19.280 --> 00:22:20.630 align:start position:0% and i'm trying to remember which one was the<00:22:19.360> first<00:22:19.679> one 00:22:20.630 --> 00:22:20.640 align:start position:0% the first one 00:22:20.640 --> 00:22:22.470 align:start position:0% the first one you<00:22:20.720> can<00:22:20.880> just<00:22:21.039> tell<00:22:21.200> me<00:22:21.360> about<00:22:21.600> all<00:22:21.760> of<00:22:21.919> them 00:22:22.470 --> 00:22:22.480 align:start position:0% you can just tell me about all of them 00:22:22.480 --> 00:22:24.310 align:start position:0% you can just tell me about all of them well 00:22:24.310 --> 00:22:24.320 align:start position:0% well 00:22:24.320 --> 00:22:30.310 align:start position:0% well okay<00:22:24.960> so 00:22:30.310 --> 00:22:30.320 align:start position:0% 00:22:30.320 --> 00:22:33.350 align:start position:0% the<00:22:30.559> first<00:22:31.679> mobile<00:22:32.080> robot 00:22:33.350 --> 00:22:33.360 align:start position:0% the first mobile robot 00:22:33.360 --> 00:22:37.430 align:start position:0% the first mobile robot that<00:22:33.600> i<00:22:33.760> worked<00:22:34.080> on<00:22:34.480> was<00:22:34.720> actually<00:22:35.280> done 00:22:37.430 --> 00:22:37.440 align:start position:0% that i worked on was actually done 00:22:37.440 --> 00:22:40.549 align:start position:0% that i worked on was actually done jointly<00:22:38.840> with 00:22:40.549 --> 00:22:40.559 align:start position:0% jointly with 00:22:40.559 --> 00:22:44.630 align:start position:0% jointly with bob<00:22:40.880> mcgee<00:22:42.559> who 00:22:44.630 --> 00:22:44.640 align:start position:0% bob mcgee who 00:22:44.640 --> 00:22:47.510 align:start position:0% bob mcgee who joined<00:22:44.880> the<00:22:45.039> e<00:22:45.280> faculty<00:22:45.760> at<00:22:46.640> usc<00:22:47.280> about<00:22:47.440> the 00:22:47.510 --> 00:22:47.520 align:start position:0% joined the e faculty at usc about the 00:22:47.520 --> 00:22:50.870 align:start position:0% joined the e faculty at usc about the same<00:22:47.760> time<00:22:48.000> i<00:22:48.080> did<00:22:48.320> he<00:22:48.400> had<00:22:48.480> just<00:22:48.799> graduated 00:22:50.870 --> 00:22:50.880 align:start position:0% same time i did he had just graduated 00:22:50.880 --> 00:22:54.549 align:start position:0% same time i did he had just graduated and<00:22:51.200> we<00:22:51.360> had<00:22:51.520> a<00:22:51.600> phd<00:22:52.159> student<00:22:53.760> named<00:22:54.159> andrew 00:22:54.549 --> 00:22:54.559 align:start position:0% and we had a phd student named andrew 00:22:54.559 --> 00:22:55.590 align:start position:0% and we had a phd student named andrew frank 00:22:55.590 --> 00:22:55.600 align:start position:0% frank 00:22:55.600 --> 00:22:59.590 align:start position:0% frank andy<00:22:56.000> is<00:22:56.080> now<00:22:56.320> in<00:22:56.400> the<00:22:56.480> faculty<00:22:56.960> at<00:22:57.039> uc<00:22:57.440> davis 00:22:59.590 --> 00:22:59.600 align:start position:0% andy is now in the faculty at uc davis 00:22:59.600 --> 00:23:03.669 align:start position:0% andy is now in the faculty at uc davis but<00:22:59.760> he<00:23:00.000> had<00:23:00.159> the<00:23:00.640> marvelous 00:23:03.669 --> 00:23:03.679 align:start position:0% 00:23:03.679 --> 00:23:05.590 align:start position:0% combination<00:23:04.320> of<00:23:04.400> having<00:23:04.720> had<00:23:04.960> a<00:23:05.200> bachelor's 00:23:05.590 --> 00:23:05.600 align:start position:0% combination of having had a bachelor's 00:23:05.600 --> 00:23:07.350 align:start position:0% combination of having had a bachelor's degree<00:23:05.919> in<00:23:06.000> mechanical<00:23:06.480> engineering 00:23:07.350 --> 00:23:07.360 align:start position:0% degree in mechanical engineering 00:23:07.360 --> 00:23:09.029 align:start position:0% degree in mechanical engineering so<00:23:07.600> he<00:23:07.760> really<00:23:08.080> understood<00:23:08.480> mechanical 00:23:09.029 --> 00:23:09.039 align:start position:0% so he really understood mechanical 00:23:09.039 --> 00:23:10.549 align:start position:0% so he really understood mechanical things 00:23:10.549 --> 00:23:10.559 align:start position:0% things 00:23:10.559 --> 00:23:13.590 align:start position:0% things and<00:23:10.799> so<00:23:11.120> in<00:23:11.280> the<00:23:11.559> 1960s<00:23:12.720> we<00:23:12.960> built 00:23:13.590 --> 00:23:13.600 align:start position:0% and so in the 1960s we built 00:23:13.600 --> 00:23:15.510 align:start position:0% and so in the 1960s we built the<00:23:13.760> first<00:23:14.159> four-legged<00:23:14.720> walking<00:23:15.039> machine<00:23:15.440> in 00:23:15.510 --> 00:23:15.520 align:start position:0% the first four-legged walking machine in 00:23:15.520 --> 00:23:17.110 align:start position:0% the first four-legged walking machine in north<00:23:15.760> america<00:23:16.320> to<00:23:16.480> the<00:23:16.559> best<00:23:16.799> of<00:23:17.039> our 00:23:17.110 --> 00:23:17.120 align:start position:0% north america to the best of our 00:23:17.120 --> 00:23:18.710 align:start position:0% north america to the best of our knowledge 00:23:18.710 --> 00:23:18.720 align:start position:0% knowledge 00:23:18.720 --> 00:23:23.270 align:start position:0% knowledge and<00:23:19.679> which<00:23:20.840> was 00:23:23.270 --> 00:23:23.280 align:start position:0% and which was 00:23:23.280 --> 00:23:26.470 align:start position:0% and which was it<00:23:23.360> was<00:23:23.600> mechanical<00:23:24.320> and<00:23:24.559> slow<00:23:25.919> but<00:23:26.159> it<00:23:26.240> did 00:23:26.470 --> 00:23:26.480 align:start position:0% it was mechanical and slow but it did 00:23:26.480 --> 00:23:27.270 align:start position:0% it was mechanical and slow but it did walk 00:23:27.270 --> 00:23:27.280 align:start position:0% walk 00:23:27.280 --> 00:23:29.430 align:start position:0% walk and<00:23:27.440> you<00:23:27.600> walked<00:23:27.840> with<00:23:28.000> a<00:23:28.080> variety<00:23:28.480> of<00:23:28.640> gates 00:23:29.430 --> 00:23:29.440 align:start position:0% and you walked with a variety of gates 00:23:29.440 --> 00:23:30.549 align:start position:0% and you walked with a variety of gates slowly 00:23:30.549 --> 00:23:30.559 align:start position:0% slowly 00:23:30.559 --> 00:23:32.789 align:start position:0% slowly and<00:23:30.799> it<00:23:30.880> could<00:23:31.120> it<00:23:31.280> could<00:23:31.440> do<00:23:32.000> the<00:23:32.159> equivalent 00:23:32.789 --> 00:23:32.799 align:start position:0% and it could it could do the equivalent 00:23:32.799 --> 00:23:35.350 align:start position:0% and it could it could do the equivalent gate<00:23:33.120> of<00:23:33.280> a<00:23:33.520> trot<00:23:34.000> for<00:23:34.159> example 00:23:35.350 --> 00:23:35.360 align:start position:0% gate of a trot for example 00:23:35.360 --> 00:23:38.070 align:start position:0% gate of a trot for example we<00:23:35.520> called<00:23:35.760> it<00:23:35.919> a<00:23:36.000> horse<00:23:37.280> but<00:23:37.520> of<00:23:37.600> course<00:23:38.000> it 00:23:38.070 --> 00:23:38.080 align:start position:0% we called it a horse but of course it 00:23:38.080 --> 00:23:40.070 align:start position:0% we called it a horse but of course it didn't<00:23:38.320> really<00:23:38.559> look<00:23:38.720> like<00:23:38.960> a<00:23:39.039> horse<00:23:39.360> but 00:23:40.070 --> 00:23:40.080 align:start position:0% didn't really look like a horse but 00:23:40.080 --> 00:23:43.029 align:start position:0% didn't really look like a horse but more<00:23:40.240> or<00:23:40.400> less<00:23:40.640> it<00:23:40.720> made<00:23:40.880> it<00:23:41.360> had<00:23:41.600> longer<00:23:41.919> legs 00:23:43.029 --> 00:23:43.039 align:start position:0% more or less it made it had longer legs 00:23:43.039 --> 00:23:48.950 align:start position:0% more or less it made it had longer legs that<00:23:43.279> green<00:23:43.520> book<00:23:43.760> has<00:23:43.919> a<00:23:44.000> picture<00:23:44.320> of<00:23:44.480> it 00:23:48.950 --> 00:23:48.960 align:start position:0% 00:23:48.960 --> 00:23:50.710 align:start position:0% if<00:23:49.120> you<00:23:49.360> look<00:23:49.520> in<00:23:49.600> the<00:23:49.760> index<00:23:50.159> under<00:23:50.400> phony 00:23:50.710 --> 00:23:50.720 align:start position:0% if you look in the index under phony 00:23:50.720 --> 00:23:52.630 align:start position:0% if you look in the index under phony pony<00:23:51.039> you'll<00:23:51.279> find<00:23:51.520> it 00:23:52.630 --> 00:23:52.640 align:start position:0% pony you'll find it 00:23:52.640 --> 00:23:54.070 align:start position:0% pony you'll find it was<00:23:52.720> the<00:23:52.799> name<00:23:53.039> of<00:23:53.120> it<00:23:53.279> the<00:23:53.440> phony<00:23:53.760> point<00:23:54.000> it 00:23:54.070 --> 00:23:54.080 align:start position:0% was the name of it the phony point it 00:23:54.080 --> 00:23:55.590 align:start position:0% was the name of it the phony point it was<00:23:54.240> the<00:23:54.320> name<00:23:54.480> of<00:23:54.640> it<00:23:54.799> it<00:23:54.960> shows<00:23:55.200> up<00:23:55.279> in<00:23:55.440> other 00:23:55.590 --> 00:23:55.600 align:start position:0% was the name of it it shows up in other 00:23:55.600 --> 00:23:58.549 align:start position:0% was the name of it it shows up in other people's<00:23:55.919> robotics<00:23:56.480> books 00:23:58.549 --> 00:23:58.559 align:start position:0% people's robotics books 00:23:58.559 --> 00:24:03.590 align:start position:0% people's robotics books what<00:23:58.799> year<00:23:58.960> was<00:23:59.120> that<00:23:59.760> i'm<00:24:00.159> i'm<00:24:01.279> guessing 00:24:03.590 --> 00:24:03.600 align:start position:0% what year was that i'm i'm guessing 00:24:03.600 --> 00:24:17.110 align:start position:0% what year was that i'm i'm guessing 68<00:24:04.240> 69. 00:24:17.110 --> 00:24:17.120 align:start position:0% 00:24:17.120 --> 00:24:19.590 align:start position:0% not<00:24:17.360> there<00:24:17.840> not<00:24:18.080> in<00:24:18.159> the<00:24:18.320> index<00:24:18.720> but<00:24:18.960> um<00:24:19.360> oh 00:24:19.590 --> 00:24:19.600 align:start position:0% not there not in the index but um oh 00:24:19.600 --> 00:24:27.110 align:start position:0% not there not in the index but um oh well<00:24:19.840> i'll<00:24:20.240> go<00:24:20.480> show<00:24:20.640> it<00:24:20.799> to<00:24:20.880> you 00:24:27.110 --> 00:24:27.120 align:start position:0% 00:24:27.120 --> 00:24:30.230 align:start position:0% so<00:24:27.279> this<00:24:27.440> was<00:24:28.960> but<00:24:29.200> you<00:24:29.360> were 00:24:30.230 --> 00:24:30.240 align:start position:0% so this was but you were 00:24:30.240 --> 00:24:31.830 align:start position:0% so this was but you were this<00:24:30.480> was<00:24:30.640> before<00:24:30.960> you<00:24:31.200> really<00:24:31.360> got<00:24:31.600> into 00:24:31.830 --> 00:24:31.840 align:start position:0% this was before you really got into 00:24:31.840 --> 00:24:40.549 align:start position:0% this was before you really got into robotics<00:24:32.720> in<00:24:32.880> the<00:24:32.960> 80s 00:24:40.549 --> 00:24:40.559 align:start position:0% 00:24:40.559 --> 00:24:43.909 align:start position:0% i<00:24:40.720> have<00:24:40.880> a<00:24:40.960> video<00:24:41.360> of<00:24:41.440> this<00:24:41.679> thing<00:24:42.640> yeah 00:24:43.909 --> 00:24:43.919 align:start position:0% i have a video of this thing yeah 00:24:43.919 --> 00:24:48.310 align:start position:0% i have a video of this thing yeah walking<00:24:44.840> so 00:24:48.310 --> 00:24:48.320 align:start position:0% 00:24:48.320 --> 00:24:50.950 align:start position:0% well<00:24:48.400> that's<00:24:48.640> really<00:24:48.960> not<00:24:49.200> true<00:24:49.600> i<00:24:49.919> i<00:24:50.559> i<00:24:50.799> sort 00:24:50.950 --> 00:24:50.960 align:start position:0% well that's really not true i i i sort 00:24:50.960 --> 00:24:52.710 align:start position:0% well that's really not true i i i sort of<00:24:51.120> repressed<00:24:51.679> this<00:24:51.919> idea<00:24:52.240> because<00:24:52.480> this 00:24:52.710 --> 00:24:52.720 align:start position:0% of repressed this idea because this 00:24:52.720 --> 00:24:53.830 align:start position:0% of repressed this idea because this really<00:24:52.960> was<00:24:53.200> a<00:24:53.279> robot 00:24:53.830 --> 00:24:53.840 align:start position:0% really was a robot 00:24:53.840 --> 00:24:55.990 align:start position:0% really was a robot okay<00:24:54.159> yeah<00:24:54.480> but<00:24:54.720> then<00:24:55.200> we<00:24:55.360> didn't<00:24:55.600> do<00:24:55.760> anything 00:24:55.990 --> 00:24:56.000 align:start position:0% okay yeah but then we didn't do anything 00:24:56.000 --> 00:24:57.190 align:start position:0% okay yeah but then we didn't do anything for<00:24:56.159> 20<00:24:56.480> years 00:24:57.190 --> 00:24:57.200 align:start position:0% for 20 years 00:24:57.200 --> 00:24:59.590 align:start position:0% for 20 years but<00:24:57.360> you<00:24:57.919> consider<00:24:58.320> this<00:24:58.799> robotics<00:24:59.360> at<00:24:59.440> the 00:24:59.590 --> 00:24:59.600 align:start position:0% but you consider this robotics at the 00:24:59.600 --> 00:25:01.029 align:start position:0% but you consider this robotics at the time<00:24:59.760> or<00:24:59.919> did<00:25:00.080> you<00:25:00.159> consider<00:25:00.559> this<00:25:00.720> just<00:25:00.960> a 00:25:01.029 --> 00:25:01.039 align:start position:0% time or did you consider this just a 00:25:01.039 --> 00:25:01.909 align:start position:0% time or did you consider this just a control 00:25:01.909 --> 00:25:01.919 align:start position:0% control 00:25:01.919 --> 00:25:05.350 align:start position:0% control application<00:25:02.799> or<00:25:03.200> well<00:25:03.440> i<00:25:04.400> i<00:25:04.559> wasn't<00:25:04.960> using<00:25:05.279> the 00:25:05.350 --> 00:25:05.360 align:start position:0% application or well i i wasn't using the 00:25:05.360 --> 00:25:07.990 align:start position:0% application or well i i wasn't using the word<00:25:05.600> robotics<00:25:06.159> i<00:25:06.240> don't<00:25:06.400> think<00:25:06.559> we<00:25:06.720> did 00:25:07.990 --> 00:25:08.000 align:start position:0% word robotics i don't think we did 00:25:08.000 --> 00:25:10.390 align:start position:0% word robotics i don't think we did well<00:25:08.480> this<00:25:08.640> was<00:25:08.799> an<00:25:08.960> artificial<00:25:09.440> quadruped 00:25:10.390 --> 00:25:10.400 align:start position:0% well this was an artificial quadruped 00:25:10.400 --> 00:25:11.190 align:start position:0% well this was an artificial quadruped and 00:25:11.190 --> 00:25:11.200 align:start position:0% and 00:25:11.200 --> 00:25:13.510 align:start position:0% and so<00:25:11.600> i<00:25:11.679> don't<00:25:11.840> know<00:25:12.080> i<00:25:12.400> i<00:25:12.799> don't<00:25:13.039> remember 00:25:13.510 --> 00:25:13.520 align:start position:0% so i don't know i i don't remember 00:25:13.520 --> 00:25:15.190 align:start position:0% so i don't know i i don't remember whether<00:25:13.840> we<00:25:14.000> used<00:25:14.159> the<00:25:14.240> word<00:25:14.480> robot 00:25:15.190 --> 00:25:15.200 align:start position:0% whether we used the word robot 00:25:15.200 --> 00:25:17.350 align:start position:0% whether we used the word robot i<00:25:15.360> don't<00:25:15.840> i'm<00:25:16.000> not<00:25:16.240> sure<00:25:16.559> to<00:25:16.720> be<00:25:16.880> honest<00:25:17.120> with 00:25:17.350 --> 00:25:17.360 align:start position:0% i don't i'm not sure to be honest with 00:25:17.360 --> 00:25:19.510 align:start position:0% i don't i'm not sure to be honest with you<00:25:18.080> but<00:25:18.240> i<00:25:18.400> remember<00:25:18.640> that<00:25:18.880> also 00:25:19.510 --> 00:25:19.520 align:start position:0% you but i remember that also 00:25:19.520 --> 00:25:23.590 align:start position:0% you but i remember that also somewhere<00:25:21.600> it<00:25:21.760> may<00:25:22.000> have<00:25:22.080> been<00:25:22.320> in<00:25:22.400> the<00:25:22.600> 1970s 00:25:23.590 --> 00:25:23.600 align:start position:0% somewhere it may have been in the 1970s 00:25:23.600 --> 00:25:24.950 align:start position:0% somewhere it may have been in the 1970s or<00:25:23.840> 80s 00:25:24.950 --> 00:25:24.960 align:start position:0% or 80s 00:25:24.960 --> 00:25:28.870 align:start position:0% or 80s when<00:25:25.760> i<00:25:25.840> would<00:25:26.000> talk<00:25:26.240> to<00:25:26.480> people<00:25:26.799> from<00:25:27.440> darpa 00:25:28.870 --> 00:25:28.880 align:start position:0% when i would talk to people from darpa 00:25:28.880 --> 00:25:32.630 align:start position:0% when i would talk to people from darpa and<00:25:29.120> i<00:25:29.200> use<00:25:29.440> the<00:25:29.520> word<00:25:29.840> robots<00:25:30.720> they<00:25:30.960> say<00:25:31.200> well 00:25:32.630 --> 00:25:32.640 align:start position:0% and i use the word robots they say well 00:25:32.640 --> 00:25:34.470 align:start position:0% and i use the word robots they say well i<00:25:32.720> remember<00:25:33.039> these<00:25:33.279> people<00:25:33.520> telling<00:25:33.840> me<00:25:34.320> if 00:25:34.470 --> 00:25:34.480 align:start position:0% i remember these people telling me if 00:25:34.480 --> 00:25:35.830 align:start position:0% i remember these people telling me if you<00:25:34.640> use<00:25:34.880> that<00:25:35.200> word 00:25:35.830 --> 00:25:35.840 align:start position:0% you use that word 00:25:35.840 --> 00:25:38.149 align:start position:0% you use that word in<00:25:36.080> a<00:25:36.159> proposal<00:25:37.120> we<00:25:37.279> can<00:25:37.440> guarantee<00:25:37.919> you<00:25:38.000> will 00:25:38.149 --> 00:25:38.159 align:start position:0% in a proposal we can guarantee you will 00:25:38.159 --> 00:25:40.310 align:start position:0% in a proposal we can guarantee you will not<00:25:38.320> be<00:25:38.559> funded 00:25:40.310 --> 00:25:40.320 align:start position:0% not be funded 00:25:40.320 --> 00:25:42.470 align:start position:0% not be funded because<00:25:40.559> that's<00:25:40.799> considered<00:25:41.200> a<00:25:41.279> bad<00:25:41.600> word<00:25:42.080> at 00:25:42.470 --> 00:25:42.480 align:start position:0% because that's considered a bad word at 00:25:42.480 --> 00:25:43.830 align:start position:0% because that's considered a bad word at darpa 00:25:43.830 --> 00:25:43.840 align:start position:0% darpa 00:25:43.840 --> 00:25:45.990 align:start position:0% darpa because<00:25:44.640> so<00:25:44.799> much<00:25:45.039> money<00:25:45.279> has<00:25:45.360> been<00:25:45.520> wasted<00:25:45.919> on 00:25:45.990 --> 00:25:46.000 align:start position:0% because so much money has been wasted on 00:25:46.000 --> 00:25:48.310 align:start position:0% because so much money has been wasted on robots<00:25:46.400> and<00:25:46.480> they<00:25:46.640> don't<00:25:46.799> work 00:25:48.310 --> 00:25:48.320 align:start position:0% robots and they don't work 00:25:48.320 --> 00:25:52.470 align:start position:0% robots and they don't work but<00:25:48.480> then<00:25:48.640> they<00:25:48.799> came<00:25:49.039> back<00:25:50.000> with<00:25:50.240> a<00:25:50.320> vengeance 00:25:52.470 --> 00:25:52.480 align:start position:0% but then they came back with a vengeance 00:25:52.480 --> 00:25:55.190 align:start position:0% but then they came back with a vengeance so<00:25:53.919> you<00:25:54.000> know<00:25:54.159> so<00:25:54.400> so<00:25:54.559> i've<00:25:54.720> seen<00:25:54.880> some<00:25:55.039> of 00:25:55.190 --> 00:25:55.200 align:start position:0% so you know so so i've seen some of 00:25:55.200 --> 00:25:58.710 align:start position:0% so you know so so i've seen some of these<00:25:55.360> trends<00:25:55.840> in<00:25:56.000> society<00:25:56.559> as<00:25:56.720> well 00:25:58.710 --> 00:25:58.720 align:start position:0% these trends in society as well 00:25:58.720 --> 00:26:00.549 align:start position:0% these trends in society as well anyway<00:25:59.120> that<00:25:59.360> machine<00:25:59.600> was<00:25:59.840> very<00:26:00.000> interesting 00:26:00.549 --> 00:26:00.559 align:start position:0% anyway that machine was very interesting 00:26:00.559 --> 00:26:03.430 align:start position:0% anyway that machine was very interesting it<00:26:00.880> uh<00:26:01.200> it<00:26:01.679> really<00:26:02.000> did<00:26:02.240> walk<00:26:02.480> very<00:26:02.720> nicely 00:26:03.430 --> 00:26:03.440 align:start position:0% it uh it really did walk very nicely 00:26:03.440 --> 00:26:06.549 align:start position:0% it uh it really did walk very nicely it<00:26:03.679> had<00:26:05.200> it<00:26:05.360> didn't<00:26:05.600> have<00:26:05.679> any<00:26:05.919> ankles 00:26:06.549 --> 00:26:06.559 align:start position:0% it had it didn't have any ankles 00:26:06.559 --> 00:26:09.510 align:start position:0% it had it didn't have any ankles it<00:26:07.360> it<00:26:07.520> had<00:26:07.760> a<00:26:07.840> large<00:26:08.159> horizontal<00:26:08.880> bar<00:26:09.360> to 00:26:09.510 --> 00:26:09.520 align:start position:0% it it had a large horizontal bar to 00:26:09.520 --> 00:26:11.669 align:start position:0% it it had a large horizontal bar to provide<00:26:09.919> lateral<00:26:10.320> stability 00:26:11.669 --> 00:26:11.679 align:start position:0% provide lateral stability 00:26:11.679 --> 00:26:15.909 align:start position:0% provide lateral stability but<00:26:11.840> it<00:26:12.000> had<00:26:12.159> hip<00:26:12.400> and<00:26:12.480> knee<00:26:12.640> joints<00:26:14.480> and 00:26:15.909 --> 00:26:15.919 align:start position:0% but it had hip and knee joints and 00:26:15.919 --> 00:26:19.990 align:start position:0% but it had hip and knee joints and so<00:26:17.520> it<00:26:17.679> was<00:26:17.919> able<00:26:18.159> to<00:26:18.720> pace<00:26:19.120> and<00:26:19.279> walk<00:26:19.520> and<00:26:19.679> trot 00:26:19.990 --> 00:26:20.000 align:start position:0% so it was able to pace and walk and trot 00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:20.710 align:start position:0% so it was able to pace and walk and trot and<00:26:20.159> so<00:26:20.320> on 00:26:20.710 --> 00:26:20.720 align:start position:0% and so on 00:26:20.720 --> 00:26:22.390 align:start position:0% and so on and<00:26:20.880> what<00:26:21.039> kind<00:26:21.200> of<00:26:21.279> control<00:26:21.760> system<00:26:22.080> did<00:26:22.320> it 00:26:22.390 --> 00:26:22.400 align:start position:0% and what kind of control system did it 00:26:22.400 --> 00:26:24.070 align:start position:0% and what kind of control system did it use<00:26:23.440> it<00:26:23.679> used 00:26:24.070 --> 00:26:24.080 align:start position:0% use it used 00:26:24.080 --> 00:26:32.870 align:start position:0% use it used a<00:26:24.320> um 00:26:32.870 --> 00:26:32.880 align:start position:0% 00:26:32.880 --> 00:26:36.230 align:start position:0% it<00:26:32.960> was<00:26:33.120> a<00:26:33.200> digital<00:26:33.520> control<00:26:33.919> system<00:26:35.760> designed 00:26:36.230 --> 00:26:36.240 align:start position:0% it was a digital control system designed 00:26:36.240 --> 00:26:42.549 align:start position:0% it was a digital control system designed largely<00:26:36.640> by<00:26:36.880> bob<00:26:37.120> mcgee 00:26:42.549 --> 00:26:42.559 align:start position:0% 00:26:42.559 --> 00:27:20.149 align:start position:0% let<00:26:42.720> me<00:26:42.880> go<00:26:43.039> to<00:26:43.120> the<00:26:43.200> book<00:26:43.360> for<00:26:43.520> just<00:26:43.760> a<00:26:50.840> second 00:27:20.149 --> 00:27:20.159 align:start position:0% 00:27:20.159 --> 00:27:22.950 align:start position:0% well<00:27:20.399> there<00:27:20.559> were<00:27:20.640> some<00:27:20.880> ideas<00:27:21.520> there<00:27:22.559> which 00:27:22.950 --> 00:27:22.960 align:start position:0% well there were some ideas there which 00:27:22.960 --> 00:27:24.070 align:start position:0% well there were some ideas there which appeared<00:27:23.520> in 00:27:24.070 --> 00:27:24.080 align:start position:0% appeared in 00:27:24.080 --> 00:27:29.909 align:start position:0% appeared in in<00:27:24.399> later<00:27:24.799> things<00:27:25.679> that<00:27:25.840> i<00:27:26.000> worked<00:27:26.320> on<00:27:26.960> so 00:27:29.909 --> 00:27:29.919 align:start position:0% 00:27:29.919 --> 00:27:33.269 align:start position:0% i<00:27:30.240> always<00:27:30.640> felt<00:27:31.440> that 00:27:33.269 --> 00:27:33.279 align:start position:0% i always felt that 00:27:33.279 --> 00:27:37.909 align:start position:0% i always felt that an<00:27:33.520> animal<00:27:34.640> or<00:27:34.880> a<00:27:34.960> human 00:27:37.909 --> 00:27:37.919 align:start position:0% 00:27:37.919 --> 00:27:42.070 align:start position:0% does<00:27:38.240> not<00:27:39.679> control 00:27:42.070 --> 00:27:42.080 align:start position:0% does not control 00:27:42.080 --> 00:27:44.710 align:start position:0% does not control every<00:27:42.880> minuscule<00:27:43.600> element<00:27:44.000> of<00:27:44.080> the<00:27:44.240> motion<00:27:44.640> of 00:27:44.710 --> 00:27:44.720 align:start position:0% every minuscule element of the motion of 00:27:44.720 --> 00:27:46.549 align:start position:0% every minuscule element of the motion of their<00:27:44.960> limbs 00:27:46.549 --> 00:27:46.559 align:start position:0% their limbs 00:27:46.559 --> 00:27:47.750 align:start position:0% their limbs right<00:27:46.799> i<00:27:46.880> mean<00:27:47.120> i<00:27:47.200> don't<00:27:47.440> solve<00:27:47.679> the 00:27:47.750 --> 00:27:47.760 align:start position:0% right i mean i don't solve the 00:27:47.760 --> 00:27:49.350 align:start position:0% right i mean i don't solve the differential<00:27:48.240> equations<00:27:48.720> of<00:27:48.799> motion<00:27:49.120> of<00:27:49.200> my 00:27:49.350 --> 00:27:49.360 align:start position:0% differential equations of motion of my 00:27:49.360 --> 00:27:51.430 align:start position:0% differential equations of motion of my legs<00:27:49.600> when<00:27:49.760> i'm<00:27:49.919> walking 00:27:51.430 --> 00:27:51.440 align:start position:0% legs when i'm walking 00:27:51.440 --> 00:27:54.630 align:start position:0% legs when i'm walking right<00:27:51.760> so<00:27:52.399> there's<00:27:52.799> a<00:27:52.880> combination<00:27:54.000> of 00:27:54.630 --> 00:27:54.640 align:start position:0% right so there's a combination of 00:27:54.640 --> 00:27:57.990 align:start position:0% right so there's a combination of learning<00:27:55.120> and<00:27:55.279> autonomy<00:27:56.640> uh<00:27:56.880> that<00:27:57.120> occurs 00:27:57.990 --> 00:27:58.000 align:start position:0% learning and autonomy uh that occurs 00:27:58.000 --> 00:28:01.269 align:start position:0% learning and autonomy uh that occurs in<00:27:58.159> the<00:27:58.320> way<00:27:58.720> in<00:27:58.880> which<00:27:59.440> we<00:27:59.679> do<00:27:59.840> this<00:28:00.480> and 00:28:01.269 --> 00:28:01.279 align:start position:0% in the way in which we do this and 00:28:01.279 --> 00:28:04.789 align:start position:0% in the way in which we do this and so<00:28:01.520> we<00:28:01.520> we<00:28:02.159> adjust<00:28:02.799> the<00:28:02.960> nervous<00:28:03.360> system<00:28:04.240> as<00:28:04.480> a 00:28:04.789 --> 00:28:04.799 align:start position:0% so we we adjust the nervous system as a 00:28:04.799 --> 00:28:05.990 align:start position:0% so we we adjust the nervous system as a in<00:28:04.960> the<00:28:05.039> process<00:28:05.279> of<00:28:05.440> learning<00:28:05.760> from 00:28:05.990 --> 00:28:06.000 align:start position:0% in the process of learning from 00:28:06.000 --> 00:28:09.590 align:start position:0% in the process of learning from childhood<00:28:07.279> so<00:28:07.440> that<00:28:07.679> it 00:28:09.590 --> 00:28:09.600 align:start position:0% childhood so that it 00:28:09.600 --> 00:28:12.549 align:start position:0% childhood so that it it<00:28:09.840> solves<00:28:11.360> by<00:28:11.520> doing<00:28:11.840> learning<00:28:12.240> you<00:28:12.320> don't 00:28:12.549 --> 00:28:12.559 align:start position:0% it solves by doing learning you don't 00:28:12.559 --> 00:28:13.590 align:start position:0% it solves by doing learning you don't have<00:28:12.720> to<00:28:12.880> solve 00:28:13.590 --> 00:28:13.600 align:start position:0% have to solve 00:28:13.600 --> 00:28:16.230 align:start position:0% have to solve the<00:28:13.840> inverse<00:28:14.159> kinematics<00:28:15.120> of<00:28:15.360> motion<00:28:16.080> for 00:28:16.230 --> 00:28:16.240 align:start position:0% the inverse kinematics of motion for 00:28:16.240 --> 00:28:18.149 align:start position:0% the inverse kinematics of motion for every<00:28:16.480> step<00:28:16.720> that<00:28:16.880> you<00:28:17.039> take 00:28:18.149 --> 00:28:18.159 align:start position:0% every step that you take 00:28:18.159 --> 00:28:19.510 align:start position:0% every step that you take because<00:28:18.399> that<00:28:18.559> would<00:28:18.720> require<00:28:19.120> matrix 00:28:19.510 --> 00:28:19.520 align:start position:0% because that would require matrix 00:28:19.520 --> 00:28:21.029 align:start position:0% because that would require matrix inversion<00:28:20.000> and<00:28:20.159> things<00:28:20.399> of<00:28:20.480> that<00:28:20.640> kind<00:28:20.799> which 00:28:21.029 --> 00:28:21.039 align:start position:0% inversion and things of that kind which 00:28:21.039 --> 00:28:22.630 align:start position:0% inversion and things of that kind which we<00:28:21.120> certainly<00:28:21.520> don't<00:28:21.760> do 00:28:22.630 --> 00:28:22.640 align:start position:0% we certainly don't do 00:28:22.640 --> 00:28:26.149 align:start position:0% we certainly don't do in<00:28:22.799> our<00:28:22.960> heads<00:28:25.039> so<00:28:25.279> those<00:28:25.600> principles 00:28:26.149 --> 00:28:26.159 align:start position:0% in our heads so those principles 00:28:26.159 --> 00:28:27.110 align:start position:0% in our heads so those principles appeared<00:28:26.559> here 00:28:27.110 --> 00:28:27.120 align:start position:0% appeared here 00:28:27.120 --> 00:28:31.190 align:start position:0% appeared here and<00:28:28.640> we<00:28:28.960> we<00:28:29.120> called<00:28:29.440> it<00:28:29.600> at<00:28:29.760> the<00:28:29.919> time 00:28:31.190 --> 00:28:31.200 align:start position:0% and we we called it at the time 00:28:31.200 --> 00:28:35.350 align:start position:0% and we we called it at the time autonomy<00:28:33.279> so<00:28:33.520> that<00:28:34.080> each<00:28:34.480> limb<00:28:34.880> was<00:28:35.120> as 00:28:35.350 --> 00:28:35.360 align:start position:0% autonomy so that each limb was as 00:28:35.360 --> 00:28:38.710 align:start position:0% autonomy so that each limb was as autonomous<00:28:35.919> as<00:28:36.080> possible<00:28:36.559> on<00:28:36.720> its<00:28:36.880> own 00:28:38.710 --> 00:28:38.720 align:start position:0% autonomous as possible on its own 00:28:38.720 --> 00:28:40.630 align:start position:0% autonomous as possible on its own and<00:28:38.960> that<00:28:39.200> principle<00:28:39.760> showed<00:28:40.000> up<00:28:40.159> in<00:28:40.399> other 00:28:40.630 --> 00:28:40.640 align:start position:0% and that principle showed up in other 00:28:40.640 --> 00:28:41.750 align:start position:0% and that principle showed up in other things<00:28:40.960> we<00:28:41.120> did 00:28:41.750 --> 00:28:41.760 align:start position:0% things we did 00:28:41.760 --> 00:28:52.310 align:start position:0% things we did later<00:28:43.360> like<00:28:43.600> what 00:28:52.310 --> 00:28:52.320 align:start position:0% 00:28:52.320 --> 00:28:53.990 align:start position:0% i<00:28:52.480> guess<00:28:52.640> i<00:28:52.720> shouldn't<00:28:52.960> have<00:28:53.039> said<00:28:53.279> that<00:28:53.440> right 00:28:53.990 --> 00:28:54.000 align:start position:0% i guess i shouldn't have said that right 00:28:54.000 --> 00:28:55.750 align:start position:0% i guess i shouldn't have said that right but<00:28:54.320> i<00:28:54.720> should<00:28:54.880> have<00:28:54.960> known<00:28:55.200> you<00:28:55.279> would<00:28:55.440> ask<00:28:55.600> me 00:28:55.750 --> 00:28:55.760 align:start position:0% but i should have known you would ask me 00:28:55.760 --> 00:28:56.310 align:start position:0% but i should have known you would ask me but 00:28:56.310 --> 00:28:56.320 align:start position:0% but 00:28:56.320 --> 00:29:03.669 align:start position:0% but how<00:28:56.559> it<00:28:56.640> showed<00:28:56.960> up<00:28:57.120> later 00:29:03.669 --> 00:29:03.679 align:start position:0% 00:29:03.679 --> 00:29:05.190 align:start position:0% do<00:29:03.760> you<00:29:03.840> think<00:29:04.000> it's<00:29:04.159> really<00:29:04.399> good<00:29:04.640> well<00:29:04.799> it<00:29:05.039> it 00:29:05.190 --> 00:29:05.200 align:start position:0% do you think it's really good well it it 00:29:05.200 --> 00:29:06.789 align:start position:0% do you think it's really good well it it also<00:29:05.520> showed<00:29:05.760> up<00:29:05.919> when<00:29:06.080> we<00:29:06.240> began<00:29:06.480> to 00:29:06.789 --> 00:29:06.799 align:start position:0% also showed up when we began to 00:29:06.799 --> 00:29:09.110 align:start position:0% also showed up when we began to disorganize<00:29:08.080> because<00:29:08.240> you<00:29:08.399> see<00:29:08.559> that<00:29:08.960> the 00:29:09.110 --> 00:29:09.120 align:start position:0% disorganize because you see that the 00:29:09.120 --> 00:29:10.830 align:start position:0% disorganize because you see that the hand<00:29:09.440> was<00:29:09.679> meant<00:29:09.840> to<00:29:10.000> be<00:29:10.159> completely 00:29:10.830 --> 00:29:10.840 align:start position:0% hand was meant to be completely 00:29:10.840 --> 00:29:12.070 align:start position:0% hand was meant to be completely autonomous 00:29:12.070 --> 00:29:12.080 align:start position:0% autonomous 00:29:12.080 --> 00:29:14.470 align:start position:0% autonomous it<00:29:12.240> was<00:29:12.480> triggered<00:29:12.880> by<00:29:13.039> a<00:29:13.200> single<00:29:13.520> contact<00:29:14.320> and 00:29:14.470 --> 00:29:14.480 align:start position:0% it was triggered by a single contact and 00:29:14.480 --> 00:29:17.590 align:start position:0% it was triggered by a single contact and then<00:29:14.720> it<00:29:14.799> would<00:29:14.960> autonomously<00:29:15.679> close 00:29:17.590 --> 00:29:17.600 align:start position:0% then it would autonomously close 00:29:17.600 --> 00:29:20.549 align:start position:0% then it would autonomously close so<00:29:17.840> certainly<00:29:18.240> showed<00:29:18.480> up<00:29:18.640> there<00:29:20.399> do<00:29:20.480> you 00:29:20.549 --> 00:29:20.559 align:start position:0% so certainly showed up there do you 00:29:20.559 --> 00:29:21.669 align:start position:0% so certainly showed up there do you think<00:29:20.720> there's<00:29:20.960> some 00:29:21.669 --> 00:29:21.679 align:start position:0% think there's some 00:29:21.679 --> 00:29:25.029 align:start position:0% think there's some relation<00:29:22.159> to<00:29:22.640> the<00:29:22.720> subsumption<00:29:24.320> architecture 00:29:25.029 --> 00:29:25.039 align:start position:0% relation to the subsumption architecture 00:29:25.039 --> 00:29:26.710 align:start position:0% relation to the subsumption architecture approach<00:29:25.440> that<00:29:25.679> randy<00:29:26.000> brooks<00:29:26.320> developed 00:29:26.710 --> 00:29:26.720 align:start position:0% approach that randy brooks developed 00:29:26.720 --> 00:29:27.510 align:start position:0% approach that randy brooks developed later 00:29:27.510 --> 00:29:27.520 align:start position:0% later 00:29:27.520 --> 00:29:30.870 align:start position:0% later oh<00:29:27.760> yes<00:29:28.960> yeah<00:29:29.600> similar<00:29:30.000> concept 00:29:30.870 --> 00:29:30.880 align:start position:0% oh yes yeah similar concept 00:29:30.880 --> 00:29:36.230 align:start position:0% oh yes yeah similar concept well<00:29:31.120> certainly<00:29:31.520> similar<00:29:32.399> um 00:29:36.230 --> 00:29:36.240 align:start position:0% 00:29:36.240 --> 00:29:38.389 align:start position:0% rod<00:29:36.480> and<00:29:36.559> i<00:29:36.640> are<00:29:36.799> friends<00:29:37.120> and<00:29:37.200> i<00:29:37.760> i<00:29:37.919> like<00:29:38.159> him<00:29:38.320> a 00:29:38.389 --> 00:29:38.399 align:start position:0% rod and i are friends and i i like him a 00:29:38.399 --> 00:29:40.789 align:start position:0% rod and i are friends and i i like him a lot<00:29:38.559> and<00:29:38.720> i<00:29:38.799> respect<00:29:39.200> his<00:29:39.360> work<00:29:39.600> enormously 00:29:40.789 --> 00:29:40.799 align:start position:0% lot and i respect his work enormously 00:29:40.799 --> 00:29:44.310 align:start position:0% lot and i respect his work enormously in<00:29:41.200> fact<00:29:41.440> the<00:29:41.679> first<00:29:42.080> um<00:29:43.279> six-legged<00:29:43.840> robot<00:29:44.240> we 00:29:44.310 --> 00:29:44.320 align:start position:0% in fact the first um six-legged robot we 00:29:44.320 --> 00:29:49.750 align:start position:0% in fact the first um six-legged robot we built<00:29:44.559> in<00:29:44.640> the<00:29:44.799> lab<00:29:45.039> we<00:29:45.200> called<00:29:45.440> rodney 00:29:49.750 --> 00:29:49.760 align:start position:0% 00:29:49.760 --> 00:29:52.830 align:start position:0% when<00:29:50.000> i<00:29:50.080> told<00:29:50.320> him<00:29:50.480> that<00:29:50.720> he<00:29:50.880> said<00:29:51.360> thanks<00:29:51.679> a 00:29:52.830 --> 00:29:52.840 align:start position:0% when i told him that he said thanks a 00:29:52.840 --> 00:29:59.909 align:start position:0% when i told him that he said thanks a lot 00:29:59.909 --> 00:29:59.919 align:start position:0% 00:29:59.919 --> 00:30:03.830 align:start position:0% um 00:30:03.830 --> 00:30:03.840 align:start position:0% 00:30:03.840 --> 00:30:05.510 align:start position:0% so<00:30:04.000> were<00:30:04.159> there<00:30:04.320> any<00:30:04.559> other<00:30:04.960> robot-like 00:30:05.510 --> 00:30:05.520 align:start position:0% so were there any other robot-like 00:30:05.520 --> 00:30:07.510 align:start position:0% so were there any other robot-like machines<00:30:06.000> that<00:30:06.080> you<00:30:06.640> that<00:30:06.799> you<00:30:06.960> built<00:30:07.200> before 00:30:07.510 --> 00:30:07.520 align:start position:0% machines that you that you built before 00:30:07.520 --> 00:30:11.990 align:start position:0% machines that you that you built before you<00:30:07.600> called<00:30:07.840> it<00:30:07.919> robotics 00:30:11.990 --> 00:30:12.000 align:start position:0% 00:30:12.000 --> 00:30:15.350 align:start position:0% frankly<00:30:12.399> i<00:30:12.480> don't<00:30:12.720> remember 00:30:15.350 --> 00:30:15.360 align:start position:0% 00:30:15.360 --> 00:30:19.669 align:start position:0% but<00:30:15.600> i<00:30:15.679> don't<00:30:16.000> think<00:30:16.159> so<00:30:16.880> because<00:30:17.279> after<00:30:17.760> this 00:30:19.669 --> 00:30:19.679 align:start position:0% but i don't think so because after this 00:30:19.679 --> 00:30:24.070 align:start position:0% but i don't think so because after this as<00:30:19.919> i<00:30:20.080> told<00:30:20.320> you<00:30:20.399> i<00:30:20.480> went<00:30:20.640> into<00:30:20.880> other<00:30:21.120> things 00:30:24.070 --> 00:30:24.080 align:start position:0% 00:30:24.080 --> 00:30:26.549 align:start position:0% i<00:30:24.159> was<00:30:24.399> trying<00:30:24.640> to<00:30:24.720> do<00:30:25.760> digital<00:30:26.159> signal 00:30:26.549 --> 00:30:26.559 align:start position:0% i was trying to do digital signal 00:30:26.559 --> 00:30:28.149 align:start position:0% i was trying to do digital signal processing<00:30:27.200> and 00:30:28.149 --> 00:30:28.159 align:start position:0% processing and 00:30:28.159 --> 00:30:29.830 align:start position:0% processing and hybrid<00:30:28.559> computing<00:30:29.120> and<00:30:29.440> one<00:30:29.600> thing<00:30:29.760> in 00:30:29.830 --> 00:30:29.840 align:start position:0% hybrid computing and one thing in 00:30:29.840 --> 00:30:31.269 align:start position:0% hybrid computing and one thing in another<00:30:30.159> so<00:30:30.320> i<00:30:30.399> don't<00:30:30.640> i<00:30:30.720> don't 00:30:31.269 --> 00:30:31.279 align:start position:0% another so i don't i don't 00:30:31.279 --> 00:30:34.389 align:start position:0% another so i don't i don't i<00:30:31.440> don't<00:30:31.679> remember<00:30:32.159> but<00:30:32.320> i<00:30:32.399> don't<00:30:32.640> think<00:30:32.880> so<00:30:34.240> i 00:30:34.389 --> 00:30:34.399 align:start position:0% i don't remember but i don't think so i 00:30:34.399 --> 00:30:36.549 align:start position:0% i don't remember but i don't think so i don't<00:30:34.640> i<00:30:34.720> think<00:30:34.880> the<00:30:35.039> basically<00:30:35.600> the 00:30:36.549 --> 00:30:36.559 align:start position:0% don't i think the basically the 00:30:36.559 --> 00:30:39.510 align:start position:0% don't i think the basically the the<00:30:36.960> idea<00:30:37.600> of<00:30:38.320> these<00:30:38.559> kinds<00:30:38.799> of<00:30:38.960> autonomous 00:30:39.510 --> 00:30:39.520 align:start position:0% the idea of these kinds of autonomous 00:30:39.520 --> 00:30:40.470 align:start position:0% the idea of these kinds of autonomous machines 00:30:40.470 --> 00:30:40.480 align:start position:0% machines 00:30:40.480 --> 00:30:43.190 align:start position:0% machines sort<00:30:40.640> of<00:30:40.799> disappeared<00:30:41.600> from<00:30:41.760> my<00:30:42.799> current 00:30:43.190 --> 00:30:43.200 align:start position:0% sort of disappeared from my current 00:30:43.200 --> 00:30:43.750 align:start position:0% sort of disappeared from my current things 00:30:43.750 --> 00:30:43.760 align:start position:0% things 00:30:43.760 --> 00:30:47.029 align:start position:0% things and<00:30:43.919> then<00:30:44.320> reappeared 00:30:47.029 --> 00:30:47.039 align:start position:0% and then reappeared 00:30:47.039 --> 00:30:48.789 align:start position:0% and then reappeared when<00:30:47.279> we<00:30:47.520> formally<00:30:48.000> started<00:30:48.240> the<00:30:48.320> robotics 00:30:48.789 --> 00:30:48.799 align:start position:0% when we formally started the robotics 00:30:48.799 --> 00:30:51.590 align:start position:0% when we formally started the robotics program<00:30:49.120> in<00:30:49.200> the<00:30:49.279> 1980s 00:30:51.590 --> 00:30:51.600 align:start position:0% program in the 1980s 00:30:51.600 --> 00:30:53.190 align:start position:0% program in the 1980s do<00:30:51.760> you<00:30:51.840> think<00:30:52.000> you<00:30:52.080> would<00:30:52.320> have<00:30:52.720> maintained 00:30:53.190 --> 00:30:53.200 align:start position:0% do you think you would have maintained 00:30:53.200 --> 00:30:55.110 align:start position:0% do you think you would have maintained your<00:30:53.360> interest<00:30:53.760> in<00:30:53.919> analog<00:30:54.320> computation<00:30:54.960> if 00:30:55.110 --> 00:30:55.120 align:start position:0% your interest in analog computation if 00:30:55.120 --> 00:30:55.750 align:start position:0% your interest in analog computation if you'd<00:30:55.279> had 00:30:55.750 --> 00:30:55.760 align:start position:0% you'd had 00:30:55.760 --> 00:30:57.509 align:start position:0% you'd had the<00:30:55.919> kind<00:30:56.080> of<00:30:56.159> high<00:30:56.559> performance<00:30:57.120> digital 00:30:57.509 --> 00:30:57.519 align:start position:0% the kind of high performance digital 00:30:57.519 --> 00:30:59.669 align:start position:0% the kind of high performance digital computation<00:30:58.159> that<00:30:58.240> we<00:30:58.399> have<00:30:58.559> now 00:30:59.669 --> 00:30:59.679 align:start position:0% computation that we have now 00:30:59.679 --> 00:31:04.310 align:start position:0% computation that we have now it's<00:31:00.000> i'm<00:31:00.240> not<00:31:00.480> sure<00:31:01.039> oh<00:31:01.200> by<00:31:01.360> the<00:31:01.519> way<00:31:01.679> the<00:31:02.840> the 00:31:04.310 --> 00:31:04.320 align:start position:0% it's i'm not sure oh by the way the the 00:31:04.320 --> 00:31:06.549 align:start position:0% it's i'm not sure oh by the way the the young<00:31:04.559> man<00:31:04.799> that<00:31:04.880> i<00:31:05.039> worked<00:31:05.279> with<00:31:06.000> who<00:31:06.320> came 00:31:06.549 --> 00:31:06.559 align:start position:0% young man that i worked with who came 00:31:06.559 --> 00:31:08.389 align:start position:0% young man that i worked with who came with<00:31:06.720> an<00:31:06.880> interest<00:31:07.120> in<00:31:07.200> robotics<00:31:07.679> was<00:31:07.919> barry 00:31:08.389 --> 00:31:08.399 align:start position:0% with an interest in robotics was barry 00:31:08.399 --> 00:31:09.789 align:start position:0% with an interest in robotics was barry soroka 00:31:09.789 --> 00:31:09.799 align:start position:0% soroka 00:31:09.799 --> 00:31:16.310 align:start position:0% soroka s-o-r-o-k-a 00:31:16.310 --> 00:31:16.320 align:start position:0% 00:31:16.320 --> 00:31:19.669 align:start position:0% so<00:31:16.880> barry<00:31:17.600> worked<00:31:17.919> with<00:31:18.080> me<00:31:18.240> for<00:31:18.559> three<00:31:18.880> years 00:31:19.669 --> 00:31:19.679 align:start position:0% so barry worked with me for three years 00:31:19.679 --> 00:31:23.669 align:start position:0% so barry worked with me for three years and<00:31:21.279> in<00:31:21.600> spite<00:31:21.919> of<00:31:22.080> my<00:31:22.399> best<00:31:22.799> efforts<00:31:23.279> i<00:31:23.440> could 00:31:23.669 --> 00:31:23.679 align:start position:0% and in spite of my best efforts i could 00:31:23.679 --> 00:31:24.789 align:start position:0% and in spite of my best efforts i could never<00:31:23.919> get<00:31:24.159> him 00:31:24.789 --> 00:31:24.799 align:start position:0% never get him 00:31:24.799 --> 00:31:28.310 align:start position:0% never get him to<00:31:25.840> to<00:31:26.159> write<00:31:26.399> a<00:31:26.559> paper<00:31:26.960> even<00:31:27.200> when<00:31:27.440> i<00:31:27.760> outlined 00:31:28.310 --> 00:31:28.320 align:start position:0% to to write a paper even when i outlined 00:31:28.320 --> 00:31:30.549 align:start position:0% to to write a paper even when i outlined it<00:31:28.559> and<00:31:28.720> wrote<00:31:28.960> the<00:31:29.039> introduction<00:31:29.679> for<00:31:29.919> him 00:31:30.549 --> 00:31:30.559 align:start position:0% it and wrote the introduction for him 00:31:30.559 --> 00:31:32.310 align:start position:0% it and wrote the introduction for him he<00:31:30.720> just<00:31:30.960> didn't<00:31:31.200> have<00:31:31.360> the<00:31:31.440> discipline<00:31:32.159> to 00:31:32.310 --> 00:31:32.320 align:start position:0% he just didn't have the discipline to 00:31:32.320 --> 00:31:33.590 align:start position:0% he just didn't have the discipline to write<00:31:32.720> and<00:31:32.960> usc 00:31:33.590 --> 00:31:33.600 align:start position:0% write and usc 00:31:33.600 --> 00:31:36.630 align:start position:0% write and usc is<00:31:33.679> a<00:31:33.760> publisher<00:31:34.320> parish<00:31:34.720> school<00:31:35.919> so<00:31:36.240> after 00:31:36.630 --> 00:31:36.640 align:start position:0% is a publisher parish school so after 00:31:36.640 --> 00:31:37.509 align:start position:0% is a publisher parish school so after three<00:31:36.880> years 00:31:37.509 --> 00:31:37.519 align:start position:0% three years 00:31:37.519 --> 00:31:41.029 align:start position:0% three years barry<00:31:37.919> left<00:31:38.399> and<00:31:38.880> went<00:31:39.200> to<00:31:40.000> cal<00:31:40.320> state 00:31:41.029 --> 00:31:41.039 align:start position:0% barry left and went to cal state 00:31:41.039 --> 00:31:43.830 align:start position:0% barry left and went to cal state university<00:31:42.559> cal<00:31:42.799> state<00:31:43.200> polytechnic 00:31:43.830 --> 00:31:43.840 align:start position:0% university cal state polytechnic 00:31:43.840 --> 00:31:46.470 align:start position:0% university cal state polytechnic university<00:31:44.399> in<00:31:44.840> pomona<00:31:45.840> where<00:31:46.080> he<00:31:46.240> became 00:31:46.470 --> 00:31:46.480 align:start position:0% university in pomona where he became 00:31:46.480 --> 00:31:49.350 align:start position:0% university in pomona where he became chairman<00:31:46.880> of<00:31:46.960> computer<00:31:47.360> science 00:31:49.350 --> 00:31:49.360 align:start position:0% chairman of computer science 00:31:49.360 --> 00:31:52.630 align:start position:0% chairman of computer science a<00:31:49.840> very<00:31:50.080> bright<00:31:50.399> guy<00:31:50.960> and<00:31:51.440> wonderful<00:31:52.320> sense<00:31:52.559> of 00:31:52.630 --> 00:31:52.640 align:start position:0% a very bright guy and wonderful sense of 00:31:52.640 --> 00:31:53.190 align:start position:0% a very bright guy and wonderful sense of humor 00:31:53.190 --> 00:31:53.200 align:start position:0% humor 00:31:53.200 --> 00:31:57.110 align:start position:0% humor and<00:31:53.600> a<00:31:55.679> great 00:31:57.110 --> 00:31:57.120 align:start position:0% and a great 00:31:57.120 --> 00:32:01.909 align:start position:0% and a great breadth<00:31:57.600> of<00:31:57.919> interest<00:31:58.480> in<00:31:58.880> art<00:31:59.440> and<00:31:59.679> so<00:31:59.919> on 00:32:01.909 --> 00:32:01.919 align:start position:0% breadth of interest in art and so on 00:32:01.919 --> 00:32:05.430 align:start position:0% breadth of interest in art and so on he<00:32:02.320> and<00:32:02.559> the<00:32:04.000> woman<00:32:04.320> who<00:32:04.480> worked<00:32:04.720> in<00:32:04.799> the 00:32:05.430 --> 00:32:05.440 align:start position:0% he and the woman who worked in the 00:32:05.440 --> 00:32:08.789 align:start position:0% he and the woman who worked in the in<00:32:05.679> the<00:32:06.080> dean's<00:32:06.559> office<00:32:07.679> jointly<00:32:08.159> composed<00:32:08.640> an 00:32:08.789 --> 00:32:08.799 align:start position:0% in the dean's office jointly composed an 00:32:08.799 --> 00:32:10.149 align:start position:0% in the dean's office jointly composed an opera 00:32:10.149 --> 00:32:10.159 align:start position:0% opera 00:32:10.159 --> 00:32:12.789 align:start position:0% opera at<00:32:10.480> usc<00:32:11.360> where<00:32:11.600> all<00:32:11.760> the<00:32:11.919> characters<00:32:12.559> were 00:32:12.789 --> 00:32:12.799 align:start position:0% at usc where all the characters were 00:32:12.799 --> 00:32:17.190 align:start position:0% at usc where all the characters were faculty<00:32:13.279> members 00:32:17.190 --> 00:32:17.200 align:start position:0% 00:32:17.200 --> 00:32:22.310 align:start position:0% yeah<00:32:18.000> make<00:32:18.240> a<00:32:18.240> lot<00:32:18.399> of<00:32:18.480> friends<00:32:18.799> there 00:32:22.310 --> 00:32:22.320 align:start position:0% 00:32:22.320 --> 00:32:24.549 align:start position:0% yes<00:32:22.640> amber<00:32:23.200> now<00:32:23.360> you<00:32:23.519> stay<00:32:23.760> down<00:32:24.080> you<00:32:24.240> stay 00:32:24.549 --> 00:32:24.559 align:start position:0% yes amber now you stay down you stay 00:32:24.559 --> 00:32:25.669 align:start position:0% yes amber now you stay down you stay down<00:32:24.880> you<00:32:25.039> stay<00:32:25.279> down 00:32:25.669 --> 00:32:25.679 align:start position:0% down you stay down 00:32:25.679 --> 00:32:30.389 align:start position:0% down you stay down don't<00:32:25.919> get<00:32:26.080> in<00:32:26.159> the<00:32:26.320> way<00:32:26.720> you<00:32:26.880> stay<00:32:27.200> down 00:32:30.389 --> 00:32:30.399 align:start position:0% 00:32:30.399 --> 00:32:32.310 align:start position:0% so<00:32:30.559> what<00:32:30.720> were<00:32:30.880> the<00:32:31.120> uh<00:32:31.440> the<00:32:31.600> first<00:32:31.919> robot 00:32:32.310 --> 00:32:32.320 align:start position:0% so what were the uh the first robot 00:32:32.320 --> 00:32:34.470 align:start position:0% so what were the uh the first robot helicopters<00:32:33.279> that<00:32:33.519> you<00:32:33.600> worked<00:32:33.919> on<00:32:34.080> when<00:32:34.240> was 00:32:34.470 --> 00:32:34.480 align:start position:0% helicopters that you worked on when was 00:32:34.480 --> 00:32:35.430 align:start position:0% helicopters that you worked on when was that 00:32:35.430 --> 00:32:35.440 align:start position:0% that 00:32:35.440 --> 00:32:38.710 align:start position:0% that well<00:32:35.919> the<00:32:36.720> there<00:32:36.960> was<00:32:37.200> a<00:32:37.440> competition 00:32:38.710 --> 00:32:38.720 align:start position:0% well the there was a competition 00:32:38.720 --> 00:32:41.110 align:start position:0% well the there was a competition for<00:32:38.880> robot<00:32:39.279> helicopters<00:32:40.240> at<00:32:40.480> the<00:32:40.640> georgia 00:32:41.110 --> 00:32:41.120 align:start position:0% for robot helicopters at the georgia 00:32:41.120 --> 00:32:42.470 align:start position:0% for robot helicopters at the georgia tech 00:32:42.470 --> 00:32:42.480 align:start position:0% tech 00:32:42.480 --> 00:32:44.389 align:start position:0% tech amber<00:32:42.880> stay<00:32:43.200> down<00:32:43.600> i'm<00:32:43.760> going<00:32:43.840> to<00:32:43.919> evict<00:32:44.240> you 00:32:44.389 --> 00:32:44.399 align:start position:0% amber stay down i'm going to evict you 00:32:44.399 --> 00:32:45.509 align:start position:0% amber stay down i'm going to evict you out<00:32:44.480> of<00:32:44.559> the<00:32:44.640> room<00:32:44.880> if<00:32:44.960> you<00:32:45.039> don't<00:32:45.200> do<00:32:45.360> that 00:32:45.509 --> 00:32:45.519 align:start position:0% out of the room if you don't do that 00:32:45.519 --> 00:32:47.029 align:start position:0% out of the room if you don't do that stay<00:32:45.760> down 00:32:47.029 --> 00:32:47.039 align:start position:0% stay down 00:32:47.039 --> 00:32:51.269 align:start position:0% stay down stay<00:32:47.279> there 00:32:51.269 --> 00:32:51.279 align:start position:0% 00:32:51.279 --> 00:32:54.470 align:start position:0% and 00:32:54.470 --> 00:32:54.480 align:start position:0% 00:32:54.480 --> 00:32:56.870 align:start position:0% so<00:32:54.799> i<00:32:55.120> entered<00:32:56.000> our<00:32:56.240> lab<00:32:56.559> into<00:32:56.799> the 00:32:56.870 --> 00:32:56.880 align:start position:0% so i entered our lab into the 00:32:56.880 --> 00:32:57.750 align:start position:0% so i entered our lab into the competition 00:32:57.750 --> 00:32:57.760 align:start position:0% competition 00:32:57.760 --> 00:33:06.149 align:start position:0% competition even<00:32:58.080> though 00:33:06.149 --> 00:33:06.159 align:start position:0% 00:33:06.159 --> 00:33:10.310 align:start position:0% we'd<00:33:06.399> never<00:33:06.640> done<00:33:06.880> it<00:33:08.840> before 00:33:10.310 --> 00:33:10.320 align:start position:0% we'd never done it before 00:33:10.320 --> 00:33:12.710 align:start position:0% we'd never done it before but<00:33:10.559> i<00:33:10.640> had<00:33:10.799> two<00:33:11.120> outstanding<00:33:11.679> phd<00:33:12.240> students 00:33:12.710 --> 00:33:12.720 align:start position:0% but i had two outstanding phd students 00:33:12.720 --> 00:33:14.389 align:start position:0% but i had two outstanding phd students andy<00:33:13.120> fagg 00:33:14.389 --> 00:33:14.399 align:start position:0% andy fagg 00:33:14.399 --> 00:33:18.230 align:start position:0% andy fagg and<00:33:15.279> tony<00:33:15.679> lewis<00:33:17.200> both<00:33:17.519> of<00:33:17.600> whom<00:33:17.840> were<00:33:18.000> very 00:33:18.230 --> 00:33:18.240 align:start position:0% and tony lewis both of whom were very 00:33:18.240 --> 00:33:19.110 align:start position:0% and tony lewis both of whom were very imaginative 00:33:19.110 --> 00:33:19.120 align:start position:0% imaginative 00:33:19.120 --> 00:33:21.590 align:start position:0% imaginative and<00:33:19.679> we<00:33:19.919> basically<00:33:20.399> turned<00:33:20.640> them<00:33:20.799> loose<00:33:21.200> on<00:33:21.440> on 00:33:21.590 --> 00:33:21.600 align:start position:0% and we basically turned them loose on on 00:33:21.600 --> 00:33:22.830 align:start position:0% and we basically turned them loose on on the<00:33:21.760> project 00:33:22.830 --> 00:33:22.840 align:start position:0% the project 00:33:22.840 --> 00:33:28.389 align:start position:0% the project so<00:33:25.279> this<00:33:25.600> competition<00:33:26.320> had<00:33:26.720> i<00:33:26.960> forgotten 00:33:28.389 --> 00:33:28.399 align:start position:0% so this competition had i forgotten 00:33:28.399 --> 00:33:31.990 align:start position:0% so this competition had i forgotten let<00:33:28.559> me<00:33:28.720> guess<00:33:29.760> maybe<00:33:30.159> 15<00:33:30.720> entries 00:33:31.990 --> 00:33:32.000 align:start position:0% let me guess maybe 15 entries 00:33:32.000 --> 00:33:33.509 align:start position:0% let me guess maybe 15 entries that<00:33:32.240> arrived<00:33:32.640> with<00:33:32.799> various<00:33:33.120> flying 00:33:33.509 --> 00:33:33.519 align:start position:0% that arrived with various flying 00:33:33.519 --> 00:33:35.990 align:start position:0% that arrived with various flying vehicles<00:33:34.399> and<00:33:34.720> the<00:33:34.880> goal<00:33:35.279> was<00:33:35.679> for<00:33:35.840> the 00:33:35.990 --> 00:33:36.000 align:start position:0% vehicles and the goal was for the 00:33:36.000 --> 00:33:37.750 align:start position:0% vehicles and the goal was for the vehicle<00:33:36.480> to<00:33:36.720> fly 00:33:37.750 --> 00:33:37.760 align:start position:0% vehicle to fly 00:33:37.760 --> 00:33:39.750 align:start position:0% vehicle to fly from<00:33:38.000> a<00:33:38.080> starting<00:33:38.480> position<00:33:39.200> into<00:33:39.600> an 00:33:39.750 --> 00:33:39.760 align:start position:0% from a starting position into an 00:33:39.760 --> 00:33:41.269 align:start position:0% from a starting position into an enclosure<00:33:40.399> area 00:33:41.269 --> 00:33:41.279 align:start position:0% enclosure area 00:33:41.279 --> 00:33:45.509 align:start position:0% enclosure area pick<00:33:41.519> up<00:33:41.679> something<00:33:42.159> and<00:33:42.240> then<00:33:42.480> bring<00:33:42.720> it<00:33:42.880> back 00:33:45.509 --> 00:33:45.519 align:start position:0% 00:33:45.519 --> 00:33:49.990 align:start position:0% the<00:33:45.760> first<00:33:46.080> year<00:33:46.399> of<00:33:46.480> the<00:33:46.640> competition<00:33:47.760> which 00:33:49.990 --> 00:33:50.000 align:start position:0% the first year of the competition which 00:33:50.000 --> 00:33:52.070 align:start position:0% the first year of the competition which let<00:33:50.159> me<00:33:50.240> guess<00:33:50.559> must<00:33:50.799> have<00:33:50.880> been<00:33:51.120> in<00:33:51.200> the<00:33:51.840> mid 00:33:52.070 --> 00:33:52.080 align:start position:0% let me guess must have been in the mid 00:33:52.080 --> 00:33:56.470 align:start position:0% let me guess must have been in the mid 80s<00:33:52.880> but<00:33:53.039> i<00:33:53.120> don't<00:33:53.360> remember<00:33:53.840> exactly 00:33:56.470 --> 00:33:56.480 align:start position:0% 00:33:56.480 --> 00:33:59.590 align:start position:0% none<00:33:57.120> of<00:33:57.279> the<00:33:57.440> vehicles<00:33:58.799> actually<00:33:59.279> left<00:33:59.519> the 00:33:59.590 --> 00:33:59.600 align:start position:0% none of the vehicles actually left the 00:33:59.600 --> 00:34:01.190 align:start position:0% none of the vehicles actually left the ground 00:34:01.190 --> 00:34:01.200 align:start position:0% ground 00:34:01.200 --> 00:34:04.950 align:start position:0% ground they<00:34:01.440> all<00:34:02.000> crashed<00:34:03.200> or<00:34:03.840> disintegrated<00:34:04.720> or 00:34:04.950 --> 00:34:04.960 align:start position:0% they all crashed or disintegrated or 00:34:04.960 --> 00:34:06.389 align:start position:0% they all crashed or disintegrated or fell<00:34:05.120> apart<00:34:05.440> in<00:34:05.600> some<00:34:05.760> way 00:34:06.389 --> 00:34:06.399 align:start position:0% fell apart in some way 00:34:06.399 --> 00:34:09.510 align:start position:0% fell apart in some way so<00:34:06.640> actually<00:34:07.679> the<00:34:08.240> winner<00:34:08.720> was<00:34:08.960> declared<00:34:09.440> to 00:34:09.510 --> 00:34:09.520 align:start position:0% so actually the winner was declared to 00:34:09.520 --> 00:34:10.149 align:start position:0% so actually the winner was declared to be 00:34:10.149 --> 00:34:10.159 align:start position:0% be 00:34:10.159 --> 00:34:12.149 align:start position:0% be the<00:34:10.399> vehicle<00:34:10.879> which<00:34:11.200> fell<00:34:11.520> in<00:34:11.679> the<00:34:11.760> direction 00:34:12.149 --> 00:34:12.159 align:start position:0% the vehicle which fell in the direction 00:34:12.159 --> 00:34:17.589 align:start position:0% the vehicle which fell in the direction of<00:34:12.240> the<00:34:12.399> target 00:34:17.589 --> 00:34:17.599 align:start position:0% 00:34:17.599 --> 00:34:19.909 align:start position:0% by<00:34:17.760> the<00:34:17.919> second<00:34:18.320> year<00:34:19.280> they<00:34:19.440> were<00:34:19.599> beginning 00:34:19.909 --> 00:34:19.919 align:start position:0% by the second year they were beginning 00:34:19.919 --> 00:34:21.030 align:start position:0% by the second year they were beginning to<00:34:20.079> fly 00:34:21.030 --> 00:34:21.040 align:start position:0% to fly 00:34:21.040 --> 00:34:23.030 align:start position:0% to fly and<00:34:21.280> there<00:34:21.440> were<00:34:21.599> unusual<00:34:22.079> creatures<00:34:22.560> there 00:34:23.030 --> 00:34:23.040 align:start position:0% and there were unusual creatures there 00:34:23.040 --> 00:34:25.030 align:start position:0% and there were unusual creatures there vehicles<00:34:23.440> with<00:34:23.679> four<00:34:23.919> propellers 00:34:25.030 --> 00:34:25.040 align:start position:0% vehicles with four propellers 00:34:25.040 --> 00:34:28.710 align:start position:0% vehicles with four propellers and<00:34:25.200> so<00:34:25.359> on<00:34:26.320> and<00:34:26.639> uh<00:34:27.679> so<00:34:27.919> our<00:34:28.079> helicopter 00:34:28.710 --> 00:34:28.720 align:start position:0% and so on and uh so our helicopter 00:34:28.720 --> 00:34:30.550 align:start position:0% and so on and uh so our helicopter actually<00:34:29.119> did<00:34:29.359> quite<00:34:29.599> well 00:34:30.550 --> 00:34:30.560 align:start position:0% actually did quite well 00:34:30.560 --> 00:34:33.990 align:start position:0% actually did quite well and<00:34:31.599> though<00:34:32.320> i<00:34:32.399> think<00:34:32.639> it<00:34:32.800> may<00:34:32.960> have<00:34:33.040> been<00:34:33.839> may 00:34:33.990 --> 00:34:34.000 align:start position:0% and though i think it may have been may 00:34:34.000 --> 00:34:35.510 align:start position:0% and though i think it may have been may have<00:34:34.079> been<00:34:34.320> tony<00:34:34.639> lewis 00:34:35.510 --> 00:34:35.520 align:start position:0% have been tony lewis 00:34:35.520 --> 00:34:41.430 align:start position:0% have been tony lewis who<00:34:35.760> came<00:34:36.079> up<00:34:37.280> with<00:34:37.919> a<00:34:38.480> formula 00:34:41.430 --> 00:34:41.440 align:start position:0% 00:34:41.440 --> 00:34:45.030 align:start position:0% for<00:34:42.480> calculating<00:34:44.079> how<00:34:44.240> much<00:34:44.480> it<00:34:44.560> would<00:34:44.720> cost 00:34:45.030 --> 00:34:45.040 align:start position:0% for calculating how much it would cost 00:34:45.040 --> 00:34:46.069 align:start position:0% for calculating how much it would cost to<00:34:45.280> repair<00:34:45.760> it 00:34:46.069 --> 00:34:46.079 align:start position:0% to repair it 00:34:46.079 --> 00:34:50.230 align:start position:0% to repair it after<00:34:46.480> every<00:34:46.839> crash<00:34:48.399> and<00:34:48.639> the<00:34:48.879> formula<00:34:49.440> was 00:34:50.230 --> 00:34:50.240 align:start position:0% after every crash and the formula was 00:34:50.240 --> 00:34:52.389 align:start position:0% after every crash and the formula was that<00:34:50.399> it<00:34:50.480> would<00:34:50.800> it<00:34:50.960> would<00:34:51.200> cost<00:34:51.919> a<00:34:52.000> hundred 00:34:52.389 --> 00:34:52.399 align:start position:0% that it would it would cost a hundred 00:34:52.399 --> 00:34:53.270 align:start position:0% that it would it would cost a hundred dollars 00:34:53.270 --> 00:34:53.280 align:start position:0% dollars 00:34:53.280 --> 00:34:55.030 align:start position:0% dollars times<00:34:53.679> the<00:34:53.839> number<00:34:54.159> of<00:34:54.320> feet<00:34:54.560> above<00:34:54.879> the 00:34:55.030 --> 00:34:55.040 align:start position:0% times the number of feet above the 00:34:55.040 --> 00:34:58.230 align:start position:0% times the number of feet above the ground<00:34:56.159> at<00:34:56.320> which<00:34:56.639> it<00:34:56.879> failed 00:34:58.230 --> 00:34:58.240 align:start position:0% ground at which it failed 00:34:58.240 --> 00:35:00.150 align:start position:0% ground at which it failed so<00:34:58.480> if<00:34:58.640> it<00:34:58.720> failed<00:34:59.040> 10<00:34:59.200> feet<00:34:59.440> above<00:34:59.680> the<00:34:59.839> ground 00:35:00.150 --> 00:35:00.160 align:start position:0% so if it failed 10 feet above the ground 00:35:00.160 --> 00:35:01.510 align:start position:0% so if it failed 10 feet above the ground it<00:35:00.240> would<00:35:00.320> mean<00:35:00.480> it<00:35:00.560> was<00:35:00.720> a<00:35:00.880> thousand<00:35:01.200> dollars 00:35:01.510 --> 00:35:01.520 align:start position:0% it would mean it was a thousand dollars 00:35:01.520 --> 00:35:01.990 align:start position:0% it would mean it was a thousand dollars to<00:35:01.680> fix 00:35:01.990 --> 00:35:02.000 align:start position:0% to fix 00:35:02.000 --> 00:35:04.310 align:start position:0% to fix it<00:35:02.079> you<00:35:02.240> see<00:35:03.119> and<00:35:03.280> as<00:35:03.520> a<00:35:03.599> result<00:35:03.920> of<00:35:04.000> that<00:35:04.160> we 00:35:04.310 --> 00:35:04.320 align:start position:0% it you see and as a result of that we 00:35:04.320 --> 00:35:07.190 align:start position:0% it you see and as a result of that we flew<00:35:04.560> them<00:35:04.800> very<00:35:05.119> low 00:35:07.190 --> 00:35:07.200 align:start position:0% flew them very low 00:35:07.200 --> 00:35:11.190 align:start position:0% flew them very low until<00:35:08.079> until<00:35:08.400> the<00:35:08.560> 1990s<00:35:09.520> where<00:35:09.839> we<00:35:10.000> began<00:35:10.320> to 00:35:11.190 --> 00:35:11.200 align:start position:0% until until the 1990s where we began to 00:35:11.200 --> 00:35:13.589 align:start position:0% until until the 1990s where we began to do<00:35:11.359> really<00:35:11.760> serious<00:35:12.320> uh<00:35:12.800> high<00:35:13.119> altitude 00:35:13.589 --> 00:35:13.599 align:start position:0% do really serious uh high altitude 00:35:13.599 --> 00:35:14.790 align:start position:0% do really serious uh high altitude flying 00:35:14.790 --> 00:35:14.800 align:start position:0% flying 00:35:14.800 --> 00:35:16.870 align:start position:0% flying and<00:35:15.040> it's<00:35:15.200> ridiculous<00:35:16.000> who<00:35:16.079> got<00:35:16.320> much<00:35:16.560> much<00:35:16.800> of 00:35:16.870 --> 00:35:16.880 align:start position:0% and it's ridiculous who got much much of 00:35:16.880 --> 00:35:22.390 align:start position:0% and it's ridiculous who got much much of that<00:35:17.040> work<00:35:17.280> done 00:35:22.390 --> 00:35:22.400 align:start position:0% 00:35:22.400 --> 00:35:24.390 align:start position:0% so<00:35:22.880> um<00:35:23.440> who<00:35:23.680> are<00:35:23.760> some<00:35:23.920> of<00:35:24.000> your<00:35:24.160> other 00:35:24.390 --> 00:35:24.400 align:start position:0% so um who are some of your other 00:35:24.400 --> 00:35:25.750 align:start position:0% so um who are some of your other students<00:35:24.960> and 00:35:25.750 --> 00:35:25.760 align:start position:0% students and 00:35:25.760 --> 00:35:28.829 align:start position:0% students and what<00:35:26.480> kind<00:35:26.640> of<00:35:26.720> work<00:35:26.960> have<00:35:27.040> they<00:35:27.200> gone<00:35:27.440> on<00:35:27.520> to 00:35:28.829 --> 00:35:28.839 align:start position:0% what kind of work have they gone on to 00:35:28.839 --> 00:35:33.990 align:start position:0% what kind of work have they gone on to do 00:35:33.990 --> 00:35:34.000 align:start position:0% 00:35:34.000 --> 00:35:38.230 align:start position:0% well<00:35:34.160> i've<00:35:34.560> i<00:35:36.160> i've<00:35:36.400> had<00:35:36.720> 30<00:35:37.040> i<00:35:37.200> graduated<00:35:37.760> 38 00:35:38.230 --> 00:35:38.240 align:start position:0% well i've i i've had 30 i graduated 38 00:35:38.240 --> 00:35:40.710 align:start position:0% well i've i i've had 30 i graduated 38 phds<00:35:39.040> in<00:35:39.119> my<00:35:39.359> 40<00:35:39.680> years<00:35:39.920> at<00:35:40.079> usc 00:35:40.710 --> 00:35:40.720 align:start position:0% phds in my 40 years at usc 00:35:40.720 --> 00:35:44.950 align:start position:0% phds in my 40 years at usc so<00:35:41.280> almost<00:35:41.760> one<00:35:41.920> a<00:35:42.079> year<00:35:43.440> and 00:35:44.950 --> 00:35:44.960 align:start position:0% so almost one a year and 00:35:44.960 --> 00:35:47.190 align:start position:0% so almost one a year and so<00:35:45.280> of<00:35:45.359> course<00:35:45.599> the<00:35:45.760> first<00:35:46.000> ones<00:35:46.240> were<00:35:46.480> not 00:35:47.190 --> 00:35:47.200 align:start position:0% so of course the first ones were not 00:35:47.200 --> 00:35:48.630 align:start position:0% so of course the first ones were not connected<00:35:47.599> with<00:35:47.760> robotics<00:35:48.320> but 00:35:48.630 --> 00:35:48.640 align:start position:0% connected with robotics but 00:35:48.640 --> 00:35:51.270 align:start position:0% connected with robotics but after<00:35:49.440> sometime<00:35:50.079> in<00:35:50.160> the<00:35:50.240> 1980s<00:35:50.960> they<00:35:51.119> were 00:35:51.270 --> 00:35:51.280 align:start position:0% after sometime in the 1980s they were 00:35:51.280 --> 00:35:52.550 align:start position:0% after sometime in the 1980s they were all<00:35:51.440> in<00:35:51.520> robotics 00:35:52.550 --> 00:35:52.560 align:start position:0% all in robotics 00:35:52.560 --> 00:35:55.910 align:start position:0% all in robotics and<00:35:52.960> so<00:35:54.400> so<00:35:54.640> what<00:35:54.800> can<00:35:55.040> i<00:35:55.119> tell<00:35:55.280> you<00:35:55.440> so<00:35:55.599> let<00:35:55.760> me 00:35:55.910 --> 00:35:55.920 align:start position:0% and so so what can i tell you so let me 00:35:55.920 --> 00:35:56.870 align:start position:0% and so so what can i tell you so let me begin<00:35:56.160> with<00:35:56.400> a<00:35:56.480> few 00:35:56.870 --> 00:35:56.880 align:start position:0% begin with a few 00:35:56.880 --> 00:35:58.630 align:start position:0% begin with a few the<00:35:57.040> ones<00:35:57.280> that<00:35:57.359> i<00:35:57.440> can<00:35:57.599> remember<00:35:57.920> immediately 00:35:58.630 --> 00:35:58.640 align:start position:0% the ones that i can remember immediately 00:35:58.640 --> 00:36:00.390 align:start position:0% the ones that i can remember immediately we've<00:35:58.880> mentioned<00:35:59.200> tony<00:35:59.520> lewis<00:35:59.839> whom<00:36:00.079> you<00:36:00.160> know 00:36:00.390 --> 00:36:00.400 align:start position:0% we've mentioned tony lewis whom you know 00:36:00.400 --> 00:36:02.069 align:start position:0% we've mentioned tony lewis whom you know who<00:36:00.640> is<00:36:00.720> still<00:36:00.960> in<00:36:01.119> the<00:36:01.200> field 00:36:02.069 --> 00:36:02.079 align:start position:0% who is still in the field 00:36:02.079 --> 00:36:05.430 align:start position:0% who is still in the field and<00:36:03.200> doing<00:36:03.680> very<00:36:04.000> well 00:36:05.430 --> 00:36:05.440 align:start position:0% and doing very well 00:36:05.440 --> 00:36:09.430 align:start position:0% and doing very well juan<00:36:06.160> liu<00:36:07.760> is<00:36:08.000> now<00:36:08.400> at<00:36:08.560> arizona<00:36:09.119> state 00:36:09.430 --> 00:36:09.440 align:start position:0% juan liu is now at arizona state 00:36:09.440 --> 00:36:10.310 align:start position:0% juan liu is now at arizona state university 00:36:10.310 --> 00:36:10.320 align:start position:0% university 00:36:10.320 --> 00:36:12.470 align:start position:0% university in<00:36:10.480> the<00:36:10.560> computer<00:36:10.960> science<00:36:11.280> department<00:36:12.240> and 00:36:12.470 --> 00:36:12.480 align:start position:0% in the computer science department and 00:36:12.480 --> 00:36:14.150 align:start position:0% in the computer science department and he<00:36:12.720> worked<00:36:13.040> on<00:36:13.200> grasping 00:36:14.150 --> 00:36:14.160 align:start position:0% he worked on grasping 00:36:14.160 --> 00:36:17.430 align:start position:0% he worked on grasping and<00:36:15.119> models<00:36:15.520> of<00:36:15.680> grasping<00:36:16.240> and<00:36:16.480> and<00:36:16.640> so<00:36:16.800> on 00:36:17.430 --> 00:36:17.440 align:start position:0% and models of grasping and and so on 00:36:17.440 --> 00:36:20.150 align:start position:0% and models of grasping and and so on he's<00:36:17.760> completely<00:36:18.320> left<00:36:18.560> that<00:36:18.800> area<00:36:19.520> he<00:36:19.760> now 00:36:20.150 --> 00:36:20.160 align:start position:0% he's completely left that area he now 00:36:20.160 --> 00:36:21.670 align:start position:0% he's completely left that area he now does 00:36:21.670 --> 00:36:21.680 align:start position:0% does 00:36:21.680 --> 00:36:25.190 align:start position:0% does information<00:36:22.320> retrieval<00:36:23.040> from 00:36:25.190 --> 00:36:25.200 align:start position:0% information retrieval from 00:36:25.200 --> 00:36:28.470 align:start position:0% information retrieval from the<00:36:25.440> social<00:36:25.839> networks<00:36:27.520> so 00:36:28.470 --> 00:36:28.480 align:start position:0% the social networks so 00:36:28.480 --> 00:36:30.310 align:start position:0% the social networks so completely<00:36:28.960> different<00:36:29.280> story<00:36:29.760> he<00:36:29.920> says<00:36:30.160> he's 00:36:30.310 --> 00:36:30.320 align:start position:0% completely different story he says he's 00:36:30.320 --> 00:36:34.870 align:start position:0% completely different story he says he's completely<00:36:30.800> changed<00:36:31.119> fields 00:36:34.870 --> 00:36:34.880 align:start position:0% 00:36:34.880 --> 00:36:38.310 align:start position:0% let's<00:36:35.119> see<00:36:35.280> who<00:36:35.520> else<00:36:36.000> andrew<00:36:36.560> fagg<00:36:37.839> is 00:36:38.310 --> 00:36:38.320 align:start position:0% let's see who else andrew fagg is 00:36:38.320 --> 00:36:42.230 align:start position:0% let's see who else andrew fagg is uh<00:36:38.880> at 00:36:42.230 --> 00:36:42.240 align:start position:0% 00:36:42.240 --> 00:36:46.790 align:start position:0% a<00:36:42.560> university<00:36:43.200> in<00:36:43.280> the<00:36:43.599> south<00:36:44.560> no<00:36:45.119> east 00:36:46.790 --> 00:36:46.800 align:start position:0% a university in the south no east 00:36:46.800 --> 00:36:48.870 align:start position:0% a university in the south no east and<00:36:47.040> he<00:36:47.440> has<00:36:47.760> the<00:36:47.920> last<00:36:48.240> time<00:36:48.480> i<00:36:48.560> heard<00:36:48.800> i 00:36:48.870 --> 00:36:48.880 align:start position:0% and he has the last time i heard i 00:36:48.880 --> 00:36:50.950 align:start position:0% and he has the last time i heard i haven't<00:36:49.119> heard<00:36:49.280> from<00:36:49.680> at<00:36:49.760> least<00:36:50.000> five<00:36:50.240> years 00:36:50.950 --> 00:36:50.960 align:start position:0% haven't heard from at least five years 00:36:50.960 --> 00:36:53.109 align:start position:0% haven't heard from at least five years but<00:36:51.119> he<00:36:51.280> was<00:36:51.440> work<00:36:51.680> he<00:36:51.839> was<00:36:52.720> building<00:36:53.040> a 00:36:53.109 --> 00:36:53.119 align:start position:0% but he was work he was building a 00:36:53.119 --> 00:36:54.790 align:start position:0% but he was work he was building a humanoid<00:36:53.599> robot 00:36:54.790 --> 00:36:54.800 align:start position:0% humanoid robot 00:36:54.800 --> 00:36:59.430 align:start position:0% humanoid robot and<00:36:55.119> so<00:36:55.359> he's<00:36:55.599> still<00:36:55.920> in<00:36:56.079> the<00:36:56.240> field 00:36:59.430 --> 00:36:59.440 align:start position:0% 00:36:59.440 --> 00:37:06.829 align:start position:0% who<00:36:59.760> else<00:37:00.320> worked<00:37:00.720> in<00:37:00.960> in<00:37:01.200> robotics 00:37:06.829 --> 00:37:06.839 align:start position:0% 00:37:06.839 --> 00:37:08.230 align:start position:0% specifically 00:37:08.230 --> 00:37:08.240 align:start position:0% specifically 00:37:08.240 --> 00:37:11.430 align:start position:0% specifically yeah<00:37:08.560> i<00:37:08.720> mentioned<00:37:09.200> fred<00:37:09.520> hattier<00:37:10.240> earlier 00:37:11.430 --> 00:37:11.440 align:start position:0% yeah i mentioned fred hattier earlier 00:37:11.440 --> 00:37:14.630 align:start position:0% yeah i mentioned fred hattier earlier who<00:37:11.599> built<00:37:12.000> who<00:37:12.160> does<00:37:13.520> this 00:37:14.630 --> 00:37:14.640 align:start position:0% who built who does this 00:37:14.640 --> 00:37:18.550 align:start position:0% who built who does this group<00:37:16.800> a<00:37:16.960> flying 00:37:18.550 --> 00:37:18.560 align:start position:0% group a flying 00:37:18.560 --> 00:37:22.069 align:start position:0% group a flying synchronized<00:37:19.200> group<00:37:19.440> flying<00:37:19.839> of<00:37:20.839> satellites 00:37:22.069 --> 00:37:22.079 align:start position:0% synchronized group flying of satellites 00:37:22.079 --> 00:37:25.910 align:start position:0% synchronized group flying of satellites he<00:37:22.320> didn't<00:37:22.560> work<00:37:23.119> in<00:37:24.720> robotics<00:37:25.280> at<00:37:25.440> all 00:37:25.910 --> 00:37:25.920 align:start position:0% he didn't work in robotics at all 00:37:25.920 --> 00:37:32.150 align:start position:0% he didn't work in robotics at all in<00:37:26.160> his<00:37:26.400> phd<00:37:26.880> program<00:37:27.440> he<00:37:27.599> was<00:37:27.839> working<00:37:28.400> on 00:37:32.150 --> 00:37:32.160 align:start position:0% 00:37:32.160 --> 00:37:35.750 align:start position:0% methods<00:37:32.640> of<00:37:34.400> doing<00:37:34.640> system<00:37:35.040> identification 00:37:35.750 --> 00:37:35.760 align:start position:0% methods of doing system identification 00:37:35.760 --> 00:37:35.990 align:start position:0% methods of doing system identification which 00:37:35.990 --> 00:37:36.000 align:start position:0% which 00:37:36.000 --> 00:37:37.910 align:start position:0% which is<00:37:36.160> one<00:37:36.320> of<00:37:36.480> my<00:37:36.720> interests<00:37:37.040> for<00:37:37.200> 20<00:37:37.520> or<00:37:37.599> 30 00:37:37.910 --> 00:37:37.920 align:start position:0% is one of my interests for 20 or 30 00:37:37.920 --> 00:37:39.109 align:start position:0% is one of my interests for 20 or 30 years 00:37:39.109 --> 00:37:39.119 align:start position:0% years 00:37:39.119 --> 00:37:41.190 align:start position:0% years that<00:37:39.359> is<00:37:39.440> given<00:37:39.839> input<00:37:40.480> input<00:37:40.800> and<00:37:40.960> output 00:37:41.190 --> 00:37:41.200 align:start position:0% that is given input input and output 00:37:41.200 --> 00:37:42.790 align:start position:0% that is given input input and output measurements<00:37:41.680> of<00:37:41.839> the<00:37:42.000> system 00:37:42.790 --> 00:37:42.800 align:start position:0% measurements of the system 00:37:42.800 --> 00:37:45.349 align:start position:0% measurements of the system can<00:37:42.960> you<00:37:43.200> build<00:37:43.599> a<00:37:43.839> mathematical<00:37:44.560> model<00:37:44.880> of 00:37:45.349 --> 00:37:45.359 align:start position:0% can you build a mathematical model of 00:37:45.359 --> 00:37:46.150 align:start position:0% can you build a mathematical model of how<00:37:45.599> those 00:37:46.150 --> 00:37:46.160 align:start position:0% how those 00:37:46.160 --> 00:37:48.150 align:start position:0% how those are<00:37:46.320> connected<00:37:47.119> and<00:37:47.280> you<00:37:47.440> can<00:37:47.599> see<00:37:47.760> that<00:37:47.920> this 00:37:48.150 --> 00:37:48.160 align:start position:0% are connected and you can see that this 00:37:48.160 --> 00:37:50.390 align:start position:0% are connected and you can see that this grew<00:37:48.480> out<00:37:48.640> of<00:37:48.720> my<00:37:48.880> work<00:37:49.119> on<00:37:49.200> human<00:37:49.599> operators 00:37:50.390 --> 00:37:50.400 align:start position:0% grew out of my work on human operators 00:37:50.400 --> 00:37:53.510 align:start position:0% grew out of my work on human operators see<00:37:51.119> i<00:37:51.359> was<00:37:51.520> interested<00:37:51.839> in<00:37:51.920> connecting 00:37:53.510 --> 00:37:53.520 align:start position:0% see i was interested in connecting 00:37:53.520 --> 00:37:57.589 align:start position:0% see i was interested in connecting the<00:37:54.000> sensory<00:37:54.560> input<00:37:55.359> with 00:37:57.589 --> 00:37:57.599 align:start position:0% the sensory input with 00:37:57.599 --> 00:38:02.390 align:start position:0% the sensory input with the<00:37:58.079> manual<00:37:58.400> control<00:37:58.880> output 00:38:02.390 --> 00:38:02.400 align:start position:0% 00:38:02.400 --> 00:38:04.150 align:start position:0% and<00:38:02.560> some<00:38:02.720> of<00:38:02.800> those<00:38:03.359> projects<00:38:03.760> were<00:38:04.000> very 00:38:04.150 --> 00:38:04.160 align:start position:0% and some of those projects were very 00:38:04.160 --> 00:38:05.750 align:start position:0% and some of those projects were very successful<00:38:04.720> in<00:38:04.960> others 00:38:05.750 --> 00:38:05.760 align:start position:0% successful in others 00:38:05.760 --> 00:38:07.430 align:start position:0% successful in others which<00:38:06.000> i<00:38:06.160> still<00:38:06.400> thought<00:38:06.560> were<00:38:06.720> a<00:38:06.880> great<00:38:07.040> idea 00:38:07.430 --> 00:38:07.440 align:start position:0% which i still thought were a great idea 00:38:07.440 --> 00:38:10.230 align:start position:0% which i still thought were a great idea or<00:38:08.240> failed<00:38:08.640> fairly<00:38:08.960> miserably 00:38:10.230 --> 00:38:10.240 align:start position:0% or failed fairly miserably 00:38:10.240 --> 00:38:14.470 align:start position:0% or failed fairly miserably so<00:38:11.200> i'll<00:38:11.359> give<00:38:11.520> you<00:38:11.599> one<00:38:11.839> example 00:38:14.470 --> 00:38:14.480 align:start position:0% 00:38:14.480 --> 00:38:17.430 align:start position:0% i<00:38:14.720> proposed<00:38:15.359> a<00:38:15.760> project<00:38:16.160> to<00:38:16.320> jpl<00:38:16.960> which<00:38:17.200> was 00:38:17.430 --> 00:38:17.440 align:start position:0% i proposed a project to jpl which was 00:38:17.440 --> 00:38:18.790 align:start position:0% i proposed a project to jpl which was funded 00:38:18.790 --> 00:38:18.800 align:start position:0% funded 00:38:18.800 --> 00:38:22.069 align:start position:0% funded where<00:38:19.119> i<00:38:19.280> said<00:38:19.839> you<00:38:19.920> know 00:38:22.069 --> 00:38:22.079 align:start position:0% where i said you know 00:38:22.079 --> 00:38:26.069 align:start position:0% where i said you know people<00:38:22.400> who<00:38:22.640> have 00:38:26.069 --> 00:38:26.079 align:start position:0% 00:38:26.079 --> 00:38:30.069 align:start position:0% paraplegics<00:38:26.960> who<00:38:27.200> can't<00:38:27.520> move<00:38:27.680> their<00:38:27.920> legs 00:38:30.069 --> 00:38:30.079 align:start position:0% paraplegics who can't move their legs 00:38:30.079 --> 00:38:34.630 align:start position:0% paraplegics who can't move their legs some<00:38:30.320> of<00:38:30.480> them<00:38:30.839> actually<00:38:31.839> have 00:38:34.630 --> 00:38:34.640 align:start position:0% 00:38:34.640 --> 00:38:36.870 align:start position:0% in<00:38:34.880> principle<00:38:35.520> the<00:38:35.680> possibility<00:38:36.320> of<00:38:36.480> moving 00:38:36.870 --> 00:38:36.880 align:start position:0% in principle the possibility of moving 00:38:36.880 --> 00:38:38.310 align:start position:0% in principle the possibility of moving with<00:38:37.119> canes<00:38:37.680> or 00:38:38.310 --> 00:38:38.320 align:start position:0% with canes or 00:38:38.320 --> 00:38:41.109 align:start position:0% with canes or with<00:38:38.640> walkers<00:38:39.200> or<00:38:39.359> the<00:38:39.520> equivalent<00:38:40.560> but<00:38:40.960> but 00:38:41.109 --> 00:38:41.119 align:start position:0% with walkers or the equivalent but but 00:38:41.119 --> 00:38:42.630 align:start position:0% with walkers or the equivalent but but they<00:38:41.280> won't<00:38:41.520> walk<00:38:41.760> with<00:38:42.000> canes 00:38:42.630 --> 00:38:42.640 align:start position:0% they won't walk with canes 00:38:42.640 --> 00:38:44.870 align:start position:0% they won't walk with canes because<00:38:42.880> they're<00:38:43.119> afraid<00:38:43.440> of<00:38:43.520> falling<00:38:44.720> and 00:38:44.870 --> 00:38:44.880 align:start position:0% because they're afraid of falling and 00:38:44.880 --> 00:38:46.069 align:start position:0% because they're afraid of falling and that's<00:38:45.200> because 00:38:46.069 --> 00:38:46.079 align:start position:0% that's because 00:38:46.079 --> 00:38:49.750 align:start position:0% that's because they<00:38:46.240> don't<00:38:46.480> have<00:38:46.720> the<00:38:46.880> afferent<00:38:48.960> signals 00:38:49.750 --> 00:38:49.760 align:start position:0% they don't have the afferent signals 00:38:49.760 --> 00:38:51.510 align:start position:0% they don't have the afferent signals and<00:38:50.000> from<00:38:50.160> the<00:38:50.240> nervous<00:38:50.560> system<00:38:51.200> that<00:38:51.359> would 00:38:51.510 --> 00:38:51.520 align:start position:0% and from the nervous system that would 00:38:51.520 --> 00:38:52.790 align:start position:0% and from the nervous system that would give<00:38:51.680> them<00:38:51.839> the<00:38:52.000> indication<00:38:52.480> that<00:38:52.640> they're 00:38:52.790 --> 00:38:52.800 align:start position:0% give them the indication that they're 00:38:52.800 --> 00:38:54.550 align:start position:0% give them the indication that they're starting<00:38:53.119> to<00:38:53.280> fall 00:38:54.550 --> 00:38:54.560 align:start position:0% starting to fall 00:38:54.560 --> 00:38:56.390 align:start position:0% starting to fall so<00:38:54.800> i<00:38:54.880> said<00:38:55.040> why<00:38:55.200> don't<00:38:55.359> we<00:38:55.520> do<00:38:55.680> this<00:38:56.000> why<00:38:56.160> don't 00:38:56.390 --> 00:38:56.400 align:start position:0% so i said why don't we do this why don't 00:38:56.400 --> 00:38:58.150 align:start position:0% so i said why don't we do this why don't we<00:38:57.119> install 00:38:58.150 --> 00:38:58.160 align:start position:0% we install 00:38:58.160 --> 00:39:01.430 align:start position:0% we install accelerometers<00:38:59.200> on<00:38:59.359> a<00:38:59.440> belt<00:39:01.119> that<00:39:01.280> would 00:39:01.430 --> 00:39:01.440 align:start position:0% accelerometers on a belt that would 00:39:01.440 --> 00:39:03.430 align:start position:0% accelerometers on a belt that would provide<00:39:01.760> an<00:39:02.000> indication<00:39:02.560> of<00:39:02.720> falling 00:39:03.430 --> 00:39:03.440 align:start position:0% provide an indication of falling 00:39:03.440 --> 00:39:06.630 align:start position:0% provide an indication of falling either<00:39:04.160> forward<00:39:04.560> backwards<00:39:05.119> or<00:39:05.599> laterally 00:39:06.630 --> 00:39:06.640 align:start position:0% either forward backwards or laterally 00:39:06.640 --> 00:39:09.270 align:start position:0% either forward backwards or laterally or<00:39:08.000> create<00:39:08.240> a<00:39:08.400> vector<00:39:08.720> to<00:39:08.880> show<00:39:09.040> you<00:39:09.200> that 00:39:09.270 --> 00:39:09.280 align:start position:0% or create a vector to show you that 00:39:09.280 --> 00:39:10.870 align:start position:0% or create a vector to show you that you're<00:39:09.440> falling<00:39:09.680> at<00:39:09.839> 45<00:39:10.320> degrees<00:39:10.640> or 00:39:10.870 --> 00:39:10.880 align:start position:0% you're falling at 45 degrees or 00:39:10.880 --> 00:39:13.750 align:start position:0% you're falling at 45 degrees or whatever<00:39:11.280> is<00:39:11.359> happening<00:39:11.760> okay<00:39:12.640> and<00:39:12.880> then<00:39:13.440> use 00:39:13.750 --> 00:39:13.760 align:start position:0% whatever is happening okay and then use 00:39:13.760 --> 00:39:15.750 align:start position:0% whatever is happening okay and then use that<00:39:14.000> information 00:39:15.750 --> 00:39:15.760 align:start position:0% that information 00:39:15.760 --> 00:39:18.230 align:start position:0% that information let's<00:39:16.000> say<00:39:16.160> that<00:39:16.320> you're<00:39:16.640> falling<00:39:17.920> to<00:39:18.079> the 00:39:18.230 --> 00:39:18.240 align:start position:0% let's say that you're falling to the 00:39:18.240 --> 00:39:19.109 align:start position:0% let's say that you're falling to the right 00:39:19.109 --> 00:39:19.119 align:start position:0% right 00:39:19.119 --> 00:39:22.470 align:start position:0% right and<00:39:19.280> use<00:39:19.520> that<00:39:19.760> information<00:39:20.800> to<00:39:21.200> tickle 00:39:22.470 --> 00:39:22.480 align:start position:0% and use that information to tickle 00:39:22.480 --> 00:39:25.349 align:start position:0% and use that information to tickle you<00:39:22.800> on<00:39:22.960> the<00:39:23.040> left-hand<00:39:23.599> side<00:39:24.560> so<00:39:24.800> now<00:39:25.119> that 00:39:25.349 --> 00:39:25.359 align:start position:0% you on the left-hand side so now that 00:39:25.359 --> 00:39:26.950 align:start position:0% you on the left-hand side so now that gives<00:39:25.599> you<00:39:25.680> the<00:39:25.839> indication<00:39:26.400> what<00:39:26.560> you<00:39:26.720> should 00:39:26.950 --> 00:39:26.960 align:start position:0% gives you the indication what you should 00:39:26.960 --> 00:39:27.589 align:start position:0% gives you the indication what you should do 00:39:27.589 --> 00:39:27.599 align:start position:0% do 00:39:27.599 --> 00:39:29.750 align:start position:0% do is<00:39:27.760> to<00:39:28.240> push<00:39:28.560> on<00:39:28.640> your<00:39:28.880> canes<00:39:29.200> or<00:39:29.359> whatever<00:39:29.599> to 00:39:29.750 --> 00:39:29.760 align:start position:0% is to push on your canes or whatever to 00:39:29.760 --> 00:39:33.829 align:start position:0% is to push on your canes or whatever to straighten<00:39:30.240> up<00:39:30.320> the<00:39:30.480> body<00:39:30.800> in<00:39:30.880> that<00:39:31.119> direction 00:39:33.829 --> 00:39:33.839 align:start position:0% 00:39:33.839 --> 00:39:35.910 align:start position:0% so<00:39:34.000> i<00:39:34.079> still<00:39:34.320> thought<00:39:34.480> that<00:39:34.640> was<00:39:34.880> a<00:39:35.520> one<00:39:35.760> of<00:39:35.839> the 00:39:35.910 --> 00:39:35.920 align:start position:0% so i still thought that was a one of the 00:39:35.920 --> 00:39:37.589 align:start position:0% so i still thought that was a one of the better<00:39:36.240> ideas<00:39:36.720> i<00:39:36.880> had 00:39:37.589 --> 00:39:37.599 align:start position:0% better ideas i had 00:39:37.599 --> 00:39:40.230 align:start position:0% better ideas i had and<00:39:38.800> but<00:39:38.960> what<00:39:39.200> i<00:39:39.280> didn't<00:39:39.520> figure<00:39:39.839> with<00:39:40.079> was 00:39:40.230 --> 00:39:40.240 align:start position:0% and but what i didn't figure with was 00:39:40.240 --> 00:39:42.630 align:start position:0% and but what i didn't figure with was that<00:39:40.400> it<00:39:40.560> by<00:39:40.720> the<00:39:40.800> way<00:39:40.960> it<00:39:41.040> worked<00:39:41.280> very<00:39:41.520> well 00:39:42.630 --> 00:39:42.640 align:start position:0% that it by the way it worked very well 00:39:42.640 --> 00:39:45.670 align:start position:0% that it by the way it worked very well but<00:39:42.800> for<00:39:42.960> a<00:39:43.119> short<00:39:43.440> time<00:39:44.880> why 00:39:45.670 --> 00:39:45.680 align:start position:0% but for a short time why 00:39:45.680 --> 00:39:48.790 align:start position:0% but for a short time why because<00:39:47.599> the<00:39:47.760> human 00:39:48.790 --> 00:39:48.800 align:start position:0% because the human 00:39:48.800 --> 00:39:52.310 align:start position:0% because the human skin<00:39:49.839> habituates<00:39:51.280> and<00:39:51.599> the<00:39:51.760> electrical 00:39:52.310 --> 00:39:52.320 align:start position:0% skin habituates and the electrical 00:39:52.320 --> 00:39:55.030 align:start position:0% skin habituates and the electrical signals<00:39:52.800> that<00:39:53.040> we<00:39:53.200> used<00:39:53.520> for<00:39:53.760> tickling 00:39:55.030 --> 00:39:55.040 align:start position:0% signals that we used for tickling 00:39:55.040 --> 00:39:57.270 align:start position:0% signals that we used for tickling they<00:39:55.200> didn't<00:39:55.440> feel<00:39:55.680> them<00:39:55.920> after<00:39:56.160> a<00:39:56.240> while<00:39:57.119> so 00:39:57.270 --> 00:39:57.280 align:start position:0% they didn't feel them after a while so 00:39:57.280 --> 00:39:59.190 align:start position:0% they didn't feel them after a while so you<00:39:57.359> had<00:39:57.520> to<00:39:57.680> raise<00:39:58.000> the<00:39:58.240> power 00:39:59.190 --> 00:39:59.200 align:start position:0% you had to raise the power 00:39:59.200 --> 00:40:00.550 align:start position:0% you had to raise the power and<00:39:59.280> then<00:39:59.520> eventually<00:40:00.000> got<00:40:00.160> to<00:40:00.320> the<00:40:00.400> point 00:40:00.550 --> 00:40:00.560 align:start position:0% and then eventually got to the point 00:40:00.560 --> 00:40:03.190 align:start position:0% and then eventually got to the point where<00:40:00.720> it<00:40:00.720> was<00:40:00.960> burning<00:40:01.359> the<00:40:01.440> skin 00:40:03.190 --> 00:40:03.200 align:start position:0% where it was burning the skin 00:40:03.200 --> 00:40:06.470 align:start position:0% where it was burning the skin see<00:40:03.440> so<00:40:03.599> you<00:40:03.680> can't<00:40:03.920> go<00:40:04.079> that<00:40:04.319> high<00:40:05.359> so<00:40:05.599> this 00:40:06.470 --> 00:40:06.480 align:start position:0% see so you can't go that high so this 00:40:06.480 --> 00:40:09.349 align:start position:0% see so you can't go that high so this you<00:40:06.640> can<00:40:06.720> see<00:40:06.880> how<00:40:07.040> that<00:40:07.200> would<00:40:07.359> happen<00:40:07.680> right 00:40:09.349 --> 00:40:09.359 align:start position:0% you can see how that would happen right 00:40:09.359 --> 00:40:10.069 align:start position:0% you can see how that would happen right so 00:40:10.069 --> 00:40:10.079 align:start position:0% so 00:40:10.079 --> 00:40:12.069 align:start position:0% so anyway<00:40:10.720> that's<00:40:10.880> why<00:40:11.200> that<00:40:11.440> never<00:40:11.680> became<00:40:12.000> a 00:40:12.069 --> 00:40:12.079 align:start position:0% anyway that's why that never became a 00:40:12.079 --> 00:40:14.950 align:start position:0% anyway that's why that never became a phd<00:40:12.560> thesis 00:40:14.950 --> 00:40:14.960 align:start position:0% phd thesis 00:40:14.960 --> 00:40:17.270 align:start position:0% phd thesis now<00:40:15.119> let's<00:40:15.359> see<00:40:15.520> who<00:40:15.760> else<00:40:15.920> did<00:40:16.160> work<00:40:16.400> in<00:40:16.560> uh<00:40:17.119> in 00:40:17.270 --> 00:40:17.280 align:start position:0% now let's see who else did work in uh in 00:40:17.280 --> 00:40:17.990 align:start position:0% now let's see who else did work in uh in robotics 00:40:17.990 --> 00:40:18.000 align:start position:0% robotics 00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:23.270 align:start position:0% robotics specifically<00:40:19.839> danilo<00:40:20.400> basi 00:40:23.270 --> 00:40:23.280 align:start position:0% 00:40:23.280 --> 00:40:26.710 align:start position:0% uh<00:40:23.520> who<00:40:24.079> is<00:40:24.400> uh<00:40:25.760> currently<00:40:26.160> in<00:40:26.240> the<00:40:26.319> united 00:40:26.710 --> 00:40:26.720 align:start position:0% uh who is uh currently in the united 00:40:26.720 --> 00:40:28.950 align:start position:0% uh who is uh currently in the united states<00:40:27.040> at<00:40:27.200> valparaiso<00:40:28.000> university<00:40:28.720> in 00:40:28.950 --> 00:40:28.960 align:start position:0% states at valparaiso university in 00:40:28.960 --> 00:40:30.870 align:start position:0% states at valparaiso university in pennsylvania<00:40:29.760> i<00:40:29.920> think 00:40:30.870 --> 00:40:30.880 align:start position:0% pennsylvania i think 00:40:30.880 --> 00:40:34.150 align:start position:0% pennsylvania i think he<00:40:32.400> would<00:40:32.720> return<00:40:33.200> back<00:40:33.359> to<00:40:33.520> chile<00:40:33.920> after 00:40:34.150 --> 00:40:34.160 align:start position:0% he would return back to chile after 00:40:34.160 --> 00:40:35.670 align:start position:0% he would return back to chile after getting<00:40:34.400> his<00:40:34.560> degree<00:40:34.880> and<00:40:35.040> stayed<00:40:35.359> there<00:40:35.520> for 00:40:35.670 --> 00:40:35.680 align:start position:0% getting his degree and stayed there for 00:40:35.680 --> 00:40:37.109 align:start position:0% getting his degree and stayed there for many<00:40:36.000> years 00:40:37.109 --> 00:40:37.119 align:start position:0% many years 00:40:37.119 --> 00:40:40.710 align:start position:0% many years so<00:40:37.359> he<00:40:37.599> worked<00:40:38.079> on<00:40:40.000> control 00:40:40.710 --> 00:40:40.720 align:start position:0% so he worked on control 00:40:40.720 --> 00:40:50.950 align:start position:0% so he worked on control of<00:40:43.119> manipulators 00:40:50.950 --> 00:40:50.960 align:start position:0% 00:40:50.960 --> 00:40:56.630 align:start position:0% using<00:40:53.200> genetic<00:40:53.680> algorithms 00:40:56.630 --> 00:40:56.640 align:start position:0% 00:40:56.640 --> 00:41:03.030 align:start position:0% and<00:40:57.359> another<00:40:57.680> related 00:41:03.030 --> 00:41:03.040 align:start position:0% 00:41:03.040 --> 00:41:06.069 align:start position:0% mathematical<00:41:03.760> methods<00:41:05.200> so<00:41:05.359> he<00:41:05.520> returned<00:41:05.920> to 00:41:06.069 --> 00:41:06.079 align:start position:0% mathematical methods so he returned to 00:41:06.079 --> 00:41:06.550 align:start position:0% mathematical methods so he returned to chile 00:41:06.550 --> 00:41:06.560 align:start position:0% chile 00:41:06.560 --> 00:41:09.030 align:start position:0% chile and<00:41:06.640> then<00:41:06.880> became<00:41:07.280> interested<00:41:07.920> in<00:41:08.240> uh<00:41:08.560> using 00:41:09.030 --> 00:41:09.040 align:start position:0% and then became interested in uh using 00:41:09.040 --> 00:41:11.910 align:start position:0% and then became interested in uh using um<00:41:09.440> robots<00:41:09.839> in<00:41:10.079> mining 00:41:11.910 --> 00:41:11.920 align:start position:0% um robots in mining 00:41:11.920 --> 00:41:13.349 align:start position:0% um robots in mining there<00:41:12.079> are<00:41:12.160> a<00:41:12.160> number<00:41:12.400> of<00:41:12.480> copper<00:41:12.880> mines<00:41:13.200> in 00:41:13.349 --> 00:41:13.359 align:start position:0% there are a number of copper mines in 00:41:13.359 --> 00:41:14.950 align:start position:0% there are a number of copper mines in chile<00:41:13.839> and<00:41:14.079> so<00:41:14.240> you<00:41:14.319> got<00:41:14.480> interested<00:41:14.720> in<00:41:14.800> this 00:41:14.950 --> 00:41:14.960 align:start position:0% chile and so you got interested in this 00:41:14.960 --> 00:41:16.630 align:start position:0% chile and so you got interested in this then<00:41:15.200> he<00:41:15.280> tried<00:41:15.520> to<00:41:15.680> form 00:41:16.630 --> 00:41:16.640 align:start position:0% then he tried to form 00:41:16.640 --> 00:41:18.230 align:start position:0% then he tried to form uh<00:41:16.880> for<00:41:17.040> a<00:41:17.119> long<00:41:17.359> time<00:41:17.520> he<00:41:17.680> was<00:41:17.760> working<00:41:18.079> on 00:41:18.230 --> 00:41:18.240 align:start position:0% uh for a long time he was working on 00:41:18.240 --> 00:41:20.390 align:start position:0% uh for a long time he was working on forming<00:41:18.640> a<00:41:18.720> consortium<00:41:19.359> of<00:41:19.520> american<00:41:20.079> and 00:41:20.390 --> 00:41:20.400 align:start position:0% forming a consortium of american and 00:41:20.400 --> 00:41:23.910 align:start position:0% forming a consortium of american and chilean<00:41:20.880> companies<00:41:21.440> to<00:41:21.680> do<00:41:22.960> mining<00:41:23.359> robotics 00:41:23.910 --> 00:41:23.920 align:start position:0% chilean companies to do mining robotics 00:41:23.920 --> 00:41:24.190 align:start position:0% chilean companies to do mining robotics and 00:41:24.190 --> 00:41:24.200 align:start position:0% and 00:41:24.200 --> 00:41:27.270 align:start position:0% and foreign<00:41:25.200> mining<00:41:25.520> consortium<00:41:26.160> and<00:41:26.240> so<00:41:26.400> on<00:41:27.119> he 00:41:27.270 --> 00:41:27.280 align:start position:0% foreign mining consortium and so on he 00:41:27.280 --> 00:41:28.790 align:start position:0% foreign mining consortium and so on he was<00:41:27.440> never<00:41:27.680> able<00:41:27.839> to<00:41:27.920> get<00:41:28.079> it<00:41:28.240> quite<00:41:28.480> off<00:41:28.720> the 00:41:28.790 --> 00:41:28.800 align:start position:0% was never able to get it quite off the 00:41:28.800 --> 00:41:29.430 align:start position:0% was never able to get it quite off the ground 00:41:29.430 --> 00:41:29.440 align:start position:0% ground 00:41:29.440 --> 00:41:35.750 align:start position:0% ground and<00:41:30.400> now<00:41:30.800> he's<00:41:31.680> trying<00:41:32.079> very<00:41:32.319> hard<00:41:32.839> to 00:41:35.750 --> 00:41:35.760 align:start position:0% and now he's trying very hard to 00:41:35.760 --> 00:41:38.470 align:start position:0% and now he's trying very hard to get<00:41:36.000> an<00:41:36.720> immigration<00:41:37.280> visa<00:41:37.599> so<00:41:37.839> he<00:41:38.160> come<00:41:38.319> to 00:41:38.470 --> 00:41:38.480 align:start position:0% get an immigration visa so he come to 00:41:38.480 --> 00:41:39.990 align:start position:0% get an immigration visa so he come to the<00:41:38.560> united<00:41:38.800> states<00:41:39.040> permanently<00:41:39.520> he's<00:41:39.760> here 00:41:39.990 --> 00:41:40.000 align:start position:0% the united states permanently he's here 00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:40.630 align:start position:0% the united states permanently he's here on 00:41:40.630 --> 00:41:40.640 align:start position:0% on 00:41:40.640 --> 00:41:43.750 align:start position:0% on some<00:41:40.800> kind<00:41:40.960> of<00:41:41.040> a<00:41:41.200> temporary<00:41:41.599> visa 00:41:43.750 --> 00:41:43.760 align:start position:0% some kind of a temporary visa 00:41:43.760 --> 00:41:48.550 align:start position:0% some kind of a temporary visa i<00:41:43.839> just<00:41:44.000> wrote<00:41:44.319> a<00:41:44.400> letter<00:41:44.640> for<00:41:46.839> him 00:41:48.550 --> 00:41:48.560 align:start position:0% i just wrote a letter for him 00:41:48.560 --> 00:41:50.550 align:start position:0% i just wrote a letter for him so<00:41:48.800> he<00:41:48.960> really<00:41:49.280> moved<00:41:49.839> so<00:41:50.000> here<00:41:50.160> he<00:41:50.319> was<00:41:50.480> in 00:41:50.550 --> 00:41:50.560 align:start position:0% so he really moved so here he was in 00:41:50.560 --> 00:41:52.550 align:start position:0% so he really moved so here he was in robotics<00:41:51.040> from<00:41:51.280> the<00:41:51.359> beginning<00:41:51.839> uh<00:41:52.160> but<00:41:52.400> but 00:41:52.550 --> 00:41:52.560 align:start position:0% robotics from the beginning uh but but 00:41:52.560 --> 00:41:54.069 align:start position:0% robotics from the beginning uh but but what<00:41:52.800> he<00:41:52.960> did<00:41:53.200> was<00:41:53.359> then<00:41:53.520> something<00:41:53.839> quite 00:41:54.069 --> 00:41:54.079 align:start position:0% what he did was then something quite 00:41:54.079 --> 00:41:55.750 align:start position:0% what he did was then something quite different<00:41:54.480> after<00:41:54.800> that 00:41:55.750 --> 00:41:55.760 align:start position:0% different after that 00:41:55.760 --> 00:41:59.750 align:start position:0% different after that we<00:41:55.920> never<00:41:56.160> did<00:41:56.319> anything<00:41:56.560> on<00:41:56.720> mining 00:41:59.750 --> 00:41:59.760 align:start position:0% 00:41:59.760 --> 00:42:01.190 align:start position:0% i'd<00:42:00.000> have<00:42:00.079> to<00:42:00.160> pick<00:42:00.400> up<00:42:00.560> a<00:42:00.640> list<00:42:00.880> of<00:42:00.960> my 00:42:01.190 --> 00:42:01.200 align:start position:0% i'd have to pick up a list of my 00:42:01.200 --> 00:42:03.109 align:start position:0% i'd have to pick up a list of my students<00:42:02.640> uh 00:42:03.109 --> 00:42:03.119 align:start position:0% students uh 00:42:03.119 --> 00:42:06.630 align:start position:0% students uh which<00:42:03.359> i<00:42:03.440> can<00:42:03.680> certainly<00:42:04.079> do<00:42:05.200> um<00:42:06.079> yeah<00:42:06.319> we<00:42:06.480> can 00:42:06.630 --> 00:42:06.640 align:start position:0% which i can certainly do um yeah we can 00:42:06.640 --> 00:42:07.109 align:start position:0% which i can certainly do um yeah we can just 00:42:07.109 --> 00:42:07.119 align:start position:0% just 00:42:07.119 --> 00:42:09.510 align:start position:0% just go<00:42:07.359> on<00:42:07.520> for<00:42:07.680> now<00:42:07.839> yeah<00:42:08.000> let's<00:42:08.160> just<00:42:08.319> go<00:42:08.480> on 00:42:09.510 --> 00:42:09.520 align:start position:0% go on for now yeah let's just go on 00:42:09.520 --> 00:42:10.470 align:start position:0% go on for now yeah let's just go on there<00:42:09.680> are<00:42:09.760> many<00:42:10.000> of<00:42:10.160> them 00:42:10.470 --> 00:42:10.480 align:start position:0% there are many of them 00:42:10.480 --> 00:42:12.870 align:start position:0% there are many of them yeah<00:42:11.359> oh<00:42:11.680> so<00:42:12.000> who<00:42:12.240> are<00:42:12.319> some<00:42:12.480> of<00:42:12.560> the<00:42:12.640> people 00:42:12.870 --> 00:42:12.880 align:start position:0% yeah oh so who are some of the people 00:42:12.880 --> 00:42:14.550 align:start position:0% yeah oh so who are some of the people that<00:42:12.960> you've<00:42:13.280> collaborated<00:42:13.920> with<00:42:14.160> over<00:42:14.400> the 00:42:14.550 --> 00:42:14.560 align:start position:0% that you've collaborated with over the 00:42:14.560 --> 00:42:16.870 align:start position:0% that you've collaborated with over the years<00:42:14.960> at<00:42:15.280> their<00:42:15.520> institutions<00:42:16.400> or 00:42:16.870 --> 00:42:16.880 align:start position:0% years at their institutions or 00:42:16.880 --> 00:42:20.630 align:start position:0% years at their institutions or at<00:42:17.040> usc 00:42:20.630 --> 00:42:20.640 align:start position:0% 00:42:20.640 --> 00:42:24.710 align:start position:0% well<00:42:20.880> michael<00:42:21.200> larby<00:42:22.560> michael<00:42:22.960> and<00:42:23.119> i<00:42:23.359> had 00:42:24.710 --> 00:42:24.720 align:start position:0% well michael larby michael and i had 00:42:24.720 --> 00:42:28.309 align:start position:0% well michael larby michael and i had several<00:42:25.280> joint<00:42:26.960> grants 00:42:28.309 --> 00:42:28.319 align:start position:0% several joint grants 00:42:28.319 --> 00:42:30.710 align:start position:0% several joint grants from<00:42:28.640> the<00:42:28.720> national<00:42:29.040> science<00:42:29.359> foundation<00:42:30.480> and 00:42:30.710 --> 00:42:30.720 align:start position:0% from the national science foundation and 00:42:30.720 --> 00:42:32.230 align:start position:0% from the national science foundation and so<00:42:30.880> we<00:42:31.040> worked<00:42:31.359> on<00:42:31.440> those<00:42:31.760> things 00:42:32.230 --> 00:42:32.240 align:start position:0% so we worked on those things 00:42:32.240 --> 00:42:35.510 align:start position:0% so we worked on those things together<00:42:33.760> uh<00:42:34.000> who<00:42:34.319> else<00:42:34.480> did<00:42:34.720> i<00:42:35.200> i 00:42:35.510 --> 00:42:35.520 align:start position:0% together uh who else did i i 00:42:35.520 --> 00:42:38.230 align:start position:0% together uh who else did i i collaborated<00:42:36.160> with<00:42:36.319> bob<00:42:36.560> mcgee<00:42:37.280> the<00:42:37.760> the<00:42:37.920> man 00:42:38.230 --> 00:42:38.240 align:start position:0% collaborated with bob mcgee the the man 00:42:38.240 --> 00:42:39.430 align:start position:0% collaborated with bob mcgee the the man who<00:42:38.480> i<00:42:38.640> mentioned<00:42:38.960> to<00:42:39.119> you 00:42:39.430 --> 00:42:39.440 align:start position:0% who i mentioned to you 00:42:39.440 --> 00:42:41.030 align:start position:0% who i mentioned to you was<00:42:39.680> involved<00:42:40.079> in<00:42:40.240> the<00:42:40.319> construction<00:42:40.800> of<00:42:40.880> the 00:42:41.030 --> 00:42:41.040 align:start position:0% was involved in the construction of the 00:42:41.040 --> 00:42:42.550 align:start position:0% was involved in the construction of the original<00:42:41.440> horse 00:42:42.550 --> 00:42:42.560 align:start position:0% original horse 00:42:42.560 --> 00:42:46.390 align:start position:0% original horse bob<00:42:42.960> left<00:42:43.599> from<00:42:44.960> usc 00:42:46.390 --> 00:42:46.400 align:start position:0% bob left from usc 00:42:46.400 --> 00:42:49.589 align:start position:0% bob left from usc and<00:42:46.720> went<00:42:47.119> to<00:42:47.440> ohio<00:42:47.920> state<00:42:48.240> university 00:42:49.589 --> 00:42:49.599 align:start position:0% and went to ohio state university 00:42:49.599 --> 00:42:53.190 align:start position:0% and went to ohio state university where<00:42:49.839> he<00:42:50.079> built<00:42:50.480> a<00:42:51.839> humongous 00:42:53.190 --> 00:42:53.200 align:start position:0% where he built a humongous 00:42:53.200 --> 00:42:55.109 align:start position:0% where he built a humongous four-legged<00:42:53.680> walking<00:42:54.000> machine<00:42:54.720> that<00:42:54.960> was 00:42:55.109 --> 00:42:55.119 align:start position:0% four-legged walking machine that was 00:42:55.119 --> 00:42:56.870 align:start position:0% four-legged walking machine that was originally<00:42:55.760> designed<00:42:56.240> to 00:42:56.870 --> 00:42:56.880 align:start position:0% originally designed to 00:42:56.880 --> 00:43:02.150 align:start position:0% originally designed to carry<00:42:57.440> soldiers<00:42:58.880> in<00:42:59.119> malaysia<00:42:59.760> or<00:42:59.920> someplace 00:43:02.150 --> 00:43:02.160 align:start position:0% carry soldiers in malaysia or someplace 00:43:02.160 --> 00:43:04.710 align:start position:0% carry soldiers in malaysia or someplace it<00:43:02.319> was<00:43:02.880> never<00:43:03.359> successful<00:43:03.920> for<00:43:04.079> that<00:43:04.240> purpose 00:43:04.710 --> 00:43:04.720 align:start position:0% it was never successful for that purpose 00:43:04.720 --> 00:43:05.430 align:start position:0% it was never successful for that purpose but<00:43:04.960> it 00:43:05.430 --> 00:43:05.440 align:start position:0% but it 00:43:05.440 --> 00:43:08.150 align:start position:0% but it but<00:43:05.680> it<00:43:05.760> was<00:43:05.920> a<00:43:06.000> remarkable<00:43:06.640> machine<00:43:07.599> and<00:43:07.839> from 00:43:08.150 --> 00:43:08.160 align:start position:0% but it was a remarkable machine and from 00:43:08.160 --> 00:43:08.790 align:start position:0% but it was a remarkable machine and from there 00:43:08.790 --> 00:43:08.800 align:start position:0% there 00:43:08.800 --> 00:43:10.790 align:start position:0% there when<00:43:09.040> he<00:43:09.200> retired<00:43:09.599> from<00:43:09.839> ohio<00:43:10.240> state<00:43:10.480> he<00:43:10.560> went 00:43:10.790 --> 00:43:10.800 align:start position:0% when he retired from ohio state he went 00:43:10.800 --> 00:43:12.470 align:start position:0% when he retired from ohio state he went to<00:43:10.880> the<00:43:11.040> navy<00:43:11.359> post<00:43:11.680> graduate<00:43:12.000> school 00:43:12.470 --> 00:43:12.480 align:start position:0% to the navy post graduate school 00:43:12.480 --> 00:43:16.069 align:start position:0% to the navy post graduate school from<00:43:12.640> which<00:43:12.800> he's<00:43:12.960> now<00:43:13.200> retired<00:43:13.760> also<00:43:15.040> and 00:43:16.069 --> 00:43:16.079 align:start position:0% from which he's now retired also and 00:43:16.079 --> 00:43:20.150 align:start position:0% from which he's now retired also and there<00:43:16.400> he<00:43:16.560> was<00:43:16.800> working<00:43:17.280> on<00:43:17.680> robot<00:43:18.160> fish 00:43:20.150 --> 00:43:20.160 align:start position:0% there he was working on robot fish 00:43:20.160 --> 00:43:22.470 align:start position:0% there he was working on robot fish so<00:43:20.640> he's<00:43:20.960> a<00:43:21.040> he's<00:43:21.280> a<00:43:21.359> man<00:43:21.520> who<00:43:21.680> was<00:43:21.839> in<00:43:22.000> robotics 00:43:22.470 --> 00:43:22.480 align:start position:0% so he's a he's a man who was in robotics 00:43:22.480 --> 00:43:23.670 align:start position:0% so he's a he's a man who was in robotics from<00:43:22.640> the<00:43:22.720> very<00:43:22.960> beginning<00:43:23.359> and 00:43:23.670 --> 00:43:23.680 align:start position:0% from the very beginning and 00:43:23.680 --> 00:43:28.150 align:start position:0% from the very beginning and pretty<00:43:23.920> much<00:43:24.160> stayed<00:43:24.480> with<00:43:24.839> it 00:43:28.150 --> 00:43:28.160 align:start position:0% 00:43:28.160 --> 00:43:31.829 align:start position:0% from<00:43:28.400> the<00:43:28.560> time<00:43:28.800> of<00:43:28.960> the<00:43:29.119> 1960s 00:43:31.829 --> 00:43:31.839 align:start position:0% from the time of the 1960s 00:43:31.839 --> 00:43:35.190 align:start position:0% from the time of the 1960s what<00:43:32.000> was<00:43:32.079> this<00:43:32.319> area<00:43:33.280> mcgee<00:43:34.000> m<00:43:34.240> c 00:43:35.190 --> 00:43:35.200 align:start position:0% what was this area mcgee m c 00:43:35.200 --> 00:43:42.550 align:start position:0% what was this area mcgee m c g<00:43:35.440> h<00:43:38.839> e 00:43:42.550 --> 00:43:42.560 align:start position:0% 00:43:42.560 --> 00:43:45.670 align:start position:0% now<00:43:42.720> let's<00:43:42.960> see<00:43:43.200> who<00:43:44.400> with<00:43:44.640> whom<00:43:45.200> is<00:43:45.280> he<00:43:45.440> still 00:43:45.670 --> 00:43:45.680 align:start position:0% now let's see who with whom is he still 00:43:45.680 --> 00:43:47.510 align:start position:0% now let's see who with whom is he still in<00:43:45.760> monterey 00:43:47.510 --> 00:43:47.520 align:start position:0% in monterey 00:43:47.520 --> 00:43:50.790 align:start position:0% in monterey he<00:43:47.839> still<00:43:48.079> lives<00:43:48.319> in<00:43:48.480> monterey<00:43:50.400> and 00:43:50.790 --> 00:43:50.800 align:start position:0% he still lives in monterey and 00:43:50.800 --> 00:43:54.069 align:start position:0% he still lives in monterey and he'll<00:43:51.040> be<00:43:51.200> at<00:43:51.359> the<00:43:51.520> talk<00:43:51.920> on<00:43:52.800> on<00:43:53.040> friday<00:43:53.599> so<00:43:53.920> we 00:43:54.069 --> 00:43:54.079 align:start position:0% he'll be at the talk on on friday so we 00:43:54.079 --> 00:43:55.589 align:start position:0% he'll be at the talk on on friday so we have<00:43:54.240> a<00:43:54.319> chance<00:43:54.560> to<00:43:54.720> meet<00:43:54.880> him<00:43:55.119> yeah 00:43:55.589 --> 00:43:55.599 align:start position:0% have a chance to meet him yeah 00:43:55.599 --> 00:43:59.990 align:start position:0% have a chance to meet him yeah all<00:43:55.680> right 00:43:59.990 --> 00:44:00.000 align:start position:0% 00:44:00.000 --> 00:44:02.069 align:start position:0% you<00:44:00.160> should<00:44:00.319> look<00:44:00.480> him<00:44:00.640> up<00:44:00.800> on<00:44:00.880> google<00:44:01.760> yeah 00:44:02.069 --> 00:44:02.079 align:start position:0% you should look him up on google yeah 00:44:02.079 --> 00:44:05.030 align:start position:0% you should look him up on google yeah and<00:44:02.400> um<00:44:02.800> i<00:44:02.880> think 00:44:05.030 --> 00:44:05.040 align:start position:0% and um i think 00:44:05.040 --> 00:44:06.630 align:start position:0% and um i think i<00:44:05.119> think<00:44:05.280> you'll<00:44:05.520> find<00:44:05.760> a<00:44:06.000> very<00:44:06.240> interesting 00:44:06.630 --> 00:44:06.640 align:start position:0% i think you'll find a very interesting 00:44:06.640 --> 00:44:08.710 align:start position:0% i think you'll find a very interesting guy<00:44:07.599> he's<00:44:07.920> pretty<00:44:08.160> much 00:44:08.710 --> 00:44:08.720 align:start position:0% guy he's pretty much 00:44:08.720 --> 00:44:10.550 align:start position:0% guy he's pretty much dropped<00:44:09.280> all<00:44:09.520> professional<00:44:10.079> work<00:44:10.240> when<00:44:10.400> he 00:44:10.550 --> 00:44:10.560 align:start position:0% dropped all professional work when he 00:44:10.560 --> 00:44:11.829 align:start position:0% dropped all professional work when he retired<00:44:11.040> from<00:44:11.359> uh 00:44:11.829 --> 00:44:11.839 align:start position:0% retired from uh 00:44:11.839 --> 00:44:13.190 align:start position:0% retired from uh from<00:44:12.079> there<00:44:12.319> concentrating<00:44:12.880> on<00:44:13.040> his 00:44:13.190 --> 00:44:13.200 align:start position:0% from there concentrating on his 00:44:13.200 --> 00:44:15.349 align:start position:0% from there concentrating on his grandchildren<00:44:13.839> i<00:44:13.920> think 00:44:15.349 --> 00:44:15.359 align:start position:0% grandchildren i think 00:44:15.359 --> 00:44:18.230 align:start position:0% grandchildren i think so<00:44:15.920> but<00:44:16.079> that<00:44:16.319> was<00:44:16.640> uh<00:44:17.440> that's<00:44:17.760> now<00:44:18.000> been 00:44:18.230 --> 00:44:18.240 align:start position:0% so but that was uh that's now been 00:44:18.240 --> 00:44:19.430 align:start position:0% so but that was uh that's now been probably 00:44:19.430 --> 00:44:19.440 align:start position:0% probably 00:44:19.440 --> 00:44:22.470 align:start position:0% probably four<00:44:19.680> years<00:44:20.079> five<00:44:20.319> years<00:44:21.599> and<00:44:21.920> i<00:44:22.079> believe 00:44:22.470 --> 00:44:22.480 align:start position:0% four years five years and i believe 00:44:22.480 --> 00:44:23.910 align:start position:0% four years five years and i believe about<00:44:22.720> a<00:44:22.800> year<00:44:23.040> year<00:44:23.200> and<00:44:23.359> a<00:44:23.359> half<00:44:23.520> ago<00:44:23.760> his 00:44:23.910 --> 00:44:23.920 align:start position:0% about a year year and a half ago his 00:44:23.920 --> 00:44:25.589 align:start position:0% about a year year and a half ago his wife<00:44:24.160> died<00:44:24.560> and<00:44:24.720> that 00:44:25.589 --> 00:44:25.599 align:start position:0% wife died and that 00:44:25.599 --> 00:44:27.750 align:start position:0% wife died and that confirmed<00:44:26.240> his<00:44:26.720> sort<00:44:26.960> of<00:44:27.119> leaving<00:44:27.440> his<00:44:27.599> life 00:44:27.750 --> 00:44:27.760 align:start position:0% confirmed his sort of leaving his life 00:44:27.760 --> 00:44:28.630 align:start position:0% confirmed his sort of leaving his life though 00:44:28.630 --> 00:44:28.640 align:start position:0% though 00:44:28.640 --> 00:44:32.150 align:start position:0% though i've<00:44:28.800> been<00:44:29.119> told 00:44:32.150 --> 00:44:32.160 align:start position:0% 00:44:32.160 --> 00:44:35.910 align:start position:0% that<00:44:34.240> one<00:44:34.480> of<00:44:34.640> his<00:44:34.960> students<00:44:35.440> who<00:44:35.680> is<00:44:35.760> a 00:44:35.910 --> 00:44:35.920 align:start position:0% that one of his students who is a 00:44:35.920 --> 00:44:37.670 align:start position:0% that one of his students who is a faculty<00:44:36.319> member<00:44:36.640> at<00:44:36.720> the<00:44:36.800> navy<00:44:37.040> post<00:44:37.280> graduate 00:44:37.670 --> 00:44:37.680 align:start position:0% faculty member at the navy post graduate 00:44:37.680 --> 00:44:38.150 align:start position:0% faculty member at the navy post graduate school 00:44:38.150 --> 00:44:38.160 align:start position:0% school 00:44:38.160 --> 00:44:40.150 align:start position:0% school now<00:44:38.560> does<00:44:38.800> some<00:44:39.040> technical<00:44:39.520> collaboration 00:44:40.150 --> 00:44:40.160 align:start position:0% now does some technical collaboration 00:44:40.160 --> 00:44:41.990 align:start position:0% now does some technical collaboration with<00:44:40.400> him<00:44:40.560> so<00:44:40.800> he<00:44:40.960> may<00:44:41.200> have<00:44:41.280> returned<00:44:41.920> a 00:44:41.990 --> 00:44:42.000 align:start position:0% with him so he may have returned a 00:44:42.000 --> 00:44:43.829 align:start position:0% with him so he may have returned a little<00:44:42.240> bit 00:44:43.829 --> 00:44:43.839 align:start position:0% little bit 00:44:43.839 --> 00:44:46.230 align:start position:0% little bit so<00:44:44.079> sometimes<00:44:44.560> you<00:44:44.640> know<00:44:45.200> we<00:44:45.440> in<00:44:45.520> robotics<00:44:46.079> is 00:44:46.230 --> 00:44:46.240 align:start position:0% so sometimes you know we in robotics is 00:44:46.240 --> 00:44:47.750 align:start position:0% so sometimes you know we in robotics is guessing<00:44:46.560> our<00:44:46.720> blood<00:44:46.960> and<00:44:47.119> we<00:44:47.200> can't<00:44:47.520> quite 00:44:47.750 --> 00:44:47.760 align:start position:0% guessing our blood and we can't quite 00:44:47.760 --> 00:44:48.829 align:start position:0% guessing our blood and we can't quite let<00:44:47.920> it<00:44:48.000> go 00:44:48.829 --> 00:44:48.839 align:start position:0% let it go 00:44:48.839 --> 00:44:55.670 align:start position:0% let it go so<00:44:50.400> it<00:44:50.560> comes<00:44:50.880> back 00:44:55.670 --> 00:44:55.680 align:start position:0% 00:44:55.680 --> 00:44:57.430 align:start position:0% where<00:44:55.920> were<00:44:56.079> we<00:44:56.319> i'm<00:44:56.400> sorry<00:44:56.640> you<00:44:56.720> recognized 00:44:57.430 --> 00:44:57.440 align:start position:0% where were we i'm sorry you recognized 00:44:57.440 --> 00:44:59.670 align:start position:0% where were we i'm sorry you recognized collaborators<00:44:58.319> well<00:44:58.480> collaborative<00:44:59.200> okay 00:44:59.670 --> 00:44:59.680 align:start position:0% collaborators well collaborative okay 00:44:59.680 --> 00:45:02.829 align:start position:0% collaborators well collaborative okay so<00:44:59.920> bob<00:45:00.160> and<00:45:00.319> i<00:45:00.400> had<00:45:00.560> some<00:45:00.800> joint<00:45:01.760> grants<00:45:02.319> with 00:45:02.829 --> 00:45:02.839 align:start position:0% so bob and i had some joint grants with 00:45:02.839 --> 00:45:05.109 align:start position:0% so bob and i had some joint grants with um 00:45:05.109 --> 00:45:05.119 align:start position:0% um 00:45:05.119 --> 00:45:08.950 align:start position:0% um i<00:45:05.280> think<00:45:05.520> with<00:45:05.760> the<00:45:07.599> army<00:45:07.920> research<00:45:08.400> office<00:45:08.800> or 00:45:08.950 --> 00:45:08.960 align:start position:0% i think with the army research office or 00:45:08.960 --> 00:45:11.430 align:start position:0% i think with the army research office or af<00:45:09.280> osr<00:45:09.839> i<00:45:09.920> don't<00:45:10.160> i<00:45:10.319> don't<00:45:10.560> remember 00:45:11.430 --> 00:45:11.440 align:start position:0% af osr i don't i don't remember 00:45:11.440 --> 00:45:15.030 align:start position:0% af osr i don't i don't remember at<00:45:11.599> this<00:45:11.839> point 00:45:15.030 --> 00:45:15.040 align:start position:0% 00:45:15.040 --> 00:45:18.309 align:start position:0% the<00:45:15.920> my<00:45:16.240> last<00:45:17.200> major 00:45:18.309 --> 00:45:18.319 align:start position:0% the my last major 00:45:18.319 --> 00:45:22.870 align:start position:0% the my last major contracts<00:45:18.960> which<00:45:19.280> were<00:45:19.440> darpa<00:45:19.920> contracts 00:45:22.870 --> 00:45:22.880 align:start position:0% 00:45:22.880 --> 00:45:26.870 align:start position:0% the<00:45:23.119> maya<00:45:23.599> and<00:45:23.760> gorham<00:45:24.160> were<00:45:24.960> copyi's 00:45:26.870 --> 00:45:26.880 align:start position:0% the maya and gorham were copyi's 00:45:26.880 --> 00:45:28.790 align:start position:0% the maya and gorham were copyi's i<00:45:27.040> was<00:45:27.280> a<00:45:27.359> pi<00:45:27.760> and<00:45:27.920> they<00:45:28.000> were<00:45:28.240> assistant<00:45:28.720> of 00:45:28.790 --> 00:45:28.800 align:start position:0% i was a pi and they were assistant of 00:45:28.800 --> 00:45:29.910 align:start position:0% i was a pi and they were assistant of copy<00:45:29.119> house<00:45:29.359> and<00:45:29.440> then 00:45:29.910 --> 00:45:29.920 align:start position:0% copy house and then 00:45:29.920 --> 00:45:32.950 align:start position:0% copy house and then actually<00:45:30.400> when<00:45:30.640> i'm<00:45:31.359> when<00:45:31.839> after<00:45:32.480> a<00:45:32.640> year<00:45:32.800> or 00:45:32.950 --> 00:45:32.960 align:start position:0% actually when i'm when after a year or 00:45:32.960 --> 00:45:34.630 align:start position:0% actually when i'm when after a year or so<00:45:33.119> after<00:45:33.440> maya<00:45:33.760> came 00:45:34.630 --> 00:45:34.640 align:start position:0% so after maya came 00:45:34.640 --> 00:45:37.910 align:start position:0% so after maya came i<00:45:34.960> i<00:45:35.119> turned<00:45:35.359> it<00:45:35.520> over<00:45:35.680> to<00:45:35.839> her<00:45:37.440> because<00:45:37.680> i<00:45:37.760> was 00:45:37.910 --> 00:45:37.920 align:start position:0% i i turned it over to her because i was 00:45:37.920 --> 00:45:39.270 align:start position:0% i i turned it over to her because i was too<00:45:38.079> busy<00:45:38.319> i<00:45:38.400> was<00:45:38.480> working<00:45:38.720> in<00:45:38.880> the<00:45:38.960> dean's 00:45:39.270 --> 00:45:39.280 align:start position:0% too busy i was working in the dean's 00:45:39.280 --> 00:45:41.270 align:start position:0% too busy i was working in the dean's office<00:45:39.520> i<00:45:39.599> was<00:45:39.760> an<00:45:39.920> associate<00:45:40.319> dean<00:45:40.720> and 00:45:41.270 --> 00:45:41.280 align:start position:0% office i was an associate dean and 00:45:41.280 --> 00:45:43.270 align:start position:0% office i was an associate dean and like<00:45:41.520> she<00:45:41.680> is<00:45:41.920> too<00:45:42.480> except<00:45:42.800> that<00:45:42.960> she's 00:45:43.270 --> 00:45:43.280 align:start position:0% like she is too except that she's 00:45:43.280 --> 00:45:45.030 align:start position:0% like she is too except that she's superhuman<00:45:43.920> and<00:45:44.000> she<00:45:44.160> can<00:45:44.319> do<00:45:44.480> several<00:45:44.800> things 00:45:45.030 --> 00:45:45.040 align:start position:0% superhuman and she can do several things 00:45:45.040 --> 00:45:45.589 align:start position:0% superhuman and she can do several things at<00:45:45.119> the 00:45:45.589 --> 00:45:45.599 align:start position:0% at the 00:45:45.599 --> 00:45:51.589 align:start position:0% at the ones<00:45:45.760> which<00:45:46.000> i<00:45:46.160> can't<00:45:46.400> do<00:45:47.920> so 00:45:51.589 --> 00:45:51.599 align:start position:0% 00:45:51.599 --> 00:45:53.589 align:start position:0% okay<00:45:52.160> now<00:45:52.400> let's<00:45:52.560> see<00:45:52.800> who<00:45:53.040> are<00:45:53.200> other 00:45:53.589 --> 00:45:53.599 align:start position:0% okay now let's see who are other 00:45:53.599 --> 00:45:54.950 align:start position:0% okay now let's see who are other collaborators 00:45:54.950 --> 00:45:54.960 align:start position:0% collaborators 00:45:54.960 --> 00:45:58.309 align:start position:0% collaborators i<00:45:55.119> never<00:45:55.760> formally<00:45:57.200> collaborated<00:45:57.920> with<00:45:58.160> uh 00:45:58.309 --> 00:45:58.319 align:start position:0% i never formally collaborated with uh 00:45:58.319 --> 00:46:07.190 align:start position:0% i never formally collaborated with uh with<00:45:58.560> rod<00:45:58.880> brooks 00:46:07.190 --> 00:46:07.200 align:start position:0% 00:46:07.200 --> 00:46:10.470 align:start position:0% i<00:46:07.440> wrote<00:46:07.680> some<00:46:08.800> joint<00:46:09.119> papers<00:46:09.920> with<00:46:10.160> people 00:46:10.470 --> 00:46:10.480 align:start position:0% i wrote some joint papers with people 00:46:10.480 --> 00:46:11.430 align:start position:0% i wrote some joint papers with people like 00:46:11.430 --> 00:46:11.440 align:start position:0% like 00:46:11.440 --> 00:46:14.710 align:start position:0% like see<00:46:11.680> i<00:46:11.760> think<00:46:12.839> our 00:46:14.710 --> 00:46:14.720 align:start position:0% see i think our 00:46:14.720 --> 00:46:19.030 align:start position:0% see i think our arthur<00:46:15.119> sanderson<00:46:15.680> or<00:46:15.839> rpi 00:46:19.030 --> 00:46:19.040 align:start position:0% 00:46:19.040 --> 00:46:22.150 align:start position:0% do<00:46:19.200> you<00:46:19.280> know<00:46:19.520> him<00:46:20.160> no<00:46:20.880> okay<00:46:21.839> so 00:46:22.150 --> 00:46:22.160 align:start position:0% do you know him no okay so 00:46:22.160 --> 00:46:25.829 align:start position:0% do you know him no okay so art<00:46:22.480> sanderson<00:46:23.839> was<00:46:24.160> a 00:46:25.829 --> 00:46:25.839 align:start position:0% art sanderson was a 00:46:25.839 --> 00:46:28.150 align:start position:0% art sanderson was a actually<00:46:26.240> he<00:46:26.400> was<00:46:26.640> president<00:46:27.200> of<00:46:27.280> the<00:46:27.520> ieee 00:46:28.150 --> 00:46:28.160 align:start position:0% actually he was president of the ieee 00:46:28.160 --> 00:46:29.910 align:start position:0% actually he was president of the ieee robotics<00:46:28.560> and<00:46:28.640> automation<00:46:28.960> society<00:46:29.440> before<00:46:29.760> i 00:46:29.910 --> 00:46:29.920 align:start position:0% robotics and automation society before i 00:46:29.920 --> 00:46:31.109 align:start position:0% robotics and automation society before i was 00:46:31.109 --> 00:46:31.119 align:start position:0% was 00:46:31.119 --> 00:46:35.109 align:start position:0% was in<00:46:31.359> the<00:46:32.560> maybe<00:46:32.880> mid<00:46:33.200> 1990s 00:46:35.109 --> 00:46:35.119 align:start position:0% in the maybe mid 1990s 00:46:35.119 --> 00:46:38.069 align:start position:0% in the maybe mid 1990s but<00:46:35.280> his<00:46:36.240> and<00:46:36.480> he's<00:46:36.800> built<00:46:37.599> some<00:46:37.839> very 00:46:38.069 --> 00:46:38.079 align:start position:0% but his and he's built some very 00:46:38.079 --> 00:46:40.870 align:start position:0% but his and he's built some very interesting<00:46:38.560> machines<00:46:38.960> at<00:46:39.119> rpi 00:46:40.870 --> 00:46:40.880 align:start position:0% interesting machines at rpi 00:46:40.880 --> 00:46:43.589 align:start position:0% interesting machines at rpi the<00:46:41.599> latest<00:46:42.079> one<00:46:42.480> we<00:46:42.720> see<00:46:42.880> that<00:46:43.040> jointly<00:46:43.440> with 00:46:43.589 --> 00:46:43.599 align:start position:0% the latest one we see that jointly with 00:46:43.599 --> 00:46:44.710 align:start position:0% the latest one we see that jointly with the<00:46:43.839> navy<00:46:44.240> in 00:46:44.710 --> 00:46:44.720 align:start position:0% the navy in 00:46:44.720 --> 00:46:49.349 align:start position:0% the navy in some<00:46:44.960> context<00:46:45.920> is<00:46:46.079> a<00:46:46.319> fairly<00:46:46.800> large<00:46:47.359> um 00:46:49.349 --> 00:46:49.359 align:start position:0% some context is a fairly large um 00:46:49.359 --> 00:46:52.230 align:start position:0% some context is a fairly large um ocean-going<00:46:50.079> vehicle<00:46:50.880> which<00:46:51.200> is<00:46:51.440> uh 00:46:52.230 --> 00:46:52.240 align:start position:0% ocean-going vehicle which is uh 00:46:52.240 --> 00:46:54.870 align:start position:0% ocean-going vehicle which is uh completely<00:46:52.800> covered<00:46:53.280> with<00:46:53.520> the<00:46:53.839> solar<00:46:54.560> cells 00:46:54.870 --> 00:46:54.880 align:start position:0% completely covered with the solar cells 00:46:54.880 --> 00:46:56.069 align:start position:0% completely covered with the solar cells on<00:46:55.119> its<00:46:55.359> horizontal 00:46:56.069 --> 00:46:56.079 align:start position:0% on its horizontal 00:46:56.079 --> 00:46:59.190 align:start position:0% on its horizontal surface<00:46:56.960> and<00:46:57.119> so<00:46:57.280> what<00:46:57.440> it<00:46:57.599> does<00:46:58.079> it<00:46:58.800> charges 00:46:59.190 --> 00:46:59.200 align:start position:0% surface and so what it does it charges 00:46:59.200 --> 00:47:00.550 align:start position:0% surface and so what it does it charges up<00:46:59.359> all<00:46:59.520> its<00:46:59.680> batteries 00:47:00.550 --> 00:47:00.560 align:start position:0% up all its batteries 00:47:00.560 --> 00:47:03.190 align:start position:0% up all its batteries and<00:47:00.720> then<00:47:00.960> dives<00:47:02.240> and<00:47:02.400> then<00:47:02.560> behaves<00:47:02.960> like<00:47:03.119> a 00:47:03.190 --> 00:47:03.200 align:start position:0% and then dives and then behaves like a 00:47:03.200 --> 00:47:04.870 align:start position:0% and then dives and then behaves like a submarine<00:47:03.760> until<00:47:04.000> it<00:47:04.079> needs<00:47:04.319> to<00:47:04.400> be<00:47:04.560> charged 00:47:04.870 --> 00:47:04.880 align:start position:0% submarine until it needs to be charged 00:47:04.880 --> 00:47:06.630 align:start position:0% submarine until it needs to be charged again<00:47:05.119> and<00:47:05.280> it<00:47:05.359> comes<00:47:05.599> back<00:47:05.839> up<00:47:06.000> and<00:47:06.160> charges 00:47:06.630 --> 00:47:06.640 align:start position:0% again and it comes back up and charges 00:47:06.640 --> 00:47:08.829 align:start position:0% again and it comes back up and charges up 00:47:08.829 --> 00:47:08.839 align:start position:0% 00:47:08.839 --> 00:47:11.670 align:start position:0% so<00:47:09.200> um<00:47:10.400> that's<00:47:10.720> a<00:47:10.800> very<00:47:10.960> interesting<00:47:11.280> robot 00:47:11.670 --> 00:47:11.680 align:start position:0% so um that's a very interesting robot 00:47:11.680 --> 00:47:13.430 align:start position:0% so um that's a very interesting robot vehicle 00:47:13.430 --> 00:47:13.440 align:start position:0% vehicle 00:47:13.440 --> 00:47:18.710 align:start position:0% vehicle very<00:47:13.680> interesting 00:47:18.710 --> 00:47:18.720 align:start position:0% 00:47:18.720 --> 00:47:19.750 align:start position:0% well<00:47:18.880> i'm<00:47:19.040> sure<00:47:19.200> i'll<00:47:19.280> think<00:47:19.440> of<00:47:19.599> other 00:47:19.750 --> 00:47:19.760 align:start position:0% well i'm sure i'll think of other 00:47:19.760 --> 00:47:22.390 align:start position:0% well i'm sure i'll think of other collaborators<00:47:20.480> before<00:47:21.520> before<00:47:22.000> the 00:47:22.390 --> 00:47:22.400 align:start position:0% collaborators before before the 00:47:22.400 --> 00:47:26.309 align:start position:0% collaborators before before the time<00:47:22.839> goes<00:47:23.760> too<00:47:24.079> far 00:47:26.309 --> 00:47:26.319 align:start position:0% time goes too far 00:47:26.319 --> 00:47:28.230 align:start position:0% time goes too far can<00:47:26.480> you<00:47:26.640> talk<00:47:26.800> a<00:47:26.880> little<00:47:27.040> bit<00:47:27.200> about<00:47:27.440> the<00:47:27.680> um 00:47:28.230 --> 00:47:28.240 align:start position:0% can you talk a little bit about the um 00:47:28.240 --> 00:47:30.230 align:start position:0% can you talk a little bit about the um the<00:47:28.400> society<00:47:29.280> uh 00:47:30.230 --> 00:47:30.240 align:start position:0% the society uh 00:47:30.240 --> 00:47:33.589 align:start position:0% the society uh robotics<00:47:32.319> sure 00:47:33.589 --> 00:47:33.599 align:start position:0% robotics sure 00:47:33.599 --> 00:47:37.270 align:start position:0% robotics sure so<00:47:34.559> in<00:47:34.880> um 00:47:37.270 --> 00:47:37.280 align:start position:0% 00:47:37.280 --> 00:47:39.750 align:start position:0% we're<00:47:37.440> talking<00:47:37.760> 50<00:47:38.160> years<00:47:38.480> right<00:47:38.800> so<00:47:39.200> so<00:47:39.599> we're 00:47:39.750 --> 00:47:39.760 align:start position:0% we're talking 50 years right so so we're 00:47:39.760 --> 00:47:42.630 align:start position:0% we're talking 50 years right so so we're talking<00:47:40.000> about<00:47:40.160> the<00:47:40.240> 1960s 00:47:42.630 --> 00:47:42.640 align:start position:0% talking about the 1960s 00:47:42.640 --> 00:47:46.790 align:start position:0% talking about the 1960s and<00:47:44.000> so<00:47:45.200> at<00:47:45.359> that<00:47:45.680> time 00:47:46.790 --> 00:47:46.800 align:start position:0% and so at that time 00:47:46.800 --> 00:47:48.950 align:start position:0% and so at that time one<00:47:47.040> of<00:47:47.119> the<00:47:48.000> leaders<00:47:48.400> of<00:47:48.480> the<00:47:48.640> well<00:47:48.880> there 00:47:48.950 --> 00:47:48.960 align:start position:0% one of the leaders of the well there 00:47:48.960 --> 00:47:50.630 align:start position:0% one of the leaders of the well there were<00:47:49.119> several<00:47:49.440> people<00:47:49.680> who<00:47:49.839> were<00:47:50.000> among<00:47:50.240> the 00:47:50.630 --> 00:47:50.640 align:start position:0% were several people who were among the 00:47:50.640 --> 00:47:52.150 align:start position:0% were several people who were among the original<00:47:51.119> leadership<00:47:51.520> of<00:47:51.599> the<00:47:51.680> society 00:47:52.150 --> 00:47:52.160 align:start position:0% original leadership of the society 00:47:52.160 --> 00:47:55.109 align:start position:0% original leadership of the society george<00:47:52.480> cerritos<00:47:53.119> was<00:47:53.359> one<00:47:53.520> of<00:47:53.680> them 00:47:55.109 --> 00:47:55.119 align:start position:0% george cerritos was one of them 00:47:55.119 --> 00:47:57.670 align:start position:0% george cerritos was one of them he<00:47:55.280> was<00:47:55.599> actually<00:47:56.160> probably<00:47:56.480> considered<00:47:57.359> the 00:47:57.670 --> 00:47:57.680 align:start position:0% he was actually probably considered the 00:47:57.680 --> 00:47:59.670 align:start position:0% he was actually probably considered the founder<00:47:58.160> and<00:47:58.240> he<00:47:58.400> was<00:47:58.559> the<00:47:58.720> first<00:47:58.960> president<00:47:59.520> i 00:47:59.670 --> 00:47:59.680 align:start position:0% founder and he was the first president i 00:47:59.680 --> 00:48:00.230 align:start position:0% founder and he was the first president i believe 00:48:00.230 --> 00:48:00.240 align:start position:0% believe 00:48:00.240 --> 00:48:02.069 align:start position:0% believe of<00:48:00.319> the<00:48:00.480> society<00:48:01.040> i'm<00:48:01.200> not<00:48:01.440> sure<00:48:01.680> about<00:48:01.920> that 00:48:02.069 --> 00:48:02.079 align:start position:0% of the society i'm not sure about that 00:48:02.079 --> 00:48:03.910 align:start position:0% of the society i'm not sure about that but<00:48:02.319> i<00:48:02.400> think<00:48:02.640> so 00:48:03.910 --> 00:48:03.920 align:start position:0% but i think so 00:48:03.920 --> 00:48:07.589 align:start position:0% but i think so george<00:48:04.839> cerritos 00:48:07.589 --> 00:48:07.599 align:start position:0% george cerritos 00:48:07.599 --> 00:48:12.470 align:start position:0% george cerritos eventually<00:48:09.680> moved 00:48:12.470 --> 00:48:12.480 align:start position:0% 00:48:12.480 --> 00:48:15.670 align:start position:0% back<00:48:12.640> to<00:48:12.880> greece<00:48:13.280> where<00:48:13.440> he<00:48:13.599> came<00:48:13.839> from<00:48:14.559> and<00:48:15.440> i 00:48:15.670 --> 00:48:15.680 align:start position:0% back to greece where he came from and i 00:48:15.680 --> 00:48:18.230 align:start position:0% back to greece where he came from and i believe<00:48:16.160> he<00:48:16.400> died<00:48:16.800> about<00:48:17.119> five<00:48:17.440> years<00:48:17.760> ago 00:48:18.230 --> 00:48:18.240 align:start position:0% believe he died about five years ago 00:48:18.240 --> 00:48:21.270 align:start position:0% believe he died about five years ago seven<00:48:18.480> years<00:48:18.720> ago<00:48:19.040> something<00:48:19.440> like<00:48:19.599> that 00:48:21.270 --> 00:48:21.280 align:start position:0% seven years ago something like that 00:48:21.280 --> 00:48:24.710 align:start position:0% seven years ago something like that but<00:48:22.480> george<00:48:22.800> was<00:48:23.040> a<00:48:23.119> very<00:48:23.599> imaginative<00:48:24.480> and 00:48:24.710 --> 00:48:24.720 align:start position:0% but george was a very imaginative and 00:48:24.720 --> 00:48:26.710 align:start position:0% but george was a very imaginative and hardworking<00:48:25.440> guy 00:48:26.710 --> 00:48:26.720 align:start position:0% hardworking guy 00:48:26.720 --> 00:48:30.150 align:start position:0% hardworking guy he<00:48:26.960> and<00:48:27.119> i<00:48:29.119> collaborated 00:48:30.150 --> 00:48:30.160 align:start position:0% he and i collaborated 00:48:30.160 --> 00:48:32.150 align:start position:0% he and i collaborated in<00:48:30.319> the<00:48:30.720> organization<00:48:31.520> and<00:48:31.680> running<00:48:32.000> of<00:48:32.079> a 00:48:32.150 --> 00:48:32.160 align:start position:0% in the organization and running of a 00:48:32.160 --> 00:48:33.990 align:start position:0% in the organization and running of a couple<00:48:32.480> of<00:48:32.839> conferences 00:48:33.990 --> 00:48:34.000 align:start position:0% couple of conferences 00:48:34.000 --> 00:48:37.670 align:start position:0% couple of conferences one<00:48:34.240> of<00:48:34.319> them<00:48:34.559> was<00:48:34.960> the<00:48:36.319> the 00:48:37.670 --> 00:48:37.680 align:start position:0% one of them was the the 00:48:37.680 --> 00:48:39.190 align:start position:0% one of them was the the international<00:48:38.160> federation<00:48:38.640> for<00:48:38.720> automatic 00:48:39.190 --> 00:48:39.200 align:start position:0% international federation for automatic 00:48:39.200 --> 00:48:40.630 align:start position:0% international federation for automatic control<00:48:39.599> conference<00:48:40.079> on<00:48:40.240> system 00:48:40.630 --> 00:48:40.640 align:start position:0% control conference on system 00:48:40.640 --> 00:48:42.630 align:start position:0% control conference on system identification 00:48:42.630 --> 00:48:42.640 align:start position:0% identification 00:48:42.640 --> 00:48:44.870 align:start position:0% identification and<00:48:43.599> so<00:48:43.760> the<00:48:43.920> proceedings<00:48:44.480> of<00:48:44.559> that<00:48:44.800> are 00:48:44.870 --> 00:48:44.880 align:start position:0% and so the proceedings of that are 00:48:44.880 --> 00:48:46.870 align:start position:0% and so the proceedings of that are available<00:48:45.440> edited<00:48:45.920> by<00:48:46.079> george<00:48:46.319> cerritos<00:48:46.800> and 00:48:46.870 --> 00:48:46.880 align:start position:0% available edited by george cerritos and 00:48:46.880 --> 00:48:48.309 align:start position:0% available edited by george cerritos and george<00:48:47.200> becky<00:48:47.520> or<00:48:47.599> the<00:48:47.680> other<00:48:47.920> way<00:48:48.000> around 00:48:48.309 --> 00:48:48.319 align:start position:0% george becky or the other way around 00:48:48.319 --> 00:48:49.510 align:start position:0% george becky or the other way around i've<00:48:48.400> forgotten<00:48:48.800> which<00:48:49.119> but 00:48:49.510 --> 00:48:49.520 align:start position:0% i've forgotten which but 00:48:49.520 --> 00:48:52.309 align:start position:0% i've forgotten which but but<00:48:49.680> that's<00:48:49.920> what<00:48:50.079> we<00:48:50.240> did<00:48:51.119> so<00:48:51.359> i<00:48:51.520> knew<00:48:51.760> george 00:48:52.309 --> 00:48:52.319 align:start position:0% but that's what we did so i knew george 00:48:52.319 --> 00:48:53.430 align:start position:0% but that's what we did so i knew george fairly<00:48:52.720> well 00:48:53.430 --> 00:48:53.440 align:start position:0% fairly well 00:48:53.440 --> 00:48:54.950 align:start position:0% fairly well the<00:48:53.680> other<00:48:53.839> people<00:48:54.079> were<00:48:54.240> involved<00:48:54.640> in<00:48:54.720> the 00:48:54.950 --> 00:48:54.960 align:start position:0% the other people were involved in the 00:48:54.960 --> 00:48:56.630 align:start position:0% the other people were involved in the original 00:48:56.630 --> 00:48:56.640 align:start position:0% original 00:48:56.640 --> 00:49:00.470 align:start position:0% original society<00:48:57.680> one<00:48:57.839> of<00:48:58.000> them<00:48:58.160> was<00:48:59.599> was<00:48:59.920> untold 00:49:00.470 --> 00:49:00.480 align:start position:0% society one of them was was untold 00:49:00.480 --> 00:49:01.510 align:start position:0% society one of them was was untold baichi 00:49:01.510 --> 00:49:01.520 align:start position:0% baichi 00:49:01.520 --> 00:49:04.470 align:start position:0% baichi who<00:49:01.760> is<00:49:02.800> probably<00:49:03.359> historically<00:49:04.000> the<00:49:04.160> most 00:49:04.470 --> 00:49:04.480 align:start position:0% who is probably historically the most 00:49:04.480 --> 00:49:05.109 align:start position:0% who is probably historically the most interesting 00:49:05.109 --> 00:49:05.119 align:start position:0% interesting 00:49:05.119 --> 00:49:08.470 align:start position:0% interesting roboticist<00:49:06.240> at<00:49:06.640> jpl<00:49:07.280> he's<00:49:07.520> not<00:49:07.760> retired<00:49:08.240> but 00:49:08.470 --> 00:49:08.480 align:start position:0% roboticist at jpl he's not retired but 00:49:08.480 --> 00:49:10.470 align:start position:0% roboticist at jpl he's not retired but still<00:49:08.640> lives<00:49:08.880> in<00:49:08.960> pasadena 00:49:10.470 --> 00:49:10.480 align:start position:0% still lives in pasadena 00:49:10.480 --> 00:49:14.870 align:start position:0% still lives in pasadena b<00:49:10.880> j<00:49:11.280> czy 00:49:14.870 --> 00:49:14.880 align:start position:0% 00:49:14.880 --> 00:49:17.430 align:start position:0% and<00:49:15.040> it<00:49:15.119> goes<00:49:15.359> by<00:49:15.520> tony<00:49:16.559> though<00:49:16.800> his<00:49:16.960> real<00:49:17.200> name 00:49:17.430 --> 00:49:17.440 align:start position:0% and it goes by tony though his real name 00:49:17.440 --> 00:49:19.750 align:start position:0% and it goes by tony though his real name is<00:49:17.599> a-n-t-a-l 00:49:19.750 --> 00:49:19.760 align:start position:0% is a-n-t-a-l 00:49:19.760 --> 00:49:24.230 align:start position:0% is a-n-t-a-l but<00:49:21.520> so<00:49:22.079> uh<00:49:22.640> tony<00:49:22.960> batesy<00:49:23.520> was<00:49:23.760> a 00:49:24.230 --> 00:49:24.240 align:start position:0% but so uh tony batesy was a 00:49:24.240 --> 00:49:27.430 align:start position:0% but so uh tony batesy was a pioneer<00:49:25.200> in<00:49:25.359> space<00:49:25.760> robotics 00:49:27.430 --> 00:49:27.440 align:start position:0% pioneer in space robotics 00:49:27.440 --> 00:49:31.030 align:start position:0% pioneer in space robotics and<00:49:27.839> uh<00:49:29.599> so<00:49:29.920> he<00:49:30.160> was<00:49:30.400> involved<00:49:30.800> in<00:49:30.880> the 00:49:31.030 --> 00:49:31.040 align:start position:0% and uh so he was involved in the 00:49:31.040 --> 00:49:32.870 align:start position:0% and uh so he was involved in the construction<00:49:31.520> of<00:49:31.680> some<00:49:31.839> of<00:49:32.000> the<00:49:32.160> first 00:49:32.870 --> 00:49:32.880 align:start position:0% construction of some of the first 00:49:32.880 --> 00:49:35.589 align:start position:0% construction of some of the first manipulators<00:49:33.680> that<00:49:33.760> were<00:49:33.920> used<00:49:34.240> in<00:49:34.400> space<00:49:35.359> and 00:49:35.589 --> 00:49:35.599 align:start position:0% manipulators that were used in space and 00:49:35.599 --> 00:49:38.069 align:start position:0% manipulators that were used in space and prototypes<00:49:36.400> of<00:49:36.480> the<00:49:36.640> big<00:49:36.880> space<00:49:37.280> arms 00:49:38.069 --> 00:49:38.079 align:start position:0% prototypes of the big space arms 00:49:38.079 --> 00:49:39.750 align:start position:0% prototypes of the big space arms the<00:49:38.319> ones<00:49:38.640> on<00:49:38.720> the<00:49:38.880> shuttle<00:49:39.200> now<00:49:39.359> were<00:49:39.440> built 00:49:39.750 --> 00:49:39.760 align:start position:0% the ones on the shuttle now were built 00:49:39.760 --> 00:49:41.430 align:start position:0% the ones on the shuttle now were built in<00:49:39.839> canada<00:49:40.319> but<00:49:40.800> there<00:49:40.960> were<00:49:41.040> a<00:49:41.119> number<00:49:41.359> of 00:49:41.430 --> 00:49:41.440 align:start position:0% in canada but there were a number of 00:49:41.440 --> 00:49:43.750 align:start position:0% in canada but there were a number of prototypes<00:49:41.920> village<00:49:42.319> apl 00:49:43.750 --> 00:49:43.760 align:start position:0% prototypes village apl 00:49:43.760 --> 00:49:48.470 align:start position:0% prototypes village apl he<00:49:44.000> was<00:49:44.240> also<00:49:44.720> i<00:49:44.880> believe<00:49:45.440> the<00:49:45.680> inventor<00:49:46.319> of<00:49:46.720> um 00:49:48.470 --> 00:49:48.480 align:start position:0% he was also i believe the inventor of um 00:49:48.480 --> 00:49:52.549 align:start position:0% he was also i believe the inventor of um providing<00:49:49.520> rate<00:49:49.839> feedback<00:49:50.400> for<00:49:51.359> manipulators 00:49:52.549 --> 00:49:52.559 align:start position:0% providing rate feedback for manipulators 00:49:52.559 --> 00:49:55.190 align:start position:0% providing rate feedback for manipulators the<00:49:53.119> point<00:49:53.440> here<00:49:53.680> is<00:49:53.839> for<00:49:53.920> anyone<00:49:54.319> who<00:49:54.960> worked 00:49:55.190 --> 00:49:55.200 align:start position:0% the point here is for anyone who worked 00:49:55.200 --> 00:49:56.390 align:start position:0% the point here is for anyone who worked in<00:49:55.280> control<00:49:55.680> theory 00:49:56.390 --> 00:49:56.400 align:start position:0% in control theory 00:49:56.400 --> 00:49:59.990 align:start position:0% in control theory he<00:49:56.559> realized<00:49:57.119> that<00:49:58.400> if<00:49:58.640> you<00:49:58.880> don't<00:49:59.280> give 00:49:59.990 --> 00:50:00.000 align:start position:0% he realized that if you don't give 00:50:00.000 --> 00:50:02.390 align:start position:0% he realized that if you don't give to<00:50:00.800> the<00:50:00.880> advantage<00:50:01.359> of<00:50:01.520> being<00:50:01.680> able<00:50:01.920> to<00:50:02.079> read 00:50:02.390 --> 00:50:02.400 align:start position:0% to the advantage of being able to read 00:50:02.400 --> 00:50:04.870 align:start position:0% to the advantage of being able to read the<00:50:02.559> velocity<00:50:03.280> when<00:50:03.440> something<00:50:03.839> is<00:50:04.000> moving 00:50:04.870 --> 00:50:04.880 align:start position:0% the velocity when something is moving 00:50:04.880 --> 00:50:06.309 align:start position:0% the velocity when something is moving is<00:50:05.040> that<00:50:05.200> you<00:50:05.280> can<00:50:05.440> get<00:50:05.520> some<00:50:05.760> a<00:50:05.839> measure<00:50:06.160> of 00:50:06.309 --> 00:50:06.319 align:start position:0% is that you can get some a measure of 00:50:06.319 --> 00:50:08.710 align:start position:0% is that you can get some a measure of anticipation<00:50:07.520> see<00:50:07.839> let's<00:50:08.000> say<00:50:08.160> for<00:50:08.319> example 00:50:08.710 --> 00:50:08.720 align:start position:0% anticipation see let's say for example 00:50:08.720 --> 00:50:10.309 align:start position:0% anticipation see let's say for example i'm<00:50:08.880> aiming 00:50:10.309 --> 00:50:10.319 align:start position:0% i'm aiming 00:50:10.319 --> 00:50:13.190 align:start position:0% i'm aiming from<00:50:10.559> here<00:50:10.960> to<00:50:11.119> here<00:50:12.319> and<00:50:12.480> if<00:50:12.640> i<00:50:12.800> want<00:50:12.880> to<00:50:12.960> use 00:50:13.190 --> 00:50:13.200 align:start position:0% from here to here and if i want to use 00:50:13.200 --> 00:50:14.870 align:start position:0% from here to here and if i want to use position<00:50:13.680> control 00:50:14.870 --> 00:50:14.880 align:start position:0% position control 00:50:14.880 --> 00:50:16.870 align:start position:0% position control when<00:50:15.119> i<00:50:15.359> shut<00:50:15.599> it<00:50:15.760> off<00:50:16.240> the<00:50:16.400> system<00:50:16.720> has 00:50:16.870 --> 00:50:16.880 align:start position:0% when i shut it off the system has 00:50:16.880 --> 00:50:18.630 align:start position:0% when i shut it off the system has inertia<00:50:17.760> and<00:50:18.000> it'll 00:50:18.630 --> 00:50:18.640 align:start position:0% inertia and it'll 00:50:18.640 --> 00:50:21.910 align:start position:0% inertia and it'll it'll<00:50:18.960> overshoot<00:50:20.720> if<00:50:21.119> if<00:50:21.280> i<00:50:21.440> measure<00:50:21.760> the 00:50:21.910 --> 00:50:21.920 align:start position:0% it'll overshoot if if i measure the 00:50:21.920 --> 00:50:22.950 align:start position:0% it'll overshoot if if i measure the velocity 00:50:22.950 --> 00:50:22.960 align:start position:0% velocity 00:50:22.960 --> 00:50:24.790 align:start position:0% velocity then<00:50:23.200> i<00:50:23.280> can<00:50:23.440> use<00:50:23.599> a<00:50:23.680> combination<00:50:24.319> of<00:50:24.400> position 00:50:24.790 --> 00:50:24.800 align:start position:0% then i can use a combination of position 00:50:24.800 --> 00:50:26.390 align:start position:0% then i can use a combination of position and<00:50:24.960> velocity<00:50:25.760> and<00:50:25.839> have<00:50:26.079> it<00:50:26.160> reached 00:50:26.390 --> 00:50:26.400 align:start position:0% and velocity and have it reached 00:50:26.400 --> 00:50:28.230 align:start position:0% and velocity and have it reached precisely<00:50:26.960> the<00:50:27.119> target 00:50:28.230 --> 00:50:28.240 align:start position:0% precisely the target 00:50:28.240 --> 00:50:31.349 align:start position:0% precisely the target so<00:50:29.200> i<00:50:29.359> believe<00:50:29.920> he<00:50:30.160> was<00:50:30.319> the<00:50:30.480> first<00:50:30.800> person<00:50:31.119> to 00:50:31.349 --> 00:50:31.359 align:start position:0% so i believe he was the first person to 00:50:31.359 --> 00:50:31.990 align:start position:0% so i believe he was the first person to use<00:50:31.599> that 00:50:31.990 --> 00:50:32.000 align:start position:0% use that 00:50:32.000 --> 00:50:35.829 align:start position:0% use that in<00:50:32.480> robot<00:50:32.960> arms<00:50:33.839> and<00:50:34.880> that's<00:50:35.200> one<00:50:35.440> of<00:50:35.520> the 00:50:35.829 --> 00:50:35.839 align:start position:0% in robot arms and that's one of the 00:50:35.839 --> 00:50:37.190 align:start position:0% in robot arms and that's one of the strong<00:50:36.400> features 00:50:37.190 --> 00:50:37.200 align:start position:0% strong features 00:50:37.200 --> 00:50:41.589 align:start position:0% strong features of<00:50:38.960> da<00:50:39.119> vinci<00:50:39.520> surgical<00:50:40.000> robots 00:50:41.589 --> 00:50:41.599 align:start position:0% of da vinci surgical robots 00:50:41.599 --> 00:50:46.230 align:start position:0% of da vinci surgical robots they<00:50:41.839> use<00:50:42.160> rate<00:50:42.400> feedback<00:50:43.680> and 00:50:46.230 --> 00:50:46.240 align:start position:0% 00:50:46.240 --> 00:50:48.390 align:start position:0% which<00:50:46.640> which<00:50:46.880> i<00:50:47.040> think<00:50:47.920> makes<00:50:48.160> them 00:50:48.390 --> 00:50:48.400 align:start position:0% which which i think makes them 00:50:48.400 --> 00:50:50.069 align:start position:0% which which i think makes them significantly<00:50:49.119> more<00:50:49.359> stable<00:50:49.839> than<00:50:49.920> they 00:50:50.069 --> 00:50:50.079 align:start position:0% significantly more stable than they 00:50:50.079 --> 00:50:51.349 align:start position:0% significantly more stable than they would<00:50:50.240> be<00:50:50.400> if<00:50:50.480> you<00:50:50.559> only<00:50:50.800> use<00:50:50.960> position 00:50:51.349 --> 00:50:51.359 align:start position:0% would be if you only use position 00:50:51.359 --> 00:50:53.589 align:start position:0% would be if you only use position control 00:50:53.589 --> 00:50:53.599 align:start position:0% control 00:50:53.599 --> 00:50:54.950 align:start position:0% control so<00:50:53.760> tony<00:50:54.079> was<00:50:54.240> one<00:50:54.400> of<00:50:54.400> the<00:50:54.559> other<00:50:54.720> early 00:50:54.950 --> 00:50:54.960 align:start position:0% so tony was one of the other early 00:50:54.960 --> 00:50:56.630 align:start position:0% so tony was one of the other early people<00:50:55.440> there<00:50:55.599> were<00:50:56.000> there<00:50:56.160> were<00:50:56.319> two<00:50:56.480> or 00:50:56.630 --> 00:50:56.640 align:start position:0% people there were there were two or 00:50:56.640 --> 00:50:57.589 align:start position:0% people there were there were two or three<00:50:56.880> others<00:50:57.200> and 00:50:57.589 --> 00:50:57.599 align:start position:0% three others and 00:50:57.599 --> 00:50:59.910 align:start position:0% three others and i<00:50:57.839> believe<00:50:58.240> at<00:50:58.400> least<00:50:58.720> uh<00:50:59.200> one<00:50:59.440> or<00:50:59.520> two<00:50:59.680> of<00:50:59.760> them 00:50:59.910 --> 00:50:59.920 align:start position:0% i believe at least uh one or two of them 00:50:59.920 --> 00:51:02.069 align:start position:0% i believe at least uh one or two of them have<00:51:00.079> since<00:51:00.400> passed<00:51:00.720> on<00:51:00.960> and<00:51:01.119> i<00:51:01.280> don't 00:51:02.069 --> 00:51:02.079 align:start position:0% have since passed on and i don't 00:51:02.079 --> 00:51:04.790 align:start position:0% have since passed on and i don't i've<00:51:02.400> not<00:51:02.640> made<00:51:03.040> any<00:51:03.280> contact<00:51:03.839> with<00:51:04.079> them 00:51:04.790 --> 00:51:04.800 align:start position:0% i've not made any contact with them 00:51:04.800 --> 00:51:08.470 align:start position:0% i've not made any contact with them larry<00:51:05.200> ho<00:51:05.520> from<00:51:05.760> harvard<00:51:06.240> was<00:51:06.480> an<00:51:06.839> early 00:51:08.470 --> 00:51:08.480 align:start position:0% larry ho from harvard was an early 00:51:08.480 --> 00:51:12.309 align:start position:0% larry ho from harvard was an early participant<00:51:09.200> but<00:51:09.359> i<00:51:09.839> but<00:51:10.079> his<00:51:10.319> field<00:51:10.559> was<00:51:10.880> not 00:51:12.309 --> 00:51:12.319 align:start position:0% participant but i but his field was not 00:51:12.319 --> 00:51:14.230 align:start position:0% participant but i but his field was not robots<00:51:12.800> in<00:51:12.960> the<00:51:13.040> way<00:51:13.200> in<00:51:13.280> which<00:51:13.599> i<00:51:13.760> knew<00:51:14.000> it<00:51:14.160> it 00:51:14.230 --> 00:51:14.240 align:start position:0% robots in the way in which i knew it it 00:51:14.240 --> 00:51:21.349 align:start position:0% robots in the way in which i knew it it was<00:51:14.480> more 00:51:21.349 --> 00:51:21.359 align:start position:0% 00:51:21.359 --> 00:51:23.030 align:start position:0% well<00:51:21.760> i<00:51:21.839> don't<00:51:22.000> remember<00:51:22.319> what<00:51:22.480> he<00:51:22.640> did<00:51:22.800> but<00:51:22.960> he 00:51:23.030 --> 00:51:23.040 align:start position:0% well i don't remember what he did but he 00:51:23.040 --> 00:51:30.150 align:start position:0% well i don't remember what he did but he wasn't<00:51:23.359> exactly<00:51:23.760> robots 00:51:30.150 --> 00:51:30.160 align:start position:0% 00:51:30.160 --> 00:51:33.430 align:start position:0% um<00:51:30.720> and<00:51:31.599> were<00:51:31.760> you<00:51:32.079> were<00:51:32.240> there<00:51:32.480> other<00:51:32.880> robotic 00:51:33.430 --> 00:51:33.440 align:start position:0% um and were you were there other robotic 00:51:33.440 --> 00:51:34.390 align:start position:0% um and were you were there other robotic societies 00:51:34.390 --> 00:51:34.400 align:start position:0% societies 00:51:34.400 --> 00:51:37.990 align:start position:0% societies or<00:51:35.040> was<00:51:35.200> that<00:51:35.920> the<00:51:36.079> first<00:51:37.280> at<00:51:37.440> the<00:51:37.599> time<00:51:37.839> when 00:51:37.990 --> 00:51:38.000 align:start position:0% or was that the first at the time when 00:51:38.000 --> 00:51:39.670 align:start position:0% or was that the first at the time when we<00:51:38.319> started<00:51:38.720> this<00:51:38.880> one<00:51:39.119> i<00:51:39.280> believe<00:51:39.520> the 00:51:39.670 --> 00:51:39.680 align:start position:0% we started this one i believe the 00:51:39.680 --> 00:51:42.069 align:start position:0% we started this one i believe the robotic<00:51:40.160> society<00:51:40.640> of<00:51:40.720> japan<00:51:41.280> was<00:51:41.520> already<00:51:41.920> in 00:51:42.069 --> 00:51:42.079 align:start position:0% robotic society of japan was already in 00:51:42.079 --> 00:51:43.750 align:start position:0% robotic society of japan was already in existence 00:51:43.750 --> 00:51:43.760 align:start position:0% existence 00:51:43.760 --> 00:51:46.710 align:start position:0% existence and<00:51:44.079> so<00:51:44.880> we<00:51:45.119> really<00:51:45.440> became<00:51:45.920> the<00:51:46.319> second 00:51:46.710 --> 00:51:46.720 align:start position:0% and so we really became the second 00:51:46.720 --> 00:51:47.829 align:start position:0% and so we really became the second society 00:51:47.829 --> 00:51:47.839 align:start position:0% society 00:51:47.839 --> 00:51:49.990 align:start position:0% society and<00:51:48.000> then<00:51:48.240> somewhere<00:51:48.880> about<00:51:49.200> the<00:51:49.280> same<00:51:49.599> time 00:51:49.990 --> 00:51:50.000 align:start position:0% and then somewhere about the same time 00:51:50.000 --> 00:51:51.829 align:start position:0% and then somewhere about the same time or<00:51:50.480> perhaps<00:51:50.960> a<00:51:51.040> little<00:51:51.200> later<00:51:51.520> i<00:51:51.599> don't 00:51:51.829 --> 00:51:51.839 align:start position:0% or perhaps a little later i don't 00:51:51.839 --> 00:51:52.549 align:start position:0% or perhaps a little later i don't remember 00:51:52.549 --> 00:51:52.559 align:start position:0% remember 00:51:52.559 --> 00:51:54.470 align:start position:0% remember the<00:51:52.800> asme<00:51:53.680> the<00:51:53.760> american<00:51:54.000> society<00:51:54.400> of 00:51:54.470 --> 00:51:54.480 align:start position:0% the asme the american society of 00:51:54.480 --> 00:51:57.349 align:start position:0% the asme the american society of mechanical<00:51:54.960> engineers 00:51:57.349 --> 00:51:57.359 align:start position:0% mechanical engineers 00:51:57.359 --> 00:51:59.510 align:start position:0% mechanical engineers began<00:51:57.680> to<00:51:57.839> do<00:51:58.079> work<00:51:58.319> in<00:51:58.400> robotics<00:51:58.960> primarily 00:51:59.510 --> 00:51:59.520 align:start position:0% began to do work in robotics primarily 00:51:59.520 --> 00:52:01.430 align:start position:0% began to do work in robotics primarily through<00:51:59.839> one<00:52:00.000> of<00:52:00.079> their<00:52:00.400> sections<00:52:00.880> that 00:52:01.430 --> 00:52:01.440 align:start position:0% through one of their sections that 00:52:01.440 --> 00:52:04.549 align:start position:0% through one of their sections that dealt<00:52:01.760> with<00:52:02.960> control<00:52:03.520> and<00:52:03.760> structures<00:52:04.319> and<00:52:04.480> so 00:52:04.549 --> 00:52:04.559 align:start position:0% dealt with control and structures and so 00:52:04.559 --> 00:52:06.950 align:start position:0% dealt with control and structures and so on 00:52:06.950 --> 00:52:06.960 align:start position:0% 00:52:06.960 --> 00:52:09.910 align:start position:0% but<00:52:07.119> i<00:52:07.280> think<00:52:07.520> that<00:52:08.960> that<00:52:09.200> this<00:52:09.440> was<00:52:09.599> really 00:52:09.910 --> 00:52:09.920 align:start position:0% but i think that that this was really 00:52:09.920 --> 00:52:11.109 align:start position:0% but i think that that this was really the<00:52:10.079> original 00:52:11.109 --> 00:52:11.119 align:start position:0% the original 00:52:11.119 --> 00:52:15.349 align:start position:0% the original society<00:52:13.280> and 00:52:15.349 --> 00:52:15.359 align:start position:0% society and 00:52:15.359 --> 00:52:17.750 align:start position:0% society and as<00:52:15.520> the<00:52:15.680> ieee<00:52:16.400> does<00:52:17.119> is<00:52:17.280> you<00:52:17.359> know<00:52:17.520> when<00:52:17.599> you 00:52:17.750 --> 00:52:17.760 align:start position:0% as the ieee does is you know when you 00:52:17.760 --> 00:52:19.990 align:start position:0% as the ieee does is you know when you form<00:52:18.079> a<00:52:18.160> new<00:52:18.319> society<00:52:18.800> they<00:52:18.960> usually<00:52:19.359> don't 00:52:19.990 --> 00:52:20.000 align:start position:0% form a new society they usually don't 00:52:20.000 --> 00:52:22.549 align:start position:0% form a new society they usually don't give<00:52:20.160> you<00:52:20.319> the<00:52:20.400> society<00:52:21.040> name<00:52:21.280> right<00:52:21.520> away 00:52:22.549 --> 00:52:22.559 align:start position:0% give you the society name right away 00:52:22.559 --> 00:52:24.390 align:start position:0% give you the society name right away that's<00:52:22.800> reserved<00:52:23.280> for<00:52:23.520> people<00:52:23.839> after<00:52:24.160> some 00:52:24.390 --> 00:52:24.400 align:start position:0% that's reserved for people after some 00:52:24.400 --> 00:52:25.589 align:start position:0% that's reserved for people after some level<00:52:24.640> of<00:52:24.800> maturity 00:52:25.589 --> 00:52:25.599 align:start position:0% level of maturity 00:52:25.599 --> 00:52:28.630 align:start position:0% level of maturity apparently<00:52:26.240> so<00:52:26.640> it's<00:52:26.960> called<00:52:27.200> a<00:52:28.000> group<00:52:28.480> or 00:52:28.630 --> 00:52:28.640 align:start position:0% apparently so it's called a group or 00:52:28.640 --> 00:52:29.510 align:start position:0% apparently so it's called a group or something<00:52:28.960> like<00:52:29.119> that 00:52:29.510 --> 00:52:29.520 align:start position:0% something like that 00:52:29.520 --> 00:52:32.630 align:start position:0% something like that and<00:52:29.680> it's<00:52:30.240> so<00:52:30.400> it<00:52:30.480> was<00:52:30.720> jointly<00:52:31.119> sponsored<00:52:31.760> by 00:52:32.630 --> 00:52:32.640 align:start position:0% and it's so it was jointly sponsored by 00:52:32.640 --> 00:52:35.910 align:start position:0% and it's so it was jointly sponsored by two<00:52:32.800> or<00:52:32.960> three<00:52:33.200> other<00:52:33.920> societies<00:52:34.720> initially 00:52:35.910 --> 00:52:35.920 align:start position:0% two or three other societies initially 00:52:35.920 --> 00:52:39.670 align:start position:0% two or three other societies initially and<00:52:37.599> so 00:52:39.670 --> 00:52:39.680 align:start position:0% and so 00:52:39.680 --> 00:52:41.910 align:start position:0% and so we<00:52:39.839> were<00:52:40.000> not<00:52:40.240> permitted<00:52:40.720> to<00:52:40.960> call<00:52:41.520> our 00:52:41.910 --> 00:52:41.920 align:start position:0% we were not permitted to call our 00:52:41.920 --> 00:52:45.109 align:start position:0% we were not permitted to call our journal<00:52:42.640> the<00:52:42.960> transactions<00:52:43.839> at<00:52:44.000> that<00:52:44.240> time 00:52:45.109 --> 00:52:45.119 align:start position:0% journal the transactions at that time 00:52:45.119 --> 00:52:48.230 align:start position:0% journal the transactions at that time that<00:52:45.440> again<00:52:45.760> is<00:52:45.839> another<00:52:46.240> ieee<00:52:47.200> formula 00:52:48.230 --> 00:52:48.240 align:start position:0% that again is another ieee formula 00:52:48.240 --> 00:52:51.750 align:start position:0% that again is another ieee formula i<00:52:48.319> think<00:52:48.559> it<00:52:48.640> was<00:52:48.960> called 00:52:51.750 --> 00:52:51.760 align:start position:0% 00:52:51.760 --> 00:53:00.870 align:start position:0% it<00:52:51.839> was<00:52:52.079> called<00:52:58.839> what 00:53:00.870 --> 00:53:00.880 align:start position:0% it was called what 00:53:00.880 --> 00:53:05.109 align:start position:0% it was called what maybe<00:53:02.640> well 00:53:05.109 --> 00:53:05.119 align:start position:0% 00:53:05.119 --> 00:53:06.870 align:start position:0% the<00:53:05.359> society<00:53:05.760> was<00:53:05.920> always<00:53:06.160> called<00:53:06.400> robotics 00:53:06.870 --> 00:53:06.880 align:start position:0% the society was always called robotics 00:53:06.880 --> 00:53:08.390 align:start position:0% the society was always called robotics and<00:53:06.960> automation<00:53:07.680> it<00:53:07.839> always<00:53:08.079> had<00:53:08.240> the 00:53:08.390 --> 00:53:08.400 align:start position:0% and automation it always had the 00:53:08.400 --> 00:53:11.670 align:start position:0% and automation it always had the automation<00:53:08.880> component<00:53:09.440> in<00:53:09.599> it<00:53:09.839> as<00:53:09.920> well<00:53:10.599> as 00:53:11.670 --> 00:53:11.680 align:start position:0% automation component in it as well as 00:53:11.680 --> 00:53:12.950 align:start position:0% automation component in it as well as straight<00:53:12.000> robotics 00:53:12.950 --> 00:53:12.960 align:start position:0% straight robotics 00:53:12.960 --> 00:53:15.670 align:start position:0% straight robotics but<00:53:13.200> in<00:53:13.760> the<00:53:13.920> word<00:53:14.160> transactions<00:53:14.960> only<00:53:15.200> came 00:53:15.670 --> 00:53:15.680 align:start position:0% but in the word transactions only came 00:53:15.680 --> 00:53:17.829 align:start position:0% but in the word transactions only came when<00:53:15.920> we<00:53:16.160> formally<00:53:16.640> called<00:53:16.880> it<00:53:17.040> a<00:53:17.119> society<00:53:17.760> and 00:53:17.829 --> 00:53:17.839 align:start position:0% when we formally called it a society and 00:53:17.839 --> 00:53:21.750 align:start position:0% when we formally called it a society and that<00:53:18.000> took<00:53:18.240> about<00:53:18.559> five<00:53:18.800> years 00:53:21.750 --> 00:53:21.760 align:start position:0% 00:53:21.760 --> 00:53:27.190 align:start position:0% i<00:53:22.000> was<00:53:22.240> president<00:53:22.720> from<00:53:23.240> 1996<00:53:24.240> to<00:53:24.400> 98. 00:53:27.190 --> 00:53:27.200 align:start position:0% 00:53:27.200 --> 00:53:30.150 align:start position:0% i'm<00:53:27.599> pretty<00:53:27.839> sure<00:53:28.079> that<00:53:28.240> that's<00:53:28.559> right<00:53:29.920> but<00:53:30.079> i 00:53:30.150 --> 00:53:30.160 align:start position:0% i'm pretty sure that that's right but i 00:53:30.160 --> 00:53:30.950 align:start position:0% i'm pretty sure that that's right but i had<00:53:30.319> been 00:53:30.950 --> 00:53:30.960 align:start position:0% had been 00:53:30.960 --> 00:53:33.190 align:start position:0% had been active<00:53:31.680> from<00:53:32.079> the<00:53:32.240> beginning<00:53:32.720> because<00:53:33.040> i 00:53:33.190 --> 00:53:33.200 align:start position:0% active from the beginning because i 00:53:33.200 --> 00:53:34.150 align:start position:0% active from the beginning because i started<00:53:33.599> the<00:53:33.680> journal 00:53:34.150 --> 00:53:34.160 align:start position:0% started the journal 00:53:34.160 --> 00:53:36.309 align:start position:0% started the journal oh<00:53:34.400> it<00:53:34.480> was<00:53:34.720> called<00:53:34.960> the<00:53:35.119> ieee<00:53:35.760> journal<00:53:36.240> of 00:53:36.309 --> 00:53:36.319 align:start position:0% oh it was called the ieee journal of 00:53:36.319 --> 00:53:38.390 align:start position:0% oh it was called the ieee journal of robotics<00:53:36.800> and<00:53:36.960> automation 00:53:38.390 --> 00:53:38.400 align:start position:0% robotics and automation 00:53:38.400 --> 00:53:41.109 align:start position:0% robotics and automation that's<00:53:39.680> that<00:53:39.839> was<00:53:40.000> the<00:53:40.160> word<00:53:40.480> and<00:53:40.640> we<00:53:40.800> were<00:53:40.960> not 00:53:41.109 --> 00:53:41.119 align:start position:0% that's that was the word and we were not 00:53:41.119 --> 00:53:43.030 align:start position:0% that's that was the word and we were not permitted<00:53:41.520> to<00:53:41.599> call<00:53:41.920> it<00:53:42.000> the<00:53:42.240> transactions 00:53:43.030 --> 00:53:43.040 align:start position:0% permitted to call it the transactions 00:53:43.040 --> 00:53:43.430 align:start position:0% permitted to call it the transactions until 00:53:43.430 --> 00:53:43.440 align:start position:0% until 00:53:43.440 --> 00:53:46.630 align:start position:0% until society<00:53:44.000> was<00:53:44.160> formalized<00:53:46.000> but<00:53:46.160> you<00:53:46.319> started 00:53:46.630 --> 00:53:46.640 align:start position:0% society was formalized but you started 00:53:46.640 --> 00:53:48.150 align:start position:0% society was formalized but you started the<00:53:46.720> journal<00:53:47.040> at<00:53:47.119> the<00:53:47.280> same<00:53:47.520> time 00:53:48.150 --> 00:53:48.160 align:start position:0% the journal at the same time 00:53:48.160 --> 00:53:51.430 align:start position:0% the journal at the same time yes<00:53:49.200> it<00:53:49.280> took<00:53:49.440> about<00:53:49.680> a<00:53:49.760> year<00:53:50.079> longer 00:53:51.430 --> 00:53:51.440 align:start position:0% yes it took about a year longer 00:53:51.440 --> 00:53:54.390 align:start position:0% yes it took about a year longer because<00:53:52.400> we<00:53:52.720> formed<00:53:53.040> a<00:53:53.119> society<00:53:53.920> and<00:53:54.000> then<00:53:54.240> i 00:53:54.390 --> 00:53:54.400 align:start position:0% because we formed a society and then i 00:53:54.400 --> 00:53:55.349 align:start position:0% because we formed a society and then i spent<00:53:54.640> about<00:53:54.880> a<00:53:54.960> year 00:53:55.349 --> 00:53:55.359 align:start position:0% spent about a year 00:53:55.359 --> 00:53:58.870 align:start position:0% spent about a year fighting<00:53:55.680> with<00:53:55.920> ieee<00:53:56.559> bureaucracy<00:53:58.240> and 00:53:58.870 --> 00:53:58.880 align:start position:0% fighting with ieee bureaucracy and 00:53:58.880 --> 00:54:02.309 align:start position:0% fighting with ieee bureaucracy and to<00:53:59.040> get<00:53:59.200> this<00:53:59.440> thing<00:53:59.680> started 00:54:02.309 --> 00:54:02.319 align:start position:0% 00:54:02.319 --> 00:54:06.230 align:start position:0% um<00:54:02.640> so<00:54:02.800> what<00:54:03.200> what<00:54:03.440> year<00:54:03.599> was<00:54:03.839> that 00:54:06.230 --> 00:54:06.240 align:start position:0% 00:54:06.240 --> 00:54:09.510 align:start position:0% do<00:54:06.319> you<00:54:06.400> remember<00:54:08.000> i<00:54:08.240> don't 00:54:09.510 --> 00:54:09.520 align:start position:0% do you remember i don't 00:54:09.520 --> 00:54:12.150 align:start position:0% do you remember i don't we<00:54:09.680> could<00:54:10.079> probably<00:54:10.480> take<00:54:10.800> the<00:54:11.119> current 00:54:12.150 --> 00:54:12.160 align:start position:0% we could probably take the current 00:54:12.160 --> 00:54:13.109 align:start position:0% we could probably take the current transactions 00:54:13.109 --> 00:54:13.119 align:start position:0% transactions 00:54:13.119 --> 00:54:15.349 align:start position:0% transactions and<00:54:13.599> look<00:54:13.760> at<00:54:13.839> the<00:54:14.079> volume<00:54:14.480> number<00:54:14.880> and<00:54:15.040> work 00:54:15.349 --> 00:54:15.359 align:start position:0% and look at the volume number and work 00:54:15.359 --> 00:54:16.630 align:start position:0% and look at the volume number and work back<00:54:16.079> ah 00:54:16.630 --> 00:54:16.640 align:start position:0% back ah 00:54:16.640 --> 00:54:19.270 align:start position:0% back ah yeah<00:54:17.040> should<00:54:17.200> we<00:54:17.359> do<00:54:17.520> that<00:54:18.960> it'd<00:54:19.119> be 00:54:19.270 --> 00:54:19.280 align:start position:0% yeah should we do that it'd be 00:54:19.280 --> 00:54:20.390 align:start position:0% yeah should we do that it'd be interesting 00:54:20.390 --> 00:54:20.400 align:start position:0% interesting 00:54:20.400 --> 00:54:22.150 align:start position:0% interesting i<00:54:20.480> don't<00:54:20.720> remember<00:54:21.200> obviously<00:54:21.599> i<00:54:21.680> could<00:54:21.920> look 00:54:22.150 --> 00:54:22.160 align:start position:0% i don't remember obviously i could look 00:54:22.160 --> 00:54:25.430 align:start position:0% i don't remember obviously i could look back<00:54:22.400> at<00:54:23.200> my<00:54:23.440> various 00:54:25.430 --> 00:54:25.440 align:start position:0% back at my various 00:54:25.440 --> 00:54:30.790 align:start position:0% back at my various cvs<00:54:28.240> okay<00:54:28.559> this<00:54:28.800> is<00:54:28.960> volume<00:54:29.440> 26 00:54:30.790 --> 00:54:30.800 align:start position:0% cvs okay this is volume 26 00:54:30.800 --> 00:54:34.230 align:start position:0% cvs okay this is volume 26 dated<00:54:31.200> 2010. 00:54:34.230 --> 00:54:34.240 align:start position:0% 00:54:34.240 --> 00:54:38.390 align:start position:0% so<00:54:34.400> that<00:54:34.559> would<00:54:34.720> make<00:54:34.880> it<00:54:34.960> 1984<00:54:35.920> right<00:54:37.200> yeah 00:54:38.390 --> 00:54:38.400 align:start position:0% so that would make it 1984 right yeah 00:54:38.400 --> 00:54:40.870 align:start position:0% so that would make it 1984 right yeah but<00:54:38.559> that<00:54:38.720> would<00:54:38.799> have<00:54:38.880> been<00:54:39.040> as<00:54:39.280> transactions 00:54:40.870 --> 00:54:40.880 align:start position:0% but that would have been as transactions 00:54:40.880 --> 00:54:41.430 align:start position:0% but that would have been as transactions um 00:54:41.430 --> 00:54:41.440 align:start position:0% um 00:54:41.440 --> 00:54:44.150 align:start position:0% um i<00:54:41.680> think<00:54:41.920> they<00:54:42.160> remain<00:54:42.559> they<00:54:42.720> kept<00:54:43.040> the<00:54:43.839> the 00:54:44.150 --> 00:54:44.160 align:start position:0% i think they remain they kept the the 00:54:44.160 --> 00:54:47.750 align:start position:0% i think they remain they kept the the volume<00:54:44.559> numbers<00:54:44.880> continuous 00:54:47.750 --> 00:54:47.760 align:start position:0% 00:54:47.760 --> 00:54:51.030 align:start position:0% in<00:54:47.920> other<00:54:48.160> words<00:54:49.040> you<00:54:49.119> know<00:54:49.359> journal 00:54:51.030 --> 00:54:51.040 align:start position:0% in other words you know journal 00:54:51.040 --> 00:54:53.270 align:start position:0% in other words you know journal volume<00:54:52.160> is<00:54:52.559> let's<00:54:52.720> say<00:54:52.880> that<00:54:53.040> there<00:54:53.200> was 00:54:53.270 --> 00:54:53.280 align:start position:0% volume is let's say that there was 00:54:53.280 --> 00:54:55.510 align:start position:0% volume is let's say that there was journal<00:54:53.599> of<00:54:53.839> volume<00:54:54.319> five 00:54:55.510 --> 00:54:55.520 align:start position:0% journal of volume five 00:54:55.520 --> 00:54:57.910 align:start position:0% journal of volume five um<00:54:56.400> then<00:54:56.640> when<00:54:56.799> it<00:54:56.880> became<00:54:57.200> transactions<00:54:57.839> it 00:54:57.910 --> 00:54:57.920 align:start position:0% um then when it became transactions it 00:54:57.920 --> 00:54:59.109 align:start position:0% um then when it became transactions it became<00:54:58.160> vitamin<00:54:58.559> six 00:54:59.109 --> 00:54:59.119 align:start position:0% became vitamin six 00:54:59.119 --> 00:55:00.710 align:start position:0% became vitamin six they<00:54:59.280> didn't<00:54:59.599> start<00:54:59.839> all<00:55:00.000> over<00:55:00.160> again<00:55:00.400> start 00:55:00.710 --> 00:55:00.720 align:start position:0% they didn't start all over again start 00:55:00.720 --> 00:55:02.789 align:start position:0% they didn't start all over again start over<00:55:00.880> again<00:55:01.280> yeah<00:55:01.839> but<00:55:02.000> it<00:55:02.160> was<00:55:02.319> a<00:55:02.400> volume 00:55:02.789 --> 00:55:02.799 align:start position:0% over again yeah but it was a volume 00:55:02.799 --> 00:55:04.870 align:start position:0% over again yeah but it was a volume every<00:55:03.040> two<00:55:03.200> years<00:55:03.599> or 00:55:04.870 --> 00:55:04.880 align:start position:0% every two years or 00:55:04.880 --> 00:55:07.190 align:start position:0% every two years or no<00:55:05.040> no<00:55:05.280> the<00:55:05.280> the<00:55:06.160> volume<00:55:06.559> was<00:55:06.720> for<00:55:06.880> the<00:55:06.960> whole 00:55:07.190 --> 00:55:07.200 align:start position:0% no no the the volume was for the whole 00:55:07.200 --> 00:55:09.030 align:start position:0% no no the the volume was for the whole year<00:55:07.760> right 00:55:09.030 --> 00:55:09.040 align:start position:0% year right 00:55:09.040 --> 00:55:10.950 align:start position:0% year right so<00:55:09.280> there<00:55:09.440> were<00:55:09.920> i<00:55:10.000> think<00:55:10.160> initially<00:55:10.640> we<00:55:10.799> had 00:55:10.950 --> 00:55:10.960 align:start position:0% so there were i think initially we had 00:55:10.960 --> 00:55:12.710 align:start position:0% so there were i think initially we had maybe<00:55:11.599> four<00:55:11.920> issues<00:55:12.240> a<00:55:12.319> year 00:55:12.710 --> 00:55:12.720 align:start position:0% maybe four issues a year 00:55:12.720 --> 00:55:16.630 align:start position:0% maybe four issues a year quarterly 00:55:16.630 --> 00:55:16.640 align:start position:0% 00:55:16.640 --> 00:55:20.309 align:start position:0% yeah<00:55:18.079> um<00:55:19.040> and<00:55:19.119> then<00:55:19.359> the<00:55:19.520> uh<00:55:19.760> you<00:55:19.920> were<00:55:20.000> also 00:55:20.309 --> 00:55:20.319 align:start position:0% yeah um and then the uh you were also 00:55:20.319 --> 00:55:21.190 align:start position:0% yeah um and then the uh you were also involved<00:55:20.640> with<00:55:20.799> the 00:55:21.190 --> 00:55:21.200 align:start position:0% involved with the 00:55:21.200 --> 00:55:24.309 align:start position:0% involved with the autonomous<00:55:21.760> robots<00:55:22.400> journal<00:55:23.520> yes 00:55:24.309 --> 00:55:24.319 align:start position:0% autonomous robots journal yes 00:55:24.319 --> 00:55:28.789 align:start position:0% autonomous robots journal yes well<00:55:24.640> that's<00:55:25.920> that<00:55:26.319> started<00:55:26.880> uh 00:55:28.789 --> 00:55:28.799 align:start position:0% well that's that started uh 00:55:28.799 --> 00:55:34.789 align:start position:0% well that's that started uh significantly<00:55:29.680> later<00:55:32.839> and 00:55:34.789 --> 00:55:34.799 align:start position:0% significantly later and 00:55:34.799 --> 00:55:38.069 align:start position:0% significantly later and i<00:55:34.960> was<00:55:35.200> at<00:55:35.359> a<00:55:36.160> one<00:55:36.319> of<00:55:36.480> the 00:55:38.069 --> 00:55:38.079 align:start position:0% i was at a one of the 00:55:38.079 --> 00:55:41.270 align:start position:0% i was at a one of the ieee<00:55:38.640> robotics<00:55:39.119> conferences<00:55:40.079> and<00:55:40.480> uh 00:55:41.270 --> 00:55:41.280 align:start position:0% ieee robotics conferences and uh 00:55:41.280 --> 00:55:44.390 align:start position:0% ieee robotics conferences and uh i<00:55:41.440> was<00:55:41.680> chatting<00:55:42.160> with<00:55:43.200> the<00:55:43.680> editor 00:55:44.390 --> 00:55:44.400 align:start position:0% i was chatting with the editor 00:55:44.400 --> 00:55:47.910 align:start position:0% i was chatting with the editor of<00:55:45.040> kluwer<00:55:45.599> publishers<00:55:46.960> cluer<00:55:47.359> no<00:55:47.599> longer 00:55:47.910 --> 00:55:47.920 align:start position:0% of kluwer publishers cluer no longer 00:55:47.920 --> 00:55:49.510 align:start position:0% of kluwer publishers cluer no longer exists 00:55:49.510 --> 00:55:49.520 align:start position:0% exists 00:55:49.520 --> 00:55:53.109 align:start position:0% exists they<00:55:49.760> were<00:55:49.920> taken<00:55:50.319> over<00:55:50.640> by<00:55:51.760> springer 00:55:53.109 --> 00:55:53.119 align:start position:0% they were taken over by springer 00:55:53.119 --> 00:55:56.870 align:start position:0% they were taken over by springer okay<00:55:53.760> but<00:55:54.880> we<00:55:55.040> were<00:55:55.200> chatting<00:55:55.680> and<00:55:55.920> he<00:55:56.240> said 00:55:56.870 --> 00:55:56.880 align:start position:0% okay but we were chatting and he said 00:55:56.880 --> 00:55:58.150 align:start position:0% okay but we were chatting and he said you<00:55:56.960> know<00:55:57.119> we<00:55:57.280> should<00:55:57.440> really<00:55:57.680> do<00:55:57.839> something 00:55:58.150 --> 00:55:58.160 align:start position:0% you know we should really do something 00:55:58.160 --> 00:55:59.990 align:start position:0% you know we should really do something in<00:55:58.240> robotics<00:55:59.520> so 00:55:59.990 --> 00:56:00.000 align:start position:0% in robotics so 00:56:00.000 --> 00:56:02.390 align:start position:0% in robotics so i<00:56:00.880> would<00:56:01.119> you<00:56:01.280> be<00:56:01.440> interested<00:56:01.839> and<00:56:02.079> i<00:56:02.160> said 00:56:02.390 --> 00:56:02.400 align:start position:0% i would you be interested and i said 00:56:02.400 --> 00:56:04.870 align:start position:0% i would you be interested and i said sure<00:56:02.640> let's<00:56:02.880> start<00:56:03.200> it 00:56:04.870 --> 00:56:04.880 align:start position:0% sure let's start it 00:56:04.880 --> 00:56:08.950 align:start position:0% sure let's start it i<00:56:05.040> mean<00:56:05.200> that's<00:56:05.440> how<00:56:05.599> it<00:56:05.760> happened<00:56:06.960> and<00:56:07.359> uh 00:56:08.950 --> 00:56:08.960 align:start position:0% i mean that's how it happened and uh 00:56:08.960 --> 00:56:12.549 align:start position:0% i mean that's how it happened and uh so<00:56:09.200> then<00:56:09.520> uh<00:56:10.400> kluwer<00:56:10.880> sent<00:56:11.200> out<00:56:11.440> the 00:56:12.549 --> 00:56:12.559 align:start position:0% so then uh kluwer sent out the 00:56:12.559 --> 00:56:14.230 align:start position:0% so then uh kluwer sent out the questionnaires<00:56:13.359> to<00:56:13.520> every<00:56:13.760> member<00:56:14.000> of<00:56:14.160> the 00:56:14.230 --> 00:56:14.240 align:start position:0% questionnaires to every member of the 00:56:14.240 --> 00:56:15.750 align:start position:0% questionnaires to every member of the society<00:56:14.799> and<00:56:14.960> some<00:56:15.200> other<00:56:15.359> people 00:56:15.750 --> 00:56:15.760 align:start position:0% society and some other people 00:56:15.760 --> 00:56:17.349 align:start position:0% society and some other people to<00:56:15.920> try<00:56:16.079> to<00:56:16.160> get<00:56:16.400> feedback<00:56:16.880> about<00:56:17.119> whether 00:56:17.349 --> 00:56:17.359 align:start position:0% to try to get feedback about whether 00:56:17.359 --> 00:56:19.430 align:start position:0% to try to get feedback about whether there<00:56:17.520> was<00:56:18.079> really<00:56:18.400> a<00:56:18.559> need<00:56:18.880> or<00:56:18.960> an<00:56:19.119> interest 00:56:19.430 --> 00:56:19.440 align:start position:0% there was really a need or an interest 00:56:19.440 --> 00:56:21.190 align:start position:0% there was really a need or an interest in<00:56:19.599> another<00:56:20.000> journal 00:56:21.190 --> 00:56:21.200 align:start position:0% in another journal 00:56:21.200 --> 00:56:25.270 align:start position:0% in another journal and<00:56:22.559> and<00:56:23.520> so<00:56:24.079> that's<00:56:24.400> what<00:56:24.559> happened<00:56:24.960> so<00:56:25.119> we 00:56:25.270 --> 00:56:25.280 align:start position:0% and and so that's what happened so we 00:56:25.280 --> 00:56:28.230 align:start position:0% and and so that's what happened so we got<00:56:25.520> it 00:56:28.230 --> 00:56:28.240 align:start position:0% 00:56:28.240 --> 00:56:31.270 align:start position:0% now<00:56:29.040> the<00:56:29.200> gear<00:56:29.599> i<00:56:29.760> can<00:56:29.920> tell<00:56:30.160> you<00:56:30.559> very<00:56:30.799> easily 00:56:31.270 --> 00:56:31.280 align:start position:0% now the gear i can tell you very easily 00:56:31.280 --> 00:56:32.150 align:start position:0% now the gear i can tell you very easily because<00:56:31.599> that 00:56:32.150 --> 00:56:32.160 align:start position:0% because that 00:56:32.160 --> 00:56:34.950 align:start position:0% because that that<00:56:32.400> hasn't<00:56:32.720> changed<00:56:33.119> so<00:56:33.359> that's<00:56:33.680> still<00:56:34.799> in 00:56:34.950 --> 00:56:34.960 align:start position:0% that hasn't changed so that's still in 00:56:34.960 --> 00:56:36.630 align:start position:0% that hasn't changed so that's still in the 00:56:36.630 --> 00:56:36.640 align:start position:0% the 00:56:36.640 --> 00:56:42.829 align:start position:0% the continuous<00:56:37.280> numbering<00:56:38.480> i<00:56:38.559> think<00:56:38.799> it<00:56:38.880> was 00:56:42.829 --> 00:56:42.839 align:start position:0% 00:56:42.839 --> 00:56:51.910 align:start position:0% roughly 00:56:51.910 --> 00:56:51.920 align:start position:0% 00:56:51.920 --> 00:56:55.190 align:start position:0% volume<00:56:52.319> 29<00:56:53.920> okay 00:56:55.190 --> 00:56:55.200 align:start position:0% volume 29 okay 00:56:55.200 --> 00:56:57.270 align:start position:0% volume 29 okay now<00:56:55.359> that's<00:56:55.680> interesting<00:56:56.079> because<00:56:56.880> because 00:56:57.270 --> 00:56:57.280 align:start position:0% now that's interesting because because 00:56:57.280 --> 00:56:59.349 align:start position:0% now that's interesting because because that<00:56:57.920> means<00:56:58.160> that<00:56:58.319> i<00:56:58.400> may<00:56:58.559> be<00:56:58.799> wrong 00:56:59.349 --> 00:56:59.359 align:start position:0% that means that i may be wrong 00:56:59.359 --> 00:57:02.470 align:start position:0% that means that i may be wrong that<00:56:59.520> the<00:56:59.680> journal<00:57:00.720> volumes 00:57:02.470 --> 00:57:02.480 align:start position:0% that the journal volumes 00:57:02.480 --> 00:57:05.190 align:start position:0% that the journal volumes terminated<00:57:03.119> in<00:57:03.200> transactions<00:57:03.760> volumes<00:57:04.240> began 00:57:05.190 --> 00:57:05.200 align:start position:0% terminated in transactions volumes began 00:57:05.200 --> 00:57:06.150 align:start position:0% terminated in transactions volumes began yeah 00:57:06.150 --> 00:57:06.160 align:start position:0% yeah 00:57:06.160 --> 00:57:08.470 align:start position:0% yeah that<00:57:06.400> could<00:57:06.559> be<00:57:06.960> because<00:57:07.920> this<00:57:08.240> was 00:57:08.470 --> 00:57:08.480 align:start position:0% that could be because this was 00:57:08.480 --> 00:57:09.670 align:start position:0% that could be because this was definitely 00:57:09.670 --> 00:57:09.680 align:start position:0% definitely 00:57:09.680 --> 00:57:12.950 align:start position:0% definitely later<00:57:11.760> oh<00:57:12.319> but<00:57:12.559> in 00:57:12.950 --> 00:57:12.960 align:start position:0% later oh but in 00:57:12.960 --> 00:57:15.990 align:start position:0% later oh but in in<00:57:13.280> um<00:57:14.400> but<00:57:14.559> i<00:57:14.720> believe<00:57:15.119> autonomous<00:57:15.599> robots 00:57:15.990 --> 00:57:16.000 align:start position:0% in um but i believe autonomous robots 00:57:16.000 --> 00:57:17.190 align:start position:0% in um but i believe autonomous robots for<00:57:16.160> a<00:57:16.240> long<00:57:16.480> time 00:57:17.190 --> 00:57:17.200 align:start position:0% for a long time 00:57:17.200 --> 00:57:20.950 align:start position:0% for a long time numbered<00:57:17.760> their<00:57:18.160> volumes<00:57:18.799> twice<00:57:19.200> a<00:57:19.280> year 00:57:20.950 --> 00:57:20.960 align:start position:0% numbered their volumes twice a year 00:57:20.960 --> 00:57:23.750 align:start position:0% numbered their volumes twice a year right<00:57:21.520> and<00:57:21.760> so<00:57:22.160> i'm<00:57:22.480> no<00:57:22.640> longer<00:57:23.040> sure<00:57:23.599> when 00:57:23.750 --> 00:57:23.760 align:start position:0% right and so i'm no longer sure when 00:57:23.760 --> 00:57:24.789 align:start position:0% right and so i'm no longer sure when this<00:57:24.000> thing<00:57:24.240> started 00:57:24.789 --> 00:57:24.799 align:start position:0% this thing started 00:57:24.799 --> 00:57:28.390 align:start position:0% this thing started i<00:57:24.960> can't<00:57:25.839> be<00:57:26.079> sure<00:57:27.200> yeah<00:57:27.599> you<00:57:27.680> can<00:57:27.920> find<00:57:28.160> out 00:57:28.390 --> 00:57:28.400 align:start position:0% i can't be sure yeah you can find out 00:57:28.400 --> 00:57:30.549 align:start position:0% i can't be sure yeah you can find out that's<00:57:28.640> right 00:57:30.549 --> 00:57:30.559 align:start position:0% that's right 00:57:30.559 --> 00:57:32.390 align:start position:0% that's right so<00:57:30.799> that's<00:57:31.119> the<00:57:31.280> story<00:57:31.599> with<00:57:31.839> autonomous 00:57:32.390 --> 00:57:32.400 align:start position:0% so that's the story with autonomous 00:57:32.400 --> 00:57:38.150 align:start position:0% so that's the story with autonomous robots 00:57:38.150 --> 00:57:38.160 align:start position:0% 00:57:38.160 --> 00:57:41.670 align:start position:0% i<00:57:38.400> also<00:57:38.960> um<00:57:39.200> i<00:57:39.440> have<00:57:39.760> in<00:57:39.920> my<00:57:40.799> in<00:57:40.960> the<00:57:41.200> bedroom 00:57:41.670 --> 00:57:41.680 align:start position:0% i also um i have in my in the bedroom 00:57:41.680 --> 00:57:43.109 align:start position:0% i also um i have in my in the bedroom closet<00:57:42.079> because<00:57:42.240> there<00:57:42.319> wasn't<00:57:42.559> enough<00:57:42.720> room 00:57:43.109 --> 00:57:43.119 align:start position:0% closet because there wasn't enough room 00:57:43.119 --> 00:57:46.069 align:start position:0% closet because there wasn't enough room here<00:57:43.680> in<00:57:43.839> my<00:57:44.000> office<00:57:44.400> but<00:57:44.559> i<00:57:44.720> have<00:57:45.440> volume<00:57:45.839> one 00:57:46.069 --> 00:57:46.079 align:start position:0% here in my office but i have volume one 00:57:46.079 --> 00:57:47.349 align:start position:0% here in my office but i have volume one number<00:57:46.319> one<00:57:46.640> so<00:57:46.880> if<00:57:47.040> you're<00:57:47.119> really 00:57:47.349 --> 00:57:47.359 align:start position:0% number one so if you're really 00:57:47.359 --> 00:57:48.870 align:start position:0% number one so if you're really interested<00:57:47.760> in<00:57:47.839> this<00:57:48.000> i<00:57:48.079> can<00:57:48.240> pull<00:57:48.480> it<00:57:48.640> up 00:57:48.870 --> 00:57:48.880 align:start position:0% interested in this i can pull it up 00:57:48.880 --> 00:57:52.470 align:start position:0% interested in this i can pull it up oh<00:57:49.040> wow<00:57:49.520> yeah<00:57:50.079> actually 00:57:52.470 --> 00:57:52.480 align:start position:0% oh wow yeah actually 00:57:52.480 --> 00:57:54.710 align:start position:0% oh wow yeah actually um<00:57:53.280> rodney<00:57:53.680> brooks<00:57:53.920> was<00:57:54.079> one<00:57:54.160> of<00:57:54.240> the<00:57:54.400> authors 00:57:54.710 --> 00:57:54.720 align:start position:0% um rodney brooks was one of the authors 00:57:54.720 --> 00:57:56.230 align:start position:0% um rodney brooks was one of the authors in<00:57:54.880> volume<00:57:55.200> one<00:57:55.440> number<00:57:55.680> one 00:57:56.230 --> 00:57:56.240 align:start position:0% in volume one number one 00:57:56.240 --> 00:57:59.349 align:start position:0% in volume one number one okay<00:57:56.960> yeah<00:57:58.480> so<00:57:58.880> um 00:57:59.349 --> 00:57:59.359 align:start position:0% okay yeah so um 00:57:59.359 --> 00:58:02.710 align:start position:0% okay yeah so um what<00:57:59.520> do<00:57:59.599> you<00:57:59.680> consider<00:58:00.240> your<00:58:00.799> your<00:58:00.960> most 00:58:02.710 --> 00:58:02.720 align:start position:0% what do you consider your your most 00:58:02.720 --> 00:58:06.829 align:start position:0% what do you consider your your most successful<00:58:03.440> or<00:58:03.599> your<00:58:03.760> proudest<00:58:04.319> robotic 00:58:06.829 --> 00:58:06.839 align:start position:0% 00:58:06.839 --> 00:58:08.470 align:start position:0% accomplishment 00:58:08.470 --> 00:58:08.480 align:start position:0% accomplishment 00:58:08.480 --> 00:58:10.870 align:start position:0% accomplishment well<00:58:08.720> i<00:58:09.520> i<00:58:09.680> think<00:58:09.839> that<00:58:10.079> even<00:58:10.319> though<00:58:10.559> it<00:58:10.720> was 00:58:10.870 --> 00:58:10.880 align:start position:0% well i i think that even though it was 00:58:10.880 --> 00:58:12.470 align:start position:0% well i i think that even though it was never<00:58:11.119> a<00:58:11.200> commercial<00:58:11.680> success<00:58:12.240> i 00:58:12.470 --> 00:58:12.480 align:start position:0% never a commercial success i 00:58:12.480 --> 00:58:14.789 align:start position:0% never a commercial success i i<00:58:12.720> thought<00:58:12.960> the<00:58:13.119> work<00:58:13.440> under<00:58:13.680> about<00:58:14.000> hands<00:58:14.400> was 00:58:14.789 --> 00:58:14.799 align:start position:0% i thought the work under about hands was 00:58:14.799 --> 00:58:16.309 align:start position:0% i thought the work under about hands was one<00:58:14.960> of<00:58:15.119> the<00:58:15.200> things<00:58:15.440> that<00:58:15.599> i<00:58:15.760> always 00:58:16.309 --> 00:58:16.319 align:start position:0% one of the things that i always 00:58:16.319 --> 00:58:18.390 align:start position:0% one of the things that i always was<00:58:16.559> most<00:58:16.799> pleased<00:58:17.119> with<00:58:17.760> and<00:58:17.920> there<00:58:18.240> my 00:58:18.390 --> 00:58:18.400 align:start position:0% was most pleased with and there my 00:58:18.400 --> 00:58:20.549 align:start position:0% was most pleased with and there my collaborator<00:58:19.200> was<00:58:19.440> professor<00:58:19.920> tomovic<00:58:20.400> from 00:58:20.549 --> 00:58:20.559 align:start position:0% collaborator was professor tomovic from 00:58:20.559 --> 00:58:22.069 align:start position:0% collaborator was professor tomovic from yugoslavia<00:58:21.280> you<00:58:21.440> see<00:58:21.760> so 00:58:22.069 --> 00:58:22.079 align:start position:0% yugoslavia you see so 00:58:22.079 --> 00:58:25.670 align:start position:0% yugoslavia you see so that<00:58:22.480> was<00:58:22.720> a<00:58:22.799> very<00:58:22.960> clear<00:58:23.280> collaboration 00:58:25.670 --> 00:58:25.680 align:start position:0% that was a very clear collaboration 00:58:25.680 --> 00:58:27.750 align:start position:0% that was a very clear collaboration and<00:58:26.000> he<00:58:26.160> would<00:58:26.400> travel<00:58:26.799> to<00:58:26.960> the<00:58:27.119> states<00:58:27.440> once<00:58:27.680> a 00:58:27.750 --> 00:58:27.760 align:start position:0% and he would travel to the states once a 00:58:27.760 --> 00:58:30.789 align:start position:0% and he would travel to the states once a year<00:58:28.559> and<00:58:28.799> i<00:58:29.040> went<00:58:29.280> to<00:58:29.599> belgrade<00:58:30.160> about<00:58:30.400> once<00:58:30.640> a 00:58:30.789 --> 00:58:30.799 align:start position:0% year and i went to belgrade about once a 00:58:30.799 --> 00:58:32.069 align:start position:0% year and i went to belgrade about once a year 00:58:32.069 --> 00:58:32.079 align:start position:0% year 00:58:32.079 --> 00:58:34.789 align:start position:0% year so<00:58:33.440> that<00:58:33.599> was<00:58:33.760> a<00:58:33.839> very<00:58:34.079> interesting<00:58:34.480> and<00:58:34.559> very 00:58:34.789 --> 00:58:34.799 align:start position:0% so that was a very interesting and very 00:58:34.799 --> 00:58:37.030 align:start position:0% so that was a very interesting and very fruitful<00:58:35.119> collaboration<00:58:35.920> and<00:58:36.079> i<00:58:36.240> still<00:58:36.559> have 00:58:37.030 --> 00:58:37.040 align:start position:0% fruitful collaboration and i still have 00:58:37.040 --> 00:58:39.030 align:start position:0% fruitful collaboration and i still have contacts<00:58:37.599> with<00:58:37.920> one<00:58:38.160> of<00:58:38.240> the<00:58:38.559> people<00:58:38.880> from 00:58:39.030 --> 00:58:39.040 align:start position:0% contacts with one of the people from 00:58:39.040 --> 00:58:41.270 align:start position:0% contacts with one of the people from yugoslavia<00:58:40.000> who<00:58:40.160> worked<00:58:40.480> on<00:58:40.640> the<00:58:40.799> original 00:58:41.270 --> 00:58:41.280 align:start position:0% yugoslavia who worked on the original 00:58:41.280 --> 00:58:43.349 align:start position:0% yugoslavia who worked on the original project 00:58:43.349 --> 00:58:43.359 align:start position:0% project 00:58:43.359 --> 00:58:48.309 align:start position:0% project who<00:58:43.599> was<00:58:43.760> there<00:58:45.200> was<00:58:45.440> still<00:58:45.680> there 00:58:48.309 --> 00:58:48.319 align:start position:0% 00:58:48.319 --> 00:58:51.030 align:start position:0% so<00:58:49.359> that<00:58:49.520> was<00:58:49.760> one<00:58:50.240> and<00:58:50.319> then<00:58:50.559> the<00:58:50.720> second 00:58:51.030 --> 00:58:51.040 align:start position:0% so that was one and then the second 00:58:51.040 --> 00:58:52.069 align:start position:0% so that was one and then the second thing<00:58:51.359> was 00:58:52.069 --> 00:58:52.079 align:start position:0% thing was 00:58:52.079 --> 00:58:54.789 align:start position:0% thing was the<00:58:52.400> uh<00:58:52.960> the<00:58:53.200> project<00:58:53.599> that<00:58:53.920> that<00:58:54.160> tony<00:58:54.480> worked 00:58:54.789 --> 00:58:54.799 align:start position:0% the uh the project that that tony worked 00:58:54.799 --> 00:58:55.670 align:start position:0% the uh the project that that tony worked on<00:58:55.040> which<00:58:55.359> is 00:58:55.670 --> 00:58:55.680 align:start position:0% on which is 00:58:55.680 --> 00:58:58.870 align:start position:0% on which is uh<00:58:56.640> which<00:58:56.880> i<00:58:57.040> always<00:58:57.280> thought<00:58:57.520> was<00:58:57.760> one<00:58:57.920> of<00:58:58.000> the 00:58:58.870 --> 00:58:58.880 align:start position:0% uh which i always thought was one of the 00:58:58.880 --> 00:59:00.870 align:start position:0% uh which i always thought was one of the major<00:58:59.280> accomplishments<00:59:00.000> of<00:59:00.160> our<00:59:00.319> lab<00:59:00.640> which 00:59:00.870 --> 00:59:00.880 align:start position:0% major accomplishments of our lab which 00:59:00.880 --> 00:59:02.230 align:start position:0% major accomplishments of our lab which is<00:59:01.040> this 00:59:02.230 --> 00:59:02.240 align:start position:0% is this 00:59:02.240 --> 00:59:06.630 align:start position:0% is this project<00:59:02.839> on<00:59:04.559> using<00:59:04.880> genetic<00:59:05.280> algorithms<00:59:06.000> to 00:59:06.630 --> 00:59:06.640 align:start position:0% project on using genetic algorithms to 00:59:06.640 --> 00:59:10.630 align:start position:0% project on using genetic algorithms to to<00:59:07.040> enable<00:59:07.440> a<00:59:07.520> robot<00:59:07.839> to<00:59:08.000> learn<00:59:08.240> how<00:59:08.400> to<00:59:08.480> walk 00:59:10.630 --> 00:59:10.640 align:start position:0% to enable a robot to learn how to walk 00:59:10.640 --> 00:59:13.109 align:start position:0% to enable a robot to learn how to walk i<00:59:10.720> think<00:59:10.880> that<00:59:11.040> was<00:59:11.280> actually<00:59:11.760> probably<00:59:12.880> one 00:59:13.109 --> 00:59:13.119 align:start position:0% i think that was actually probably one 00:59:13.119 --> 00:59:16.150 align:start position:0% i think that was actually probably one of<00:59:13.200> the<00:59:13.280> more<00:59:13.520> successful<00:59:14.079> things<00:59:14.480> in<00:59:14.640> the 00:59:16.150 --> 00:59:16.160 align:start position:0% of the more successful things in the 00:59:16.160 --> 00:59:21.910 align:start position:0% of the more successful things in the and<00:59:16.799> you<00:59:16.960> know<00:59:17.200> i<00:59:17.440> can't<00:59:17.839> uh 00:59:21.910 --> 00:59:21.920 align:start position:0% 00:59:21.920 --> 00:59:24.870 align:start position:0% andy<00:59:22.319> frank<00:59:22.880> who<00:59:23.359> built<00:59:23.760> that<00:59:24.319> four-legged 00:59:24.870 --> 00:59:24.880 align:start position:0% andy frank who built that four-legged 00:59:24.880 --> 00:59:27.109 align:start position:0% andy frank who built that four-legged robot<00:59:25.280> in<00:59:25.359> the<00:59:25.440> 1960s 00:59:27.109 --> 00:59:27.119 align:start position:0% robot in the 1960s 00:59:27.119 --> 00:59:32.230 align:start position:0% robot in the 1960s um<00:59:30.000> was<00:59:30.319> formerly<00:59:30.799> my<00:59:31.040> student 00:59:32.230 --> 00:59:32.240 align:start position:0% um was formerly my student 00:59:32.240 --> 00:59:35.190 align:start position:0% um was formerly my student that<00:59:32.480> is<00:59:32.640> i<00:59:32.720> was<00:59:32.960> his<00:59:33.119> major<00:59:33.440> professor<00:59:34.799> but<00:59:35.040> he 00:59:35.190 --> 00:59:35.200 align:start position:0% that is i was his major professor but he 00:59:35.200 --> 00:59:37.030 align:start position:0% that is i was his major professor but he was<00:59:35.520> guided<00:59:36.000> much<00:59:36.319> more<00:59:36.640> by 00:59:37.030 --> 00:59:37.040 align:start position:0% was guided much more by 00:59:37.040 --> 00:59:40.549 align:start position:0% was guided much more by uh<00:59:37.599> bob<00:59:37.839> mcgee<00:59:38.240> than<00:59:38.480> by<00:59:38.720> me 00:59:40.549 --> 00:59:40.559 align:start position:0% uh bob mcgee than by me 00:59:40.559 --> 00:59:42.549 align:start position:0% uh bob mcgee than by me because<00:59:40.960> i<00:59:41.040> didn't<00:59:41.359> understand<00:59:41.920> the<00:59:42.160> digital 00:59:42.549 --> 00:59:42.559 align:start position:0% because i didn't understand the digital 00:59:42.559 --> 00:59:45.030 align:start position:0% because i didn't understand the digital technology<00:59:43.200> very<00:59:43.440> well 00:59:45.030 --> 00:59:45.040 align:start position:0% technology very well 00:59:45.040 --> 00:59:49.349 align:start position:0% technology very well uh 00:59:49.349 --> 00:59:49.359 align:start position:0% 00:59:49.359 --> 00:59:52.630 align:start position:0% having<00:59:49.680> just<00:59:51.040> grown<00:59:51.520> out<00:59:51.680> of<00:59:51.760> the<00:59:51.839> analog<00:59:52.400> side 00:59:52.630 --> 00:59:52.640 align:start position:0% having just grown out of the analog side 00:59:52.640 --> 00:59:54.230 align:start position:0% having just grown out of the analog side and<00:59:52.799> i<00:59:52.880> was<00:59:53.119> moving<00:59:53.520> into<00:59:53.760> the<00:59:53.839> digital 00:59:54.230 --> 00:59:54.240 align:start position:0% and i was moving into the digital 00:59:54.240 --> 00:59:56.069 align:start position:0% and i was moving into the digital whereas<00:59:54.480> bob<00:59:54.799> started<00:59:55.119> on<00:59:55.200> the<00:59:55.280> digital<00:59:55.760> side 00:59:56.069 --> 00:59:56.079 align:start position:0% whereas bob started on the digital side 00:59:56.079 --> 00:59:56.549 align:start position:0% whereas bob started on the digital side and 00:59:56.549 --> 00:59:56.559 align:start position:0% and 00:59:56.559 --> 00:59:58.309 align:start position:0% and he<00:59:56.720> had<00:59:56.880> a<00:59:56.960> lot<00:59:57.119> of<00:59:57.200> some<00:59:57.440> analog<00:59:57.839> background 00:59:58.309 --> 00:59:58.319 align:start position:0% he had a lot of some analog background 00:59:58.319 --> 01:00:00.309 align:start position:0% he had a lot of some analog background as<00:59:58.480> well<00:59:59.119> what<00:59:59.280> kind<00:59:59.440> of<00:59:59.599> computers<01:00:00.079> were<01:00:00.240> you 01:00:00.309 --> 01:00:00.319 align:start position:0% as well what kind of computers were you 01:00:00.319 --> 01:00:02.069 align:start position:0% as well what kind of computers were you using<01:00:00.640> at<01:00:00.720> that<01:00:00.880> point 01:00:02.069 --> 01:00:02.079 align:start position:0% using at that point 01:00:02.079 --> 01:00:05.829 align:start position:0% using at that point well<01:00:02.400> when<01:00:02.640> i<01:00:03.200> came<01:00:03.520> to<01:00:04.079> usc 01:00:05.829 --> 01:00:05.839 align:start position:0% well when i came to usc 01:00:05.839 --> 01:00:09.109 align:start position:0% well when i came to usc we<01:00:06.079> had<01:00:07.359> the<01:00:07.599> only<01:00:08.000> digital<01:00:08.319> computers 01:00:09.109 --> 01:00:09.119 align:start position:0% we had the only digital computers 01:00:09.119 --> 01:00:12.069 align:start position:0% we had the only digital computers that<01:00:09.599> we<01:00:09.839> had<01:00:10.480> which<01:00:10.720> the<01:00:11.119> university<01:00:11.760> had 01:00:12.069 --> 01:00:12.079 align:start position:0% that we had which the university had 01:00:12.079 --> 01:00:12.630 align:start position:0% that we had which the university had were<01:00:12.240> some 01:00:12.630 --> 01:00:12.640 align:start position:0% were some 01:00:12.640 --> 01:00:15.349 align:start position:0% were some ancient<01:00:13.119> honeywell<01:00:13.599> computers<01:00:14.720> honeywell<01:00:15.200> no 01:00:15.349 --> 01:00:15.359 align:start position:0% ancient honeywell computers honeywell no 01:00:15.359 --> 01:00:16.470 align:start position:0% ancient honeywell computers honeywell no longer<01:00:15.760> makes 01:00:16.470 --> 01:00:16.480 align:start position:0% longer makes 01:00:16.480 --> 01:00:18.950 align:start position:0% longer makes general<01:00:16.799> purpose<01:00:17.119> digital<01:00:17.520> computers<01:00:18.000> and<01:00:18.240> so 01:00:18.950 --> 01:00:18.960 align:start position:0% general purpose digital computers and so 01:00:18.960 --> 01:00:21.270 align:start position:0% general purpose digital computers and so and<01:00:19.440> it<01:00:19.520> was<01:00:19.839> as<01:00:20.000> i<01:00:20.160> recall<01:00:20.559> it<01:00:20.640> was<01:00:20.880> difficult 01:00:21.270 --> 01:00:21.280 align:start position:0% and it was as i recall it was difficult 01:00:21.280 --> 01:00:22.549 align:start position:0% and it was as i recall it was difficult to<01:00:21.359> keep<01:00:21.520> them<01:00:21.760> running<01:00:22.000> but<01:00:22.160> they<01:00:22.319> were<01:00:22.480> the 01:00:22.549 --> 01:00:22.559 align:start position:0% to keep them running but they were the 01:00:22.559 --> 01:00:23.030 align:start position:0% to keep them running but they were the only 01:00:23.030 --> 01:00:23.040 align:start position:0% only 01:00:23.040 --> 01:00:28.710 align:start position:0% only machines<01:00:23.520> around<01:00:24.640> and<01:00:24.799> then<01:00:26.839> in<01:00:27.920> a<01:00:28.079> year 01:00:28.710 --> 01:00:28.720 align:start position:0% machines around and then in a year 01:00:28.720 --> 01:00:31.829 align:start position:0% machines around and then in a year or<01:00:28.880> so<01:00:29.119> after<01:00:29.440> i<01:00:29.599> came 01:00:31.829 --> 01:00:31.839 align:start position:0% or so after i came 01:00:31.839 --> 01:00:34.950 align:start position:0% or so after i came i<01:00:32.000> wrote<01:00:32.160> a<01:00:32.319> proposal<01:00:32.960> to<01:00:33.359> nsf<01:00:34.480> um 01:00:34.950 --> 01:00:34.960 align:start position:0% i wrote a proposal to nsf um 01:00:34.960 --> 01:00:36.950 align:start position:0% i wrote a proposal to nsf um to<01:00:35.119> get<01:00:35.280> a<01:00:35.359> digital<01:00:35.680> computer<01:00:36.480> that<01:00:36.640> we<01:00:36.799> could 01:00:36.950 --> 01:00:36.960 align:start position:0% to get a digital computer that we could 01:00:36.960 --> 01:00:39.750 align:start position:0% to get a digital computer that we could use<01:00:37.200> as<01:00:37.440> part<01:00:37.599> of<01:00:37.680> the<01:00:37.920> hybrid<01:00:38.400> system 01:00:39.750 --> 01:00:39.760 align:start position:0% use as part of the hybrid system 01:00:39.760 --> 01:00:41.349 align:start position:0% use as part of the hybrid system beckman<01:00:40.240> instruments<01:00:40.640> where<01:00:40.799> i<01:00:40.880> had<01:00:41.040> worked 01:00:41.349 --> 01:00:41.359 align:start position:0% beckman instruments where i had worked 01:00:41.359 --> 01:00:43.109 align:start position:0% beckman instruments where i had worked gave<01:00:41.599> us<01:00:41.680> an<01:00:41.920> analog 01:00:43.109 --> 01:00:43.119 align:start position:0% gave us an analog 01:00:43.119 --> 01:00:47.670 align:start position:0% gave us an analog and<01:00:43.359> then<01:00:43.680> nsf<01:00:44.319> gave<01:00:44.480> us<01:00:44.640> enough<01:00:44.960> money<01:00:45.839> to<01:00:46.160> uh 01:00:47.670 --> 01:00:47.680 align:start position:0% and then nsf gave us enough money to uh 01:00:47.680 --> 01:00:50.309 align:start position:0% and then nsf gave us enough money to uh well<01:00:47.839> we<01:00:48.000> had<01:00:48.160> enough<01:00:48.319> money<01:00:48.640> to<01:00:48.799> buy<01:00:49.680> maybe 01:00:50.309 --> 01:00:50.319 align:start position:0% well we had enough money to buy maybe 01:00:50.319 --> 01:00:50.950 align:start position:0% well we had enough money to buy maybe half 01:00:50.950 --> 01:00:50.960 align:start position:0% half 01:00:50.960 --> 01:00:55.510 align:start position:0% half of<01:00:51.200> an<01:00:51.440> ibm<01:00:51.920> 1620.<01:00:53.440> the<01:00:53.680> 1620<01:00:54.640> was<01:00:54.880> a<01:00:55.040> process 01:00:55.510 --> 01:00:55.520 align:start position:0% of an ibm 1620. the 1620 was a process 01:00:55.520 --> 01:00:57.589 align:start position:0% of an ibm 1620. the 1620 was a process control<01:00:55.920> computers<01:00:56.799> originally<01:00:57.280> was<01:00:57.440> a 01:00:57.589 --> 01:00:57.599 align:start position:0% control computers originally was a 01:00:57.599 --> 01:00:59.829 align:start position:0% control computers originally was a serial<01:00:58.079> digital<01:00:58.480> computer 01:00:59.829 --> 01:00:59.839 align:start position:0% serial digital computer 01:00:59.839 --> 01:01:02.549 align:start position:0% serial digital computer which<01:01:00.160> meant<01:01:00.640> you<01:01:00.720> know<01:01:00.880> that<01:01:01.040> each<01:01:01.359> word 01:01:02.549 --> 01:01:02.559 align:start position:0% which meant you know that each word 01:01:02.559 --> 01:01:03.670 align:start position:0% which meant you know that each word processes<01:01:03.119> each<01:01:03.359> bit 01:01:03.670 --> 01:01:03.680 align:start position:0% processes each bit 01:01:03.680 --> 01:01:05.670 align:start position:0% processes each bit serially<01:01:04.240> one<01:01:04.400> at<01:01:04.880> rather<01:01:05.119> than<01:01:05.359> going<01:01:05.520> in 01:01:05.670 --> 01:01:05.680 align:start position:0% serially one at rather than going in 01:01:05.680 --> 01:01:06.789 align:start position:0% serially one at rather than going in parallel 01:01:06.789 --> 01:01:06.799 align:start position:0% parallel 01:01:06.799 --> 01:01:11.109 align:start position:0% parallel this<01:01:07.040> is<01:01:07.359> early<01:01:08.839> technology 01:01:11.109 --> 01:01:11.119 align:start position:0% this is early technology 01:01:11.119 --> 01:01:14.390 align:start position:0% this is early technology so<01:01:11.280> you<01:01:11.520> were<01:01:12.079> you<01:01:12.160> were<01:01:12.319> getting<01:01:12.480> an<01:01:12.640> ibm<01:01:14.000> ibm 01:01:14.390 --> 01:01:14.400 align:start position:0% so you were you were getting an ibm ibm 01:01:14.400 --> 01:01:15.910 align:start position:0% so you were you were getting an ibm ibm 1620 01:01:15.910 --> 01:01:15.920 align:start position:0% 1620 01:01:15.920 --> 01:01:18.950 align:start position:0% 1620 and<01:01:17.040> then<01:01:18.640> we 01:01:18.950 --> 01:01:18.960 align:start position:0% and then we 01:01:18.960 --> 01:01:21.349 align:start position:0% and then we formed<01:01:19.760> we<01:01:20.000> created<01:01:20.319> this<01:01:20.480> hybrid<01:01:20.880> system<01:01:21.200> by 01:01:21.349 --> 01:01:21.359 align:start position:0% formed we created this hybrid system by 01:01:21.359 --> 01:01:22.230 align:start position:0% formed we created this hybrid system by connecting<01:01:21.760> those 01:01:22.230 --> 01:01:22.240 align:start position:0% connecting those 01:01:22.240 --> 01:01:24.789 align:start position:0% connecting those those<01:01:22.480> things<01:01:22.720> together<01:01:23.680> the<01:01:23.839> beckman<01:01:24.400> analog 01:01:24.789 --> 01:01:24.799 align:start position:0% those things together the beckman analog 01:01:24.799 --> 01:01:26.789 align:start position:0% those things together the beckman analog computer<01:01:25.280> was<01:01:25.520> very<01:01:25.760> large<01:01:26.160> it<01:01:26.240> was<01:01:26.400> a<01:01:26.480> vacuum 01:01:26.789 --> 01:01:26.799 align:start position:0% computer was very large it was a vacuum 01:01:26.799 --> 01:01:28.549 align:start position:0% computer was very large it was a vacuum tube<01:01:27.040> computer 01:01:28.549 --> 01:01:28.559 align:start position:0% tube computer 01:01:28.559 --> 01:01:31.750 align:start position:0% tube computer and<01:01:28.960> uh<01:01:29.599> what<01:01:29.839> was<01:01:30.079> it<01:01:30.880> what<01:01:31.040> was<01:01:31.280> it<01:01:31.359> designed 01:01:31.750 --> 01:01:31.760 align:start position:0% and uh what was it what was it designed 01:01:31.760 --> 01:01:32.950 align:start position:0% and uh what was it what was it designed for 01:01:32.950 --> 01:01:32.960 align:start position:0% for 01:01:32.960 --> 01:01:34.390 align:start position:0% for it<01:01:33.040> was<01:01:33.200> designed<01:01:33.599> to<01:01:33.680> be<01:01:33.760> a<01:01:33.839> general<01:01:34.079> purpose 01:01:34.390 --> 01:01:34.400 align:start position:0% it was designed to be a general purpose 01:01:34.400 --> 01:01:36.710 align:start position:0% it was designed to be a general purpose computer<01:01:35.280> general<01:01:35.599> purpose<01:01:35.920> analyzer<01:01:36.400> i<01:01:36.559> was 01:01:36.710 --> 01:01:36.720 align:start position:0% computer general purpose analyzer i was 01:01:36.720 --> 01:01:38.789 align:start position:0% computer general purpose analyzer i was jumping<01:01:36.960> over<01:01:36.880> furrier<01:01:37.119> central<01:01:37.440> computer 01:01:38.789 --> 01:01:38.799 align:start position:0% jumping over furrier central computer 01:01:38.799 --> 01:01:42.950 align:start position:0% jumping over furrier central computer and<01:01:40.480> the<01:01:40.799> uh 01:01:42.950 --> 01:01:42.960 align:start position:0% and the uh 01:01:42.960 --> 01:01:44.390 align:start position:0% and the uh don't<01:01:43.200> forget<01:01:43.520> that<01:01:43.599> the<01:01:43.760> early<01:01:44.079> digital 01:01:44.390 --> 01:01:44.400 align:start position:0% don't forget that the early digital 01:01:44.400 --> 01:01:46.710 align:start position:0% don't forget that the early digital computers<01:01:45.359> the<01:01:45.520> first<01:01:45.839> earliest<01:01:46.319> ones 01:01:46.710 --> 01:01:46.720 align:start position:0% computers the first earliest ones 01:01:46.720 --> 01:01:47.589 align:start position:0% computers the first earliest ones actually<01:01:47.200> had 01:01:47.589 --> 01:01:47.599 align:start position:0% actually had 01:01:47.599 --> 01:01:49.910 align:start position:0% actually had uh<01:01:48.000> patch<01:01:48.400> boards<01:01:48.799> also<01:01:49.280> and<01:01:49.359> you<01:01:49.520> had<01:01:49.680> to<01:01:49.760> do<01:01:49.839> a 01:01:49.910 --> 01:01:49.920 align:start position:0% uh patch boards also and you had to do a 01:01:49.920 --> 01:01:51.670 align:start position:0% uh patch boards also and you had to do a certain<01:01:50.160> amount<01:01:50.319> of<01:01:50.400> programming<01:01:50.880> by<01:01:51.359> moving 01:01:51.670 --> 01:01:51.680 align:start position:0% certain amount of programming by moving 01:01:51.680 --> 01:01:51.990 align:start position:0% certain amount of programming by moving chords 01:01:51.990 --> 01:01:52.000 align:start position:0% chords 01:01:52.000 --> 01:01:55.750 align:start position:0% chords around<01:01:52.799> and<01:01:53.119> then<01:01:53.920> the<01:01:54.480> stored<01:01:54.960> programs<01:01:55.440> came 01:01:55.750 --> 01:01:55.760 align:start position:0% around and then the stored programs came 01:01:55.760 --> 01:01:56.950 align:start position:0% around and then the stored programs came later 01:01:56.950 --> 01:01:56.960 align:start position:0% later 01:01:56.960 --> 01:02:01.589 align:start position:0% later on<01:01:57.520> on<01:01:57.760> digital<01:01:58.160> computers 01:02:01.589 --> 01:02:01.599 align:start position:0% 01:02:01.599 --> 01:02:04.710 align:start position:0% so<01:02:01.920> and<01:02:02.079> they<01:02:02.240> were<01:02:02.400> very<01:02:02.640> slow 01:02:04.710 --> 01:02:04.720 align:start position:0% so and they were very slow 01:02:04.720 --> 01:02:07.750 align:start position:0% so and they were very slow so<01:02:05.200> um<01:02:06.319> the<01:02:06.480> idea<01:02:07.039> of<01:02:07.280> a 01:02:07.750 --> 01:02:07.760 align:start position:0% so um the idea of a 01:02:07.760 --> 01:02:10.230 align:start position:0% so um the idea of a of<01:02:07.920> a<01:02:08.079> joint<01:02:08.559> uh<01:02:09.039> of<01:02:09.200> a<01:02:09.280> combined<01:02:09.760> analog 01:02:10.230 --> 01:02:10.240 align:start position:0% of a joint uh of a combined analog 01:02:10.240 --> 01:02:12.069 align:start position:0% of a joint uh of a combined analog digital<01:02:10.640> system<01:02:11.039> was<01:02:11.280> really<01:02:11.599> a 01:02:12.069 --> 01:02:12.079 align:start position:0% digital system was really a 01:02:12.079 --> 01:02:13.829 align:start position:0% digital system was really a very<01:02:12.400> interesting<01:02:12.880> thing<01:02:13.119> at<01:02:13.200> that<01:02:13.440> time<01:02:13.760> and 01:02:13.829 --> 01:02:13.839 align:start position:0% very interesting thing at that time and 01:02:13.839 --> 01:02:15.750 align:start position:0% very interesting thing at that time and you<01:02:13.920> know<01:02:14.079> we<01:02:14.160> learned<01:02:14.400> a<01:02:14.480> lot<01:02:14.720> from<01:02:14.880> doing<01:02:15.119> it 01:02:15.750 --> 01:02:15.760 align:start position:0% you know we learned a lot from doing it 01:02:15.760 --> 01:02:19.109 align:start position:0% you know we learned a lot from doing it i<01:02:15.920> was<01:02:16.079> at<01:02:16.240> trw<01:02:17.680> uh<01:02:18.000> before<01:02:18.319> coming 01:02:19.109 --> 01:02:19.119 align:start position:0% i was at trw uh before coming 01:02:19.119 --> 01:02:22.230 align:start position:0% i was at trw uh before coming to<01:02:19.280> usc<01:02:20.720> i'd<01:02:20.960> actually<01:02:21.280> been<01:02:21.520> there 01:02:22.230 --> 01:02:22.240 align:start position:0% to usc i'd actually been there 01:02:22.240 --> 01:02:25.109 align:start position:0% to usc i'd actually been there full<01:02:22.480> time<01:02:23.440> and<01:02:23.520> then<01:02:23.760> i<01:02:23.839> went<01:02:24.079> on<01:02:24.400> part-time 01:02:25.109 --> 01:02:25.119 align:start position:0% full time and then i went on part-time 01:02:25.119 --> 01:02:25.670 align:start position:0% full time and then i went on part-time and 01:02:25.670 --> 01:02:25.680 align:start position:0% and 01:02:25.680 --> 01:02:27.510 align:start position:0% and went<01:02:25.920> back<01:02:26.079> to<01:02:26.240> campus<01:02:26.559> to<01:02:26.720> write<01:02:26.880> my<01:02:27.039> thesis 01:02:27.510 --> 01:02:27.520 align:start position:0% went back to campus to write my thesis 01:02:27.520 --> 01:02:29.349 align:start position:0% went back to campus to write my thesis but<01:02:27.680> i<01:02:27.760> did<01:02:28.000> almost<01:02:28.480> all<01:02:28.640> my<01:02:28.799> coursework<01:02:29.200> while 01:02:29.349 --> 01:02:29.359 align:start position:0% but i did almost all my coursework while 01:02:29.359 --> 01:02:31.109 align:start position:0% but i did almost all my coursework while i<01:02:29.440> was<01:02:29.599> working<01:02:29.839> at<01:02:29.920> tw 01:02:31.109 --> 01:02:31.119 align:start position:0% i was working at tw 01:02:31.119 --> 01:02:35.109 align:start position:0% i was working at tw and<01:02:32.000> there<01:02:33.359> we<01:02:33.599> built<01:02:33.920> a 01:02:35.109 --> 01:02:35.119 align:start position:0% and there we built a 01:02:35.119 --> 01:02:37.430 align:start position:0% and there we built a sizable<01:02:36.240> hybrid<01:02:36.640> computer<01:02:37.200> and<01:02:37.359> i've 01:02:37.430 --> 01:02:37.440 align:start position:0% sizable hybrid computer and i've 01:02:37.440 --> 01:02:38.390 align:start position:0% sizable hybrid computer and i've forgotten<01:02:37.839> what<01:02:38.000> the 01:02:38.390 --> 01:02:38.400 align:start position:0% forgotten what the 01:02:38.400 --> 01:02:41.670 align:start position:0% forgotten what the what<01:02:38.559> the<01:02:40.480> what<01:02:40.640> the<01:02:40.799> digital<01:02:41.119> component 01:02:41.670 --> 01:02:41.680 align:start position:0% what the what the digital component 01:02:41.680 --> 01:02:43.109 align:start position:0% what the what the digital component component<01:02:42.240> was 01:02:43.109 --> 01:02:43.119 align:start position:0% component was 01:02:43.119 --> 01:02:47.109 align:start position:0% component was but<01:02:44.160> the<01:02:44.400> idea<01:02:44.799> there<01:02:45.280> was<01:02:46.000> to<01:02:46.240> try<01:02:46.480> to<01:02:46.640> use<01:02:46.880> a 01:02:47.109 --> 01:02:47.119 align:start position:0% but the idea there was to try to use a 01:02:47.119 --> 01:02:48.870 align:start position:0% but the idea there was to try to use a hybrid<01:02:47.440> computer<01:02:47.839> to<01:02:48.000> simulate<01:02:48.480> the<01:02:48.559> flight 01:02:48.870 --> 01:02:48.880 align:start position:0% hybrid computer to simulate the flight 01:02:48.880 --> 01:02:50.870 align:start position:0% hybrid computer to simulate the flight of<01:02:49.039> intercontinental<01:02:49.760> missiles 01:02:50.870 --> 01:02:50.880 align:start position:0% of intercontinental missiles 01:02:50.880 --> 01:02:53.829 align:start position:0% of intercontinental missiles because<01:02:52.720> we<01:02:52.880> had<01:02:53.039> been<01:02:53.200> using<01:02:53.440> analog 01:02:53.829 --> 01:02:53.839 align:start position:0% because we had been using analog 01:02:53.839 --> 01:02:55.430 align:start position:0% because we had been using analog computers<01:02:54.400> to<01:02:54.559> study 01:02:55.430 --> 01:02:55.440 align:start position:0% computers to study 01:02:55.440 --> 01:02:57.670 align:start position:0% computers to study the<01:02:55.680> high<01:02:56.000> speed<01:02:56.400> dynamics<01:02:57.039> high<01:02:57.200> frequency 01:02:57.670 --> 01:02:57.680 align:start position:0% the high speed dynamics high frequency 01:02:57.680 --> 01:02:58.950 align:start position:0% the high speed dynamics high frequency dynamics<01:02:58.400> of 01:02:58.950 --> 01:02:58.960 align:start position:0% dynamics of 01:02:58.960 --> 01:03:02.069 align:start position:0% dynamics of rockets<01:03:00.839> because 01:03:02.069 --> 01:03:02.079 align:start position:0% rockets because 01:03:02.079 --> 01:03:06.549 align:start position:0% rockets because the<01:03:04.640> these<01:03:05.039> early<01:03:05.359> rockets<01:03:05.760> like<01:03:05.920> the<01:03:06.079> atlas 01:03:06.549 --> 01:03:06.559 align:start position:0% the these early rockets like the atlas 01:03:06.559 --> 01:03:07.430 align:start position:0% the these early rockets like the atlas for<01:03:06.720> example 01:03:07.430 --> 01:03:07.440 align:start position:0% for example 01:03:07.440 --> 01:03:11.270 align:start position:0% for example are<01:03:07.680> very<01:03:07.920> flexible<01:03:10.079> they<01:03:10.319> had<01:03:10.480> to<01:03:10.640> be<01:03:10.880> because 01:03:11.270 --> 01:03:11.280 align:start position:0% are very flexible they had to be because 01:03:11.280 --> 01:03:14.150 align:start position:0% are very flexible they had to be because the<01:03:11.440> skin<01:03:11.760> was<01:03:11.920> made<01:03:12.160> as<01:03:12.319> light<01:03:12.640> as<01:03:12.799> possible 01:03:14.150 --> 01:03:14.160 align:start position:0% the skin was made as light as possible 01:03:14.160 --> 01:03:16.150 align:start position:0% the skin was made as light as possible so<01:03:14.319> that<01:03:14.559> they<01:03:14.720> would<01:03:15.359> carry<01:03:15.599> as<01:03:15.680> much<01:03:15.920> of<01:03:16.079> a 01:03:16.150 --> 01:03:16.160 align:start position:0% so that they would carry as much of a 01:03:16.160 --> 01:03:18.549 align:start position:0% so that they would carry as much of a payload<01:03:16.960> for<01:03:17.119> these<01:03:17.359> long<01:03:17.599> distances 01:03:18.549 --> 01:03:18.559 align:start position:0% payload for these long distances 01:03:18.559 --> 01:03:22.069 align:start position:0% payload for these long distances so<01:03:18.720> they<01:03:18.799> were<01:03:18.960> full<01:03:19.200> of<01:03:19.280> liquid<01:03:19.680> fuels<01:03:21.039> and<01:03:21.359> uh 01:03:22.069 --> 01:03:22.079 align:start position:0% so they were full of liquid fuels and uh 01:03:22.079 --> 01:03:23.670 align:start position:0% so they were full of liquid fuels and uh and<01:03:22.160> they<01:03:22.319> were<01:03:22.480> very<01:03:22.720> flexible<01:03:23.359> so<01:03:23.520> there 01:03:23.670 --> 01:03:23.680 align:start position:0% and they were very flexible so there 01:03:23.680 --> 01:03:25.670 align:start position:0% and they were very flexible so there were<01:03:23.920> two<01:03:24.160> phenomena<01:03:24.720> that<01:03:24.880> occurred<01:03:25.280> one<01:03:25.440> was 01:03:25.670 --> 01:03:25.680 align:start position:0% were two phenomena that occurred one was 01:03:25.680 --> 01:03:26.789 align:start position:0% were two phenomena that occurred one was bending 01:03:26.789 --> 01:03:26.799 align:start position:0% bending 01:03:26.799 --> 01:03:29.750 align:start position:0% bending so<01:03:27.039> these<01:03:27.599> these<01:03:27.839> things<01:03:28.240> bent<01:03:29.359> you<01:03:29.440> know<01:03:29.599> and 01:03:29.750 --> 01:03:29.760 align:start position:0% so these these things bent you know and 01:03:29.760 --> 01:03:29.990 align:start position:0% so these these things bent you know and not 01:03:29.990 --> 01:03:30.000 align:start position:0% not 01:03:30.000 --> 01:03:31.670 align:start position:0% not only<01:03:30.240> this<01:03:30.480> way<01:03:30.799> which<01:03:31.039> is<01:03:31.200> in<01:03:31.280> the<01:03:31.359> first 01:03:31.670 --> 01:03:31.680 align:start position:0% only this way which is in the first 01:03:31.680 --> 01:03:34.069 align:start position:0% only this way which is in the first bending<01:03:32.079> mode<01:03:32.640> but<01:03:32.880> also<01:03:33.280> this<01:03:33.520> way 01:03:34.069 --> 01:03:34.079 align:start position:0% bending mode but also this way 01:03:34.079 --> 01:03:36.069 align:start position:0% bending mode but also this way and<01:03:34.319> even<01:03:34.640> this<01:03:34.880> way<01:03:35.119> they<01:03:35.280> were<01:03:35.599> to<01:03:35.760> the<01:03:35.920> point 01:03:36.069 --> 01:03:36.079 align:start position:0% and even this way they were to the point 01:03:36.079 --> 01:03:37.589 align:start position:0% and even this way they were to the point where<01:03:36.240> there<01:03:36.400> were<01:03:36.559> three<01:03:36.880> frequencies<01:03:37.520> that 01:03:37.589 --> 01:03:37.599 align:start position:0% where there were three frequencies that 01:03:37.599 --> 01:03:38.870 align:start position:0% where there were three frequencies that we<01:03:37.760> had<01:03:37.920> to<01:03:38.000> look<01:03:38.240> at 01:03:38.870 --> 01:03:38.880 align:start position:0% we had to look at 01:03:38.880 --> 01:03:40.390 align:start position:0% we had to look at because<01:03:39.119> there<01:03:39.200> was<01:03:39.440> significant<01:03:40.000> bending<01:03:40.319> in 01:03:40.390 --> 01:03:40.400 align:start position:0% because there was significant bending in 01:03:40.400 --> 01:03:42.870 align:start position:0% because there was significant bending in the<01:03:40.640> first<01:03:40.880> second<01:03:41.200> and<01:03:41.280> third<01:03:41.520> bending<01:03:41.839> modes 01:03:42.870 --> 01:03:42.880 align:start position:0% the first second and third bending modes 01:03:42.880 --> 01:03:45.589 align:start position:0% the first second and third bending modes and<01:03:43.039> then<01:03:43.280> the<01:03:43.760> fuel<01:03:44.799> as<01:03:44.960> a<01:03:45.039> result<01:03:45.359> of<01:03:45.440> the 01:03:45.589 --> 01:03:45.599 align:start position:0% and then the fuel as a result of the 01:03:45.599 --> 01:03:48.309 align:start position:0% and then the fuel as a result of the spending<01:03:46.000> the<01:03:46.079> fuel<01:03:46.400> began<01:03:46.640> to<01:03:46.799> slosh 01:03:48.309 --> 01:03:48.319 align:start position:0% spending the fuel began to slosh 01:03:48.319 --> 01:03:50.630 align:start position:0% spending the fuel began to slosh this<01:03:48.559> was<01:03:48.720> liquid<01:03:49.039> fuel<01:03:49.839> and<01:03:50.079> if<01:03:50.160> you<01:03:50.319> hear<01:03:50.559> a 01:03:50.630 --> 01:03:50.640 align:start position:0% this was liquid fuel and if you hear a 01:03:50.640 --> 01:03:52.549 align:start position:0% this was liquid fuel and if you hear a saturn<01:03:51.119> airplane<01:03:51.599> and<01:03:51.680> had<01:03:51.920> coffee 01:03:52.549 --> 01:03:52.559 align:start position:0% saturn airplane and had coffee 01:03:52.559 --> 01:03:55.349 align:start position:0% saturn airplane and had coffee sloshing<01:03:53.200> in<01:03:53.280> your<01:03:53.520> cup<01:03:54.319> you<01:03:54.480> realize<01:03:54.960> that<01:03:55.200> if 01:03:55.349 --> 01:03:55.359 align:start position:0% sloshing in your cup you realize that if 01:03:55.359 --> 01:03:55.910 align:start position:0% sloshing in your cup you realize that if you 01:03:55.910 --> 01:03:55.920 align:start position:0% you 01:03:55.920 --> 01:03:58.870 align:start position:0% you excite<01:03:56.400> it<01:03:56.839> improperly<01:03:57.920> it'll<01:03:58.160> slosh<01:03:58.640> right 01:03:58.870 --> 01:03:58.880 align:start position:0% excite it improperly it'll slosh right 01:03:58.880 --> 01:04:00.069 align:start position:0% excite it improperly it'll slosh right out<01:03:58.960> of<01:03:59.039> the<01:03:59.200> cup 01:04:00.069 --> 01:04:00.079 align:start position:0% out of the cup 01:04:00.079 --> 01:04:03.190 align:start position:0% out of the cup right<01:04:00.319> and<01:04:00.400> that's<01:04:00.720> why<01:04:01.599> airplane<01:04:02.559> cups<01:04:02.960> often 01:04:03.190 --> 01:04:03.200 align:start position:0% right and that's why airplane cups often 01:04:03.200 --> 01:04:03.990 align:start position:0% right and that's why airplane cups often have<01:04:03.440> a<01:04:03.520> lip 01:04:03.990 --> 01:04:04.000 align:start position:0% have a lip 01:04:04.000 --> 01:04:07.190 align:start position:0% have a lip sauce<01:04:04.400> to<01:04:04.640> prevent<01:04:05.039> the<01:04:06.000> coffee<01:04:06.400> from<01:04:06.720> and<01:04:07.039> or 01:04:07.190 --> 01:04:07.200 align:start position:0% sauce to prevent the coffee from and or 01:04:07.200 --> 01:04:08.710 align:start position:0% sauce to prevent the coffee from and or whatever<01:04:07.520> liquid<01:04:07.839> you<01:04:07.920> have<01:04:08.079> from<01:04:08.319> sloshing 01:04:08.710 --> 01:04:08.720 align:start position:0% whatever liquid you have from sloshing 01:04:08.720 --> 01:04:09.829 align:start position:0% whatever liquid you have from sloshing out 01:04:09.829 --> 01:04:09.839 align:start position:0% out 01:04:09.839 --> 01:04:12.150 align:start position:0% out so<01:04:10.640> those<01:04:10.960> things<01:04:11.200> happened<01:04:11.599> at<01:04:11.680> such<01:04:11.920> high 01:04:12.150 --> 01:04:12.160 align:start position:0% so those things happened at such high 01:04:12.160 --> 01:04:14.069 align:start position:0% so those things happened at such high frequencies<01:04:12.799> it<01:04:12.880> was<01:04:13.039> impossible<01:04:13.599> to<01:04:13.680> do<01:04:13.839> on<01:04:14.000> a 01:04:14.069 --> 01:04:14.079 align:start position:0% frequencies it was impossible to do on a 01:04:14.079 --> 01:04:16.069 align:start position:0% frequencies it was impossible to do on a digital<01:04:14.400> computer<01:04:14.799> they<01:04:14.880> were<01:04:15.039> too<01:04:15.200> slow 01:04:16.069 --> 01:04:16.079 align:start position:0% digital computer they were too slow 01:04:16.079 --> 01:04:19.670 align:start position:0% digital computer they were too slow so<01:04:16.240> what<01:04:16.480> we<01:04:16.640> thought<01:04:16.880> was<01:04:17.920> let's<01:04:19.039> do<01:04:19.359> all<01:04:19.599> the 01:04:19.670 --> 01:04:19.680 align:start position:0% so what we thought was let's do all the 01:04:19.680 --> 01:04:22.150 align:start position:0% so what we thought was let's do all the high<01:04:19.920> frequency<01:04:20.480> dynamics<01:04:21.119> control<01:04:21.599> system 01:04:22.150 --> 01:04:22.160 align:start position:0% high frequency dynamics control system 01:04:22.160 --> 01:04:25.270 align:start position:0% high frequency dynamics control system sloshing<01:04:23.520> bending 01:04:25.270 --> 01:04:25.280 align:start position:0% sloshing bending 01:04:25.280 --> 01:04:28.309 align:start position:0% sloshing bending on<01:04:25.440> the<01:04:26.960> on<01:04:27.119> the<01:04:27.280> analog 01:04:28.309 --> 01:04:28.319 align:start position:0% on the on the analog 01:04:28.319 --> 01:04:30.069 align:start position:0% on the on the analog and<01:04:28.559> use<01:04:28.799> the<01:04:28.960> digital<01:04:29.280> computer<01:04:29.839> to 01:04:30.069 --> 01:04:30.079 align:start position:0% and use the digital computer to 01:04:30.079 --> 01:04:32.069 align:start position:0% and use the digital computer to integrate<01:04:30.559> the<01:04:30.640> equations<01:04:31.119> of<01:04:31.280> motion 01:04:32.069 --> 01:04:32.079 align:start position:0% integrate the equations of motion 01:04:32.079 --> 01:04:33.990 align:start position:0% integrate the equations of motion so<01:04:32.240> that<01:04:32.319> we<01:04:32.480> can<01:04:32.640> maintain<01:04:33.200> the<01:04:33.359> accuracy 01:04:33.990 --> 01:04:34.000 align:start position:0% so that we can maintain the accuracy 01:04:34.000 --> 01:04:36.309 align:start position:0% so that we can maintain the accuracy that's<01:04:34.240> needed<01:04:35.039> to<01:04:35.200> hit<01:04:35.440> within<01:04:35.760> a<01:04:35.839> few<01:04:36.079> feet 01:04:36.309 --> 01:04:36.319 align:start position:0% that's needed to hit within a few feet 01:04:36.319 --> 01:04:39.109 align:start position:0% that's needed to hit within a few feet of<01:04:36.480> a<01:04:36.559> 5000<01:04:37.200> mile<01:04:37.440> trajectory 01:04:39.109 --> 01:04:39.119 align:start position:0% of a 5000 mile trajectory 01:04:39.119 --> 01:04:42.069 align:start position:0% of a 5000 mile trajectory okay<01:04:39.760> because<01:04:40.000> the<01:04:40.079> analog<01:04:40.559> computer<01:04:41.039> drifts 01:04:42.069 --> 01:04:42.079 align:start position:0% okay because the analog computer drifts 01:04:42.079 --> 01:04:42.470 align:start position:0% okay because the analog computer drifts it 01:04:42.470 --> 01:04:42.480 align:start position:0% it 01:04:42.480 --> 01:04:45.029 align:start position:0% it it's<01:04:42.960> not<01:04:43.200> able<01:04:43.440> to<01:04:43.599> maintain<01:04:44.400> precision<01:04:44.880> for 01:04:45.029 --> 01:04:45.039 align:start position:0% it's not able to maintain precision for 01:04:45.039 --> 01:04:47.670 align:start position:0% it's not able to maintain precision for that<01:04:45.200> longer<01:04:45.520> period<01:04:45.760> of<01:04:45.920> time 01:04:47.670 --> 01:04:47.680 align:start position:0% that longer period of time 01:04:47.680 --> 01:04:49.990 align:start position:0% that longer period of time so<01:04:48.000> it<01:04:48.079> was<01:04:48.319> a<01:04:48.960> i<01:04:49.119> still<01:04:49.359> think<01:04:49.599> it<01:04:49.680> was<01:04:49.760> a<01:04:49.839> hell 01:04:49.990 --> 01:04:50.000 align:start position:0% so it was a i still think it was a hell 01:04:50.000 --> 01:04:50.870 align:start position:0% so it was a i still think it was a hell of<01:04:50.160> a<01:04:50.240> good<01:04:50.400> idea 01:04:50.870 --> 01:04:50.880 align:start position:0% of a good idea 01:04:50.880 --> 01:04:53.430 align:start position:0% of a good idea and<01:04:51.760> so<01:04:52.000> you<01:04:52.160> know<01:04:52.319> my<01:04:52.480> name<01:04:52.720> is<01:04:52.880> associated 01:04:53.430 --> 01:04:53.440 align:start position:0% and so you know my name is associated 01:04:53.440 --> 01:04:55.029 align:start position:0% and so you know my name is associated with<01:04:53.599> some<01:04:53.760> of<01:04:53.839> those<01:04:54.000> early<01:04:54.319> experiments 01:04:55.029 --> 01:04:55.039 align:start position:0% with some of those early experiments 01:04:55.039 --> 01:04:57.109 align:start position:0% with some of those early experiments we<01:04:55.200> succeeded<01:04:55.760> in<01:04:55.839> building<01:04:56.240> it<01:04:56.640> but<01:04:56.799> it<01:04:56.880> took 01:04:57.109 --> 01:04:57.119 align:start position:0% we succeeded in building it but it took 01:04:57.119 --> 01:04:59.349 align:start position:0% we succeeded in building it but it took us<01:04:57.280> a<01:04:57.359> year<01:04:57.680> longer<01:04:58.160> to<01:04:58.319> get<01:04:58.480> it 01:04:59.349 --> 01:04:59.359 align:start position:0% us a year longer to get it 01:04:59.359 --> 01:05:02.390 align:start position:0% us a year longer to get it fully<01:04:59.680> debugged<01:05:00.640> and<01:05:00.880> the<01:05:00.960> reason<01:05:01.359> was<01:05:02.160> that 01:05:02.390 --> 01:05:02.400 align:start position:0% fully debugged and the reason was that 01:05:02.400 --> 01:05:04.230 align:start position:0% fully debugged and the reason was that while<01:05:02.640> we<01:05:02.799> had<01:05:03.039> taken<01:05:03.359> into<01:05:03.599> account<01:05:04.079> the 01:05:04.230 --> 01:05:04.240 align:start position:0% while we had taken into account the 01:05:04.240 --> 01:05:06.230 align:start position:0% while we had taken into account the possible<01:05:04.720> advantages<01:05:05.359> of<01:05:05.520> the<01:05:05.599> analog<01:05:06.079> in<01:05:06.160> the 01:05:06.230 --> 01:05:06.240 align:start position:0% possible advantages of the analog in the 01:05:06.240 --> 01:05:07.349 align:start position:0% possible advantages of the analog in the digital<01:05:06.720> side 01:05:07.349 --> 01:05:07.359 align:start position:0% digital side 01:05:07.359 --> 01:05:08.549 align:start position:0% digital side we<01:05:07.520> didn't<01:05:07.760> take<01:05:08.000> into<01:05:08.160> account<01:05:08.480> the 01:05:08.549 --> 01:05:08.559 align:start position:0% we didn't take into account the 01:05:08.559 --> 01:05:12.150 align:start position:0% we didn't take into account the disadvantages<01:05:10.319> and<01:05:10.400> the<01:05:10.559> disadvantages<01:05:11.359> were 01:05:12.150 --> 01:05:12.160 align:start position:0% disadvantages and the disadvantages were 01:05:12.160 --> 01:05:14.230 align:start position:0% disadvantages and the disadvantages were that<01:05:12.319> the<01:05:12.480> digital<01:05:12.880> computer<01:05:13.599> accumulated 01:05:14.230 --> 01:05:14.240 align:start position:0% that the digital computer accumulated 01:05:14.240 --> 01:05:15.990 align:start position:0% that the digital computer accumulated round<01:05:14.559> off<01:05:14.799> errors 01:05:15.990 --> 01:05:16.000 align:start position:0% round off errors 01:05:16.000 --> 01:05:17.990 align:start position:0% round off errors and<01:05:16.079> the<01:05:16.240> analog<01:05:16.559> computer<01:05:16.960> drifted<01:05:17.520> anyway 01:05:17.990 --> 01:05:18.000 align:start position:0% and the analog computer drifted anyway 01:05:18.000 --> 01:05:19.829 align:start position:0% and the analog computer drifted anyway so<01:05:18.160> we<01:05:18.400> still<01:05:18.559> had<01:05:18.799> problems<01:05:19.200> with 01:05:19.829 --> 01:05:19.839 align:start position:0% so we still had problems with 01:05:19.839 --> 01:05:22.870 align:start position:0% so we still had problems with and<01:05:20.319> so<01:05:20.559> it<01:05:20.640> took<01:05:20.880> us<01:05:21.039> a<01:05:21.119> year<01:05:21.359> longer<01:05:22.319> and<01:05:22.720> the 01:05:22.870 --> 01:05:22.880 align:start position:0% and so it took us a year longer and the 01:05:22.880 --> 01:05:23.589 align:start position:0% and so it took us a year longer and the air<01:05:23.119> force 01:05:23.589 --> 01:05:23.599 align:start position:0% air force 01:05:23.599 --> 01:05:25.670 align:start position:0% air force just<01:05:23.760> didn't<01:05:24.000> want<01:05:24.160> to<01:05:24.240> wait<01:05:24.480> any<01:05:24.720> longer<01:05:25.599> i 01:05:25.670 --> 01:05:25.680 align:start position:0% just didn't want to wait any longer i 01:05:25.680 --> 01:05:26.630 align:start position:0% just didn't want to wait any longer i mean<01:05:25.920> after 01:05:26.630 --> 01:05:26.640 align:start position:0% mean after 01:05:26.640 --> 01:05:28.390 align:start position:0% mean after we<01:05:26.799> had<01:05:26.960> promised<01:05:27.359> them<01:05:27.599> we<01:05:27.680> would<01:05:27.839> have 01:05:28.390 --> 01:05:28.400 align:start position:0% we had promised them we would have 01:05:28.400 --> 01:05:29.990 align:start position:0% we had promised them we would have simulations<01:05:29.119> that<01:05:29.200> they<01:05:29.359> could<01:05:29.520> use<01:05:29.760> for 01:05:29.990 --> 01:05:30.000 align:start position:0% simulations that they could use for 01:05:30.000 --> 01:05:30.870 align:start position:0% simulations that they could use for guiding<01:05:30.319> their 01:05:30.870 --> 01:05:30.880 align:start position:0% guiding their 01:05:30.880 --> 01:05:34.069 align:start position:0% guiding their missiles<01:05:32.079> they<01:05:32.880> had<01:05:33.039> a<01:05:33.200> schedule<01:05:33.520> to<01:05:33.680> meet<01:05:33.920> and 01:05:34.069 --> 01:05:34.079 align:start position:0% missiles they had a schedule to meet and 01:05:34.079 --> 01:05:36.309 align:start position:0% missiles they had a schedule to meet and they<01:05:34.240> couldn't<01:05:34.480> wait<01:05:34.720> any<01:05:34.880> longer<01:05:35.920> so 01:05:36.309 --> 01:05:36.319 align:start position:0% they couldn't wait any longer so 01:05:36.319 --> 01:05:39.829 align:start position:0% they couldn't wait any longer so they<01:05:36.640> flew<01:05:37.680> the<01:05:37.839> first<01:05:38.240> missiles 01:05:39.829 --> 01:05:39.839 align:start position:0% they flew the first missiles 01:05:39.839 --> 01:05:43.670 align:start position:0% they flew the first missiles toward<01:05:40.480> some<01:05:40.720> island<01:05:41.119> in<01:05:41.200> the<01:05:41.280> pacific 01:05:43.670 --> 01:05:43.680 align:start position:0% toward some island in the pacific 01:05:43.680 --> 01:05:46.789 align:start position:0% toward some island in the pacific and<01:05:44.799> what<01:05:44.960> they<01:05:45.200> discovered<01:05:45.760> was 01:05:46.789 --> 01:05:46.799 align:start position:0% and what they discovered was 01:05:46.799 --> 01:05:49.510 align:start position:0% and what they discovered was that<01:05:47.440> and<01:05:47.839> experimentally<01:05:48.559> from<01:05:48.799> seeing<01:05:49.119> it 01:05:49.510 --> 01:05:49.520 align:start position:0% that and experimentally from seeing it 01:05:49.520 --> 01:05:53.190 align:start position:0% that and experimentally from seeing it is<01:05:49.760> that<01:05:50.079> the 01:05:53.190 --> 01:05:53.200 align:start position:0% 01:05:53.200 --> 01:05:56.390 align:start position:0% the<01:05:53.839> high<01:05:54.160> speed<01:05:54.559> oscillations<01:05:55.920> had<01:05:56.160> a 01:05:56.390 --> 01:05:56.400 align:start position:0% the high speed oscillations had a 01:05:56.400 --> 01:05:59.910 align:start position:0% the high speed oscillations had a negligible<01:05:57.039> effect<01:05:57.359> on<01:05:57.440> the<01:05:57.599> trajectory 01:05:59.910 --> 01:05:59.920 align:start position:0% negligible effect on the trajectory 01:05:59.920 --> 01:06:01.349 align:start position:0% negligible effect on the trajectory so<01:06:00.160> therefore<01:06:00.640> you<01:06:00.720> could<01:06:00.880> solve<01:06:01.200> them 01:06:01.349 --> 01:06:01.359 align:start position:0% so therefore you could solve them 01:06:01.359 --> 01:06:03.589 align:start position:0% so therefore you could solve them separately<01:06:02.319> and<01:06:02.559> it<01:06:02.640> didn't<01:06:02.880> matter<01:06:03.200> how<01:06:03.359> long 01:06:03.589 --> 01:06:03.599 align:start position:0% separately and it didn't matter how long 01:06:03.599 --> 01:06:03.990 align:start position:0% separately and it didn't matter how long it<01:06:03.680> took 01:06:03.990 --> 01:06:04.000 align:start position:0% it took 01:06:04.000 --> 01:06:05.990 align:start position:0% it took on<01:06:04.160> the<01:06:04.240> digital<01:06:04.559> computer<01:06:05.039> to<01:06:05.200> do<01:06:05.359> the<01:06:05.680> uh 01:06:05.990 --> 01:06:06.000 align:start position:0% on the digital computer to do the uh 01:06:06.000 --> 01:06:07.270 align:start position:0% on the digital computer to do the uh other<01:06:06.319> equations<01:06:06.799> because 01:06:07.270 --> 01:06:07.280 align:start position:0% other equations because 01:06:07.280 --> 01:06:09.029 align:start position:0% other equations because it<01:06:07.359> was<01:06:07.520> not<01:06:07.920> relevant<01:06:08.319> you<01:06:08.480> see<01:06:08.640> you<01:06:08.720> could<01:06:08.880> do 01:06:09.029 --> 01:06:09.039 align:start position:0% it was not relevant you see you could do 01:06:09.039 --> 01:06:10.789 align:start position:0% it was not relevant you see you could do them<01:06:09.200> separately 01:06:10.789 --> 01:06:10.799 align:start position:0% them separately 01:06:10.799 --> 01:06:16.710 align:start position:0% them separately so<01:06:11.039> that's<01:06:11.280> what<01:06:11.440> happened<01:06:12.880> and<01:06:13.280> um 01:06:16.710 --> 01:06:16.720 align:start position:0% 01:06:16.720 --> 01:06:18.870 align:start position:0% but<01:06:16.960> so<01:06:17.119> this<01:06:17.280> was<01:06:17.440> not<01:06:17.920> not<01:06:18.160> robotics<01:06:18.640> but<01:06:18.799> it 01:06:18.870 --> 01:06:18.880 align:start position:0% but so this was not not robotics but it 01:06:18.880 --> 01:06:20.710 align:start position:0% but so this was not not robotics but it was<01:06:19.039> certainly<01:06:19.440> part<01:06:19.599> of<01:06:19.760> my<01:06:19.920> own<01:06:20.079> background 01:06:20.710 --> 01:06:20.720 align:start position:0% was certainly part of my own background 01:06:20.720 --> 01:06:22.950 align:start position:0% was certainly part of my own background it<01:06:21.200> had<01:06:21.440> to<01:06:21.520> do<01:06:21.680> with<01:06:21.839> learning<01:06:22.240> uh<01:06:22.480> computer 01:06:22.950 --> 01:06:22.960 align:start position:0% it had to do with learning uh computer 01:06:22.960 --> 01:06:24.630 align:start position:0% it had to do with learning uh computer technology<01:06:23.520> from<01:06:23.680> both<01:06:24.000> sides 01:06:24.630 --> 01:06:24.640 align:start position:0% technology from both sides 01:06:24.640 --> 01:06:27.190 align:start position:0% technology from both sides yeah<01:06:25.119> and<01:06:25.359> at<01:06:25.520> that<01:06:25.680> time<01:06:26.240> analog<01:06:26.720> and<01:06:26.799> digital 01:06:27.190 --> 01:06:27.200 align:start position:0% yeah and at that time analog and digital 01:06:27.200 --> 01:06:29.029 align:start position:0% yeah and at that time analog and digital computation<01:06:27.920> were 01:06:29.029 --> 01:06:29.039 align:start position:0% computation were 01:06:29.039 --> 01:06:34.470 align:start position:0% computation were sort<01:06:29.280> of<01:06:30.079> comparable 01:06:34.470 --> 01:06:34.480 align:start position:0% 01:06:34.480 --> 01:06:38.390 align:start position:0% late<01:06:34.799> 50s<01:06:35.440> and<01:06:35.680> early<01:06:36.079> 60s<01:06:37.280> there<01:06:37.440> was<01:06:37.680> a 01:06:38.390 --> 01:06:38.400 align:start position:0% late 50s and early 60s there was a 01:06:38.400 --> 01:06:41.109 align:start position:0% late 50s and early 60s there was a there<01:06:38.559> was<01:06:38.720> a<01:06:38.880> great<01:06:39.119> deal<01:06:39.440> of<01:06:40.319> competition<01:06:41.039> in 01:06:41.109 --> 01:06:41.119 align:start position:0% there was a great deal of competition in 01:06:41.119 --> 01:06:41.829 align:start position:0% there was a great deal of competition in fact<01:06:41.440> at 01:06:41.829 --> 01:06:41.839 align:start position:0% fact at 01:06:41.839 --> 01:06:44.789 align:start position:0% fact at and<01:06:42.160> at<01:06:43.119> at<01:06:43.280> the<01:06:43.440> western<01:06:44.079> joint<01:06:44.319> computer 01:06:44.789 --> 01:06:44.799 align:start position:0% and at at the western joint computer 01:06:44.799 --> 01:06:45.670 align:start position:0% and at at the western joint computer conferences 01:06:45.670 --> 01:06:45.680 align:start position:0% conferences 01:06:45.680 --> 01:06:48.230 align:start position:0% conferences there<01:06:45.920> were<01:06:46.160> always<01:06:47.119> panels<01:06:47.599> that<01:06:47.760> had<01:06:47.920> to<01:06:48.079> do 01:06:48.230 --> 01:06:48.240 align:start position:0% there were always panels that had to do 01:06:48.240 --> 01:06:50.390 align:start position:0% there were always panels that had to do with<01:06:48.400> analog<01:06:48.799> versus<01:06:49.280> digital<01:06:49.760> in<01:06:50.000> that<01:06:50.160> kind 01:06:50.390 --> 01:06:50.400 align:start position:0% with analog versus digital in that kind 01:06:50.400 --> 01:06:51.910 align:start position:0% with analog versus digital in that kind of<01:06:50.559> thing 01:06:51.910 --> 01:06:51.920 align:start position:0% of thing 01:06:51.920 --> 01:06:54.390 align:start position:0% of thing in<01:06:52.000> fact<01:06:52.240> i<01:06:52.400> could<01:06:53.039> i'll<01:06:53.359> even<01:06:53.839> tell<01:06:54.000> you<01:06:54.160> about 01:06:54.390 --> 01:06:54.400 align:start position:0% in fact i could i'll even tell you about 01:06:54.400 --> 01:07:00.390 align:start position:0% in fact i could i'll even tell you about a<01:06:58.839> poem 01:07:00.390 --> 01:07:00.400 align:start position:0% a poem 01:07:00.400 --> 01:07:03.349 align:start position:0% a poem the<01:07:00.559> worst<01:07:01.039> of<01:07:01.200> computing<01:07:01.760> perversion<01:07:03.119> is 01:07:03.349 --> 01:07:03.359 align:start position:0% the worst of computing perversion is 01:07:03.359 --> 01:07:10.150 align:start position:0% the worst of computing perversion is analog<01:07:03.760> to<01:07:03.839> digital<01:07:04.319> conversion 01:07:10.150 --> 01:07:10.160 align:start position:0% 01:07:10.160 --> 01:07:12.069 align:start position:0% so<01:07:10.319> why<01:07:10.480> do<01:07:10.559> you<01:07:10.640> think<01:07:10.799> digital<01:07:11.680> was<01:07:11.839> so 01:07:12.069 --> 01:07:12.079 align:start position:0% so why do you think digital was so 01:07:12.079 --> 01:07:15.349 align:start position:0% so why do you think digital was so successful<01:07:12.720> in<01:07:12.799> the<01:07:12.960> end 01:07:15.349 --> 01:07:15.359 align:start position:0% successful in the end 01:07:15.359 --> 01:07:16.870 align:start position:0% successful in the end well<01:07:15.599> i<01:07:15.599> mean<01:07:15.839> increasing<01:07:16.240> speed<01:07:16.559> i<01:07:16.640> mean 01:07:16.870 --> 01:07:16.880 align:start position:0% well i mean increasing speed i mean 01:07:16.880 --> 01:07:18.710 align:start position:0% well i mean increasing speed i mean we're<01:07:17.039> still<01:07:17.440> you<01:07:17.520> know<01:07:17.680> this<01:07:17.839> is<01:07:17.920> the<01:07:18.319> benefit 01:07:18.710 --> 01:07:18.720 align:start position:0% we're still you know this is the benefit 01:07:18.720 --> 01:07:19.430 align:start position:0% we're still you know this is the benefit of<01:07:18.880> the 01:07:19.430 --> 01:07:19.440 align:start position:0% of the 01:07:19.440 --> 01:07:22.470 align:start position:0% of the over<01:07:19.599> the<01:07:19.760> early<01:07:20.000> days<01:07:20.240> of<01:07:20.319> moore's<01:07:20.720> law 01:07:22.470 --> 01:07:22.480 align:start position:0% over the early days of moore's law 01:07:22.480 --> 01:07:25.670 align:start position:0% over the early days of moore's law they<01:07:22.720> began<01:07:22.960> to<01:07:23.119> move<01:07:23.359> away<01:07:23.760> from<01:07:24.000> uh<01:07:25.359> from 01:07:25.670 --> 01:07:25.680 align:start position:0% they began to move away from uh from 01:07:25.680 --> 01:07:27.910 align:start position:0% they began to move away from uh from vacuum<01:07:26.079> tubes<01:07:26.480> and<01:07:26.720> moved<01:07:26.960> to<01:07:27.119> a<01:07:27.280> solid-state 01:07:27.910 --> 01:07:27.920 align:start position:0% vacuum tubes and moved to a solid-state 01:07:27.920 --> 01:07:28.789 align:start position:0% vacuum tubes and moved to a solid-state switching<01:07:28.400> and 01:07:28.789 --> 01:07:28.799 align:start position:0% switching and 01:07:28.799 --> 01:07:32.390 align:start position:0% switching and faster<01:07:29.200> and<01:07:29.359> faster<01:07:29.760> speeds 01:07:32.390 --> 01:07:32.400 align:start position:0% 01:07:32.400 --> 01:07:35.430 align:start position:0% the<01:07:32.559> analog<01:07:32.880> simply<01:07:33.200> couldn't<01:07:33.440> keep<01:07:33.680> up<01:07:35.200> on 01:07:35.430 --> 01:07:35.440 align:start position:0% the analog simply couldn't keep up on 01:07:35.440 --> 01:07:37.109 align:start position:0% the analog simply couldn't keep up on the<01:07:35.520> other<01:07:35.680> hand<01:07:35.920> there's<01:07:36.160> been<01:07:36.400> a 01:07:37.109 --> 01:07:37.119 align:start position:0% the other hand there's been a 01:07:37.119 --> 01:07:39.190 align:start position:0% the other hand there's been a rebirth<01:07:37.760> of<01:07:37.920> analog<01:07:38.240> computing<01:07:38.720> at<01:07:38.799> the<01:07:38.960> chip 01:07:39.190 --> 01:07:39.200 align:start position:0% rebirth of analog computing at the chip 01:07:39.200 --> 01:07:40.950 align:start position:0% rebirth of analog computing at the chip level 01:07:40.950 --> 01:07:40.960 align:start position:0% level 01:07:40.960 --> 01:07:43.109 align:start position:0% level so<01:07:41.119> there's<01:07:41.599> there<01:07:41.760> are<01:07:42.079> clearly<01:07:42.480> advantages 01:07:43.109 --> 01:07:43.119 align:start position:0% so there's there are clearly advantages 01:07:43.119 --> 01:07:45.029 align:start position:0% so there's there are clearly advantages to<01:07:43.200> be<01:07:43.359> able<01:07:43.520> to<01:07:43.680> do<01:07:43.839> some<01:07:44.000> things<01:07:44.240> and 01:07:45.029 --> 01:07:45.039 align:start position:0% to be able to do some things and 01:07:45.039 --> 01:07:47.029 align:start position:0% to be able to do some things and without<01:07:45.359> having<01:07:45.599> to<01:07:45.680> convert<01:07:46.160> things<01:07:46.400> into 01:07:47.029 --> 01:07:47.039 align:start position:0% without having to convert things into 01:07:47.039 --> 01:07:49.109 align:start position:0% without having to convert things into into<01:07:47.359> digital<01:07:47.760> form<01:07:48.160> process<01:07:48.559> on<01:07:48.640> the<01:07:48.799> digital 01:07:49.109 --> 01:07:49.119 align:start position:0% into digital form process on the digital 01:07:49.119 --> 01:07:49.990 align:start position:0% into digital form process on the digital and<01:07:49.200> then<01:07:49.359> reconvert 01:07:49.990 --> 01:07:50.000 align:start position:0% and then reconvert 01:07:50.000 --> 01:07:52.870 align:start position:0% and then reconvert back<01:07:50.400> you<01:07:50.559> see<01:07:50.720> so<01:07:50.960> analog<01:07:51.359> vlsi<01:07:52.079> yeah<01:07:52.400> right 01:07:52.870 --> 01:07:52.880 align:start position:0% back you see so analog vlsi yeah right 01:07:52.880 --> 01:07:53.510 align:start position:0% back you see so analog vlsi yeah right absolutely 01:07:53.510 --> 01:07:53.520 align:start position:0% absolutely 01:07:53.520 --> 01:08:00.230 align:start position:0% absolutely and<01:07:53.760> on<01:07:53.920> vlsi<01:07:54.480> is<01:07:55.039> exactly<01:07:55.520> it 01:08:00.230 --> 01:08:00.240 align:start position:0% 01:08:00.240 --> 01:08:02.470 align:start position:0% okay<01:08:00.640> and<01:08:00.880> now<01:08:01.119> see<01:08:01.280> let<01:08:01.440> me<01:08:01.520> think<01:08:01.680> like<01:08:02.319> would 01:08:02.470 --> 01:08:02.480 align:start position:0% okay and now see let me think like would 01:08:02.480 --> 01:08:03.750 align:start position:0% okay and now see let me think like would you<01:08:02.640> like<01:08:02.799> me<01:08:02.960> to<01:08:03.039> look<01:08:03.200> up<01:08:03.280> the<01:08:03.440> names<01:08:03.680> of 01:08:03.750 --> 01:08:03.760 align:start position:0% you like me to look up the names of 01:08:03.760 --> 01:08:05.510 align:start position:0% you like me to look up the names of former<01:08:04.160> students<01:08:04.640> and<01:08:04.720> talk<01:08:04.960> about<01:08:05.200> them<01:08:05.359> for 01:08:05.510 --> 01:08:05.520 align:start position:0% former students and talk about them for 01:08:05.520 --> 01:08:06.069 align:start position:0% former students and talk about them for a<01:08:05.599> while 01:08:06.069 --> 01:08:06.079 align:start position:0% a while 01:08:06.079 --> 01:08:09.349 align:start position:0% a while visit<01:08:06.400> rockwell<01:08:08.799> okay 01:08:09.349 --> 01:08:09.359 align:start position:0% visit rockwell okay 01:08:09.359 --> 01:08:16.789 align:start position:0% visit rockwell okay so<01:08:09.920> on<01:08:10.240> the 01:08:16.789 --> 01:08:16.799 align:start position:0% 01:08:16.799 --> 01:08:32.709 align:start position:0% on<01:08:17.040> the<01:08:17.120> robotic<01:08:22.839> side 01:08:32.709 --> 01:08:32.719 align:start position:0% 01:08:32.719 --> 01:08:34.870 align:start position:0% juan<01:08:33.040> liu<01:08:33.600> whom<01:08:33.839> i<01:08:34.000> mentioned<01:08:34.319> to<01:08:34.480> you<01:08:34.640> who<01:08:34.799> is 01:08:34.870 --> 01:08:34.880 align:start position:0% juan liu whom i mentioned to you who is 01:08:34.880 --> 01:08:36.390 align:start position:0% juan liu whom i mentioned to you who is not<01:08:35.199> arizona<01:08:35.759> state 01:08:36.390 --> 01:08:36.400 align:start position:0% not arizona state 01:08:36.400 --> 01:08:40.630 align:start position:0% not arizona state uh<01:08:36.560> he<01:08:36.839> did<01:08:38.719> grasping 01:08:40.630 --> 01:08:40.640 align:start position:0% uh he did grasping 01:08:40.640 --> 01:08:43.030 align:start position:0% uh he did grasping knowledge<01:08:41.120> based<01:08:41.839> planning<01:08:42.319> for<01:08:42.560> grasping 01:08:43.030 --> 01:08:43.040 align:start position:0% knowledge based planning for grasping 01:08:43.040 --> 01:08:47.990 align:start position:0% knowledge based planning for grasping with<01:08:43.199> robot<01:08:43.679> hands 01:08:47.990 --> 01:08:48.000 align:start position:0% 01:08:48.000 --> 01:08:52.070 align:start position:0% did<01:08:48.239> yan<01:08:48.960> young<01:08:49.520> who's<01:08:50.159> in<01:08:50.400> hong<01:08:50.839> kong<01:08:51.600> uh 01:08:52.070 --> 01:08:52.080 align:start position:0% did yan young who's in hong kong uh 01:08:52.080 --> 01:08:57.269 align:start position:0% did yan young who's in hong kong uh worked<01:08:52.480> on<01:08:53.960> non-linearities<01:08:54.960> in 01:08:57.269 --> 01:08:57.279 align:start position:0% worked on non-linearities in 01:08:57.279 --> 01:08:59.910 align:start position:0% worked on non-linearities in connectionist<01:08:58.159> or<01:08:58.799> genetic<01:08:59.279> algorithm<01:08:59.759> kind 01:08:59.910 --> 01:08:59.920 align:start position:0% connectionist or genetic algorithm kind 01:08:59.920 --> 01:09:01.030 align:start position:0% connectionist or genetic algorithm kind of<01:09:00.080> learning 01:09:01.030 --> 01:09:01.040 align:start position:0% of learning 01:09:01.040 --> 01:09:02.550 align:start position:0% of learning but<01:09:01.279> he's<01:09:01.440> completely<01:09:01.920> dropped<01:09:02.319> all<01:09:02.400> that 01:09:02.550 --> 01:09:02.560 align:start position:0% but he's completely dropped all that 01:09:02.560 --> 01:09:03.990 align:start position:0% but he's completely dropped all that sort<01:09:02.719> of<01:09:02.880> interest<01:09:03.199> he<01:09:03.279> does<01:09:03.520> other<01:09:03.759> things 01:09:03.990 --> 01:09:04.000 align:start position:0% sort of interest he does other things 01:09:04.000 --> 01:09:05.990 align:start position:0% sort of interest he does other things now<01:09:04.319> so<01:09:04.480> he<01:09:04.640> has<01:09:04.719> nothing<01:09:04.960> to<01:09:05.120> do<01:09:05.279> with<01:09:05.440> it<01:09:05.679> at 01:09:05.990 --> 01:09:06.000 align:start position:0% now so he has nothing to do with it at 01:09:06.000 --> 01:09:10.229 align:start position:0% now so he has nothing to do with it at all<01:09:07.920> uh<01:09:08.719> patty 01:09:10.229 --> 01:09:10.239 align:start position:0% all uh patty 01:09:10.239 --> 01:09:14.149 align:start position:0% all uh patty koenig<01:09:12.960> with<01:09:13.199> whom<01:09:13.440> i<01:09:13.520> have<01:09:13.679> almost<01:09:13.920> no 01:09:14.149 --> 01:09:14.159 align:start position:0% koenig with whom i have almost no 01:09:14.159 --> 01:09:15.430 align:start position:0% koenig with whom i have almost no contact<01:09:14.719> anymore 01:09:15.430 --> 01:09:15.440 align:start position:0% contact anymore 01:09:15.440 --> 01:09:17.430 align:start position:0% contact anymore she<01:09:15.600> was<01:09:15.839> a<01:09:16.000> jpl<01:09:16.480> for<01:09:16.640> many<01:09:16.880> years<01:09:17.120> and<01:09:17.279> i<01:09:17.359> don't 01:09:17.430 --> 01:09:17.440 align:start position:0% she was a jpl for many years and i don't 01:09:17.440 --> 01:09:20.070 align:start position:0% she was a jpl for many years and i don't know<01:09:17.600> where<01:09:17.759> she<01:09:18.000> is<01:09:18.839> now 01:09:20.070 --> 01:09:20.080 align:start position:0% know where she is now 01:09:20.080 --> 01:09:24.309 align:start position:0% know where she is now so<01:09:21.600> she<01:09:22.000> came 01:09:24.309 --> 01:09:24.319 align:start position:0% 01:09:24.319 --> 01:09:25.910 align:start position:0% she<01:09:24.480> came<01:09:24.719> to<01:09:24.880> me<01:09:25.040> saying<01:09:25.279> i'd<01:09:25.440> like<01:09:25.600> to<01:09:25.679> do<01:09:25.839> a 01:09:25.910 --> 01:09:25.920 align:start position:0% she came to me saying i'd like to do a 01:09:25.920 --> 01:09:28.390 align:start position:0% she came to me saying i'd like to do a phd<01:09:26.400> thesis 01:09:28.390 --> 01:09:28.400 align:start position:0% phd thesis 01:09:28.400 --> 01:09:30.630 align:start position:0% phd thesis but<01:09:29.440> i<01:09:29.600> really<01:09:29.839> would<01:09:29.920> like<01:09:30.080> to<01:09:30.159> do<01:09:30.319> something 01:09:30.630 --> 01:09:30.640 align:start position:0% but i really would like to do something 01:09:30.640 --> 01:09:32.630 align:start position:0% but i really would like to do something with<01:09:30.799> horses<01:09:31.359> because 01:09:32.630 --> 01:09:32.640 align:start position:0% with horses because 01:09:32.640 --> 01:09:36.149 align:start position:0% with horses because i'm<01:09:32.880> a<01:09:32.960> horse<01:09:33.279> woman<01:09:33.520> and<01:09:33.679> i<01:09:33.839> like<01:09:34.080> horses 01:09:36.149 --> 01:09:36.159 align:start position:0% i'm a horse woman and i like horses 01:09:36.159 --> 01:09:39.749 align:start position:0% i'm a horse woman and i like horses and<01:09:36.400> particularly<01:09:37.199> i<01:09:37.359> like<01:09:38.719> horses<01:09:39.279> that<01:09:39.440> do 01:09:39.749 --> 01:09:39.759 align:start position:0% and particularly i like horses that do 01:09:39.759 --> 01:09:42.309 align:start position:0% and particularly i like horses that do dressage<01:09:40.480> and<01:09:40.880> other<01:09:41.199> unusual<01:09:41.679> movements<01:09:42.239> of 01:09:42.309 --> 01:09:42.319 align:start position:0% dressage and other unusual movements of 01:09:42.319 --> 01:09:44.070 align:start position:0% dressage and other unusual movements of one<01:09:42.560> kind<01:09:42.799> or<01:09:42.960> another 01:09:44.070 --> 01:09:44.080 align:start position:0% one kind or another 01:09:44.080 --> 01:09:47.430 align:start position:0% one kind or another so<01:09:44.319> we<01:09:44.480> came<01:09:44.799> up<01:09:44.960> with<01:09:45.199> a<01:09:46.239> following<01:09:46.719> kind<01:09:46.880> of<01:09:47.040> a 01:09:47.430 --> 01:09:47.440 align:start position:0% so we came up with a following kind of a 01:09:47.440 --> 01:09:50.630 align:start position:0% so we came up with a following kind of a peculiar<01:09:48.080> project<01:09:48.480> so<01:09:48.719> the<01:09:48.799> idea<01:09:49.199> was<01:09:50.400> so<01:09:50.560> i 01:09:50.630 --> 01:09:50.640 align:start position:0% peculiar project so the idea was so i 01:09:50.640 --> 01:09:52.709 align:start position:0% peculiar project so the idea was so i went<01:09:50.799> out<01:09:51.040> and<01:09:51.199> bought<01:09:51.359> the<01:09:51.520> plastic<01:09:52.000> horse<01:09:52.400> a 01:09:52.709 --> 01:09:52.719 align:start position:0% went out and bought the plastic horse a 01:09:52.719 --> 01:09:57.030 align:start position:0% went out and bought the plastic horse a full-sized<01:09:53.359> plastic<01:09:53.839> horse<01:09:55.600> and 01:09:57.030 --> 01:09:57.040 align:start position:0% full-sized plastic horse and 01:09:57.040 --> 01:10:00.149 align:start position:0% full-sized plastic horse and we<01:09:57.199> instrumented<01:09:57.760> the<01:09:57.920> horse<01:09:59.520> in<01:09:59.679> such<01:09:59.920> a<01:10:00.000> way 01:10:00.149 --> 01:10:00.159 align:start position:0% we instrumented the horse in such a way 01:10:00.159 --> 01:10:02.870 align:start position:0% we instrumented the horse in such a way that<01:10:00.400> if<01:10:00.840> you 01:10:02.870 --> 01:10:02.880 align:start position:0% that if you 01:10:02.880 --> 01:10:04.630 align:start position:0% that if you you<01:10:03.040> could<01:10:03.199> pick<01:10:03.360> up<01:10:03.520> signals<01:10:04.000> from<01:10:04.320> pulling 01:10:04.630 --> 01:10:04.640 align:start position:0% you could pick up signals from pulling 01:10:04.640 --> 01:10:06.070 align:start position:0% you could pick up signals from pulling on<01:10:04.719> the<01:10:04.880> reins 01:10:06.070 --> 01:10:06.080 align:start position:0% on the reins 01:10:06.080 --> 01:10:08.070 align:start position:0% on the reins because<01:10:06.320> we<01:10:06.480> put<01:10:06.640> strain<01:10:06.960> gauges<01:10:07.360> on<01:10:07.520> the<01:10:07.840> two 01:10:08.070 --> 01:10:08.080 align:start position:0% because we put strain gauges on the two 01:10:08.080 --> 01:10:09.270 align:start position:0% because we put strain gauges on the two sides<01:10:08.400> of<01:10:08.480> the<01:10:08.560> mouth 01:10:09.270 --> 01:10:09.280 align:start position:0% sides of the mouth 01:10:09.280 --> 01:10:12.790 align:start position:0% sides of the mouth of<01:10:09.840> this<01:10:10.080> horse<01:10:10.960> and<01:10:11.199> then<01:10:11.520> we<01:10:11.760> put<01:10:12.080> the 01:10:12.790 --> 01:10:12.800 align:start position:0% of this horse and then we put the 01:10:12.800 --> 01:10:14.870 align:start position:0% of this horse and then we put the pressure<01:10:13.120> sensors<01:10:13.679> on<01:10:13.840> the<01:10:14.000> flank<01:10:14.400> so<01:10:14.560> that<01:10:14.800> if 01:10:14.870 --> 01:10:14.880 align:start position:0% pressure sensors on the flank so that if 01:10:14.880 --> 01:10:16.390 align:start position:0% pressure sensors on the flank so that if you<01:10:15.120> kick<01:10:15.360> it 01:10:16.390 --> 01:10:16.400 align:start position:0% you kick it 01:10:16.400 --> 01:10:19.189 align:start position:0% you kick it you<01:10:16.560> could<01:10:16.719> pick<01:10:16.960> up<01:10:17.040> that<01:10:17.280> signal<01:10:18.239> okay<01:10:18.960> so 01:10:19.189 --> 01:10:19.199 align:start position:0% you could pick up that signal okay so 01:10:19.199 --> 01:10:19.830 align:start position:0% you could pick up that signal okay so then 01:10:19.830 --> 01:10:19.840 align:start position:0% then 01:10:19.840 --> 01:10:22.550 align:start position:0% then those<01:10:20.239> were<01:10:20.480> used<01:10:20.719> as<01:10:20.960> inputs<01:10:21.520> to<01:10:21.760> a<01:10:21.920> simulated 01:10:22.550 --> 01:10:22.560 align:start position:0% those were used as inputs to a simulated 01:10:22.560 --> 01:10:24.790 align:start position:0% those were used as inputs to a simulated horse<01:10:22.960> on<01:10:23.040> the<01:10:23.199> computer<01:10:23.600> screen 01:10:24.790 --> 01:10:24.800 align:start position:0% horse on the computer screen 01:10:24.800 --> 01:10:27.030 align:start position:0% horse on the computer screen so<01:10:24.960> that<01:10:25.120> you<01:10:25.280> could<01:10:25.520> now<01:10:25.920> see<01:10:26.400> a<01:10:26.480> person<01:10:26.880> would 01:10:27.030 --> 01:10:27.040 align:start position:0% so that you could now see a person would 01:10:27.040 --> 01:10:29.350 align:start position:0% so that you could now see a person would be<01:10:27.199> sitting<01:10:27.440> as<01:10:27.600> a<01:10:27.679> rider<01:10:28.159> on<01:10:28.239> the<01:10:28.400> horse 01:10:29.350 --> 01:10:29.360 align:start position:0% be sitting as a rider on the horse 01:10:29.360 --> 01:10:31.590 align:start position:0% be sitting as a rider on the horse and<01:10:29.600> they<01:10:29.760> would<01:10:30.320> command<01:10:30.800> it<01:10:31.040> and<01:10:31.280> the 01:10:31.590 --> 01:10:31.600 align:start position:0% and they would command it and the 01:10:31.600 --> 01:10:35.350 align:start position:0% and they would command it and the simulated<01:10:32.159> horse<01:10:32.480> would<01:10:32.719> move<01:10:32.960> accordingly 01:10:35.350 --> 01:10:35.360 align:start position:0% simulated horse would move accordingly 01:10:35.360 --> 01:10:39.189 align:start position:0% simulated horse would move accordingly and<01:10:38.080> so 01:10:39.189 --> 01:10:39.199 align:start position:0% and so 01:10:39.199 --> 01:10:42.709 align:start position:0% and so the<01:10:39.360> idea<01:10:39.600> was<01:10:39.840> that<01:10:40.000> you<01:10:40.080> could<01:10:40.320> train<01:10:40.719> people 01:10:42.709 --> 01:10:42.719 align:start position:0% the idea was that you could train people 01:10:42.719 --> 01:10:45.030 align:start position:0% the idea was that you could train people by<01:10:42.960> this<01:10:43.199> combination<01:10:44.080> of<01:10:44.320> actually<01:10:44.719> sitting 01:10:45.030 --> 01:10:45.040 align:start position:0% by this combination of actually sitting 01:10:45.040 --> 01:10:45.830 align:start position:0% by this combination of actually sitting on<01:10:45.199> a<01:10:45.280> saddle 01:10:45.830 --> 01:10:45.840 align:start position:0% on a saddle 01:10:45.840 --> 01:10:49.110 align:start position:0% on a saddle on<01:10:46.080> a<01:10:46.480> what<01:10:46.880> on<01:10:47.120> a<01:10:47.199> full-size<01:10:47.760> horse 01:10:49.110 --> 01:10:49.120 align:start position:0% on a what on a full-size horse 01:10:49.120 --> 01:10:52.709 align:start position:0% on a what on a full-size horse but<01:10:49.440> doing<01:10:49.760> the<01:10:49.840> control<01:10:50.719> on<01:10:50.880> a<01:10:50.960> computer 01:10:52.709 --> 01:10:52.719 align:start position:0% but doing the control on a computer 01:10:52.719 --> 01:10:56.310 align:start position:0% but doing the control on a computer and<01:10:53.520> people<01:10:53.920> who<01:10:54.239> came<01:10:54.719> to<01:10:55.040> use<01:10:55.360> it<01:10:55.520> who<01:10:55.760> were 01:10:56.310 --> 01:10:56.320 align:start position:0% and people who came to use it who were 01:10:56.320 --> 01:10:59.590 align:start position:0% and people who came to use it who were experienced<01:10:57.120> riders<01:10:58.560> said<01:10:58.800> that 01:10:59.590 --> 01:10:59.600 align:start position:0% experienced riders said that 01:10:59.600 --> 01:11:02.390 align:start position:0% experienced riders said that it<01:10:59.679> was<01:10:59.920> spooky<01:11:00.320> how<01:11:00.480> realistic<01:11:01.120> it<01:11:01.280> was<01:11:02.239> and 01:11:02.390 --> 01:11:02.400 align:start position:0% it was spooky how realistic it was and 01:11:02.400 --> 01:11:03.830 align:start position:0% it was spooky how realistic it was and they<01:11:02.560> would<01:11:02.800> begin<01:11:03.120> to<01:11:03.280> forget<01:11:03.600> that<01:11:03.760> they 01:11:03.830 --> 01:11:03.840 align:start position:0% they would begin to forget that they 01:11:03.840 --> 01:11:05.510 align:start position:0% they would begin to forget that they were<01:11:04.000> sitting<01:11:04.320> on<01:11:04.400> a<01:11:04.480> mechanical<01:11:05.040> horse<01:11:05.360> and 01:11:05.510 --> 01:11:05.520 align:start position:0% were sitting on a mechanical horse and 01:11:05.520 --> 01:11:07.510 align:start position:0% were sitting on a mechanical horse and visualize<01:11:06.159> themselves<01:11:06.719> on<01:11:06.800> the<01:11:06.960> simulated 01:11:07.510 --> 01:11:07.520 align:start position:0% visualize themselves on the simulated 01:11:07.520 --> 01:11:10.470 align:start position:0% visualize themselves on the simulated horse<01:11:07.840> on<01:11:08.239> a<01:11:08.320> big<01:11:08.560> screen 01:11:10.470 --> 01:11:10.480 align:start position:0% horse on a big screen 01:11:10.480 --> 01:11:13.510 align:start position:0% horse on a big screen so<01:11:11.440> was<01:11:11.679> that<01:11:11.840> robotics<01:11:12.400> well<01:11:12.719> in<01:11:12.880> a<01:11:12.960> way 01:11:13.510 --> 01:11:13.520 align:start position:0% so was that robotics well in a way 01:11:13.520 --> 01:11:16.790 align:start position:0% so was that robotics well in a way okay<01:11:15.520> that's<01:11:15.760> right<01:11:16.400> and 01:11:16.790 --> 01:11:16.800 align:start position:0% okay that's right and 01:11:16.800 --> 01:11:21.830 align:start position:0% okay that's right and and<01:11:17.120> uh<01:11:17.679> when<01:11:17.920> she<01:11:18.159> published<01:11:18.800> uh 01:11:21.830 --> 01:11:21.840 align:start position:0% 01:11:21.840 --> 01:11:23.590 align:start position:0% and<01:11:22.000> she<01:11:22.159> published<01:11:22.560> by<01:11:22.719> the<01:11:22.800> way<01:11:22.960> the<01:11:23.440> the 01:11:23.590 --> 01:11:23.600 align:start position:0% and she published by the way the the 01:11:23.600 --> 01:11:26.149 align:start position:0% and she published by the way the the simulator<01:11:24.159> horse<01:11:24.400> had<01:11:24.560> unusual<01:11:25.120> colors 01:11:26.149 --> 01:11:26.159 align:start position:0% simulator horse had unusual colors 01:11:26.159 --> 01:11:29.910 align:start position:0% simulator horse had unusual colors you<01:11:26.239> know<01:11:26.560> so<01:11:26.880> uh<01:11:28.800> and<01:11:29.120> uh<01:11:29.360> so<01:11:29.600> she 01:11:29.910 --> 01:11:29.920 align:start position:0% you know so uh and uh so she 01:11:29.920 --> 01:11:31.669 align:start position:0% you know so uh and uh so she she<01:11:30.159> published<01:11:30.480> some<01:11:30.719> of<01:11:30.800> this<01:11:31.040> stuff<01:11:31.280> about 01:11:31.669 --> 01:11:31.679 align:start position:0% she published some of this stuff about 01:11:31.679 --> 01:11:33.590 align:start position:0% she published some of this stuff about the 01:11:33.590 --> 01:11:33.600 align:start position:0% the 01:11:33.600 --> 01:11:36.870 align:start position:0% the green<01:11:34.000> horse<01:11:34.400> and 01:11:36.870 --> 01:11:36.880 align:start position:0% 01:11:36.880 --> 01:11:40.390 align:start position:0% so<01:11:37.440> um<01:11:38.320> so<01:11:38.560> that<01:11:38.880> was<01:11:39.199> um 01:11:40.390 --> 01:11:40.400 align:start position:0% so um so that was um 01:11:40.400 --> 01:11:43.910 align:start position:0% so um so that was um there<01:11:40.640> was<01:11:40.960> patty 01:11:43.910 --> 01:11:43.920 align:start position:0% 01:11:43.920 --> 01:11:47.669 align:start position:0% then<01:11:45.920> arvin<01:11:46.880> aga 01:11:47.669 --> 01:11:47.679 align:start position:0% then arvin aga 01:11:47.679 --> 01:11:49.350 align:start position:0% then arvin aga who<01:11:47.840> is<01:11:48.000> now<01:11:48.239> a<01:11:48.320> professor<01:11:48.719> at<01:11:48.880> the<01:11:48.960> university 01:11:49.350 --> 01:11:49.360 align:start position:0% who is now a professor at the university 01:11:49.360 --> 01:11:51.110 align:start position:0% who is now a professor at the university of<01:11:49.600> kansas 01:11:51.110 --> 01:11:51.120 align:start position:0% of kansas 01:11:51.120 --> 01:11:54.630 align:start position:0% of kansas did<01:11:51.360> his<01:11:51.600> work<01:11:52.000> on<01:11:53.280> coordination<01:11:54.080> in<01:11:54.159> robot 01:11:54.630 --> 01:11:54.640 align:start position:0% did his work on coordination in robot 01:11:54.640 --> 01:11:56.310 align:start position:0% did his work on coordination in robot colonies 01:11:56.310 --> 01:11:56.320 align:start position:0% colonies 01:11:56.320 --> 01:12:00.550 align:start position:0% colonies and<01:11:56.640> so<01:11:57.040> he<01:11:57.280> did<01:11:59.120> initially<01:11:59.520> did<01:11:59.679> a<01:11:59.760> simulation 01:12:00.550 --> 01:12:00.560 align:start position:0% and so he did initially did a simulation 01:12:00.560 --> 01:12:02.470 align:start position:0% and so he did initially did a simulation in<01:12:00.640> which<01:12:00.960> he<01:12:01.120> had<01:12:01.360> a<01:12:01.520> hundred<01:12:01.920> simulated 01:12:02.470 --> 01:12:02.480 align:start position:0% in which he had a hundred simulated 01:12:02.480 --> 01:12:04.229 align:start position:0% in which he had a hundred simulated robots<01:12:02.960> on<01:12:03.120> the<01:12:03.199> screen 01:12:04.229 --> 01:12:04.239 align:start position:0% robots on the screen 01:12:04.239 --> 01:12:06.790 align:start position:0% robots on the screen and<01:12:04.480> the<01:12:04.719> idea<01:12:05.040> was<01:12:05.679> that<01:12:05.840> these<01:12:06.159> robots<01:12:06.560> would 01:12:06.790 --> 01:12:06.800 align:start position:0% and the idea was that these robots would 01:12:06.800 --> 01:12:08.790 align:start position:0% and the idea was that these robots would be<01:12:07.040> tasked<01:12:07.600> with 01:12:08.790 --> 01:12:08.800 align:start position:0% be tasked with 01:12:08.800 --> 01:12:10.870 align:start position:0% be tasked with picking<01:12:09.199> up<01:12:09.760> objects<01:12:10.239> of<01:12:10.320> one<01:12:10.480> kind<01:12:10.719> or 01:12:10.870 --> 01:12:10.880 align:start position:0% picking up objects of one kind or 01:12:10.880 --> 01:12:12.950 align:start position:0% picking up objects of one kind or another<01:12:11.679> some<01:12:11.840> of<01:12:11.920> the<01:12:12.080> objects<01:12:12.400> were<01:12:12.560> smaller 01:12:12.950 --> 01:12:12.960 align:start position:0% another some of the objects were smaller 01:12:12.960 --> 01:12:14.550 align:start position:0% another some of the objects were smaller some<01:12:13.120> were<01:12:13.360> larger 01:12:14.550 --> 01:12:14.560 align:start position:0% some were larger 01:12:14.560 --> 01:12:17.430 align:start position:0% some were larger the<01:12:14.719> robots<01:12:15.840> were<01:12:16.080> able<01:12:16.320> to<01:12:16.480> call<01:12:16.719> for<01:12:16.960> help<01:12:17.280> if 01:12:17.430 --> 01:12:17.440 align:start position:0% the robots were able to call for help if 01:12:17.440 --> 01:12:18.070 align:start position:0% the robots were able to call for help if they<01:12:17.600> found<01:12:17.840> an 01:12:18.070 --> 01:12:18.080 align:start position:0% they found an 01:12:18.080 --> 01:12:19.830 align:start position:0% they found an object<01:12:18.400> that<01:12:18.480> was<01:12:18.640> too<01:12:18.880> big<01:12:19.120> for<01:12:19.280> themselves 01:12:19.830 --> 01:12:19.840 align:start position:0% object that was too big for themselves 01:12:19.840 --> 01:12:21.590 align:start position:0% object that was too big for themselves to<01:12:20.080> carry<01:12:20.400> and<01:12:20.480> so<01:12:20.719> a<01:12:20.800> second<01:12:21.120> one<01:12:21.280> would<01:12:21.440> come 01:12:21.590 --> 01:12:21.600 align:start position:0% to carry and so a second one would come 01:12:21.600 --> 01:12:22.709 align:start position:0% to carry and so a second one would come to<01:12:21.840> help 01:12:22.709 --> 01:12:22.719 align:start position:0% to help 01:12:22.719 --> 01:12:23.990 align:start position:0% to help there's<01:12:23.040> a<01:12:23.280> lot<01:12:23.440> of<01:12:23.600> interesting 01:12:23.990 --> 01:12:24.000 align:start position:0% there's a lot of interesting 01:12:24.000 --> 01:12:25.990 align:start position:0% there's a lot of interesting sociological<01:12:24.800> experiments<01:12:25.440> in<01:12:25.679> in<01:12:25.760> that 01:12:25.990 --> 01:12:26.000 align:start position:0% sociological experiments in in that 01:12:26.000 --> 01:12:27.590 align:start position:0% sociological experiments in in that particular<01:12:26.480> study 01:12:27.590 --> 01:12:27.600 align:start position:0% particular study 01:12:27.600 --> 01:12:31.189 align:start position:0% particular study there<01:12:27.840> was<01:12:28.080> a<01:12:28.400> we<01:12:28.640> discovered<01:12:29.120> that 01:12:31.189 --> 01:12:31.199 align:start position:0% there was a we discovered that 01:12:31.199 --> 01:12:34.149 align:start position:0% there was a we discovered that depending<01:12:31.760> on<01:12:32.000> how<01:12:32.640> wide<01:12:33.120> you<01:12:33.360> made<01:12:33.920> the 01:12:34.149 --> 01:12:34.159 align:start position:0% depending on how wide you made the 01:12:34.159 --> 01:12:35.830 align:start position:0% depending on how wide you made the communication<01:12:34.880> radius 01:12:35.830 --> 01:12:35.840 align:start position:0% communication radius 01:12:35.840 --> 01:12:38.149 align:start position:0% communication radius how<01:12:36.080> far<01:12:36.640> each<01:12:36.880> robot<01:12:37.280> signal<01:12:37.679> would<01:12:37.840> carry 01:12:38.149 --> 01:12:38.159 align:start position:0% how far each robot signal would carry 01:12:38.159 --> 01:12:39.750 align:start position:0% how far each robot signal would carry out<01:12:38.239> to<01:12:38.400> the<01:12:38.480> rest<01:12:38.719> of<01:12:38.800> the<01:12:38.960> colony 01:12:39.750 --> 01:12:39.760 align:start position:0% out to the rest of the colony 01:12:39.760 --> 01:12:42.470 align:start position:0% out to the rest of the colony what<01:12:39.920> you<01:12:40.080> could<01:12:40.239> do<01:12:40.800> is<01:12:40.960> you<01:12:41.040> could<01:12:41.360> make<01:12:42.320> the 01:12:42.470 --> 01:12:42.480 align:start position:0% what you could do is you could make the 01:12:42.480 --> 01:12:43.510 align:start position:0% what you could do is you could make the robots 01:12:43.510 --> 01:12:43.520 align:start position:0% robots 01:12:43.520 --> 01:12:45.430 align:start position:0% robots move<01:12:43.920> in<01:12:44.159> clusters<01:12:44.960> rather<01:12:45.199> than 01:12:45.430 --> 01:12:45.440 align:start position:0% move in clusters rather than 01:12:45.440 --> 01:12:48.390 align:start position:0% move in clusters rather than individually<01:12:46.480> but<01:12:46.719> if<01:12:46.800> you<01:12:47.040> made<01:12:47.280> the 01:12:48.390 --> 01:12:48.400 align:start position:0% individually but if you made the 01:12:48.400 --> 01:12:50.470 align:start position:0% individually but if you made the radius<01:12:48.880> either<01:12:49.120> too<01:12:49.280> large<01:12:49.600> or<01:12:49.679> too<01:12:49.920> small<01:12:50.320> i 01:12:50.470 --> 01:12:50.480 align:start position:0% radius either too large or too small i 01:12:50.480 --> 01:12:51.830 align:start position:0% radius either too large or too small i can't<01:12:50.719> remember<01:12:51.120> then<01:12:51.280> they<01:12:51.360> would<01:12:51.520> begin<01:12:51.760> to 01:12:51.830 --> 01:12:51.840 align:start position:0% can't remember then they would begin to 01:12:51.840 --> 01:12:54.310 align:start position:0% can't remember then they would begin to move<01:12:52.080> as<01:12:52.239> individuals 01:12:54.310 --> 01:12:54.320 align:start position:0% move as individuals 01:12:54.320 --> 01:12:55.830 align:start position:0% move as individuals so<01:12:54.480> there<01:12:54.640> were<01:12:54.800> many<01:12:55.040> interesting<01:12:55.440> things<01:12:55.679> in 01:12:55.830 --> 01:12:55.840 align:start position:0% so there were many interesting things in 01:12:55.840 --> 01:12:58.149 align:start position:0% so there were many interesting things in this<01:12:56.080> and<01:12:56.400> he<01:12:56.719> he<01:12:56.960> actually<01:12:57.520> built 01:12:58.149 --> 01:12:58.159 align:start position:0% this and he he actually built 01:12:58.159 --> 01:13:02.709 align:start position:0% this and he he actually built um<01:12:59.040> some<01:12:59.360> small<01:13:00.800> physical<01:13:01.199> robots 01:13:02.709 --> 01:13:02.719 align:start position:0% um some small physical robots 01:13:02.719 --> 01:13:04.470 align:start position:0% um some small physical robots that<01:13:02.880> were<01:13:03.120> used<01:13:03.360> to<01:13:03.760> pick<01:13:04.000> up<01:13:04.080> a<01:13:04.159> piece<01:13:04.400> of 01:13:04.470 --> 01:13:04.480 align:start position:0% that were used to pick up a piece of 01:13:04.480 --> 01:13:05.830 align:start position:0% that were used to pick up a piece of pipe<01:13:04.800> and<01:13:05.280> carry<01:13:05.600> it 01:13:05.830 --> 01:13:05.840 align:start position:0% pipe and carry it 01:13:05.840 --> 01:13:09.110 align:start position:0% pipe and carry it there<01:13:06.000> was<01:13:06.159> still<01:13:06.960> two<01:13:07.199> robots<01:13:07.600> cooperating 01:13:09.110 --> 01:13:09.120 align:start position:0% there was still two robots cooperating 01:13:09.120 --> 01:13:11.189 align:start position:0% there was still two robots cooperating maya<01:13:09.520> was<01:13:09.679> the<01:13:09.840> original<01:13:10.400> developer<01:13:10.960> of<01:13:11.040> the 01:13:11.189 --> 01:13:11.199 align:start position:0% maya was the original developer of the 01:13:11.199 --> 01:13:14.310 align:start position:0% maya was the original developer of the multi-robot<01:13:12.000> thing<01:13:12.320> at 01:13:14.310 --> 01:13:14.320 align:start position:0% multi-robot thing at 01:13:14.320 --> 01:13:16.950 align:start position:0% multi-robot thing at mit<01:13:14.880> when<01:13:15.040> she<01:13:15.199> was<01:13:15.360> doing<01:13:15.520> her<01:13:15.760> thesis 01:13:16.950 --> 01:13:16.960 align:start position:0% mit when she was doing her thesis 01:13:16.960 --> 01:13:18.709 align:start position:0% mit when she was doing her thesis because<01:13:17.199> she<01:13:17.360> had<01:13:17.840> she<01:13:18.000> was<01:13:18.159> able<01:13:18.400> to<01:13:18.480> get 01:13:18.709 --> 01:13:18.719 align:start position:0% because she had she was able to get 01:13:18.719 --> 01:13:20.630 align:start position:0% because she had she was able to get something<01:13:18.960> like<01:13:19.280> 20<01:13:19.600> of<01:13:19.679> these<01:13:19.920> small<01:13:20.239> robots 01:13:20.630 --> 01:13:20.640 align:start position:0% something like 20 of these small robots 01:13:20.640 --> 01:13:21.510 align:start position:0% something like 20 of these small robots operating<01:13:21.120> and 01:13:21.510 --> 01:13:21.520 align:start position:0% operating and 01:13:21.520 --> 01:13:24.070 align:start position:0% operating and she<01:13:21.760> called<01:13:22.000> him<01:13:22.159> the<01:13:22.239> nerd<01:13:22.640> herd<01:13:23.679> and<01:13:23.840> you 01:13:24.070 --> 01:13:24.080 align:start position:0% she called him the nerd herd and you 01:13:24.080 --> 01:13:25.510 align:start position:0% she called him the nerd herd and you probably<01:13:24.400> have<01:13:24.480> heard<01:13:24.719> this<01:13:24.960> before 01:13:25.510 --> 01:13:25.520 align:start position:0% probably have heard this before 01:13:25.520 --> 01:13:28.390 align:start position:0% probably have heard this before right<01:13:26.800> she<01:13:26.960> was<01:13:27.199> very<01:13:27.360> good<01:13:27.520> at<01:13:27.679> that<01:13:27.920> okay<01:13:28.239> so 01:13:28.390 --> 01:13:28.400 align:start position:0% right she was very good at that okay so 01:13:28.400 --> 01:13:29.990 align:start position:0% right she was very good at that okay so that's<01:13:28.800> uh 01:13:29.990 --> 01:13:30.000 align:start position:0% that's uh 01:13:30.000 --> 01:13:34.310 align:start position:0% that's uh um<01:13:31.040> tony<01:13:31.760> lewis<01:13:32.560> um 01:13:34.310 --> 01:13:34.320 align:start position:0% um tony lewis um 01:13:34.320 --> 01:13:37.750 align:start position:0% um tony lewis um worked<01:13:34.719> on<01:13:35.040> uh<01:13:36.159> locomotion<01:13:36.880> controllers 01:13:37.750 --> 01:13:37.760 align:start position:0% worked on uh locomotion controllers 01:13:37.760 --> 01:13:40.870 align:start position:0% worked on uh locomotion controllers in<01:13:38.159> robots<01:13:38.800> and<01:13:39.040> animals<01:13:39.920> and<01:13:40.159> so<01:13:40.400> he<01:13:40.480> was<01:13:40.640> very 01:13:40.870 --> 01:13:40.880 align:start position:0% in robots and animals and so he was very 01:13:40.880 --> 01:13:42.709 align:start position:0% in robots and animals and so he was very interested<01:13:41.199> in<01:13:41.360> models<01:13:41.760> of<01:13:41.840> the<01:13:42.000> spinal<01:13:42.400> cord 01:13:42.709 --> 01:13:42.719 align:start position:0% interested in models of the spinal cord 01:13:42.719 --> 01:13:44.550 align:start position:0% interested in models of the spinal cord and<01:13:42.800> spinal<01:13:43.199> reflexes<01:13:43.920> and<01:13:44.000> how<01:13:44.159> they<01:13:44.400> could 01:13:44.550 --> 01:13:44.560 align:start position:0% and spinal reflexes and how they could 01:13:44.560 --> 01:13:44.870 align:start position:0% and spinal reflexes and how they could be 01:13:44.870 --> 01:13:44.880 align:start position:0% be 01:13:44.880 --> 01:13:47.750 align:start position:0% be imitated<01:13:45.440> in<01:13:45.600> robots<01:13:46.960> he's<01:13:47.199> always<01:13:47.440> had<01:13:47.679> an 01:13:47.750 --> 01:13:47.760 align:start position:0% imitated in robots he's always had an 01:13:47.760 --> 01:13:49.030 align:start position:0% imitated in robots he's always had an interest<01:13:48.080> in<01:13:48.239> the<01:13:48.320> biology 01:13:49.030 --> 01:13:49.040 align:start position:0% interest in the biology 01:13:49.040 --> 01:13:51.830 align:start position:0% interest in the biology particularly<01:13:49.440> the<01:13:49.520> nervous<01:13:49.920> system<01:13:51.280> as<01:13:51.440> well 01:13:51.830 --> 01:13:51.840 align:start position:0% particularly the nervous system as well 01:13:51.840 --> 01:13:52.470 align:start position:0% particularly the nervous system as well as 01:13:52.470 --> 01:13:52.480 align:start position:0% as 01:13:52.480 --> 01:13:54.709 align:start position:0% as and<01:13:52.640> locomotion<01:13:53.840> as<01:13:54.000> well<01:13:54.239> as<01:13:54.400> building 01:13:54.709 --> 01:13:54.719 align:start position:0% and locomotion as well as building 01:13:54.719 --> 01:13:58.830 align:start position:0% and locomotion as well as building robots 01:13:58.830 --> 01:13:58.840 align:start position:0% 01:13:58.840 --> 01:14:01.350 align:start position:0% um<01:14:00.880> john 01:14:01.350 --> 01:14:01.360 align:start position:0% um john 01:14:01.360 --> 01:14:06.630 align:start position:0% um john kim<01:14:02.239> is<01:14:02.400> a<01:14:02.480> very<01:14:02.719> interesting<01:14:03.520> person<01:14:04.239> um 01:14:06.630 --> 01:14:06.640 align:start position:0% 01:14:06.640 --> 01:14:09.910 align:start position:0% i<01:14:06.800> was<01:14:07.040> consulting<01:14:07.760> at<01:14:07.920> the<01:14:08.080> time<01:14:08.719> at 01:14:09.910 --> 01:14:09.920 align:start position:0% i was consulting at the time at 01:14:09.920 --> 01:14:12.470 align:start position:0% i was consulting at the time at a<01:14:10.239> rehabilitation<01:14:11.760> at<01:14:11.920> a<01:14:12.080> chronic 01:14:12.470 --> 01:14:12.480 align:start position:0% a rehabilitation at a chronic 01:14:12.480 --> 01:14:14.310 align:start position:0% a rehabilitation at a chronic rehabilitation<01:14:13.280> hospital<01:14:13.760> in 01:14:14.310 --> 01:14:14.320 align:start position:0% rehabilitation hospital in 01:14:14.320 --> 01:14:17.830 align:start position:0% rehabilitation hospital in downey<01:14:14.800> california<01:14:16.960> called<01:14:17.199> the<01:14:17.280> rancho<01:14:17.600> los 01:14:17.830 --> 01:14:17.840 align:start position:0% downey california called the rancho los 01:14:17.840 --> 01:14:18.870 align:start position:0% downey california called the rancho los amigos 01:14:18.870 --> 01:14:18.880 align:start position:0% amigos 01:14:18.880 --> 01:14:24.790 align:start position:0% amigos medical<01:14:19.360> center<01:14:21.280> and 01:14:24.790 --> 01:14:24.800 align:start position:0% 01:14:24.800 --> 01:14:27.590 align:start position:0% and<01:14:24.960> i<01:14:25.040> was<01:14:25.199> really<01:14:25.440> interested<01:14:25.840> in<01:14:27.280> sort<01:14:27.440> of 01:14:27.590 --> 01:14:27.600 align:start position:0% and i was really interested in sort of 01:14:27.600 --> 01:14:29.110 align:start position:0% and i was really interested in sort of how<01:14:27.840> you<01:14:28.000> use 01:14:29.110 --> 01:14:29.120 align:start position:0% how you use 01:14:29.120 --> 01:14:31.030 align:start position:0% how you use knowledge<01:14:29.600> based<01:14:30.080> methods<01:14:30.560> to<01:14:30.640> try<01:14:30.880> to 01:14:31.030 --> 01:14:31.040 align:start position:0% knowledge based methods to try to 01:14:31.040 --> 01:14:32.390 align:start position:0% knowledge based methods to try to understand<01:14:31.520> what's<01:14:31.760> going<01:14:32.000> on 01:14:32.390 --> 01:14:32.400 align:start position:0% understand what's going on 01:14:32.400 --> 01:14:34.470 align:start position:0% understand what's going on i<01:14:32.560> didn't<01:14:32.800> really<01:14:33.040> want<01:14:33.199> to<01:14:33.360> build<01:14:34.159> quote 01:14:34.470 --> 01:14:34.480 align:start position:0% i didn't really want to build quote 01:14:34.480 --> 01:14:36.070 align:start position:0% i didn't really want to build quote expert<01:14:34.880> systems<01:14:35.360> unquote 01:14:36.070 --> 01:14:36.080 align:start position:0% expert systems unquote 01:14:36.080 --> 01:14:38.630 align:start position:0% expert systems unquote in<01:14:36.239> artificial<01:14:36.800> intelligence<01:14:37.360> but<01:14:38.000> i<01:14:38.239> usually 01:14:38.630 --> 01:14:38.640 align:start position:0% in artificial intelligence but i usually 01:14:38.640 --> 01:14:40.149 align:start position:0% in artificial intelligence but i usually refer<01:14:38.880> to<01:14:38.960> them<01:14:39.120> as<01:14:39.199> knowledge<01:14:39.600> based<01:14:39.760> systems 01:14:40.149 --> 01:14:40.159 align:start position:0% refer to them as knowledge based systems 01:14:40.159 --> 01:14:41.669 align:start position:0% refer to them as knowledge based systems to<01:14:40.239> see<01:14:40.400> how<01:14:40.560> you<01:14:40.719> could<01:14:40.880> use<01:14:41.040> accumulated 01:14:41.669 --> 01:14:41.679 align:start position:0% to see how you could use accumulated 01:14:41.679 --> 01:14:42.470 align:start position:0% to see how you could use accumulated knowledge 01:14:42.470 --> 01:14:42.480 align:start position:0% knowledge 01:14:42.480 --> 01:14:45.910 align:start position:0% knowledge to<01:14:42.640> make<01:14:42.880> decisions<01:14:44.960> so 01:14:45.910 --> 01:14:45.920 align:start position:0% to make decisions so 01:14:45.920 --> 01:14:48.229 align:start position:0% to make decisions so the<01:14:46.080> lab<01:14:46.320> where<01:14:46.560> i<01:14:46.640> was<01:14:46.800> consulting<01:14:48.000> was 01:14:48.229 --> 01:14:48.239 align:start position:0% the lab where i was consulting was 01:14:48.239 --> 01:14:49.750 align:start position:0% the lab where i was consulting was concerned<01:14:48.719> primarily 01:14:49.750 --> 01:14:49.760 align:start position:0% concerned primarily 01:14:49.760 --> 01:14:52.950 align:start position:0% concerned primarily with<01:14:50.320> issues<01:14:50.719> of<01:14:50.800> human<01:14:51.199> walking 01:14:52.950 --> 01:14:52.960 align:start position:0% with issues of human walking 01:14:52.960 --> 01:14:56.229 align:start position:0% with issues of human walking both<01:14:54.560> normal<01:14:54.960> walking<01:14:55.760> and 01:14:56.229 --> 01:14:56.239 align:start position:0% both normal walking and 01:14:56.239 --> 01:14:58.229 align:start position:0% both normal walking and pathological<01:14:57.040> walking<01:14:57.520> like<01:14:57.760> with<01:14:58.000> people 01:14:58.229 --> 01:14:58.239 align:start position:0% pathological walking like with people 01:14:58.239 --> 01:14:59.430 align:start position:0% pathological walking like with people with<01:14:58.400> cerebral<01:14:58.800> palsy 01:14:59.430 --> 01:14:59.440 align:start position:0% with cerebral palsy 01:14:59.440 --> 01:15:02.550 align:start position:0% with cerebral palsy and<01:14:59.600> so<01:14:59.760> on<01:15:00.640> or<01:15:00.880> people<01:15:01.120> who<01:15:01.280> had<01:15:01.840> spinal<01:15:02.239> cord 01:15:02.550 --> 01:15:02.560 align:start position:0% and so on or people who had spinal cord 01:15:02.560 --> 01:15:04.630 align:start position:0% and so on or people who had spinal cord injuries<01:15:03.040> and<01:15:03.280> and 01:15:04.630 --> 01:15:04.640 align:start position:0% injuries and and 01:15:04.640 --> 01:15:08.550 align:start position:0% injuries and and that<01:15:04.880> kind<01:15:05.040> of<01:15:05.199> event<01:15:06.320> so 01:15:08.550 --> 01:15:08.560 align:start position:0% that kind of event so 01:15:08.560 --> 01:15:12.470 align:start position:0% that kind of event so and<01:15:09.440> the<01:15:10.320> what<01:15:11.280> the<01:15:11.520> physician<01:15:12.000> in<01:15:12.080> charge 01:15:12.470 --> 01:15:12.480 align:start position:0% and the what the physician in charge 01:15:12.480 --> 01:15:14.470 align:start position:0% and the what the physician in charge kept<01:15:12.719> saying<01:15:12.960> you<01:15:13.120> know 01:15:14.470 --> 01:15:14.480 align:start position:0% kept saying you know 01:15:14.480 --> 01:15:17.510 align:start position:0% kept saying you know we<01:15:14.719> really<01:15:15.120> don't<01:15:15.440> know<01:15:16.640> when<01:15:16.800> we<01:15:17.040> see<01:15:17.360> a 01:15:17.510 --> 01:15:17.520 align:start position:0% we really don't know when we see a 01:15:17.520 --> 01:15:18.950 align:start position:0% we really don't know when we see a particular<01:15:18.000> pathology 01:15:18.950 --> 01:15:18.960 align:start position:0% particular pathology 01:15:18.960 --> 01:15:21.430 align:start position:0% particular pathology which<01:15:19.360> muscles<01:15:19.840> are<01:15:19.920> responsible<01:15:21.120> and<01:15:21.280> we 01:15:21.430 --> 01:15:21.440 align:start position:0% which muscles are responsible and we 01:15:21.440 --> 01:15:23.189 align:start position:0% which muscles are responsible and we might<01:15:21.600> be<01:15:21.760> able<01:15:21.920> to<01:15:22.000> do<01:15:22.159> corrective<01:15:22.640> surgery 01:15:23.189 --> 01:15:23.199 align:start position:0% might be able to do corrective surgery 01:15:23.199 --> 01:15:24.630 align:start position:0% might be able to do corrective surgery if<01:15:23.360> we<01:15:23.520> knew 01:15:24.630 --> 01:15:24.640 align:start position:0% if we knew 01:15:24.640 --> 01:15:26.229 align:start position:0% if we knew but<01:15:24.800> the<01:15:24.960> trouble<01:15:25.280> is<01:15:25.440> there<01:15:25.679> are<01:15:25.760> 20<01:15:26.080> some 01:15:26.229 --> 01:15:26.239 align:start position:0% but the trouble is there are 20 some 01:15:26.239 --> 01:15:28.390 align:start position:0% but the trouble is there are 20 some muscles<01:15:26.640> in<01:15:26.719> the<01:15:26.800> lower<01:15:27.120> leg 01:15:28.390 --> 01:15:28.400 align:start position:0% muscles in the lower leg 01:15:28.400 --> 01:15:30.070 align:start position:0% muscles in the lower leg and<01:15:29.040> you<01:15:29.120> know<01:15:29.280> in<01:15:29.360> the<01:15:29.520> legs<01:15:29.840> and<01:15:29.920> so 01:15:30.070 --> 01:15:30.080 align:start position:0% and you know in the legs and so 01:15:30.080 --> 01:15:31.669 align:start position:0% and you know in the legs and so therefore<01:15:30.400> we<01:15:30.480> have<01:15:30.560> to<01:15:30.719> identify<01:15:31.199> which<01:15:31.440> ones 01:15:31.669 --> 01:15:31.679 align:start position:0% therefore we have to identify which ones 01:15:31.679 --> 01:15:32.630 align:start position:0% therefore we have to identify which ones they<01:15:31.840> are 01:15:32.630 --> 01:15:32.640 align:start position:0% they are 01:15:32.640 --> 01:15:35.350 align:start position:0% they are so<01:15:33.920> what<01:15:34.159> i<01:15:34.239> did<01:15:34.480> is<01:15:34.640> the<01:15:34.719> same<01:15:34.960> thing<01:15:35.120> we<01:15:35.199> would 01:15:35.350 --> 01:15:35.360 align:start position:0% so what i did is the same thing we would 01:15:35.360 --> 01:15:36.950 align:start position:0% so what i did is the same thing we would normally<01:15:35.760> do<01:15:36.000> in<01:15:36.080> trying<01:15:36.320> to<01:15:36.400> build<01:15:36.640> this<01:15:36.800> kind 01:15:36.950 --> 01:15:36.960 align:start position:0% normally do in trying to build this kind 01:15:36.960 --> 01:15:38.070 align:start position:0% normally do in trying to build this kind of<01:15:37.120> a<01:15:37.199> system<01:15:37.600> in 01:15:38.070 --> 01:15:38.080 align:start position:0% of a system in 01:15:38.080 --> 01:15:41.750 align:start position:0% of a system in a.i<01:15:38.960> what<01:15:39.199> we<01:15:39.360> did<01:15:39.600> is 01:15:41.750 --> 01:15:41.760 align:start position:0% a.i what we did is 01:15:41.760 --> 01:15:43.910 align:start position:0% a.i what we did is we<01:15:41.920> hung<01:15:42.480> like<01:15:42.719> butcher<01:15:43.040> vapor<01:15:43.440> around<01:15:43.840> a 01:15:43.910 --> 01:15:43.920 align:start position:0% we hung like butcher vapor around a 01:15:43.920 --> 01:15:45.270 align:start position:0% we hung like butcher vapor around a whole 01:15:45.270 --> 01:15:45.280 align:start position:0% whole 01:15:45.280 --> 01:15:47.430 align:start position:0% whole gigantic<01:15:45.840> conference<01:15:46.320> room<01:15:46.960> and<01:15:47.120> then<01:15:47.280> i 01:15:47.430 --> 01:15:47.440 align:start position:0% gigantic conference room and then i 01:15:47.440 --> 01:15:48.390 align:start position:0% gigantic conference room and then i began<01:15:47.679> to<01:15:47.920> interview 01:15:48.390 --> 01:15:48.400 align:start position:0% began to interview 01:15:48.400 --> 01:15:52.070 align:start position:0% began to interview the<01:15:48.480> various<01:15:48.960> doctors<01:15:49.840> about<01:15:50.840> uh 01:15:52.070 --> 01:15:52.080 align:start position:0% the various doctors about uh 01:15:52.080 --> 01:15:54.550 align:start position:0% the various doctors about uh what<01:15:52.320> the<01:15:52.480> conditions<01:15:53.040> are<01:15:53.120> that<01:15:53.280> they<01:15:53.520> saw 01:15:54.550 --> 01:15:54.560 align:start position:0% what the conditions are that they saw 01:15:54.560 --> 01:15:56.390 align:start position:0% what the conditions are that they saw and<01:15:54.800> what<01:15:55.040> things<01:15:55.360> could<01:15:55.520> happen<01:15:55.920> if<01:15:56.239> a 01:15:56.390 --> 01:15:56.400 align:start position:0% and what things could happen if a 01:15:56.400 --> 01:15:57.910 align:start position:0% and what things could happen if a particular<01:15:56.960> muscle 01:15:57.910 --> 01:15:57.920 align:start position:0% particular muscle 01:15:57.920 --> 01:16:01.590 align:start position:0% particular muscle was<01:15:58.560> defective<01:15:59.440> or<01:15:59.840> inactive<01:16:00.480> and<01:16:00.640> so<01:16:00.800> on 01:16:01.590 --> 01:16:01.600 align:start position:0% was defective or inactive and so on 01:16:01.600 --> 01:16:04.870 align:start position:0% was defective or inactive and so on and<01:16:01.760> so<01:16:02.000> out<01:16:02.159> of<01:16:02.320> this<01:16:03.280> this<01:16:03.520> fellow 01:16:04.870 --> 01:16:04.880 align:start position:0% and so out of this this fellow 01:16:04.880 --> 01:16:08.310 align:start position:0% and so out of this this fellow john<01:16:05.280> kim<01:16:06.159> developed<01:16:06.800> a<01:16:07.520> diagnostic 01:16:08.310 --> 01:16:08.320 align:start position:0% john kim developed a diagnostic 01:16:08.320 --> 01:16:10.229 align:start position:0% john kim developed a diagnostic knowledge<01:16:08.719> base 01:16:10.229 --> 01:16:10.239 align:start position:0% knowledge base 01:16:10.239 --> 01:16:11.990 align:start position:0% knowledge base to<01:16:10.400> make<01:16:10.640> predictions<01:16:11.120> about<01:16:11.440> which<01:16:11.600> muscles 01:16:11.990 --> 01:16:12.000 align:start position:0% to make predictions about which muscles 01:16:12.000 --> 01:16:13.430 align:start position:0% to make predictions about which muscles were<01:16:12.159> responsible<01:16:12.719> for<01:16:12.800> particular<01:16:13.199> gait 01:16:13.430 --> 01:16:13.440 align:start position:0% were responsible for particular gait 01:16:13.440 --> 01:16:14.790 align:start position:0% were responsible for particular gait pathologies 01:16:14.790 --> 01:16:14.800 align:start position:0% pathologies 01:16:14.800 --> 01:16:16.470 align:start position:0% pathologies and<01:16:14.960> it<01:16:15.040> was<01:16:15.199> very<01:16:15.440> successful<01:16:16.000> this<01:16:16.159> worked 01:16:16.470 --> 01:16:16.480 align:start position:0% and it was very successful this worked 01:16:16.480 --> 01:16:18.950 align:start position:0% and it was very successful this worked very<01:16:16.640> well 01:16:18.950 --> 01:16:18.960 align:start position:0% 01:16:18.960 --> 01:16:21.030 align:start position:0% i'm<01:16:19.280> not<01:16:19.440> sure<01:16:19.679> how<01:16:19.840> well<01:16:20.080> it<01:16:20.159> was<01:16:20.400> used<01:16:20.719> but<01:16:20.880> it 01:16:21.030 --> 01:16:21.040 align:start position:0% i'm not sure how well it was used but it 01:16:21.040 --> 01:16:24.470 align:start position:0% i'm not sure how well it was used but it certainly<01:16:21.520> it<01:16:21.679> certainly<01:16:22.080> did<01:16:22.320> work 01:16:24.470 --> 01:16:24.480 align:start position:0% certainly it certainly did work 01:16:24.480 --> 01:16:27.669 align:start position:0% certainly it certainly did work so<01:16:24.640> he<01:16:24.800> got<01:16:24.960> a<01:16:25.040> phd<01:16:25.440> in<01:16:25.520> computer<01:16:25.920> science<01:16:26.560> and 01:16:27.669 --> 01:16:27.679 align:start position:0% so he got a phd in computer science and 01:16:27.679 --> 01:16:30.950 align:start position:0% so he got a phd in computer science and then<01:16:28.719> heavy<01:16:28.960> worked<01:16:29.280> in<01:16:29.440> ai<01:16:30.480> and<01:16:30.640> then<01:16:30.800> he 01:16:30.950 --> 01:16:30.960 align:start position:0% then heavy worked in ai and then he 01:16:30.960 --> 01:16:33.270 align:start position:0% then heavy worked in ai and then he graduated<01:16:31.600> and<01:16:31.760> decided<01:16:32.400> that 01:16:33.270 --> 01:16:33.280 align:start position:0% graduated and decided that 01:16:33.280 --> 01:16:35.910 align:start position:0% graduated and decided that this<01:16:33.520> was<01:16:33.679> really<01:16:34.000> not<01:16:34.239> for<01:16:34.400> him<01:16:35.120> and<01:16:35.440> he<01:16:35.600> got<01:16:35.760> a 01:16:35.910 --> 01:16:35.920 align:start position:0% this was really not for him and he got a 01:16:35.920 --> 01:16:36.470 align:start position:0% this was really not for him and he got a job 01:16:36.470 --> 01:16:36.480 align:start position:0% job 01:16:36.480 --> 01:16:39.910 align:start position:0% job as<01:16:36.880> an<01:16:37.280> intern<01:16:38.080> in<01:16:38.239> a<01:16:38.480> law<01:16:38.800> firm 01:16:39.910 --> 01:16:39.920 align:start position:0% as an intern in a law firm 01:16:39.920 --> 01:16:41.910 align:start position:0% as an intern in a law firm where<01:16:40.800> which<01:16:41.040> are<01:16:41.120> built<01:16:41.360> primarily<01:16:41.840> in 01:16:41.910 --> 01:16:41.920 align:start position:0% where which are built primarily in 01:16:41.920 --> 01:16:43.270 align:start position:0% where which are built primarily in patents<01:16:42.400> and<01:16:42.560> patent<01:16:42.880> law 01:16:43.270 --> 01:16:43.280 align:start position:0% patents and patent law 01:16:43.280 --> 01:16:45.510 align:start position:0% patents and patent law and<01:16:43.360> as<01:16:43.520> you<01:16:43.600> know<01:16:43.840> patent<01:16:44.159> attorneys<01:16:44.960> usually 01:16:45.510 --> 01:16:45.520 align:start position:0% and as you know patent attorneys usually 01:16:45.520 --> 01:16:47.510 align:start position:0% and as you know patent attorneys usually employ<01:16:45.840> engineers<01:16:46.400> and<01:16:46.560> computer<01:16:46.960> scientists 01:16:47.510 --> 01:16:47.520 align:start position:0% employ engineers and computer scientists 01:16:47.520 --> 01:16:48.149 align:start position:0% employ engineers and computer scientists because 01:16:48.149 --> 01:16:48.159 align:start position:0% because 01:16:48.159 --> 01:16:50.550 align:start position:0% because they<01:16:48.400> need<01:16:48.560> the<01:16:48.719> background<01:16:49.920> so<01:16:50.159> they<01:16:50.320> sent 01:16:50.550 --> 01:16:50.560 align:start position:0% they need the background so they sent 01:16:50.560 --> 01:16:51.990 align:start position:0% they need the background so they sent him<01:16:50.640> to<01:16:50.800> law<01:16:50.960> school 01:16:51.990 --> 01:16:52.000 align:start position:0% him to law school 01:16:52.000 --> 01:16:55.590 align:start position:0% him to law school and<01:16:52.719> he<01:16:52.960> spent<01:16:53.679> almost<01:16:54.159> three<01:16:54.480> years 01:16:55.590 --> 01:16:55.600 align:start position:0% and he spent almost three years 01:16:55.600 --> 01:16:57.189 align:start position:0% and he spent almost three years going<01:16:55.840> to<01:16:56.000> law<01:16:56.159> school<01:16:56.560> while<01:16:56.800> working 01:16:57.189 --> 01:16:57.199 align:start position:0% going to law school while working 01:16:57.199 --> 01:16:59.510 align:start position:0% going to law school while working part-time<01:16:57.920> at<01:16:58.159> the<01:16:58.400> law<01:16:58.719> firm 01:16:59.510 --> 01:16:59.520 align:start position:0% part-time at the law firm 01:16:59.520 --> 01:17:01.189 align:start position:0% part-time at the law firm and<01:16:59.679> then<01:16:59.840> he<01:17:00.000> decided<01:17:00.320> the<01:17:00.480> law<01:17:00.640> was<01:17:00.880> not<01:17:01.040> for 01:17:01.189 --> 01:17:01.199 align:start position:0% and then he decided the law was not for 01:17:01.199 --> 01:17:03.270 align:start position:0% and then he decided the law was not for him 01:17:03.270 --> 01:17:03.280 align:start position:0% him 01:17:03.280 --> 01:17:07.189 align:start position:0% him so<01:17:03.520> this<01:17:03.760> was<01:17:03.920> this<01:17:06.159> career<01:17:06.560> change<01:17:06.880> number 01:17:07.189 --> 01:17:07.199 align:start position:0% so this was this career change number 01:17:07.199 --> 01:17:08.470 align:start position:0% so this was this career change number two 01:17:08.470 --> 01:17:08.480 align:start position:0% two 01:17:08.480 --> 01:17:11.830 align:start position:0% two he<01:17:08.800> he<01:17:09.040> currently<01:17:09.840> is<01:17:11.120> he<01:17:11.280> went<01:17:11.440> to<01:17:11.600> school 01:17:11.830 --> 01:17:11.840 align:start position:0% he he currently is he went to school 01:17:11.840 --> 01:17:12.390 align:start position:0% he he currently is he went to school again 01:17:12.390 --> 01:17:12.400 align:start position:0% again 01:17:12.400 --> 01:17:15.590 align:start position:0% again and<01:17:12.560> he's<01:17:12.800> now<01:17:13.520> the<01:17:13.679> minister<01:17:14.800> of<01:17:14.960> a<01:17:15.040> korean 01:17:15.590 --> 01:17:15.600 align:start position:0% and he's now the minister of a korean 01:17:15.600 --> 01:17:16.229 align:start position:0% and he's now the minister of a korean church 01:17:16.229 --> 01:17:16.239 align:start position:0% church 01:17:16.239 --> 01:17:21.030 align:start position:0% church in<01:17:17.280> in<01:17:17.520> one<01:17:17.760> of<01:17:17.840> the<01:17:18.000> suburbs<01:17:18.480> of<01:17:18.560> los<01:17:18.880> angeles 01:17:21.030 --> 01:17:21.040 align:start position:0% in in one of the suburbs of los angeles 01:17:21.040 --> 01:17:23.750 align:start position:0% in in one of the suburbs of los angeles and<01:17:21.199> he's<01:17:21.440> happy<01:17:21.760> as<01:17:22.000> a<01:17:23.120> whatever<01:17:23.440> you<01:17:23.520> might 01:17:23.750 --> 01:17:23.760 align:start position:0% and he's happy as a whatever you might 01:17:23.760 --> 01:17:25.030 align:start position:0% and he's happy as a whatever you might say<01:17:24.000> clam<01:17:24.400> whatever 01:17:25.030 --> 01:17:25.040 align:start position:0% say clam whatever 01:17:25.040 --> 01:17:30.070 align:start position:0% say clam whatever but<01:17:25.199> he's<01:17:25.440> very<01:17:25.600> happy<01:17:27.280> so<01:17:28.840> um<01:17:29.760> i<01:17:29.920> don't<01:17:30.000> know 01:17:30.070 --> 01:17:30.080 align:start position:0% but he's very happy so um i don't know 01:17:30.080 --> 01:17:31.750 align:start position:0% but he's very happy so um i don't know whether<01:17:30.320> that's<01:17:30.640> relevant<01:17:31.040> to<01:17:31.120> our<01:17:31.280> story<01:17:31.600> but 01:17:31.750 --> 01:17:31.760 align:start position:0% whether that's relevant to our story but 01:17:31.760 --> 01:17:33.110 align:start position:0% whether that's relevant to our story but i<01:17:31.840> thought<01:17:32.000> you<01:17:32.159> personally<01:17:32.640> would<01:17:32.800> find<01:17:32.960> it 01:17:33.110 --> 01:17:33.120 align:start position:0% i thought you personally would find it 01:17:33.120 --> 01:17:34.790 align:start position:0% i thought you personally would find it interesting<01:17:33.520> yeah 01:17:34.790 --> 01:17:34.800 align:start position:0% interesting yeah 01:17:34.800 --> 01:17:39.590 align:start position:0% interesting yeah um<01:17:35.520> gaurav<01:17:36.159> sukkot<01:17:36.640> me<01:17:37.040> uh<01:17:37.520> worked<01:17:37.840> on 01:17:39.590 --> 01:17:39.600 align:start position:0% um gaurav sukkot me uh worked on 01:17:39.600 --> 01:17:41.510 align:start position:0% um gaurav sukkot me uh worked on ways<01:17:39.840> of<01:17:40.000> evaluating<01:17:40.719> autonomous<01:17:41.199> mobile 01:17:41.510 --> 01:17:41.520 align:start position:0% ways of evaluating autonomous mobile 01:17:41.520 --> 01:17:44.310 align:start position:0% ways of evaluating autonomous mobile robots<01:17:42.000> and<01:17:42.080> he's<01:17:42.320> the<01:17:42.400> one<01:17:42.560> who<01:17:42.840> compared<01:17:43.840> the 01:17:44.310 --> 01:17:44.320 align:start position:0% robots and he's the one who compared the 01:17:44.320 --> 01:17:47.350 align:start position:0% robots and he's the one who compared the legged<01:17:44.880> and<01:17:45.840> wheeled<01:17:46.159> robots<01:17:46.640> on<01:17:46.960> the<01:17:47.040> surface 01:17:47.350 --> 01:17:47.360 align:start position:0% legged and wheeled robots on the surface 01:17:47.360 --> 01:17:50.870 align:start position:0% legged and wheeled robots on the surface of<01:17:47.520> mars 01:17:50.870 --> 01:17:50.880 align:start position:0% 01:17:50.880 --> 01:17:54.790 align:start position:0% alberto<01:17:51.600> bihar<01:17:52.960> worked<01:17:53.440> on 01:17:54.790 --> 01:17:54.800 align:start position:0% alberto bihar worked on 01:17:54.800 --> 01:17:57.990 align:start position:0% alberto bihar worked on intelligent<01:17:56.400> tele-robots<01:17:57.199> small<01:17:57.520> robots 01:17:57.990 --> 01:17:58.000 align:start position:0% intelligent tele-robots small robots 01:17:58.000 --> 01:18:01.270 align:start position:0% intelligent tele-robots small robots that<01:17:58.159> could<01:17:58.320> be<01:17:58.560> sent<01:17:59.120> to<01:17:59.679> a 01:18:01.270 --> 01:18:01.280 align:start position:0% that could be sent to a 01:18:01.280 --> 01:18:05.110 align:start position:0% that could be sent to a space<01:18:02.320> sent<01:18:02.480> by<01:18:02.719> space<01:18:03.040> vehicle<01:18:03.600> either<01:18:04.000> to<01:18:04.239> a 01:18:05.110 --> 01:18:05.120 align:start position:0% space sent by space vehicle either to a 01:18:05.120 --> 01:18:07.350 align:start position:0% space sent by space vehicle either to a planet<01:18:05.600> or<01:18:05.840> a<01:18:06.000> comet<01:18:06.480> or<01:18:06.640> some<01:18:06.880> other<01:18:07.120> vehicle 01:18:07.350 --> 01:18:07.360 align:start position:0% planet or a comet or some other vehicle 01:18:07.360 --> 01:18:09.270 align:start position:0% planet or a comet or some other vehicle to<01:18:07.600> do<01:18:07.760> exploration 01:18:09.270 --> 01:18:09.280 align:start position:0% to do exploration 01:18:09.280 --> 01:18:11.030 align:start position:0% to do exploration and<01:18:09.760> some<01:18:09.920> of<01:18:10.080> this<01:18:10.239> stuff<01:18:10.480> was<01:18:10.640> done<01:18:10.960> in 01:18:11.030 --> 01:18:11.040 align:start position:0% and some of this stuff was done in 01:18:11.040 --> 01:18:12.630 align:start position:0% and some of this stuff was done in hardware<01:18:11.600> and<01:18:11.760> some<01:18:12.000> was<01:18:12.159> done<01:18:12.400> in 01:18:12.630 --> 01:18:12.640 align:start position:0% hardware and some was done in 01:18:12.640 --> 01:18:17.750 align:start position:0% hardware and some was done in simulation 01:18:17.750 --> 01:18:17.760 align:start position:0% 01:18:17.760 --> 01:18:20.870 align:start position:0% ayanna<01:18:18.320> howard<01:18:19.199> who<01:18:19.440> is<01:18:19.600> now<01:18:20.000> a<01:18:20.159> professor<01:18:20.719> at 01:18:20.870 --> 01:18:20.880 align:start position:0% ayanna howard who is now a professor at 01:18:20.880 --> 01:18:24.149 align:start position:0% ayanna howard who is now a professor at georgia<01:18:21.280> tech<01:18:21.520> in<01:18:21.679> electrical<01:18:22.080> engineering 01:18:24.149 --> 01:18:24.159 align:start position:0% georgia tech in electrical engineering 01:18:24.159 --> 01:18:27.110 align:start position:0% georgia tech in electrical engineering did<01:18:24.400> her<01:18:25.040> dissertation<01:18:25.760> on<01:18:26.000> grasping<01:18:26.800> but<01:18:26.960> it 01:18:27.110 --> 01:18:27.120 align:start position:0% did her dissertation on grasping but it 01:18:27.120 --> 01:18:29.430 align:start position:0% did her dissertation on grasping but it was<01:18:27.280> grasping<01:18:27.760> of<01:18:27.920> deformable<01:18:28.719> objects 01:18:29.430 --> 01:18:29.440 align:start position:0% was grasping of deformable objects 01:18:29.440 --> 01:18:31.189 align:start position:0% was grasping of deformable objects which<01:18:29.760> nobody<01:18:30.080> had<01:18:30.239> done<01:18:30.400> before<01:18:30.800> everybody 01:18:31.189 --> 01:18:31.199 align:start position:0% which nobody had done before everybody 01:18:31.199 --> 01:18:33.030 align:start position:0% which nobody had done before everybody grasped<01:18:31.679> rigid<01:18:32.080> objects 01:18:33.030 --> 01:18:33.040 align:start position:0% grasped rigid objects 01:18:33.040 --> 01:18:34.950 align:start position:0% grasped rigid objects so<01:18:33.360> but<01:18:33.520> now<01:18:33.920> if<01:18:34.000> you<01:18:34.159> grasp<01:18:34.640> something 01:18:34.950 --> 01:18:34.960 align:start position:0% so but now if you grasp something 01:18:34.960 --> 01:18:37.189 align:start position:0% so but now if you grasp something rubbery<01:18:36.000> that<01:18:36.239> squishes 01:18:37.189 --> 01:18:37.199 align:start position:0% rubbery that squishes 01:18:37.199 --> 01:18:40.310 align:start position:0% rubbery that squishes the<01:18:37.360> dynamics<01:18:37.920> become<01:18:38.560> completely<01:18:38.960> different 01:18:40.310 --> 01:18:40.320 align:start position:0% the dynamics become completely different 01:18:40.320 --> 01:18:43.189 align:start position:0% the dynamics become completely different and<01:18:40.960> she<01:18:41.760> her<01:18:41.920> work<01:18:42.159> was<01:18:42.320> beautiful<01:18:42.800> and<01:18:42.960> she's 01:18:43.189 --> 01:18:43.199 align:start position:0% and she her work was beautiful and she's 01:18:43.199 --> 01:18:44.630 align:start position:0% and she her work was beautiful and she's still<01:18:43.440> in<01:18:43.600> robotics 01:18:44.630 --> 01:18:44.640 align:start position:0% still in robotics 01:18:44.640 --> 01:18:48.149 align:start position:0% still in robotics she<01:18:44.960> now<01:18:46.080> um<01:18:46.719> so<01:18:46.880> she<01:18:47.120> teaches<01:18:47.520> in<01:18:47.679> electrical 01:18:48.149 --> 01:18:48.159 align:start position:0% she now um so she teaches in electrical 01:18:48.159 --> 01:18:49.350 align:start position:0% she now um so she teaches in electrical engineering 01:18:49.350 --> 01:18:49.360 align:start position:0% engineering 01:18:49.360 --> 01:18:51.750 align:start position:0% engineering and<01:18:50.480> but<01:18:50.719> i<01:18:50.800> don't<01:18:50.880> know<01:18:51.040> exactly<01:18:51.360> what<01:18:51.600> she 01:18:51.750 --> 01:18:51.760 align:start position:0% and but i don't know exactly what she 01:18:51.760 --> 01:18:52.550 align:start position:0% and but i don't know exactly what she does 01:18:52.550 --> 01:18:52.560 align:start position:0% does 01:18:52.560 --> 01:18:55.590 align:start position:0% does but<01:18:52.800> she's<01:18:53.040> definitely<01:18:53.440> still<01:18:53.679> in<01:18:53.760> the<01:18:53.920> field 01:18:55.590 --> 01:18:55.600 align:start position:0% but she's definitely still in the field 01:18:55.600 --> 01:18:58.709 align:start position:0% but she's definitely still in the field jim<01:18:55.840> montgomery<01:18:57.440> did<01:18:57.679> his<01:18:57.840> thesis<01:18:58.320> on 01:18:58.709 --> 01:18:58.719 align:start position:0% jim montgomery did his thesis on 01:18:58.719 --> 01:19:01.990 align:start position:0% jim montgomery did his thesis on robot<01:18:59.120> helicopter<01:18:59.679> flying 01:19:01.990 --> 01:19:02.000 align:start position:0% robot helicopter flying 01:19:02.000 --> 01:19:04.790 align:start position:0% robot helicopter flying and<01:19:02.320> uh<01:19:03.440> still<01:19:03.760> does<01:19:04.000> that<01:19:04.159> kind<01:19:04.400> of<01:19:04.480> work<01:19:04.719> at 01:19:04.790 --> 01:19:04.800 align:start position:0% and uh still does that kind of work at 01:19:04.800 --> 01:19:06.950 align:start position:0% and uh still does that kind of work at jpl 01:19:06.950 --> 01:19:06.960 align:start position:0% jpl 01:19:06.960 --> 01:19:10.149 align:start position:0% jpl he<01:19:07.199> still<01:19:07.440> slides<01:19:07.760> robot<01:19:08.080> helicopters<01:19:09.840> or 01:19:10.149 --> 01:19:10.159 align:start position:0% he still slides robot helicopters or 01:19:10.159 --> 01:19:13.110 align:start position:0% he still slides robot helicopters or simulated<01:19:10.800> helicopters<01:19:11.600> uh<01:19:11.920> to<01:19:12.080> be<01:19:12.239> used<01:19:12.640> and 01:19:13.110 --> 01:19:13.120 align:start position:0% simulated helicopters uh to be used and 01:19:13.120 --> 01:19:15.350 align:start position:0% simulated helicopters uh to be used and for<01:19:13.360> planetary<01:19:14.159> exploration<01:19:14.880> and<01:19:15.040> things<01:19:15.280> of 01:19:15.350 --> 01:19:15.360 align:start position:0% for planetary exploration and things of 01:19:15.360 --> 01:19:17.590 align:start position:0% for planetary exploration and things of that<01:19:15.600> kind 01:19:17.590 --> 01:19:17.600 align:start position:0% that kind 01:19:17.600 --> 01:19:21.350 align:start position:0% that kind and<01:19:18.080> um<01:19:18.960> the<01:19:19.280> last<01:19:19.920> um 01:19:21.350 --> 01:19:21.360 align:start position:0% and um the last um 01:19:21.360 --> 01:19:25.110 align:start position:0% and um the last um my<01:19:21.520> last<01:19:21.840> student<01:19:22.480> is<01:19:23.280> stergios<01:19:24.159> rumeliotis 01:19:25.110 --> 01:19:25.120 align:start position:0% my last student is stergios rumeliotis 01:19:25.120 --> 01:19:27.350 align:start position:0% my last student is stergios rumeliotis who<01:19:25.280> is<01:19:25.360> now<01:19:25.600> an<01:19:25.679> associate<01:19:26.159> professor 01:19:27.350 --> 01:19:27.360 align:start position:0% who is now an associate professor 01:19:27.360 --> 01:19:28.950 align:start position:0% who is now an associate professor of<01:19:27.520> computer<01:19:28.000> science<01:19:28.320> at<01:19:28.400> the<01:19:28.480> university<01:19:28.880> of 01:19:28.950 --> 01:19:28.960 align:start position:0% of computer science at the university of 01:19:28.960 --> 01:19:30.550 align:start position:0% of computer science at the university of minnesota 01:19:30.550 --> 01:19:30.560 align:start position:0% minnesota 01:19:30.560 --> 01:19:34.149 align:start position:0% minnesota and<01:19:31.760> he<01:19:32.080> did<01:19:32.320> his<01:19:32.560> work<01:19:32.880> on 01:19:34.149 --> 01:19:34.159 align:start position:0% and he did his work on 01:19:34.159 --> 01:19:36.310 align:start position:0% and he did his work on using<01:19:34.800> coleman<01:19:35.199> filters<01:19:35.760> and<01:19:36.000> other 01:19:36.310 --> 01:19:36.320 align:start position:0% using coleman filters and other 01:19:36.320 --> 01:19:37.910 align:start position:0% using coleman filters and other statistical<01:19:37.040> methods 01:19:37.910 --> 01:19:37.920 align:start position:0% statistical methods 01:19:37.920 --> 01:19:40.470 align:start position:0% statistical methods to<01:19:38.080> help<01:19:38.719> localize<01:19:39.440> robots<01:19:39.840> to<01:19:40.000> determine 01:19:40.470 --> 01:19:40.480 align:start position:0% to help localize robots to determine 01:19:40.480 --> 01:19:41.590 align:start position:0% to help localize robots to determine where<01:19:40.719> they<01:19:40.960> are<01:19:41.199> from 01:19:41.590 --> 01:19:41.600 align:start position:0% where they are from 01:19:41.600 --> 01:19:44.070 align:start position:0% where they are from some<01:19:41.840> surrounding<01:19:42.320> measurements<01:19:43.679> this<01:19:43.920> is 01:19:44.070 --> 01:19:44.080 align:start position:0% some surrounding measurements this is 01:19:44.080 --> 01:19:44.630 align:start position:0% some surrounding measurements this is the 01:19:44.630 --> 01:19:44.640 align:start position:0% the 01:19:44.640 --> 01:19:47.270 align:start position:0% the usual<01:19:45.120> question<01:19:45.520> of<01:19:45.679> the<01:19:46.480> which<01:19:46.719> is<01:19:46.880> sometimes 01:19:47.270 --> 01:19:47.280 align:start position:0% usual question of the which is sometimes 01:19:47.280 --> 01:19:48.950 align:start position:0% usual question of the which is sometimes referred<01:19:47.600> to<01:19:47.760> as<01:19:47.920> the<01:19:48.000> kidnapped<01:19:48.480> robot 01:19:48.950 --> 01:19:48.960 align:start position:0% referred to as the kidnapped robot 01:19:48.960 --> 01:19:49.990 align:start position:0% referred to as the kidnapped robot problem 01:19:49.990 --> 01:19:50.000 align:start position:0% problem 01:19:50.000 --> 01:19:52.070 align:start position:0% problem you<01:19:50.080> know<01:19:50.400> what<01:19:50.719> information<01:19:51.280> does<01:19:51.520> a<01:19:51.600> robot 01:19:52.070 --> 01:19:52.080 align:start position:0% you know what information does a robot 01:19:52.080 --> 01:19:53.189 align:start position:0% you know what information does a robot have<01:19:52.239> to<01:19:52.480> have 01:19:53.189 --> 01:19:53.199 align:start position:0% have to have 01:19:53.199 --> 01:19:54.790 align:start position:0% have to have if<01:19:53.360> you<01:19:53.520> kidnap<01:19:53.920> it<01:19:54.080> and<01:19:54.239> put<01:19:54.400> it<01:19:54.560> down 01:19:54.790 --> 01:19:54.800 align:start position:0% if you kidnap it and put it down 01:19:54.800 --> 01:19:59.830 align:start position:0% if you kidnap it and put it down somewhere<01:19:56.080> to<01:19:56.239> determine<01:19:56.719> where<01:19:56.880> it<01:19:57.040> is 01:19:59.830 --> 01:19:59.840 align:start position:0% 01:19:59.840 --> 01:20:02.790 align:start position:0% so<01:20:00.480> what<01:20:00.640> do<01:20:00.719> you<01:20:00.880> see<01:20:01.040> is<01:20:01.199> the<01:20:01.520> the<01:20:01.679> biggest 01:20:02.790 --> 01:20:02.800 align:start position:0% so what do you see is the the biggest 01:20:02.800 --> 01:20:05.270 align:start position:0% so what do you see is the the biggest challenges<01:20:03.440> and<01:20:03.679> problems<01:20:04.159> facing<01:20:04.560> robotics 01:20:05.270 --> 01:20:05.280 align:start position:0% challenges and problems facing robotics 01:20:05.280 --> 01:20:08.310 align:start position:0% challenges and problems facing robotics into<01:20:05.520> the<01:20:05.679> future 01:20:08.310 --> 01:20:08.320 align:start position:0% 01:20:08.320 --> 01:20:12.470 align:start position:0% well<01:20:10.480> so<01:20:10.639> i<01:20:10.960> think<01:20:11.280> among<01:20:11.600> the<01:20:11.760> current 01:20:12.470 --> 01:20:12.480 align:start position:0% well so i think among the current 01:20:12.480 --> 01:20:14.229 align:start position:0% well so i think among the current problems<01:20:12.880> of<01:20:13.040> greatest<01:20:13.440> interest<01:20:14.159> in 01:20:14.229 --> 01:20:14.239 align:start position:0% problems of greatest interest in 01:20:14.239 --> 01:20:15.750 align:start position:0% problems of greatest interest in robotics 01:20:15.750 --> 01:20:15.760 align:start position:0% robotics 01:20:15.760 --> 01:20:17.750 align:start position:0% robotics one<01:20:15.920> of<01:20:16.080> them<01:20:16.400> is<01:20:16.639> certainly<01:20:17.040> human<01:20:17.360> robot 01:20:17.750 --> 01:20:17.760 align:start position:0% one of them is certainly human robot 01:20:17.760 --> 01:20:19.510 align:start position:0% one of them is certainly human robot interaction 01:20:19.510 --> 01:20:19.520 align:start position:0% interaction 01:20:19.520 --> 01:20:21.590 align:start position:0% interaction the<01:20:19.679> ways<01:20:20.000> in<01:20:20.080> which<01:20:20.320> humans<01:20:20.719> and<01:20:20.800> robots<01:20:21.280> can 01:20:21.590 --> 01:20:21.600 align:start position:0% the ways in which humans and robots can 01:20:21.600 --> 01:20:23.990 align:start position:0% the ways in which humans and robots can not<01:20:21.760> only<01:20:22.080> interact<01:20:22.480> but<01:20:22.719> collaborate 01:20:23.990 --> 01:20:24.000 align:start position:0% not only interact but collaborate 01:20:24.000 --> 01:20:26.950 align:start position:0% not only interact but collaborate work<01:20:24.239> together<01:20:25.840> and<01:20:26.159> a<01:20:26.239> lot<01:20:26.480> of<01:20:26.560> this<01:20:26.800> is 01:20:26.950 --> 01:20:26.960 align:start position:0% work together and a lot of this is 01:20:26.960 --> 01:20:27.910 align:start position:0% work together and a lot of this is related<01:20:27.520> to 01:20:27.910 --> 01:20:27.920 align:start position:0% related to 01:20:27.920 --> 01:20:29.910 align:start position:0% related to the<01:20:28.159> increasing<01:20:28.639> capability<01:20:29.280> of<01:20:29.360> humanoid 01:20:29.910 --> 01:20:29.920 align:start position:0% the increasing capability of humanoid 01:20:29.920 --> 01:20:31.110 align:start position:0% the increasing capability of humanoid robots 01:20:31.110 --> 01:20:31.120 align:start position:0% robots 01:20:31.120 --> 01:20:34.149 align:start position:0% robots so<01:20:31.360> that<01:20:32.639> we<01:20:32.800> mentioned<01:20:33.199> sensing<01:20:33.600> before 01:20:34.149 --> 01:20:34.159 align:start position:0% so that we mentioned sensing before 01:20:34.159 --> 01:20:37.669 align:start position:0% so that we mentioned sensing before but<01:20:34.639> but<01:20:34.960> clearly<01:20:35.920> humanoids<01:20:37.040> do<01:20:37.280> a<01:20:37.360> lot<01:20:37.520> more 01:20:37.669 --> 01:20:37.679 align:start position:0% but but clearly humanoids do a lot more 01:20:37.679 --> 01:20:39.270 align:start position:0% but but clearly humanoids do a lot more than<01:20:37.920> sensing<01:20:38.400> they 01:20:39.270 --> 01:20:39.280 align:start position:0% than sensing they 01:20:39.280 --> 01:20:41.110 align:start position:0% than sensing they they<01:20:39.520> not<01:20:39.679> only<01:20:40.000> move<01:20:40.320> they<01:20:40.400> are<01:20:40.560> nonsense<01:20:41.040> but 01:20:41.110 --> 01:20:41.120 align:start position:0% they not only move they are nonsense but 01:20:41.120 --> 01:20:42.550 align:start position:0% they not only move they are nonsense but they<01:20:41.280> process<01:20:41.760> information 01:20:42.550 --> 01:20:42.560 align:start position:0% they process information 01:20:42.560 --> 01:20:46.310 align:start position:0% they process information in<01:20:42.800> increasingly<01:20:43.600> human-like<01:20:44.840> ways 01:20:46.310 --> 01:20:46.320 align:start position:0% in increasingly human-like ways 01:20:46.320 --> 01:20:47.910 align:start position:0% in increasingly human-like ways and<01:20:46.639> my<01:20:46.880> feeling<01:20:47.199> is<01:20:47.280> that<01:20:47.440> it's<01:20:47.600> not 01:20:47.910 --> 01:20:47.920 align:start position:0% and my feeling is that it's not 01:20:47.920 --> 01:20:50.149 align:start position:0% and my feeling is that it's not necessary<01:20:48.800> to<01:20:48.960> build 01:20:50.149 --> 01:20:50.159 align:start position:0% necessary to build 01:20:50.159 --> 01:20:52.950 align:start position:0% necessary to build identical<01:20:51.199> models<01:20:51.679> of<01:20:51.760> the<01:20:51.840> human<01:20:52.159> brain<01:20:52.719> what 01:20:52.950 --> 01:20:52.960 align:start position:0% identical models of the human brain what 01:20:52.960 --> 01:20:54.629 align:start position:0% identical models of the human brain what we<01:20:53.040> want<01:20:53.280> to<01:20:53.360> do<01:20:53.520> is<01:20:53.600> to<01:20:53.760> try<01:20:54.000> to 01:20:54.629 --> 01:20:54.639 align:start position:0% we want to do is to try to 01:20:54.639 --> 01:20:58.950 align:start position:0% we want to do is to try to build<01:20:55.120> into<01:20:55.360> robots<01:20:56.080> the<01:20:56.960> functionality 01:20:58.950 --> 01:20:58.960 align:start position:0% build into robots the functionality 01:20:58.960 --> 01:21:02.790 align:start position:0% build into robots the functionality in<01:20:59.199> some<01:20:59.440> sense<01:20:59.840> of<01:21:00.080> aspects<01:21:00.639> of<01:21:00.719> the<01:21:00.880> brain 01:21:02.790 --> 01:21:02.800 align:start position:0% in some sense of aspects of the brain 01:21:02.800 --> 01:21:07.669 align:start position:0% in some sense of aspects of the brain so<01:21:04.960> so<01:21:05.120> i<01:21:05.199> think<01:21:05.360> the<01:21:05.520> greatest<01:21:05.840> challenges 01:21:07.669 --> 01:21:07.679 align:start position:0% so so i think the greatest challenges 01:21:07.679 --> 01:21:10.709 align:start position:0% so so i think the greatest challenges i<01:21:07.840> believe<01:21:08.719> will<01:21:08.960> come<01:21:09.600> in 01:21:10.709 --> 01:21:10.719 align:start position:0% i believe will come in 01:21:10.719 --> 01:21:12.950 align:start position:0% i believe will come in in<01:21:11.199> two<01:21:11.360> or<01:21:11.520> three<01:21:11.679> different<01:21:12.000> ways<01:21:12.560> so<01:21:12.719> one 01:21:12.950 --> 01:21:12.960 align:start position:0% in two or three different ways so one 01:21:12.960 --> 01:21:15.750 align:start position:0% in two or three different ways so one way<01:21:13.520> is<01:21:13.679> to<01:21:13.840> try<01:21:14.080> to<01:21:14.320> continue<01:21:14.880> to<01:21:15.120> improve<01:21:15.600> the 01:21:15.750 --> 01:21:15.760 align:start position:0% way is to try to continue to improve the 01:21:15.760 --> 01:21:16.629 align:start position:0% way is to try to continue to improve the capability 01:21:16.629 --> 01:21:16.639 align:start position:0% capability 01:21:16.639 --> 01:21:19.430 align:start position:0% capability of<01:21:16.800> humanoids<01:21:18.080> so<01:21:18.239> they<01:21:18.400> can<01:21:18.639> interact<01:21:19.280> with 01:21:19.430 --> 01:21:19.440 align:start position:0% of humanoids so they can interact with 01:21:19.440 --> 01:21:20.310 align:start position:0% of humanoids so they can interact with human<01:21:19.760> beings 01:21:20.310 --> 01:21:20.320 align:start position:0% human beings 01:21:20.320 --> 01:21:23.510 align:start position:0% human beings in<01:21:20.480> a<01:21:21.040> more<01:21:21.199> and<01:21:21.360> more<01:21:21.600> significant<01:21:22.239> way<01:21:23.280> so 01:21:23.510 --> 01:21:23.520 align:start position:0% in a more and more significant way so 01:21:23.520 --> 01:21:24.390 align:start position:0% in a more and more significant way so that 01:21:24.390 --> 01:21:24.400 align:start position:0% that 01:21:24.400 --> 01:21:28.229 align:start position:0% that they<01:21:24.560> can<01:21:24.719> receive<01:21:25.199> commands<01:21:25.840> by<01:21:26.880> voice 01:21:28.229 --> 01:21:28.239 align:start position:0% they can receive commands by voice 01:21:28.239 --> 01:21:31.430 align:start position:0% they can receive commands by voice they<01:21:28.400> can<01:21:28.960> interpret<01:21:29.679> our<01:21:30.400> gestures 01:21:31.430 --> 01:21:31.440 align:start position:0% they can interpret our gestures 01:21:31.440 --> 01:21:34.709 align:start position:0% they can interpret our gestures they<01:21:31.679> can<01:21:31.840> display<01:21:32.320> emotions<01:21:34.080> very<01:21:34.320> important 01:21:34.709 --> 01:21:34.719 align:start position:0% they can display emotions very important 01:21:34.719 --> 01:21:35.590 align:start position:0% they can display emotions very important research<01:21:35.199> area 01:21:35.590 --> 01:21:35.600 align:start position:0% research area 01:21:35.600 --> 01:21:39.430 align:start position:0% research area robot<01:21:35.920> emotions<01:21:36.480> at<01:21:36.560> the<01:21:36.639> present<01:21:37.040> time 01:21:39.430 --> 01:21:39.440 align:start position:0% 01:21:39.440 --> 01:21:41.189 align:start position:0% and<01:21:39.679> that<01:21:40.000> means<01:21:40.239> that<01:21:40.400> a<01:21:40.480> robot<01:21:40.800> then<01:21:41.040> could 01:21:41.189 --> 01:21:41.199 align:start position:0% and that means that a robot then could 01:21:41.199 --> 01:21:42.470 align:start position:0% and that means that a robot then could be 01:21:42.470 --> 01:21:42.480 align:start position:0% be 01:21:42.480 --> 01:21:44.470 align:start position:0% be a<01:21:42.639> genuine<01:21:43.120> household<01:21:43.600> helper<01:21:44.080> it<01:21:44.239> wouldn't 01:21:44.470 --> 01:21:44.480 align:start position:0% a genuine household helper it wouldn't 01:21:44.480 --> 01:21:47.110 align:start position:0% a genuine household helper it wouldn't be<01:21:44.800> rosie<01:21:45.360> from<01:21:45.600> the 01:21:47.110 --> 01:21:47.120 align:start position:0% be rosie from the 01:21:47.120 --> 01:21:49.590 align:start position:0% be rosie from the cartoons<01:21:47.840> but<01:21:48.239> but<01:21:48.719> it<01:21:48.880> certainly<01:21:49.199> could<01:21:49.360> be<01:21:49.520> a 01:21:49.590 --> 01:21:49.600 align:start position:0% cartoons but but it certainly could be a 01:21:49.600 --> 01:21:52.229 align:start position:0% cartoons but but it certainly could be a genuine<01:21:49.920> household<01:21:50.400> helper 01:21:52.229 --> 01:21:52.239 align:start position:0% genuine household helper 01:21:52.239 --> 01:21:56.229 align:start position:0% genuine household helper so<01:21:54.320> and<01:21:54.639> and<01:21:54.800> not<01:21:55.199> and<01:21:55.440> not<01:21:55.679> simply 01:21:56.229 --> 01:21:56.239 align:start position:0% so and and not and not simply 01:21:56.239 --> 01:22:00.070 align:start position:0% so and and not and not simply a<01:21:56.560> um<01:21:57.360> unifunctional<01:21:58.960> device<01:21:59.440> like<01:21:59.600> a<01:21:59.760> roomba 01:22:00.070 --> 01:22:00.080 align:start position:0% a um unifunctional device like a roomba 01:22:00.080 --> 01:22:01.910 align:start position:0% a um unifunctional device like a roomba vacuum<01:22:00.480> cleaner<01:22:00.880> you<01:22:01.040> see 01:22:01.910 --> 01:22:01.920 align:start position:0% vacuum cleaner you see 01:22:01.920 --> 01:22:03.669 align:start position:0% vacuum cleaner you see we're<01:22:02.080> talking<01:22:02.320> about<01:22:02.560> something<01:22:02.880> that<01:22:03.040> has<01:22:03.280> a 01:22:03.669 --> 01:22:03.679 align:start position:0% we're talking about something that has a 01:22:03.679 --> 01:22:05.590 align:start position:0% we're talking about something that has a great<01:22:04.000> variety<01:22:04.400> of<01:22:04.560> capabilities 01:22:05.590 --> 01:22:05.600 align:start position:0% great variety of capabilities 01:22:05.600 --> 01:22:07.189 align:start position:0% great variety of capabilities and<01:22:05.760> these<01:22:05.920> things<01:22:06.159> are<01:22:06.320> not<01:22:06.480> easy<01:22:06.880> you<01:22:07.040> know<01:22:07.120> i 01:22:07.189 --> 01:22:07.199 align:start position:0% and these things are not easy you know i 01:22:07.199 --> 01:22:08.950 align:start position:0% and these things are not easy you know i mean<01:22:07.360> my<01:22:08.159> my<01:22:08.400> friend 01:22:08.950 --> 01:22:08.960 align:start position:0% mean my my friend 01:22:08.960 --> 01:22:12.470 align:start position:0% mean my my friend rudiger<01:22:09.440> dillman<01:22:10.000> at<01:22:10.400> in<01:22:10.639> in<01:22:10.880> germany 01:22:12.470 --> 01:22:12.480 align:start position:0% rudiger dillman at in in germany 01:22:12.480 --> 01:22:14.070 align:start position:0% rudiger dillman at in in germany has<01:22:12.639> been<01:22:12.800> working<01:22:13.120> for<01:22:13.280> the<01:22:13.360> last<01:22:13.679> five<01:22:13.920> or 01:22:14.070 --> 01:22:14.080 align:start position:0% has been working for the last five or 01:22:14.080 --> 01:22:15.750 align:start position:0% has been working for the last five or six<01:22:14.320> years<01:22:14.800> at<01:22:15.040> building 01:22:15.750 --> 01:22:15.760 align:start position:0% six years at building 01:22:15.760 --> 01:22:18.390 align:start position:0% six years at building a<01:22:16.080> kitchen<01:22:16.400> helper<01:22:16.880> robot<01:22:17.840> that's<01:22:18.080> supposed 01:22:18.390 --> 01:22:18.400 align:start position:0% a kitchen helper robot that's supposed 01:22:18.400 --> 01:22:19.910 align:start position:0% a kitchen helper robot that's supposed to<01:22:18.560> clear<01:22:18.880> the<01:22:19.040> table<01:22:19.360> pick<01:22:19.600> up<01:22:19.679> all<01:22:19.840> the 01:22:19.910 --> 01:22:19.920 align:start position:0% to clear the table pick up all the 01:22:19.920 --> 01:22:22.229 align:start position:0% to clear the table pick up all the dishes<01:22:20.320> put<01:22:20.480> them<01:22:20.639> in<01:22:20.719> the<01:22:20.800> dishwasher 01:22:22.229 --> 01:22:22.239 align:start position:0% dishes put them in the dishwasher 01:22:22.239 --> 01:22:25.910 align:start position:0% dishes put them in the dishwasher and<01:22:22.639> so<01:22:22.880> on<01:22:23.920> and<01:22:24.239> uh<01:22:25.120> it's<01:22:25.280> not<01:22:25.520> an<01:22:25.679> easy 01:22:25.910 --> 01:22:25.920 align:start position:0% and so on and uh it's not an easy 01:22:25.920 --> 01:22:26.550 align:start position:0% and so on and uh it's not an easy problem 01:22:26.550 --> 01:22:26.560 align:start position:0% problem 01:22:26.560 --> 01:22:29.270 align:start position:0% problem see<01:22:26.800> i<01:22:26.880> mean<01:22:27.040> that<01:22:27.440> it<01:22:28.400> displays<01:22:28.960> all<01:22:29.120> the 01:22:29.270 --> 01:22:29.280 align:start position:0% see i mean that it displays all the 01:22:29.280 --> 01:22:31.270 align:start position:0% see i mean that it displays all the difficulties<01:22:30.000> of<01:22:30.159> coordination 01:22:31.270 --> 01:22:31.280 align:start position:0% difficulties of coordination 01:22:31.280 --> 01:22:34.790 align:start position:0% difficulties of coordination sensing<01:22:32.320> activation<01:22:33.040> and<01:22:33.199> so<01:22:33.360> on 01:22:34.790 --> 01:22:34.800 align:start position:0% sensing activation and so on 01:22:34.800 --> 01:22:37.510 align:start position:0% sensing activation and so on he's<01:22:35.040> now<01:22:35.280> able<01:22:35.440> to<01:22:35.679> uh<01:22:36.320> the<01:22:36.480> robot<01:22:36.880> now<01:22:37.120> stacks 01:22:37.510 --> 01:22:37.520 align:start position:0% he's now able to uh the robot now stacks 01:22:37.520 --> 01:22:39.189 align:start position:0% he's now able to uh the robot now stacks dishes<01:22:37.840> in<01:22:38.000> the<01:22:38.080> dishwasher<01:22:38.639> reasonably<01:22:39.040> well 01:22:39.189 --> 01:22:39.199 align:start position:0% dishes in the dishwasher reasonably well 01:22:39.199 --> 01:22:40.950 align:start position:0% dishes in the dishwasher reasonably well but<01:22:39.360> they<01:22:39.520> use<01:22:39.679> plastic<01:22:40.159> dishes<01:22:40.480> to<01:22:40.639> make<01:22:40.800> sure 01:22:40.950 --> 01:22:40.960 align:start position:0% but they use plastic dishes to make sure 01:22:40.960 --> 01:22:43.750 align:start position:0% but they use plastic dishes to make sure that<01:22:41.120> they<01:22:41.280> don't<01:22:41.520> break 01:22:43.750 --> 01:22:43.760 align:start position:0% that they don't break 01:22:43.760 --> 01:22:47.189 align:start position:0% that they don't break so<01:22:44.000> it's<01:22:44.560> um<01:22:45.840> these<01:22:46.080> are<01:22:46.159> not<01:22:46.400> easy<01:22:46.639> things<01:22:46.880> so 01:22:47.189 --> 01:22:47.199 align:start position:0% so it's um these are not easy things so 01:22:47.199 --> 01:22:50.830 align:start position:0% so it's um these are not easy things so so<01:22:47.360> that's<01:22:47.679> one<01:22:47.920> of<01:22:48.000> the<01:22:48.159> areas<01:22:48.560> that<01:22:48.800> that<01:22:49.040> i 01:22:50.830 --> 01:22:50.840 align:start position:0% so that's one of the areas that that i 01:22:50.840 --> 01:22:52.550 align:start position:0% so that's one of the areas that that i think 01:22:52.550 --> 01:22:52.560 align:start position:0% think 01:22:52.560 --> 01:22:56.229 align:start position:0% think and<01:22:53.840> the<01:22:54.320> second<01:22:54.960> area<01:22:55.280> that<01:22:55.440> grows<01:22:55.760> directly 01:22:56.229 --> 01:22:56.239 align:start position:0% and the second area that grows directly 01:22:56.239 --> 01:22:58.149 align:start position:0% and the second area that grows directly out<01:22:56.320> of<01:22:56.480> that<01:22:56.800> is<01:22:56.960> that<01:22:57.199> i<01:22:57.280> think 01:22:58.149 --> 01:22:58.159 align:start position:0% out of that is that i think 01:22:58.159 --> 01:23:00.550 align:start position:0% out of that is that i think um<01:22:58.880> society<01:22:59.600> is<01:22:59.760> going<01:22:59.920> to<01:23:00.000> have<01:23:00.159> to<01:23:00.320> pay 01:23:00.550 --> 01:23:00.560 align:start position:0% um society is going to have to pay 01:23:00.560 --> 01:23:01.350 align:start position:0% um society is going to have to pay attention 01:23:01.350 --> 01:23:01.360 align:start position:0% attention 01:23:01.360 --> 01:23:04.310 align:start position:0% attention to<01:23:02.400> the<01:23:02.719> way<01:23:03.040> in<01:23:03.120> which<01:23:03.360> robots<01:23:03.760> relate<01:23:04.159> to 01:23:04.310 --> 01:23:04.320 align:start position:0% to the way in which robots relate to 01:23:04.320 --> 01:23:06.070 align:start position:0% to the way in which robots relate to people<01:23:04.639> and<01:23:04.800> what<01:23:05.040> functions<01:23:05.440> to<01:23:05.520> perform<01:23:05.920> in 01:23:06.070 --> 01:23:06.080 align:start position:0% people and what functions to perform in 01:23:06.080 --> 01:23:07.910 align:start position:0% people and what functions to perform in society 01:23:07.910 --> 01:23:07.920 align:start position:0% society 01:23:07.920 --> 01:23:11.110 align:start position:0% society as<01:23:08.080> you<01:23:08.159> know<01:23:08.400> kurzweil<01:23:10.239> talks<01:23:10.480> about 01:23:11.110 --> 01:23:11.120 align:start position:0% as you know kurzweil talks about 01:23:11.120 --> 01:23:13.990 align:start position:0% as you know kurzweil talks about sometime<01:23:11.679> in<01:23:11.920> 2020<01:23:12.560> or<01:23:12.719> so<01:23:13.199> that<01:23:13.440> robots<01:23:13.840> will 01:23:13.990 --> 01:23:14.000 align:start position:0% sometime in 2020 or so that robots will 01:23:14.000 --> 01:23:16.229 align:start position:0% sometime in 2020 or so that robots will demand<01:23:14.400> to<01:23:14.480> be<01:23:14.639> treated<01:23:15.040> before<01:23:15.360> the<01:23:15.520> law 01:23:16.229 --> 01:23:16.239 align:start position:0% demand to be treated before the law 01:23:16.239 --> 01:23:18.709 align:start position:0% demand to be treated before the law as<01:23:16.400> if<01:23:16.560> they<01:23:16.719> were<01:23:16.880> humans<01:23:18.239> and<01:23:18.400> they<01:23:18.560> will 01:23:18.709 --> 01:23:18.719 align:start position:0% as if they were humans and they will 01:23:18.719 --> 01:23:20.070 align:start position:0% as if they were humans and they will succeed<01:23:19.199> he<01:23:19.440> says 01:23:20.070 --> 01:23:20.080 align:start position:0% succeed he says 01:23:20.080 --> 01:23:22.870 align:start position:0% succeed he says okay<01:23:20.960> but<01:23:21.600> i<01:23:21.679> don't<01:23:21.840> know<01:23:22.000> about<01:23:22.159> that<01:23:22.400> but<01:23:22.639> but 01:23:22.870 --> 01:23:22.880 align:start position:0% okay but i don't know about that but but 01:23:22.880 --> 01:23:23.189 align:start position:0% okay but i don't know about that but but i 01:23:23.189 --> 01:23:23.199 align:start position:0% i 01:23:23.199 --> 01:23:26.629 align:start position:0% i but<01:23:23.440> i<01:23:23.679> do<01:23:24.480> i<01:23:24.639> do<01:23:24.800> believe<01:23:25.280> that 01:23:26.629 --> 01:23:26.639 align:start position:0% but i do i do believe that 01:23:26.639 --> 01:23:30.310 align:start position:0% but i do i do believe that we<01:23:26.800> have<01:23:27.120> no<01:23:28.639> basis<01:23:29.120> in<01:23:29.280> our<01:23:29.440> legal<01:23:29.760> system 01:23:30.310 --> 01:23:30.320 align:start position:0% we have no basis in our legal system 01:23:30.320 --> 01:23:33.590 align:start position:0% we have no basis in our legal system currently<01:23:31.120> for<01:23:31.360> how<01:23:31.520> to<01:23:31.679> deal<01:23:32.480> with<01:23:32.880> the 01:23:33.590 --> 01:23:33.600 align:start position:0% currently for how to deal with the 01:23:33.600 --> 01:23:37.030 align:start position:0% currently for how to deal with the quasi<01:23:34.239> human<01:23:34.560> beings<01:23:35.600> uh<01:23:35.920> with<01:23:36.239> with 01:23:37.030 --> 01:23:37.040 align:start position:0% quasi human beings uh with with 01:23:37.040 --> 01:23:39.030 align:start position:0% quasi human beings uh with with we<01:23:37.199> have<01:23:37.360> no<01:23:37.600> way<01:23:37.920> of<01:23:38.159> handling<01:23:38.639> issues<01:23:38.880> of 01:23:39.030 --> 01:23:39.040 align:start position:0% we have no way of handling issues of 01:23:39.040 --> 01:23:40.390 align:start position:0% we have no way of handling issues of responsibility 01:23:40.390 --> 01:23:40.400 align:start position:0% responsibility 01:23:40.400 --> 01:23:43.590 align:start position:0% responsibility and<01:23:40.639> ethics<01:23:41.280> and 01:23:43.590 --> 01:23:43.600 align:start position:0% 01:23:43.600 --> 01:23:47.590 align:start position:0% and<01:23:43.760> so<01:23:44.000> on<01:23:44.480> so<01:23:45.040> so<01:23:45.280> these<01:23:45.520> are 01:23:47.590 --> 01:23:47.600 align:start position:0% and so on so so these are 01:23:47.600 --> 01:23:49.110 align:start position:0% and so on so so these are that's<01:23:47.840> one<01:23:48.000> reason<01:23:48.239> why<01:23:48.480> i'm<01:23:48.560> so<01:23:48.719> interested 01:23:49.110 --> 01:23:49.120 align:start position:0% that's one reason why i'm so interested 01:23:49.120 --> 01:23:53.750 align:start position:0% that's one reason why i'm so interested now<01:23:49.360> in<01:23:49.440> this<01:23:49.600> whole<01:23:49.840> area<01:23:50.000> of<01:23:50.080> robot<01:23:50.480> ethics 01:23:53.750 --> 01:23:53.760 align:start position:0% 01:23:53.760 --> 01:23:56.629 align:start position:0% so<01:23:54.000> i<01:23:54.159> think<01:23:54.400> that<01:23:54.639> those<01:23:55.040> issues<01:23:55.840> and<01:23:56.320> that 01:23:56.629 --> 01:23:56.639 align:start position:0% so i think that those issues and that 01:23:56.639 --> 01:23:57.750 align:start position:0% so i think that those issues and that includes<01:23:57.120> by<01:23:57.280> the<01:23:57.440> way 01:23:57.750 --> 01:23:57.760 align:start position:0% includes by the way 01:23:57.760 --> 01:23:59.990 align:start position:0% includes by the way the<01:23:58.080> the<01:23:58.239> use<01:23:58.480> of<01:23:58.639> robots<01:23:59.199> in<01:23:59.360> the<01:23:59.440> military 01:23:59.990 --> 01:24:00.000 align:start position:0% the the use of robots in the military 01:24:00.000 --> 01:24:02.790 align:start position:0% the the use of robots in the military robots<01:24:00.400> and<01:24:00.840> war 01:24:02.790 --> 01:24:02.800 align:start position:0% robots and war 01:24:02.800 --> 01:24:04.310 align:start position:0% robots and war as<01:24:03.040> i'm<01:24:03.199> sure<01:24:03.360> you<01:24:03.440> know<01:24:03.679> there<01:24:03.840> are<01:24:03.920> now<01:24:04.159> more 01:24:04.310 --> 01:24:04.320 align:start position:0% as i'm sure you know there are now more 01:24:04.320 --> 01:24:06.070 align:start position:0% as i'm sure you know there are now more than<01:24:04.560> 40<01:24:04.880> countries<01:24:05.280> that<01:24:05.440> have<01:24:05.600> military 01:24:06.070 --> 01:24:06.080 align:start position:0% than 40 countries that have military 01:24:06.080 --> 01:24:07.910 align:start position:0% than 40 countries that have military robotics<01:24:06.560> programs 01:24:07.910 --> 01:24:07.920 align:start position:0% robotics programs 01:24:07.920 --> 01:24:09.750 align:start position:0% robotics programs we've<01:24:08.159> had<01:24:08.400> a<01:24:08.480> monopoly<01:24:09.199> on<01:24:09.280> the<01:24:09.440> use<01:24:09.679> of 01:24:09.750 --> 01:24:09.760 align:start position:0% we've had a monopoly on the use of 01:24:09.760 --> 01:24:10.950 align:start position:0% we've had a monopoly on the use of robots<01:24:10.239> in<01:24:10.400> the 01:24:10.950 --> 01:24:10.960 align:start position:0% robots in the 01:24:10.960 --> 01:24:14.149 align:start position:0% robots in the field<01:24:11.840> but<01:24:12.719> we<01:24:12.960> no<01:24:13.120> longer<01:24:13.360> have<01:24:13.520> a<01:24:13.600> monopoly 01:24:14.149 --> 01:24:14.159 align:start position:0% field but we no longer have a monopoly 01:24:14.159 --> 01:24:14.950 align:start position:0% field but we no longer have a monopoly on<01:24:14.320> guns 01:24:14.950 --> 01:24:14.960 align:start position:0% on guns 01:24:14.960 --> 01:24:17.430 align:start position:0% on guns every<01:24:15.199> country<01:24:15.520> has<01:24:15.760> guns<01:24:16.400> you<01:24:16.560> see<01:24:16.960> so<01:24:17.280> i 01:24:17.430 --> 01:24:17.440 align:start position:0% every country has guns you see so i 01:24:17.440 --> 01:24:19.030 align:start position:0% every country has guns you see so i don't<01:24:17.600> think<01:24:17.760> we'll<01:24:17.920> have<01:24:18.000> a<01:24:18.080> monopoly<01:24:18.639> on 01:24:19.030 --> 01:24:19.040 align:start position:0% don't think we'll have a monopoly on 01:24:19.040 --> 01:24:22.470 align:start position:0% don't think we'll have a monopoly on robots<01:24:19.520> either<01:24:20.639> and<01:24:21.120> that<01:24:21.440> means 01:24:22.470 --> 01:24:22.480 align:start position:0% robots either and that means 01:24:22.480 --> 01:24:24.310 align:start position:0% robots either and that means that<01:24:22.800> um<01:24:23.360> there<01:24:23.520> will<01:24:23.679> have<01:24:23.840> to<01:24:23.920> be<01:24:24.080> some 01:24:24.310 --> 01:24:24.320 align:start position:0% that um there will have to be some 01:24:24.320 --> 01:24:26.790 align:start position:0% that um there will have to be some pretty<01:24:24.560> dramatic 01:24:26.790 --> 01:24:26.800 align:start position:0% pretty dramatic 01:24:26.800 --> 01:24:28.870 align:start position:0% pretty dramatic oh<01:24:26.960> you<01:24:27.120> got<01:24:27.280> it<01:24:27.440> it's<01:24:27.600> okay<01:24:27.920> it's<01:24:28.080> okay<01:24:28.639> okay 01:24:28.870 --> 01:24:28.880 align:start position:0% oh you got it it's okay it's okay okay 01:24:28.880 --> 01:24:29.990 align:start position:0% oh you got it it's okay it's okay okay that's<01:24:29.120> fine<01:24:29.440> that's<01:24:29.679> fine 01:24:29.990 --> 01:24:30.000 align:start position:0% that's fine that's fine 01:24:30.000 --> 01:24:31.990 align:start position:0% that's fine that's fine that's<01:24:30.239> fine<01:24:30.480> you<01:24:30.639> can<01:24:30.719> go<01:24:30.880> ahead<01:24:31.120> and<01:24:31.280> go<01:24:31.440> away 01:24:31.990 --> 01:24:32.000 align:start position:0% that's fine you can go ahead and go away 01:24:32.000 --> 01:24:37.750 align:start position:0% that's fine you can go ahead and go away go<01:24:32.159> away<01:24:32.639> go<01:24:32.800> away 01:24:37.750 --> 01:24:37.760 align:start position:0% 01:24:37.760 --> 01:24:51.350 align:start position:0% the<01:24:42.840> um 01:24:51.350 --> 01:24:51.360 align:start position:0% 01:24:51.360 --> 01:25:21.910 align:start position:0% i'll<01:24:51.520> get<01:24:51.679> her<01:24:51.840> i'll<01:24:52.000> get<01:24:56.840> here 01:25:21.910 --> 01:25:21.920 align:start position:0% 01:25:21.920 --> 01:25:30.950 align:start position:0% go<01:25:24.840> out 01:25:30.950 --> 01:25:30.960 align:start position:0% 01:25:30.960 --> 01:25:39.750 align:start position:0% okay 01:25:39.750 --> 01:25:39.760 align:start position:0% 01:25:39.760 --> 01:25:43.270 align:start position:0% i<01:25:39.920> think<01:25:40.400> um<01:25:41.440> autonomous<01:25:42.159> vehicles 01:25:43.270 --> 01:25:43.280 align:start position:0% i think um autonomous vehicles 01:25:43.280 --> 01:25:45.030 align:start position:0% i think um autonomous vehicles will<01:25:43.520> be<01:25:43.679> one<01:25:43.840> of<01:25:44.000> the<01:25:44.080> major<01:25:44.480> challenges<01:25:44.960> in 01:25:45.030 --> 01:25:45.040 align:start position:0% will be one of the major challenges in 01:25:45.040 --> 01:25:48.229 align:start position:0% will be one of the major challenges in robotics<01:25:46.080> from<01:25:46.320> the<01:25:46.480> time<01:25:46.719> that 01:25:48.229 --> 01:25:48.239 align:start position:0% robotics from the time that 01:25:48.239 --> 01:25:51.590 align:start position:0% robotics from the time that sebastian<01:25:49.280> throne<01:25:50.639> won<01:25:50.960> the<01:25:51.199> dharba 01:25:51.590 --> 01:25:51.600 align:start position:0% sebastian throne won the dharba 01:25:51.600 --> 01:25:53.430 align:start position:0% sebastian throne won the dharba challenge<01:25:52.159> as<01:25:52.400> you<01:25:52.480> know 01:25:53.430 --> 01:25:53.440 align:start position:0% challenge as you know 01:25:53.440 --> 01:25:56.550 align:start position:0% challenge as you know the<01:25:53.600> idea<01:25:54.000> of<01:25:54.159> using<01:25:54.719> robot<01:25:55.120> vehicles 01:25:56.550 --> 01:25:56.560 align:start position:0% the idea of using robot vehicles 01:25:56.560 --> 01:25:59.350 align:start position:0% the idea of using robot vehicles has<01:25:56.800> become<01:25:57.120> much<01:25:57.360> more<01:25:57.600> prevalent<01:25:58.480> and<01:25:59.199> there 01:25:59.350 --> 01:25:59.360 align:start position:0% has become much more prevalent and there 01:25:59.360 --> 01:26:01.669 align:start position:0% has become much more prevalent and there are<01:25:59.520> programs<01:26:00.000> in<01:26:00.159> europe<01:26:00.560> as<01:26:00.800> you<01:26:00.960> know 01:26:01.669 --> 01:26:01.679 align:start position:0% are programs in europe as you know 01:26:01.679 --> 01:26:03.030 align:start position:0% are programs in europe as you know as<01:26:01.840> well<01:26:02.000> as<01:26:02.159> in<01:26:02.239> the<01:26:02.320> united<01:26:02.639> states<01:26:02.880> and 01:26:03.030 --> 01:26:03.040 align:start position:0% as well as in the united states and 01:26:03.040 --> 01:26:05.350 align:start position:0% as well as in the united states and other<01:26:03.280> places<01:26:04.080> to<01:26:04.320> create<01:26:04.560> these<01:26:04.800> vehicles 01:26:05.350 --> 01:26:05.360 align:start position:0% other places to create these vehicles 01:26:05.360 --> 01:26:07.750 align:start position:0% other places to create these vehicles but<01:26:05.600> again<01:26:06.000> i<01:26:06.159> think<01:26:06.320> we<01:26:06.560> need<01:26:06.719> to<01:26:06.880> find<01:26:07.280> ways 01:26:07.750 --> 01:26:07.760 align:start position:0% but again i think we need to find ways 01:26:07.760 --> 01:26:09.990 align:start position:0% but again i think we need to find ways in<01:26:08.000> which 01:26:09.990 --> 01:26:10.000 align:start position:0% in which 01:26:10.000 --> 01:26:13.430 align:start position:0% in which we<01:26:10.159> can<01:26:11.280> we<01:26:11.440> can<01:26:11.679> adapt 01:26:13.430 --> 01:26:13.440 align:start position:0% we can we can adapt 01:26:13.440 --> 01:26:16.229 align:start position:0% we can we can adapt to<01:26:13.760> such<01:26:14.000> vehicles<01:26:14.480> in<01:26:14.639> terms<01:26:15.040> of<01:26:15.280> our<01:26:15.920> of<01:26:16.080> our 01:26:16.229 --> 01:26:16.239 align:start position:0% to such vehicles in terms of our of our 01:26:16.239 --> 01:26:17.590 align:start position:0% to such vehicles in terms of our of our legal<01:26:16.560> system 01:26:17.590 --> 01:26:17.600 align:start position:0% legal system 01:26:17.600 --> 01:26:19.590 align:start position:0% legal system we<01:26:17.760> don't<01:26:17.920> have<01:26:18.080> the<01:26:18.239> appropriate<01:26:18.719> rules 01:26:19.590 --> 01:26:19.600 align:start position:0% we don't have the appropriate rules 01:26:19.600 --> 01:26:21.270 align:start position:0% we don't have the appropriate rules rules<01:26:20.000> of<01:26:20.080> the<01:26:20.159> road<01:26:20.560> we<01:26:20.719> don't<01:26:20.960> have<01:26:21.120> the 01:26:21.270 --> 01:26:21.280 align:start position:0% rules of the road we don't have the 01:26:21.280 --> 01:26:22.950 align:start position:0% rules of the road we don't have the appropriate<01:26:21.760> vehicle<01:26:22.159> codes<01:26:22.560> and<01:26:22.639> we<01:26:22.800> don't 01:26:22.950 --> 01:26:22.960 align:start position:0% appropriate vehicle codes and we don't 01:26:22.960 --> 01:26:23.510 align:start position:0% appropriate vehicle codes and we don't have<01:26:23.040> the<01:26:23.120> right 01:26:23.510 --> 01:26:23.520 align:start position:0% have the right 01:26:23.520 --> 01:26:26.229 align:start position:0% have the right questions<01:26:23.920> of<01:26:24.000> risk<01:26:24.239> and<01:26:24.400> responsibility<01:26:26.080> the 01:26:26.229 --> 01:26:26.239 align:start position:0% questions of risk and responsibility the 01:26:26.239 --> 01:26:27.910 align:start position:0% questions of risk and responsibility the third<01:26:26.560> area<01:26:26.800> that<01:26:27.040> intrigues<01:26:27.440> me<01:26:27.600> a<01:26:27.679> great 01:26:27.910 --> 01:26:27.920 align:start position:0% third area that intrigues me a great 01:26:27.920 --> 01:26:28.390 align:start position:0% third area that intrigues me a great deal 01:26:28.390 --> 01:26:28.400 align:start position:0% deal 01:26:28.400 --> 01:26:32.310 align:start position:0% deal is<01:26:30.560> robots<01:26:31.120> in 01:26:32.310 --> 01:26:32.320 align:start position:0% is robots in 01:26:32.320 --> 01:26:35.990 align:start position:0% is robots in healthcare<01:26:33.040> in<01:26:33.199> a<01:26:33.280> variety<01:26:33.760> of<01:26:34.840> ways 01:26:35.990 --> 01:26:36.000 align:start position:0% healthcare in a variety of ways 01:26:36.000 --> 01:26:39.510 align:start position:0% healthcare in a variety of ways we<01:26:36.320> know<01:26:36.560> that<01:26:36.800> we<01:26:37.040> have 01:26:39.510 --> 01:26:39.520 align:start position:0% 01:26:39.520 --> 01:26:42.390 align:start position:0% we<01:26:39.679> have<01:26:39.840> robots<01:26:40.719> surgery<01:26:41.280> devices<01:26:42.080> like<01:26:42.239> the 01:26:42.390 --> 01:26:42.400 align:start position:0% we have robots surgery devices like the 01:26:42.400 --> 01:26:43.189 align:start position:0% we have robots surgery devices like the da<01:26:42.560> vinci 01:26:43.189 --> 01:26:43.199 align:start position:0% da vinci 01:26:43.199 --> 01:26:45.750 align:start position:0% da vinci system<01:26:44.239> but<01:26:44.480> it's<01:26:44.639> really<01:26:44.880> a<01:26:44.960> tele-operated 01:26:45.750 --> 01:26:45.760 align:start position:0% system but it's really a tele-operated 01:26:45.760 --> 01:26:47.669 align:start position:0% system but it's really a tele-operated robot 01:26:47.669 --> 01:26:47.679 align:start position:0% robot 01:26:47.679 --> 01:26:50.629 align:start position:0% robot and<01:26:47.920> i<01:26:48.000> think<01:26:48.239> that<01:26:49.040> the<01:26:49.280> time<01:26:49.520> will<01:26:49.679> come<01:26:50.159> here 01:26:50.629 --> 01:26:50.639 align:start position:0% and i think that the time will come here 01:26:50.639 --> 01:26:52.550 align:start position:0% and i think that the time will come here as<01:26:50.800> well<01:26:51.120> as<01:26:51.280> in<01:26:51.440> the<01:26:51.520> military 01:26:52.550 --> 01:26:52.560 align:start position:0% as well as in the military 01:26:52.560 --> 01:26:54.229 align:start position:0% as well as in the military that<01:26:52.800> these<01:26:53.040> robots<01:26:53.440> will<01:26:53.600> have<01:26:53.760> increasing 01:26:54.229 --> 01:26:54.239 align:start position:0% that these robots will have increasing 01:26:54.239 --> 01:26:56.629 align:start position:0% that these robots will have increasing degrees<01:26:54.560> of<01:26:54.639> autonomy 01:26:56.629 --> 01:26:56.639 align:start position:0% degrees of autonomy 01:26:56.639 --> 01:26:59.110 align:start position:0% degrees of autonomy and<01:26:57.120> will<01:26:57.360> be<01:26:57.520> able<01:26:57.679> to<01:26:57.840> perform<01:26:58.480> surgery<01:26:58.960> on 01:26:59.110 --> 01:26:59.120 align:start position:0% and will be able to perform surgery on 01:26:59.120 --> 01:26:59.990 align:start position:0% and will be able to perform surgery on their<01:26:59.280> own 01:26:59.990 --> 01:27:00.000 align:start position:0% their own 01:27:00.000 --> 01:27:02.390 align:start position:0% their own just<01:27:00.239> like<01:27:00.480> i<01:27:00.639> believe<01:27:01.120> the<01:27:01.600> robots<01:27:02.000> within<01:27:02.320> a 01:27:02.390 --> 01:27:02.400 align:start position:0% just like i believe the robots within a 01:27:02.400 --> 01:27:03.669 align:start position:0% just like i believe the robots within a decade<01:27:02.800> or<01:27:02.960> so 01:27:03.669 --> 01:27:03.679 align:start position:0% decade or so 01:27:03.679 --> 01:27:07.270 align:start position:0% decade or so in<01:27:04.719> in<01:27:04.960> some<01:27:05.760> unknown<01:27:06.239> conflict 01:27:07.270 --> 01:27:07.280 align:start position:0% in in some unknown conflict 01:27:07.280 --> 01:27:09.030 align:start position:0% in in some unknown conflict would<01:27:07.440> be<01:27:07.679> able<01:27:07.840> to<01:27:08.000> find<01:27:08.239> their<01:27:08.400> own<01:27:08.560> targets 01:27:09.030 --> 01:27:09.040 align:start position:0% would be able to find their own targets 01:27:09.040 --> 01:27:10.470 align:start position:0% would be able to find their own targets and<01:27:09.120> release<01:27:09.520> their<01:27:09.760> own 01:27:10.470 --> 01:27:10.480 align:start position:0% and release their own 01:27:10.480 --> 01:27:13.669 align:start position:0% and release their own missiles<01:27:10.960> without<01:27:11.920> human 01:27:13.669 --> 01:27:13.679 align:start position:0% missiles without human 01:27:13.679 --> 01:27:17.030 align:start position:0% missiles without human immediate<01:27:14.400> consent<01:27:16.239> so 01:27:17.030 --> 01:27:17.040 align:start position:0% immediate consent so 01:27:17.040 --> 01:27:20.310 align:start position:0% immediate consent so uh<01:27:17.440> but<01:27:17.440> but<01:27:18.000> in<01:27:18.080> healthcare<01:27:19.280> the<01:27:20.000> this<01:27:20.239> of 01:27:20.310 --> 01:27:20.320 align:start position:0% uh but but in healthcare the this of 01:27:20.320 --> 01:27:22.070 align:start position:0% uh but but in healthcare the this of course<01:27:20.560> raises<01:27:20.960> a<01:27:21.040> whole<01:27:21.360> series<01:27:21.679> of<01:27:21.840> new 01:27:22.070 --> 01:27:22.080 align:start position:0% course raises a whole series of new 01:27:22.080 --> 01:27:23.990 align:start position:0% course raises a whole series of new ethical<01:27:22.480> questions<01:27:22.960> as<01:27:23.040> well 01:27:23.990 --> 01:27:24.000 align:start position:0% ethical questions as well 01:27:24.000 --> 01:27:27.830 align:start position:0% ethical questions as well and<01:27:25.760> if<01:27:26.000> i<01:27:26.159> wake<01:27:26.480> up<01:27:26.800> from<01:27:27.040> a<01:27:27.199> surgery<01:27:27.600> and<01:27:27.760> it 01:27:27.830 --> 01:27:27.840 align:start position:0% and if i wake up from a surgery and it 01:27:27.840 --> 01:27:29.430 align:start position:0% and if i wake up from a surgery and it was<01:27:28.000> done<01:27:28.159> by<01:27:28.320> a<01:27:28.400> robot<01:27:28.800> and<01:27:28.960> i<01:27:29.040> thought<01:27:29.199> it<01:27:29.280> was 01:27:29.430 --> 01:27:29.440 align:start position:0% was done by a robot and i thought it was 01:27:29.440 --> 01:27:31.270 align:start position:0% was done by a robot and i thought it was going<01:27:29.520> to<01:27:29.600> be<01:27:29.760> done<01:27:30.000> by<01:27:30.159> a<01:27:30.320> physician 01:27:31.270 --> 01:27:31.280 align:start position:0% going to be done by a physician 01:27:31.280 --> 01:27:33.510 align:start position:0% going to be done by a physician by<01:27:31.520> a<01:27:31.520> human<01:27:31.920> physician<01:27:32.719> and<01:27:32.880> it<01:27:33.040> didn't<01:27:33.280> go 01:27:33.510 --> 01:27:33.520 align:start position:0% by a human physician and it didn't go 01:27:33.520 --> 01:27:34.709 align:start position:0% by a human physician and it didn't go well 01:27:34.709 --> 01:27:34.719 align:start position:0% well 01:27:34.719 --> 01:27:38.070 align:start position:0% well then<01:27:34.960> whom<01:27:35.120> do<01:27:35.360> i<01:27:35.520> sue<01:27:36.000> you<01:27:36.239> see 01:27:38.070 --> 01:27:38.080 align:start position:0% then whom do i sue you see 01:27:38.080 --> 01:27:40.790 align:start position:0% then whom do i sue you see and<01:27:38.800> to<01:27:38.960> what<01:27:39.199> extent<01:27:39.920> will<01:27:40.239> hospital 01:27:40.790 --> 01:27:40.800 align:start position:0% and to what extent will hospital 01:27:40.800 --> 01:27:42.709 align:start position:0% and to what extent will hospital administrators<01:27:41.600> begin<01:27:41.840> to<01:27:42.000> rely<01:27:42.400> on 01:27:42.709 --> 01:27:42.719 align:start position:0% administrators begin to rely on 01:27:42.719 --> 01:27:46.470 align:start position:0% administrators begin to rely on robots<01:27:44.000> to<01:27:44.400> perform<01:27:45.440> surgeries 01:27:46.470 --> 01:27:46.480 align:start position:0% robots to perform surgeries 01:27:46.480 --> 01:27:49.990 align:start position:0% robots to perform surgeries if<01:27:46.639> it's<01:27:46.800> less<01:27:47.040> expensive<01:27:49.440> both<01:27:49.679> for<01:27:49.840> the 01:27:49.990 --> 01:27:50.000 align:start position:0% if it's less expensive both for the 01:27:50.000 --> 01:27:50.870 align:start position:0% if it's less expensive both for the hospital<01:27:50.560> and 01:27:50.870 --> 01:27:50.880 align:start position:0% hospital and 01:27:50.880 --> 01:27:53.830 align:start position:0% hospital and and<01:27:51.199> for<01:27:51.360> the<01:27:51.920> patient<01:27:53.120> so<01:27:53.360> these<01:27:53.520> are<01:27:53.600> things 01:27:53.830 --> 01:27:53.840 align:start position:0% and for the patient so these are things 01:27:53.840 --> 01:27:55.270 align:start position:0% and for the patient so these are things again<01:27:54.159> we<01:27:54.239> don't<01:27:54.400> know<01:27:54.480> how<01:27:54.639> to<01:27:54.800> do<01:27:55.040> we<01:27:55.120> don't 01:27:55.270 --> 01:27:55.280 align:start position:0% again we don't know how to do we don't 01:27:55.280 --> 01:27:56.470 align:start position:0% again we don't know how to do we don't know<01:27:55.440> how<01:27:55.600> to<01:27:55.679> deal<01:27:55.920> with<01:27:56.159> the 01:27:56.470 --> 01:27:56.480 align:start position:0% know how to deal with the 01:27:56.480 --> 01:28:00.149 align:start position:0% know how to deal with the we<01:27:56.639> don't<01:27:56.800> have<01:27:57.040> the<01:27:58.840> the 01:28:00.149 --> 01:28:00.159 align:start position:0% we don't have the the 01:28:00.159 --> 01:28:03.910 align:start position:0% we don't have the the social<01:28:00.880> and<01:28:01.760> um 01:28:03.910 --> 01:28:03.920 align:start position:0% social and um 01:28:03.920 --> 01:28:07.270 align:start position:0% social and um i<01:28:04.000> would<01:28:04.239> say<01:28:04.560> emotional<01:28:05.679> machinery 01:28:07.270 --> 01:28:07.280 align:start position:0% i would say emotional machinery 01:28:07.280 --> 01:28:09.830 align:start position:0% i would say emotional machinery for<01:28:08.000> integrating<01:28:08.560> robots<01:28:08.960> into<01:28:09.199> society<01:28:09.679> in 01:28:09.830 --> 01:28:09.840 align:start position:0% for integrating robots into society in 01:28:09.840 --> 01:28:11.430 align:start position:0% for integrating robots into society in any<01:28:10.000> kind<01:28:10.080> of<01:28:10.239> a<01:28:10.320> proper<01:28:10.719> way 01:28:11.430 --> 01:28:11.440 align:start position:0% any kind of a proper way 01:28:11.440 --> 01:28:13.990 align:start position:0% any kind of a proper way so<01:28:11.679> we<01:28:11.840> need<01:28:12.159> legal<01:28:12.639> and<01:28:12.880> social<01:28:13.360> frameworks 01:28:13.990 --> 01:28:14.000 align:start position:0% so we need legal and social frameworks 01:28:14.000 --> 01:28:15.430 align:start position:0% so we need legal and social frameworks which<01:28:14.239> we<01:28:14.400> currently<01:28:14.719> don't<01:28:14.960> have<01:28:15.199> and<01:28:15.360> i 01:28:15.430 --> 01:28:15.440 align:start position:0% which we currently don't have and i 01:28:15.440 --> 01:28:16.470 align:start position:0% which we currently don't have and i think<01:28:15.600> that's<01:28:15.840> going<01:28:15.920> to<01:28:16.000> be<01:28:16.080> one<01:28:16.239> of<01:28:16.400> our 01:28:16.470 --> 01:28:16.480 align:start position:0% think that's going to be one of our 01:28:16.480 --> 01:28:17.750 align:start position:0% think that's going to be one of our biggest<01:28:16.800> problems 01:28:17.750 --> 01:28:17.760 align:start position:0% biggest problems 01:28:17.760 --> 01:28:20.870 align:start position:0% biggest problems the<01:28:17.920> second<01:28:18.960> area<01:28:19.360> in<01:28:19.520> the<01:28:19.600> healthcare 01:28:20.870 --> 01:28:20.880 align:start position:0% the second area in the healthcare 01:28:20.880 --> 01:28:24.709 align:start position:0% the second area in the healthcare is<01:28:22.159> the<01:28:22.320> prosthetics<01:28:23.760> and 01:28:24.709 --> 01:28:24.719 align:start position:0% is the prosthetics and 01:28:24.719 --> 01:28:26.229 align:start position:0% is the prosthetics and where<01:28:24.880> i<01:28:24.960> think<01:28:25.199> robots<01:28:25.600> are<01:28:25.679> already<01:28:26.000> playing 01:28:26.229 --> 01:28:26.239 align:start position:0% where i think robots are already playing 01:28:26.239 --> 01:28:29.030 align:start position:0% where i think robots are already playing an<01:28:26.400> important<01:28:26.800> role<01:28:27.440> the<01:28:27.920> the<01:28:28.080> autobahc 01:28:29.030 --> 01:28:29.040 align:start position:0% an important role the the autobahc 01:28:29.040 --> 01:28:31.590 align:start position:0% an important role the the autobahc computer-controlled<01:28:30.000> knee<01:28:30.880> which<01:28:31.120> is<01:28:31.280> fitted 01:28:31.590 --> 01:28:31.600 align:start position:0% computer-controlled knee which is fitted 01:28:31.600 --> 01:28:33.750 align:start position:0% computer-controlled knee which is fitted to<01:28:31.760> nearly<01:28:32.159> all<01:28:32.320> the<01:28:32.480> amputees<01:28:33.120> coming<01:28:33.440> from 01:28:33.750 --> 01:28:33.760 align:start position:0% to nearly all the amputees coming from 01:28:33.760 --> 01:28:37.110 align:start position:0% to nearly all the amputees coming from iraq<01:28:34.159> or<01:28:34.320> afghanistan<01:28:36.400> is<01:28:36.560> a 01:28:37.110 --> 01:28:37.120 align:start position:0% iraq or afghanistan is a 01:28:37.120 --> 01:28:40.310 align:start position:0% iraq or afghanistan is a wonderful<01:28:37.600> device<01:28:38.960> but<01:28:39.440> it's 01:28:40.310 --> 01:28:40.320 align:start position:0% wonderful device but it's 01:28:40.320 --> 01:28:42.229 align:start position:0% wonderful device but it's only<01:28:40.800> the<01:28:40.960> first<01:28:41.280> one<01:28:41.600> of<01:28:41.679> what<01:28:41.840> i<01:28:41.920> think<01:28:42.080> would 01:28:42.229 --> 01:28:42.239 align:start position:0% only the first one of what i think would 01:28:42.239 --> 01:28:43.910 align:start position:0% only the first one of what i think would be<01:28:42.400> many<01:28:42.719> more 01:28:43.910 --> 01:28:43.920 align:start position:0% be many more 01:28:43.920 --> 01:28:46.310 align:start position:0% be many more there's<01:28:44.239> a<01:28:44.320> large<01:28:44.639> darpa<01:28:45.040> program<01:28:45.520> to<01:28:45.760> create 01:28:46.310 --> 01:28:46.320 align:start position:0% there's a large darpa program to create 01:28:46.320 --> 01:28:47.910 align:start position:0% there's a large darpa program to create artificial<01:28:46.880> arms 01:28:47.910 --> 01:28:47.920 align:start position:0% artificial arms 01:28:47.920 --> 01:28:49.830 align:start position:0% artificial arms with<01:28:48.159> the<01:28:48.239> full<01:28:48.560> functionality<01:28:49.280> of<01:28:49.360> a<01:28:49.440> human 01:28:49.830 --> 01:28:49.840 align:start position:0% with the full functionality of a human 01:28:49.840 --> 01:28:51.270 align:start position:0% with the full functionality of a human arm 01:28:51.270 --> 01:28:51.280 align:start position:0% arm 01:28:51.280 --> 01:28:53.430 align:start position:0% arm so<01:28:51.440> those<01:28:51.679> are<01:28:51.760> robot<01:28:52.159> arms<01:28:52.560> they're<01:28:53.040> they're 01:28:53.430 --> 01:28:53.440 align:start position:0% so those are robot arms they're they're 01:28:53.440 --> 01:28:54.550 align:start position:0% so those are robot arms they're they're they're<01:28:53.679> not 01:28:54.550 --> 01:28:54.560 align:start position:0% they're not 01:28:54.560 --> 01:28:56.870 align:start position:0% they're not they're<01:28:54.880> clearly<01:28:55.199> autonomous<01:28:55.840> devices<01:28:56.719> with 01:28:56.870 --> 01:28:56.880 align:start position:0% they're clearly autonomous devices with 01:28:56.880 --> 01:28:58.470 align:start position:0% they're clearly autonomous devices with a<01:28:56.960> lot<01:28:57.120> of<01:28:57.280> sensors<01:28:57.760> and<01:28:57.920> the<01:28:58.000> ability<01:28:58.400> to 01:28:58.470 --> 01:28:58.480 align:start position:0% a lot of sensors and the ability to 01:28:58.480 --> 01:28:59.590 align:start position:0% a lot of sensors and the ability to actuate 01:28:59.590 --> 01:28:59.600 align:start position:0% actuate 01:28:59.600 --> 01:29:01.189 align:start position:0% actuate but<01:28:59.760> there<01:28:59.920> are<01:29:00.080> lots<01:29:00.320> of<01:29:00.480> other<01:29:00.719> things<01:29:00.960> going 01:29:01.189 --> 01:29:01.199 align:start position:0% but there are lots of other things going 01:29:01.199 --> 01:29:03.030 align:start position:0% but there are lots of other things going on<01:29:01.440> you<01:29:01.520> see<01:29:01.679> there<01:29:01.920> are 01:29:03.030 --> 01:29:03.040 align:start position:0% on you see there are 01:29:03.040 --> 01:29:05.110 align:start position:0% on you see there are there<01:29:03.199> are<01:29:03.360> programs<01:29:04.000> for<01:29:04.239> replacement<01:29:04.880> of 01:29:05.110 --> 01:29:05.120 align:start position:0% there are programs for replacement of 01:29:05.120 --> 01:29:06.310 align:start position:0% there are programs for replacement of portions 01:29:06.310 --> 01:29:06.320 align:start position:0% portions 01:29:06.320 --> 01:29:08.629 align:start position:0% portions of<01:29:06.960> the<01:29:07.120> central<01:29:07.440> nervous<01:29:07.840> system<01:29:08.239> including 01:29:08.629 --> 01:29:08.639 align:start position:0% of the central nervous system including 01:29:08.639 --> 01:29:11.430 align:start position:0% of the central nervous system including portions<01:29:09.040> of<01:29:09.120> the<01:29:09.280> brain<01:29:09.600> by<01:29:09.840> chips 01:29:11.430 --> 01:29:11.440 align:start position:0% portions of the brain by chips 01:29:11.440 --> 01:29:13.990 align:start position:0% portions of the brain by chips which<01:29:11.679> will<01:29:11.920> be<01:29:12.560> able<01:29:12.800> to<01:29:13.600> pick<01:29:13.840> up 01:29:13.990 --> 01:29:14.000 align:start position:0% which will be able to pick up 01:29:14.000 --> 01:29:15.830 align:start position:0% which will be able to pick up information<01:29:14.480> from<01:29:14.639> the<01:29:14.800> outside<01:29:15.360> world<01:29:15.679> that 01:29:15.830 --> 01:29:15.840 align:start position:0% information from the outside world that 01:29:15.840 --> 01:29:17.270 align:start position:0% information from the outside world that would<01:29:16.000> normally<01:29:16.480> be<01:29:16.719> sensed 01:29:17.270 --> 01:29:17.280 align:start position:0% would normally be sensed 01:29:17.280 --> 01:29:19.750 align:start position:0% would normally be sensed and<01:29:17.520> sent<01:29:17.760> to<01:29:18.000> them<01:29:18.159> by<01:29:18.320> the<01:29:18.480> eyes<01:29:18.960> or<01:29:19.440> you<01:29:19.600> know 01:29:19.750 --> 01:29:19.760 align:start position:0% and sent to them by the eyes or you know 01:29:19.760 --> 01:29:20.950 align:start position:0% and sent to them by the eyes or you know and<01:29:19.840> so<01:29:20.000> on<01:29:20.159> or<01:29:20.400> by 01:29:20.950 --> 01:29:20.960 align:start position:0% and so on or by 01:29:20.960 --> 01:29:25.510 align:start position:0% and so on or by or<01:29:21.199> by<01:29:21.520> uh<01:29:23.199> stretch<01:29:23.600> receptors<01:29:24.159> and<01:29:24.320> muscles 01:29:25.510 --> 01:29:25.520 align:start position:0% or by uh stretch receptors and muscles 01:29:25.520 --> 01:29:27.750 align:start position:0% or by uh stretch receptors and muscles and<01:29:25.679> then<01:29:26.000> this<01:29:26.639> chip<01:29:26.880> would<01:29:27.199> process<01:29:27.600> the 01:29:27.750 --> 01:29:27.760 align:start position:0% and then this chip would process the 01:29:27.760 --> 01:29:28.550 align:start position:0% and then this chip would process the information 01:29:28.550 --> 01:29:28.560 align:start position:0% information 01:29:28.560 --> 01:29:31.189 align:start position:0% information in<01:29:28.639> the<01:29:28.800> way<01:29:29.040> in<01:29:29.199> which<01:29:29.440> the<01:29:30.080> a<01:29:30.320> say<01:29:30.560> a<01:29:30.639> disease 01:29:31.189 --> 01:29:31.199 align:start position:0% in the way in which the a say a disease 01:29:31.199 --> 01:29:31.830 align:start position:0% in the way in which the a say a disease section<01:29:31.600> of 01:29:31.830 --> 01:29:31.840 align:start position:0% section of 01:29:31.840 --> 01:29:33.990 align:start position:0% section of the<01:29:32.000> brain<01:29:32.400> would<01:29:32.560> have<01:29:32.719> processed<01:29:33.199> them<01:29:33.840> and 01:29:33.990 --> 01:29:34.000 align:start position:0% the brain would have processed them and 01:29:34.000 --> 01:29:36.870 align:start position:0% the brain would have processed them and then<01:29:34.320> provide<01:29:34.800> output<01:29:35.199> signals<01:29:35.679> to<01:29:35.840> the<01:29:35.920> world 01:29:36.870 --> 01:29:36.880 align:start position:0% then provide output signals to the world 01:29:36.880 --> 01:29:41.830 align:start position:0% then provide output signals to the world so<01:29:37.120> i<01:29:37.360> i<01:29:37.600> think<01:29:37.840> that<01:29:38.000> there's<01:29:38.239> a<01:29:39.120> there<01:29:39.360> is<01:29:39.520> a 01:29:41.830 --> 01:29:41.840 align:start position:0% 01:29:41.840 --> 01:29:44.550 align:start position:0% an<01:29:42.080> almost<01:29:42.480> unlimited<01:29:43.040> horizon<01:29:43.760> in<01:29:44.159> what<01:29:44.400> can 01:29:44.550 --> 01:29:44.560 align:start position:0% an almost unlimited horizon in what can 01:29:44.560 --> 01:29:45.669 align:start position:0% an almost unlimited horizon in what can be<01:29:44.719> done 01:29:45.669 --> 01:29:45.679 align:start position:0% be done 01:29:45.679 --> 01:29:48.870 align:start position:0% be done in<01:29:46.080> creating<01:29:46.480> new<01:29:46.719> bionic<01:29:47.280> people<01:29:48.080> and<01:29:48.639> many 01:29:48.870 --> 01:29:48.880 align:start position:0% in creating new bionic people and many 01:29:48.880 --> 01:29:51.270 align:start position:0% in creating new bionic people and many of<01:29:49.040> these<01:29:49.280> replacements<01:29:50.080> will<01:29:50.320> be 01:29:51.270 --> 01:29:51.280 align:start position:0% of these replacements will be 01:29:51.280 --> 01:29:56.229 align:start position:0% of these replacements will be from<01:29:51.520> my<01:29:51.679> point<01:29:51.920> of<01:29:52.000> view<01:29:52.239> robots 01:29:56.229 --> 01:29:56.239 align:start position:0% 01:29:56.239 --> 01:29:58.629 align:start position:0% and<01:29:57.199> you<01:29:57.360> see<01:29:57.520> so<01:29:57.679> that<01:29:57.840> puts<01:29:58.080> the<01:29:58.159> whole<01:29:58.400> thing 01:29:58.629 --> 01:29:58.639 align:start position:0% and you see so that puts the whole thing 01:29:58.639 --> 01:30:02.070 align:start position:0% and you see so that puts the whole thing into<01:29:58.880> a<01:29:59.040> larger<01:29:59.600> context 01:30:02.070 --> 01:30:02.080 align:start position:0% into a larger context 01:30:02.080 --> 01:30:04.229 align:start position:0% into a larger context in<01:30:02.320> which<01:30:03.040> we<01:30:03.199> really<01:30:03.520> begin<01:30:03.760> to<01:30:03.920> ask 01:30:04.229 --> 01:30:04.239 align:start position:0% in which we really begin to ask 01:30:04.239 --> 01:30:06.149 align:start position:0% in which we really begin to ask ourselves<01:30:04.639> the<01:30:04.800> question<01:30:05.280> of<01:30:05.440> what<01:30:05.679> it<01:30:05.840> really 01:30:06.149 --> 01:30:06.159 align:start position:0% ourselves the question of what it really 01:30:06.159 --> 01:30:08.390 align:start position:0% ourselves the question of what it really means<01:30:06.400> to<01:30:06.480> be<01:30:06.719> human 01:30:08.390 --> 01:30:08.400 align:start position:0% means to be human 01:30:08.400 --> 01:30:14.550 align:start position:0% means to be human and<01:30:09.840> to<01:30:10.000> what<01:30:10.239> extent<01:30:11.040> does 01:30:14.550 --> 01:30:14.560 align:start position:0% 01:30:14.560 --> 01:30:18.830 align:start position:0% do<01:30:14.719> robots<01:30:15.199> and<01:30:15.360> humans 01:30:18.830 --> 01:30:18.840 align:start position:0% 01:30:18.840 --> 01:30:21.830 align:start position:0% share<01:30:20.719> concerns 01:30:21.830 --> 01:30:21.840 align:start position:0% share concerns 01:30:21.840 --> 01:30:23.510 align:start position:0% share concerns and<01:30:22.000> to<01:30:22.159> what<01:30:22.400> extent<01:30:22.719> are<01:30:22.880> they<01:30:23.040> completely 01:30:23.510 --> 01:30:23.520 align:start position:0% and to what extent are they completely 01:30:23.520 --> 01:30:27.830 align:start position:0% and to what extent are they completely different 01:30:27.830 --> 01:30:27.840 align:start position:0% 01:30:27.840 --> 01:30:28.950 align:start position:0% you<01:30:27.920> know<01:30:28.080> i<01:30:28.159> told<01:30:28.320> you<01:30:28.480> that<01:30:28.560> i<01:30:28.719> had<01:30:28.800> spent 01:30:28.950 --> 01:30:28.960 align:start position:0% you know i told you that i had spent 01:30:28.960 --> 01:30:31.750 align:start position:0% you know i told you that i had spent some<01:30:29.199> time<01:30:29.440> in<01:30:29.679> in<01:30:29.920> the<01:30:30.080> school<01:30:30.400> of<01:30:30.480> religion 01:30:31.750 --> 01:30:31.760 align:start position:0% some time in in the school of religion 01:30:31.760 --> 01:30:34.950 align:start position:0% some time in in the school of religion and<01:30:33.440> even<01:30:33.840> now 01:30:34.950 --> 01:30:34.960 align:start position:0% and even now 01:30:34.960 --> 01:30:38.550 align:start position:0% and even now in<01:30:35.120> the<01:30:36.080> years<01:30:36.560> when<01:30:36.719> i<01:30:36.960> don't<01:30:37.920> teach 01:30:38.550 --> 01:30:38.560 align:start position:0% in the years when i don't teach 01:30:38.560 --> 01:30:41.030 align:start position:0% in the years when i don't teach robotics<01:30:39.760> i<01:30:40.000> teach<01:30:40.239> a<01:30:40.320> class<01:30:40.639> in<01:30:40.800> world 01:30:41.030 --> 01:30:41.040 align:start position:0% robotics i teach a class in world 01:30:41.040 --> 01:30:41.990 align:start position:0% robotics i teach a class in world religions<01:30:41.600> here<01:30:41.760> at 01:30:41.990 --> 01:30:42.000 align:start position:0% religions here at 01:30:42.000 --> 01:30:43.910 align:start position:0% religions here at the<01:30:42.159> california<01:30:42.639> polytechnic<01:30:43.280> university<01:30:43.760> at 01:30:43.910 --> 01:30:43.920 align:start position:0% the california polytechnic university at 01:30:43.920 --> 01:30:46.830 align:start position:0% the california polytechnic university at cal<01:30:44.159> poly 01:30:46.830 --> 01:30:46.840 align:start position:0% 01:30:46.840 --> 01:30:49.350 align:start position:0% where<01:30:48.159> where<01:30:48.400> i<01:30:48.480> don't<01:30:48.639> do<01:30:48.880> comparative 01:30:49.350 --> 01:30:49.360 align:start position:0% where where i don't do comparative 01:30:49.360 --> 01:30:51.030 align:start position:0% where where i don't do comparative religions<01:30:49.840> in<01:30:49.920> the<01:30:50.080> usual<01:30:50.560> sense 01:30:51.030 --> 01:30:51.040 align:start position:0% religions in the usual sense 01:30:51.040 --> 01:30:52.950 align:start position:0% religions in the usual sense but<01:30:51.280> i<01:30:51.440> do<01:30:51.679> talk<01:30:51.920> about<01:30:52.159> hinduism<01:30:52.800> and 01:30:52.950 --> 01:30:52.960 align:start position:0% but i do talk about hinduism and 01:30:52.960 --> 01:30:55.350 align:start position:0% but i do talk about hinduism and zoroastrianism<01:30:53.920> and<01:30:54.080> buddhism<01:30:54.719> and 01:30:55.350 --> 01:30:55.360 align:start position:0% zoroastrianism and buddhism and 01:30:55.360 --> 01:30:59.110 align:start position:0% zoroastrianism and buddhism and and<01:30:55.520> so<01:30:55.679> on<01:30:56.480> and<01:30:57.440> i<01:30:57.760> try<01:30:58.000> to<01:30:58.159> look<01:30:58.400> for<01:30:58.560> the<01:30:58.719> ways 01:30:59.110 --> 01:30:59.120 align:start position:0% and so on and i try to look for the ways 01:30:59.120 --> 01:31:01.270 align:start position:0% and so on and i try to look for the ways in<01:30:59.280> which 01:31:01.270 --> 01:31:01.280 align:start position:0% in which 01:31:01.280 --> 01:31:06.390 align:start position:0% in which people<01:31:01.760> in<01:31:02.080> those<01:31:04.080> traditions 01:31:06.390 --> 01:31:06.400 align:start position:0% people in those traditions 01:31:06.400 --> 01:31:09.189 align:start position:0% people in those traditions look<01:31:06.560> at<01:31:06.639> the<01:31:06.800> meaning<01:31:07.120> of<01:31:07.280> life<01:31:08.159> and<01:31:08.719> their 01:31:09.189 --> 01:31:09.199 align:start position:0% look at the meaning of life and their 01:31:09.199 --> 01:31:11.430 align:start position:0% look at the meaning of life and their relationship<01:31:09.840> to<01:31:10.000> the<01:31:10.159> universe 01:31:11.430 --> 01:31:11.440 align:start position:0% relationship to the universe 01:31:11.440 --> 01:31:15.270 align:start position:0% relationship to the universe now<01:31:13.760> how<01:31:14.080> can<01:31:14.239> you<01:31:14.560> in 01:31:15.270 --> 01:31:15.280 align:start position:0% now how can you in 01:31:15.280 --> 01:31:16.950 align:start position:0% now how can you in any<01:31:15.520> one<01:31:15.760> of<01:31:15.840> these<01:31:16.239> philosophical 01:31:16.950 --> 01:31:16.960 align:start position:0% any one of these philosophical 01:31:16.960 --> 01:31:18.790 align:start position:0% any one of these philosophical traditions<01:31:17.520> let<01:31:17.760> me<01:31:17.840> call<01:31:18.000> them<01:31:18.159> philosophies 01:31:18.790 --> 01:31:18.800 align:start position:0% traditions let me call them philosophies 01:31:18.800 --> 01:31:20.310 align:start position:0% traditions let me call them philosophies rather<01:31:19.120> than<01:31:19.360> religions 01:31:20.310 --> 01:31:20.320 align:start position:0% rather than religions 01:31:20.320 --> 01:31:21.830 align:start position:0% rather than religions how<01:31:20.480> can<01:31:20.639> you<01:31:20.800> not<01:31:21.040> relate<01:31:21.360> to<01:31:21.520> something 01:31:21.830 --> 01:31:21.840 align:start position:0% how can you not relate to something 01:31:21.840 --> 01:31:26.550 align:start position:0% how can you not relate to something which<01:31:22.080> is<01:31:22.239> quasi-human 01:31:26.550 --> 01:31:26.560 align:start position:0% 01:31:26.560 --> 01:31:28.070 align:start position:0% i<01:31:26.719> don't<01:31:26.800> know<01:31:26.880> if<01:31:27.040> you've<01:31:27.199> seen<01:31:27.440> the<01:31:27.600> movie<01:31:28.000> a 01:31:28.070 --> 01:31:28.080 align:start position:0% i don't know if you've seen the movie a 01:31:28.080 --> 01:31:30.149 align:start position:0% i don't know if you've seen the movie a bicentennial<01:31:28.960> man 01:31:30.149 --> 01:31:30.159 align:start position:0% bicentennial man 01:31:30.159 --> 01:31:32.550 align:start position:0% bicentennial man okay<01:31:30.880> well<01:31:31.040> now<01:31:31.280> that's<01:31:31.760> that<01:31:32.000> raises<01:31:32.400> the 01:31:32.550 --> 01:31:32.560 align:start position:0% okay well now that's that raises the 01:31:32.560 --> 01:31:33.990 align:start position:0% okay well now that's that raises the kind<01:31:32.719> of<01:31:32.800> questions<01:31:33.199> that<01:31:33.280> i'm<01:31:33.440> raising<01:31:33.760> here 01:31:33.990 --> 01:31:34.000 align:start position:0% kind of questions that i'm raising here 01:31:34.000 --> 01:31:34.790 align:start position:0% kind of questions that i'm raising here you<01:31:34.159> see 01:31:34.790 --> 01:31:34.800 align:start position:0% you see 01:31:34.800 --> 01:31:38.070 align:start position:0% you see here<01:31:35.120> was<01:31:35.360> a<01:31:35.920> a<01:31:36.400> robot<01:31:37.360> with<01:31:37.600> the<01:31:37.679> greatest 01:31:38.070 --> 01:31:38.080 align:start position:0% here was a a robot with the greatest 01:31:38.080 --> 01:31:39.189 align:start position:0% here was a a robot with the greatest desire<01:31:38.480> to<01:31:38.560> be<01:31:38.719> human 01:31:39.189 --> 01:31:39.199 align:start position:0% desire to be human 01:31:39.199 --> 01:31:43.030 align:start position:0% desire to be human even<01:31:39.440> though<01:31:39.600> it<01:31:39.760> meant<01:31:40.320> becoming<01:31:40.800> mortal 01:31:43.030 --> 01:31:43.040 align:start position:0% even though it meant becoming mortal 01:31:43.040 --> 01:31:46.870 align:start position:0% even though it meant becoming mortal and 01:31:46.870 --> 01:31:46.880 align:start position:0% 01:31:46.880 --> 01:31:49.590 align:start position:0% it<01:31:47.040> clearly<01:31:47.440> makes<01:31:47.679> wonderful<01:31:48.159> theater<01:31:49.280> but<01:31:49.520> i 01:31:49.590 --> 01:31:49.600 align:start position:0% it clearly makes wonderful theater but i 01:31:49.600 --> 01:31:50.950 align:start position:0% it clearly makes wonderful theater but i think<01:31:49.840> it<01:31:50.000> also<01:31:50.239> raises 01:31:50.950 --> 01:31:50.960 align:start position:0% think it also raises 01:31:50.960 --> 01:31:52.390 align:start position:0% think it also raises the<01:31:51.120> kind<01:31:51.280> of<01:31:51.440> questions<01:31:51.760> that<01:31:51.840> i<01:31:51.920> was<01:31:52.080> asking 01:31:52.390 --> 01:31:52.400 align:start position:0% the kind of questions that i was asking 01:31:52.400 --> 01:31:54.390 align:start position:0% the kind of questions that i was asking from<01:31:52.560> the<01:31:52.719> very<01:31:52.880> beginning 01:31:54.390 --> 01:31:54.400 align:start position:0% from the very beginning 01:31:54.400 --> 01:31:57.430 align:start position:0% from the very beginning to<01:31:54.560> what<01:31:54.719> extent<01:31:55.040> does<01:31:55.360> working<01:31:55.679> on<01:31:55.840> robots 01:31:57.430 --> 01:31:57.440 align:start position:0% to what extent does working on robots 01:31:57.440 --> 01:31:59.750 align:start position:0% to what extent does working on robots teach<01:31:57.679> us<01:31:57.840> something<01:31:58.080> about<01:31:58.400> ourselves<01:31:59.600> and 01:31:59.750 --> 01:31:59.760 align:start position:0% teach us something about ourselves and 01:31:59.760 --> 01:32:01.590 align:start position:0% teach us something about ourselves and what<01:32:00.000> it<01:32:00.159> is<01:32:00.239> that<01:32:00.400> makes<01:32:00.639> us<01:32:00.800> unique 01:32:01.590 --> 01:32:01.600 align:start position:0% what it is that makes us unique 01:32:01.600 --> 01:32:05.669 align:start position:0% what it is that makes us unique and<01:32:02.080> special<01:32:04.159> it's<01:32:04.480> clearly<01:32:04.960> not<01:32:05.280> the<01:32:05.440> things 01:32:05.669 --> 01:32:05.679 align:start position:0% and special it's clearly not the things 01:32:05.679 --> 01:32:06.790 align:start position:0% and special it's clearly not the things that<01:32:05.840> we<01:32:06.000> used<01:32:06.239> to<01:32:06.400> say 01:32:06.790 --> 01:32:06.800 align:start position:0% that we used to say 01:32:06.800 --> 01:32:08.870 align:start position:0% that we used to say you<01:32:06.880> know<01:32:07.040> i<01:32:07.120> mean<01:32:07.280> there<01:32:07.440> was<01:32:07.600> a<01:32:07.760> time<01:32:08.159> when<01:32:08.719> i 01:32:08.870 --> 01:32:08.880 align:start position:0% you know i mean there was a time when i 01:32:08.880 --> 01:32:10.310 align:start position:0% you know i mean there was a time when i mean<01:32:09.040> i<01:32:09.120> remember<01:32:09.520> when<01:32:09.679> i<01:32:09.760> was<01:32:09.920> in<01:32:10.000> college 01:32:10.310 --> 01:32:10.320 align:start position:0% mean i remember when i was in college 01:32:10.320 --> 01:32:12.310 align:start position:0% mean i remember when i was in college there<01:32:10.480> was<01:32:10.719> a<01:32:10.840> book<01:32:11.920> called 01:32:12.310 --> 01:32:12.320 align:start position:0% there was a book called 01:32:12.320 --> 01:32:15.750 align:start position:0% there was a book called giant<01:32:12.800> brains<01:32:14.400> and<01:32:14.880> the<01:32:15.040> reason 01:32:15.750 --> 01:32:15.760 align:start position:0% giant brains and the reason 01:32:15.760 --> 01:32:17.189 align:start position:0% giant brains and the reason it<01:32:15.840> was<01:32:16.080> called<01:32:16.320> that<01:32:16.560> is<01:32:16.800> because<01:32:17.040> it 01:32:17.189 --> 01:32:17.199 align:start position:0% it was called that is because it 01:32:17.199 --> 01:32:18.870 align:start position:0% it was called that is because it referred<01:32:17.520> to<01:32:17.679> the<01:32:17.760> first<01:32:18.080> machines 01:32:18.870 --> 01:32:18.880 align:start position:0% referred to the first machines 01:32:18.880 --> 01:32:20.709 align:start position:0% referred to the first machines which<01:32:19.120> were<01:32:19.280> able<01:32:19.520> to<01:32:19.600> compute<01:32:20.000> astronomical 01:32:20.709 --> 01:32:20.719 align:start position:0% which were able to compute astronomical 01:32:20.719 --> 01:32:22.310 align:start position:0% which were able to compute astronomical tables<01:32:21.600> by<01:32:21.840> doing 01:32:22.310 --> 01:32:22.320 align:start position:0% tables by doing 01:32:22.320 --> 01:32:24.070 align:start position:0% tables by doing huge<01:32:22.719> numbers<01:32:23.120> of<01:32:23.440> additions 01:32:24.070 --> 01:32:24.080 align:start position:0% huge numbers of additions 01:32:24.080 --> 01:32:26.229 align:start position:0% huge numbers of additions multiplications<01:32:24.880> and<01:32:24.960> divisions<01:32:25.520> and 01:32:26.229 --> 01:32:26.239 align:start position:0% multiplications and divisions and 01:32:26.239 --> 01:32:29.669 align:start position:0% multiplications and divisions and print<01:32:26.480> them<01:32:26.719> out<01:32:28.719> and<01:32:28.880> we<01:32:29.120> thought<01:32:29.280> that<01:32:29.440> was 01:32:29.669 --> 01:32:29.679 align:start position:0% print them out and we thought that was 01:32:29.679 --> 01:32:31.590 align:start position:0% print them out and we thought that was the<01:32:29.920> activity<01:32:30.400> of<01:32:30.480> the<01:32:30.639> brain<01:32:31.040> you<01:32:31.280> see 01:32:31.590 --> 01:32:31.600 align:start position:0% the activity of the brain you see 01:32:31.600 --> 01:32:34.550 align:start position:0% the activity of the brain you see i<01:32:31.679> mean<01:32:32.239> now<01:32:32.480> it's<01:32:32.639> considered<01:32:33.120> so<01:32:33.280> trivial 01:32:34.550 --> 01:32:34.560 align:start position:0% i mean now it's considered so trivial 01:32:34.560 --> 01:32:36.149 align:start position:0% i mean now it's considered so trivial that<01:32:34.719> we<01:32:34.880> don't<01:32:35.040> look<01:32:35.280> at<01:32:35.440> it<01:32:35.520> at<01:32:35.679> all 01:32:36.149 --> 01:32:36.159 align:start position:0% that we don't look at it at all 01:32:36.159 --> 01:32:39.510 align:start position:0% that we don't look at it at all so 01:32:39.510 --> 01:32:39.520 align:start position:0% 01:32:39.520 --> 01:32:40.950 align:start position:0% i<01:32:39.679> don't<01:32:39.760> know<01:32:39.840> if<01:32:40.000> that<01:32:40.159> helps<01:32:40.480> but<01:32:40.639> i<01:32:40.719> think 01:32:40.950 --> 01:32:40.960 align:start position:0% i don't know if that helps but i think 01:32:40.960 --> 01:32:42.870 align:start position:0% i don't know if that helps but i think in<01:32:41.040> the<01:32:41.199> in<01:32:41.360> terms<01:32:41.679> of<01:32:41.760> the<01:32:42.000> future 01:32:42.870 --> 01:32:42.880 align:start position:0% in the in terms of the future 01:32:42.880 --> 01:32:46.550 align:start position:0% in the in terms of the future um<01:32:43.760> i<01:32:44.159> really<01:32:44.480> think<01:32:44.719> that 01:32:46.550 --> 01:32:46.560 align:start position:0% um i really think that 01:32:46.560 --> 01:32:50.790 align:start position:0% um i really think that as<01:32:46.960> the<01:32:48.080> as<01:32:48.320> robots<01:32:48.800> become 01:32:50.790 --> 01:32:50.800 align:start position:0% as the as robots become 01:32:50.800 --> 01:32:53.830 align:start position:0% as the as robots become more<01:32:51.040> capable<01:32:51.840> and<01:32:52.159> more<01:32:52.560> able<01:32:52.880> to 01:32:53.830 --> 01:32:53.840 align:start position:0% more capable and more able to 01:32:53.840 --> 01:32:58.629 align:start position:0% more capable and more able to interact<01:32:54.320> with<01:32:54.560> humans<01:32:55.679> in<01:32:56.400> on<01:32:56.560> many<01:32:56.960> levels 01:32:58.629 --> 01:32:58.639 align:start position:0% interact with humans in on many levels 01:32:58.639 --> 01:32:59.990 align:start position:0% interact with humans in on many levels that<01:32:58.880> i<01:32:58.960> think<01:32:59.199> we'll<01:32:59.360> begin<01:32:59.600> to<01:32:59.760> ask 01:32:59.990 --> 01:33:00.000 align:start position:0% that i think we'll begin to ask 01:33:00.000 --> 01:33:01.669 align:start position:0% that i think we'll begin to ask ourselves<01:33:00.560> more<01:33:00.719> and<01:33:00.800> more<01:33:01.120> of<01:33:01.280> these<01:33:01.440> kinds 01:33:01.669 --> 01:33:01.679 align:start position:0% ourselves more and more of these kinds 01:33:01.679 --> 01:33:04.229 align:start position:0% ourselves more and more of these kinds of<01:33:01.840> questions 01:33:04.229 --> 01:33:04.239 align:start position:0% of questions 01:33:04.239 --> 01:33:07.270 align:start position:0% of questions and<01:33:05.199> who<01:33:05.360> knows<01:33:05.600> what<01:33:05.760> the<01:33:05.840> future<01:33:06.239> holds<01:33:07.120> but 01:33:07.270 --> 01:33:07.280 align:start position:0% and who knows what the future holds but 01:33:07.280 --> 01:33:08.790 align:start position:0% and who knows what the future holds but it<01:33:07.360> certainly<01:33:07.679> won't<01:33:07.840> be<01:33:08.000> boring<01:33:08.400> i<01:33:08.480> can<01:33:08.639> tell 01:33:08.790 --> 01:33:08.800 align:start position:0% it certainly won't be boring i can tell 01:33:08.800 --> 01:33:12.310 align:start position:0% it certainly won't be boring i can tell you<01:33:08.960> that 01:33:12.310 --> 01:33:12.320 align:start position:0% 01:33:12.320 --> 01:33:16.070 align:start position:0% in<01:33:12.480> terms<01:33:12.719> of<01:33:12.960> uh<01:33:13.520> technical<01:33:14.080> challenges 01:33:16.070 --> 01:33:16.080 align:start position:0% in terms of uh technical challenges 01:33:16.080 --> 01:33:18.229 align:start position:0% in terms of uh technical challenges what<01:33:16.320> do<01:33:16.400> you<01:33:16.560> see<01:33:16.800> as<01:33:16.960> the<01:33:17.600> big<01:33:17.840> problems 01:33:18.229 --> 01:33:18.239 align:start position:0% what do you see as the big problems 01:33:18.239 --> 01:33:22.229 align:start position:0% what do you see as the big problems facing<01:33:20.840> robotics 01:33:22.229 --> 01:33:22.239 align:start position:0% facing robotics 01:33:22.239 --> 01:33:25.510 align:start position:0% facing robotics in<01:33:22.800> in<01:33:22.960> the<01:33:23.280> design<01:33:23.840> of<01:33:24.000> um 01:33:25.510 --> 01:33:25.520 align:start position:0% in in the design of um 01:33:25.520 --> 01:33:28.629 align:start position:0% in in the design of um of<01:33:25.920> uh 01:33:28.629 --> 01:33:28.639 align:start position:0% 01:33:28.639 --> 01:33:31.750 align:start position:0% humanoid<01:33:29.120> robots<01:33:29.520> for<01:33:29.679> example<01:33:31.040> i<01:33:31.280> think<01:33:31.520> that 01:33:31.750 --> 01:33:31.760 align:start position:0% humanoid robots for example i think that 01:33:31.760 --> 01:33:35.189 align:start position:0% humanoid robots for example i think that the 01:33:35.189 --> 01:33:35.199 align:start position:0% 01:33:35.199 --> 01:33:37.350 align:start position:0% there<01:33:35.440> are<01:33:35.600> still<01:33:36.080> issues<01:33:36.880> involving 01:33:37.350 --> 01:33:37.360 align:start position:0% there are still issues involving 01:33:37.360 --> 01:33:38.550 align:start position:0% there are still issues involving actuation 01:33:38.550 --> 01:33:38.560 align:start position:0% actuation 01:33:38.560 --> 01:33:40.629 align:start position:0% actuation sensing<01:33:39.040> we've<01:33:39.199> done<01:33:39.520> very<01:33:39.760> well<01:33:40.239> sensors 01:33:40.629 --> 01:33:40.639 align:start position:0% sensing we've done very well sensors 01:33:40.639 --> 01:33:42.070 align:start position:0% sensing we've done very well sensors have<01:33:40.800> become<01:33:41.120> small 01:33:42.070 --> 01:33:42.080 align:start position:0% have become small 01:33:42.080 --> 01:33:44.310 align:start position:0% have become small and<01:33:42.239> have<01:33:42.480> enormous<01:33:42.960> capabilities<01:33:44.000> but<01:33:44.159> our 01:33:44.310 --> 01:33:44.320 align:start position:0% and have enormous capabilities but our 01:33:44.320 --> 01:33:46.470 align:start position:0% and have enormous capabilities but our actuators<01:33:44.880> are<01:33:45.040> still<01:33:45.280> too<01:33:45.520> heavy 01:33:46.470 --> 01:33:46.480 align:start position:0% actuators are still too heavy 01:33:46.480 --> 01:33:49.189 align:start position:0% actuators are still too heavy and<01:33:46.639> too<01:33:46.880> big<01:33:48.000> and<01:33:48.159> so<01:33:48.320> i<01:33:48.400> think<01:33:48.560> we<01:33:48.800> still<01:33:49.040> need 01:33:49.189 --> 01:33:49.199 align:start position:0% and too big and so i think we still need 01:33:49.199 --> 01:33:50.950 align:start position:0% and too big and so i think we still need to<01:33:49.360> find<01:33:49.840> better<01:33:50.239> ways 01:33:50.950 --> 01:33:50.960 align:start position:0% to find better ways 01:33:50.960 --> 01:33:54.149 align:start position:0% to find better ways of<01:33:52.239> imitating<01:33:52.960> biology 01:33:54.149 --> 01:33:54.159 align:start position:0% of imitating biology 01:33:54.159 --> 01:33:56.470 align:start position:0% of imitating biology in<01:33:54.320> the<01:33:54.880> design<01:33:55.360> of<01:33:55.520> arms<01:33:55.840> and<01:33:55.920> legs<01:33:56.320> and 01:33:56.470 --> 01:33:56.480 align:start position:0% in the design of arms and legs and 01:33:56.480 --> 01:33:58.790 align:start position:0% in the design of arms and legs and tentacles<01:33:57.040> or<01:33:57.280> whatever<01:33:57.679> we<01:33:57.840> might<01:33:58.080> use 01:33:58.790 --> 01:33:58.800 align:start position:0% tentacles or whatever we might use 01:33:58.800 --> 01:34:01.910 align:start position:0% tentacles or whatever we might use which<01:34:00.960> which<01:34:01.280> are<01:34:01.440> lighter 01:34:01.910 --> 01:34:01.920 align:start position:0% which which are lighter 01:34:01.920 --> 01:34:05.350 align:start position:0% which which are lighter more<01:34:02.840> flexible<01:34:04.080> and<01:34:04.480> so<01:34:04.719> on 01:34:05.350 --> 01:34:05.360 align:start position:0% more flexible and so on 01:34:05.360 --> 01:34:07.510 align:start position:0% more flexible and so on so<01:34:05.520> i<01:34:05.600> think<01:34:05.840> that's<01:34:06.080> still<01:34:06.480> a<01:34:06.719> major<01:34:07.120> area<01:34:07.360> of 01:34:07.510 --> 01:34:07.520 align:start position:0% so i think that's still a major area of 01:34:07.520 --> 01:34:08.470 align:start position:0% so i think that's still a major area of concern 01:34:08.470 --> 01:34:08.480 align:start position:0% concern 01:34:08.480 --> 01:34:11.350 align:start position:0% concern and<01:34:08.639> then<01:34:09.199> obviously<01:34:10.000> the<01:34:10.480> the<01:34:10.880> question<01:34:11.199> of 01:34:11.350 --> 01:34:11.360 align:start position:0% and then obviously the the question of 01:34:11.360 --> 01:34:13.110 align:start position:0% and then obviously the the question of how<01:34:11.520> do<01:34:11.600> we<01:34:11.840> model<01:34:12.239> the<01:34:12.400> activities<01:34:12.960> of<01:34:13.040> the 01:34:13.110 --> 01:34:13.120 align:start position:0% how do we model the activities of the 01:34:13.120 --> 01:34:14.709 align:start position:0% how do we model the activities of the brain 01:34:14.709 --> 01:34:14.719 align:start position:0% brain 01:34:14.719 --> 01:34:17.350 align:start position:0% brain and<01:34:15.840> i<01:34:16.000> don't<01:34:16.159> need<01:34:16.320> to<01:34:16.400> tell<01:34:16.560> you<01:34:16.719> there<01:34:16.880> are 01:34:17.350 --> 01:34:17.360 align:start position:0% and i don't need to tell you there are 01:34:17.360 --> 01:34:19.189 align:start position:0% and i don't need to tell you there are many<01:34:17.760> projects<01:34:18.159> in<01:34:18.239> this<01:34:18.480> area<01:34:18.719> going<01:34:18.960> on 01:34:19.189 --> 01:34:19.199 align:start position:0% many projects in this area going on 01:34:19.199 --> 01:34:20.709 align:start position:0% many projects in this area going on around<01:34:19.440> the<01:34:19.520> world 01:34:20.709 --> 01:34:20.719 align:start position:0% around the world 01:34:20.719 --> 01:34:23.910 align:start position:0% around the world people<01:34:21.040> are<01:34:21.679> are<01:34:22.080> doing<01:34:23.280> one<01:34:23.520> thing<01:34:23.679> or 01:34:23.910 --> 01:34:23.920 align:start position:0% people are are doing one thing or 01:34:23.920 --> 01:34:25.510 align:start position:0% people are are doing one thing or another<01:34:24.159> with<01:34:24.320> respect<01:34:24.719> to<01:34:24.800> the<01:34:24.960> brain 01:34:25.510 --> 01:34:25.520 align:start position:0% another with respect to the brain 01:34:25.520 --> 01:34:27.590 align:start position:0% another with respect to the brain and<01:34:26.239> eventually<01:34:26.800> some<01:34:27.040> of<01:34:27.120> these<01:34:27.360> efforts 01:34:27.590 --> 01:34:27.600 align:start position:0% and eventually some of these efforts 01:34:27.600 --> 01:34:31.590 align:start position:0% and eventually some of these efforts will<01:34:27.760> become<01:34:28.080> integrated 01:34:31.590 --> 01:34:31.600 align:start position:0% 01:34:31.600 --> 01:34:35.510 align:start position:0% the<01:34:33.600> increasingly 01:34:35.510 --> 01:34:35.520 align:start position:0% the increasingly 01:34:35.520 --> 01:34:38.310 align:start position:0% the increasingly we're<01:34:35.840> beginning<01:34:36.239> to<01:34:36.320> talk<01:34:36.560> about<01:34:36.800> having<01:34:37.199> a 01:34:38.310 --> 01:34:38.320 align:start position:0% we're beginning to talk about having a 01:34:38.320 --> 01:34:39.270 align:start position:0% we're beginning to talk about having a direct 01:34:39.270 --> 01:34:39.280 align:start position:0% direct 01:34:39.280 --> 01:34:44.149 align:start position:0% direct um<01:34:41.360> connection<01:34:41.840> with<01:34:42.000> the<01:34:42.159> brain 01:34:44.149 --> 01:34:44.159 align:start position:0% um connection with the brain 01:34:44.159 --> 01:34:46.550 align:start position:0% um connection with the brain even<01:34:44.480> by<01:34:44.800> implants<01:34:45.440> by<01:34:45.760> implanting 01:34:46.550 --> 01:34:46.560 align:start position:0% even by implants by implanting 01:34:46.560 --> 01:34:48.229 align:start position:0% even by implants by implanting electrodes<01:34:47.280> directly<01:34:47.679> into<01:34:47.840> the<01:34:47.920> central 01:34:48.229 --> 01:34:48.239 align:start position:0% electrodes directly into the central 01:34:48.239 --> 01:34:49.590 align:start position:0% electrodes directly into the central nervous<01:34:48.560> system 01:34:49.590 --> 01:34:49.600 align:start position:0% nervous system 01:34:49.600 --> 01:34:53.669 align:start position:0% nervous system so<01:34:50.320> um<01:34:52.000> from<01:34:52.239> those<01:34:52.800> we<01:34:52.960> should<01:34:53.199> be<01:34:53.360> able<01:34:53.520> to 01:34:53.669 --> 01:34:53.679 align:start position:0% so um from those we should be able to 01:34:53.679 --> 01:34:55.590 align:start position:0% so um from those we should be able to derive<01:34:54.159> the<01:34:54.320> kind<01:34:54.480> of<01:34:54.639> information<01:34:55.280> that 01:34:55.590 --> 01:34:55.600 align:start position:0% derive the kind of information that 01:34:55.600 --> 01:34:56.470 align:start position:0% derive the kind of information that might<01:34:55.840> be<01:34:56.000> useful 01:34:56.470 --> 01:34:56.480 align:start position:0% might be useful 01:34:56.480 --> 01:35:00.629 align:start position:0% might be useful in<01:34:56.639> designing<01:34:57.280> our<01:34:57.440> brains<01:34:57.760> for<01:34:58.840> robots 01:35:00.629 --> 01:35:00.639 align:start position:0% in designing our brains for robots 01:35:00.639 --> 01:35:03.830 align:start position:0% in designing our brains for robots but<01:35:00.880> i<01:35:00.960> think<01:35:01.119> that's<01:35:01.440> a<01:35:02.320> that<01:35:02.560> should<01:35:02.800> keep 01:35:03.830 --> 01:35:03.840 align:start position:0% but i think that's a that should keep 01:35:03.840 --> 01:35:07.590 align:start position:0% but i think that's a that should keep us<01:35:04.000> and<01:35:04.159> our<01:35:04.320> children<01:35:04.719> busy<01:35:05.040> for<01:35:05.119> a<01:35:05.199> while 01:35:07.590 --> 01:35:07.600 align:start position:0% 01:35:07.600 --> 01:35:09.270 align:start position:0% and<01:35:07.840> uh<01:35:08.080> over<01:35:08.320> the<01:35:08.400> course<01:35:08.639> of<01:35:08.800> your<01:35:08.960> career 01:35:09.270 --> 01:35:09.280 align:start position:0% and uh over the course of your career 01:35:09.280 --> 01:35:10.950 align:start position:0% and uh over the course of your career what<01:35:09.520> do<01:35:09.520> you<01:35:09.679> see<01:35:10.000> as<01:35:10.320> having<01:35:10.639> been<01:35:10.880> the 01:35:10.950 --> 01:35:10.960 align:start position:0% what do you see as having been the 01:35:10.960 --> 01:35:13.109 align:start position:0% what do you see as having been the biggest<01:35:11.360> breakthroughs<01:35:12.159> or<01:35:12.320> innovations<01:35:12.960> in 01:35:13.109 --> 01:35:13.119 align:start position:0% biggest breakthroughs or innovations in 01:35:13.119 --> 01:35:16.149 align:start position:0% biggest breakthroughs or innovations in robotics 01:35:16.149 --> 01:35:16.159 align:start position:0% 01:35:16.159 --> 01:35:19.750 align:start position:0% so<01:35:16.400> i<01:35:16.880> i<01:35:17.119> think<01:35:17.360> that<01:35:17.520> the<01:35:18.639> what<01:35:18.960> has<01:35:19.040> helped 01:35:19.750 --> 01:35:19.760 align:start position:0% so i i think that the what has helped 01:35:19.760 --> 01:35:24.390 align:start position:0% so i i think that the what has helped robots<01:35:20.239> the<01:35:20.480> most<01:35:21.760> is<01:35:22.000> moore's<01:35:22.400> law 01:35:24.390 --> 01:35:24.400 align:start position:0% robots the most is moore's law 01:35:24.400 --> 01:35:26.070 align:start position:0% robots the most is moore's law the<01:35:24.639> fact<01:35:24.880> that<01:35:25.040> we<01:35:25.199> can<01:35:25.360> do<01:35:25.679> so<01:35:25.840> much 01:35:26.070 --> 01:35:26.080 align:start position:0% the fact that we can do so much 01:35:26.080 --> 01:35:27.590 align:start position:0% the fact that we can do so much computing<01:35:26.639> so<01:35:26.960> fast 01:35:27.590 --> 01:35:27.600 align:start position:0% computing so fast 01:35:27.600 --> 01:35:29.910 align:start position:0% computing so fast in<01:35:27.840> such<01:35:28.080> small<01:35:28.480> packages<01:35:29.360> that<01:35:29.520> use<01:35:29.679> so 01:35:29.910 --> 01:35:29.920 align:start position:0% in such small packages that use so 01:35:29.920 --> 01:35:31.910 align:start position:0% in such small packages that use so little<01:35:30.239> power 01:35:31.910 --> 01:35:31.920 align:start position:0% little power 01:35:31.920 --> 01:35:34.709 align:start position:0% little power that<01:35:32.400> that<01:35:33.520> and<01:35:33.760> costs<01:35:34.000> so<01:35:34.239> little<01:35:34.480> i<01:35:34.560> mean 01:35:34.709 --> 01:35:34.719 align:start position:0% that that and costs so little i mean 01:35:34.719 --> 01:35:36.550 align:start position:0% that that and costs so little i mean that's<01:35:35.040> the<01:35:35.199> most<01:35:35.440> interesting<01:35:35.920> thing<01:35:36.080> to<01:35:36.239> me 01:35:36.550 --> 01:35:36.560 align:start position:0% that's the most interesting thing to me 01:35:36.560 --> 01:35:39.750 align:start position:0% that's the most interesting thing to me you<01:35:36.719> see<01:35:37.040> i<01:35:37.119> mean<01:35:38.000> you<01:35:38.080> talk<01:35:38.320> to<01:35:38.480> people<01:35:38.800> now 01:35:39.750 --> 01:35:39.760 align:start position:0% you see i mean you talk to people now 01:35:39.760 --> 01:35:41.669 align:start position:0% you see i mean you talk to people now who<01:35:40.000> do<01:35:40.480> computer<01:35:40.960> design<01:35:41.440> and<01:35:41.520> they 01:35:41.669 --> 01:35:41.679 align:start position:0% who do computer design and they 01:35:41.679 --> 01:35:43.750 align:start position:0% who do computer design and they basically<01:35:42.080> tell<01:35:42.239> you<01:35:42.400> that<01:35:42.560> the<01:35:42.639> hardware<01:35:43.119> is 01:35:43.750 --> 01:35:43.760 align:start position:0% basically tell you that the hardware is 01:35:43.760 --> 01:35:46.229 align:start position:0% basically tell you that the hardware is for<01:35:43.920> free 01:35:46.229 --> 01:35:46.239 align:start position:0% for free 01:35:46.239 --> 01:35:49.270 align:start position:0% for free the<01:35:46.400> cost<01:35:46.719> is<01:35:46.880> in<01:35:46.960> the<01:35:47.040> software<01:35:48.560> and 01:35:49.270 --> 01:35:49.280 align:start position:0% the cost is in the software and 01:35:49.280 --> 01:35:51.189 align:start position:0% the cost is in the software and that<01:35:49.520> was<01:35:49.760> inconceivable<01:35:50.560> when<01:35:50.800> i<01:35:50.880> was<01:35:51.040> in 01:35:51.189 --> 01:35:51.199 align:start position:0% that was inconceivable when i was in 01:35:51.199 --> 01:35:52.310 align:start position:0% that was inconceivable when i was in college<01:35:51.840> you<01:35:51.920> know 01:35:52.310 --> 01:35:52.320 align:start position:0% college you know 01:35:52.320 --> 01:35:55.109 align:start position:0% college you know where<01:35:52.480> the<01:35:52.639> hardware<01:35:53.119> was<01:35:53.280> all<01:35:53.440> the<01:35:53.600> cost<01:35:54.960> we 01:35:55.109 --> 01:35:55.119 align:start position:0% where the hardware was all the cost we 01:35:55.119 --> 01:35:56.550 align:start position:0% where the hardware was all the cost we didn't<01:35:55.360> have<01:35:55.440> enough<01:35:55.679> software<01:35:56.159> to<01:35:56.239> know<01:35:56.400> how 01:35:56.550 --> 01:35:56.560 align:start position:0% didn't have enough software to know how 01:35:56.560 --> 01:35:57.510 align:start position:0% didn't have enough software to know how to<01:35:56.719> price<01:35:57.040> it 01:35:57.510 --> 01:35:57.520 align:start position:0% to price it 01:35:57.520 --> 01:36:01.430 align:start position:0% to price it but<01:35:57.760> the<01:35:58.159> but<01:35:58.400> the<01:36:00.480> but<01:36:00.719> hardware<01:36:01.199> was 01:36:01.430 --> 01:36:01.440 align:start position:0% but the but the but hardware was 01:36:01.440 --> 01:36:05.350 align:start position:0% but the but the but hardware was extremely<01:36:01.920> expensive 01:36:05.350 --> 01:36:05.360 align:start position:0% 01:36:05.360 --> 01:36:07.430 align:start position:0% one<01:36:05.520> of<01:36:05.600> the<01:36:05.760> first<01:36:06.000> computers<01:36:06.560> at<01:36:06.639> ucla<01:36:07.280> when 01:36:07.430 --> 01:36:07.440 align:start position:0% one of the first computers at ucla when 01:36:07.440 --> 01:36:09.189 align:start position:0% one of the first computers at ucla when i<01:36:07.520> was<01:36:07.760> a<01:36:07.920> student 01:36:09.189 --> 01:36:09.199 align:start position:0% i was a student 01:36:09.199 --> 01:36:13.189 align:start position:0% i was a student was<01:36:09.520> called<01:36:09.840> the<01:36:10.080> swac<01:36:10.880> the 01:36:13.189 --> 01:36:13.199 align:start position:0% 01:36:13.199 --> 01:36:15.270 align:start position:0% western<01:36:13.760> automatic<01:36:14.560> something<01:36:14.880> or<01:36:15.040> other 01:36:15.270 --> 01:36:15.280 align:start position:0% western automatic something or other 01:36:15.280 --> 01:36:16.470 align:start position:0% western automatic something or other computer 01:36:16.470 --> 01:36:16.480 align:start position:0% computer 01:36:16.480 --> 01:36:20.950 align:start position:0% computer and<01:36:16.719> it<01:36:16.960> used<01:36:17.679> cathode<01:36:18.239> ray<01:36:18.480> tubes<01:36:18.880> for<01:36:19.119> memory 01:36:20.950 --> 01:36:20.960 align:start position:0% and it used cathode ray tubes for memory 01:36:20.960 --> 01:36:23.350 align:start position:0% and it used cathode ray tubes for memory huge<01:36:21.440> banks<01:36:21.760> of<01:36:21.920> cathode<01:36:22.320> ray<01:36:22.560> tubes<01:36:23.119> and<01:36:23.199> you 01:36:23.350 --> 01:36:23.360 align:start position:0% huge banks of cathode ray tubes and you 01:36:23.360 --> 01:36:23.990 align:start position:0% huge banks of cathode ray tubes and you can<01:36:23.520> imagine 01:36:23.990 --> 01:36:24.000 align:start position:0% can imagine 01:36:24.000 --> 01:36:26.550 align:start position:0% can imagine now<01:36:24.239> the<01:36:24.400> cost<01:36:24.800> of<01:36:24.880> that<01:36:25.119> kind<01:36:25.280> of<01:36:25.360> memory<01:36:26.000> see 01:36:26.550 --> 01:36:26.560 align:start position:0% now the cost of that kind of memory see 01:36:26.560 --> 01:36:28.550 align:start position:0% now the cost of that kind of memory see it's<01:36:26.719> just<01:36:26.960> that's<01:36:27.280> a 01:36:28.550 --> 01:36:28.560 align:start position:0% it's just that's a 01:36:28.560 --> 01:36:30.070 align:start position:0% it's just that's a completely<01:36:29.040> different<01:36:29.360> from<01:36:29.600> where<01:36:29.760> we<01:36:29.920> are 01:36:30.070 --> 01:36:30.080 align:start position:0% completely different from where we are 01:36:30.080 --> 01:36:36.070 align:start position:0% completely different from where we are now<01:36:30.400> so<01:36:31.440> um 01:36:36.070 --> 01:36:36.080 align:start position:0% 01:36:36.080 --> 01:36:38.390 align:start position:0% so<01:36:36.239> i<01:36:36.320> think<01:36:36.560> in<01:36:36.800> in<01:36:36.960> terms<01:36:37.360> of<01:36:37.520> what's 01:36:38.390 --> 01:36:38.400 align:start position:0% so i think in in terms of what's 01:36:38.400 --> 01:36:41.109 align:start position:0% so i think in in terms of what's improved<01:36:38.960> in<01:36:39.040> robotics 01:36:41.109 --> 01:36:41.119 align:start position:0% improved in robotics 01:36:41.119 --> 01:36:43.270 align:start position:0% improved in robotics it's<01:36:41.520> happened<01:36:41.840> on<01:36:42.000> many<01:36:42.239> fronts<01:36:42.639> but<01:36:42.800> i<01:36:42.960> think 01:36:43.270 --> 01:36:43.280 align:start position:0% it's happened on many fronts but i think 01:36:43.280 --> 01:36:45.109 align:start position:0% it's happened on many fronts but i think i<01:36:43.440> think<01:36:43.679> that<01:36:44.080> moore's<01:36:44.400> law<01:36:44.639> has<01:36:44.719> been<01:36:44.880> one<01:36:45.040> of 01:36:45.109 --> 01:36:45.119 align:start position:0% i think that moore's law has been one of 01:36:45.119 --> 01:36:48.390 align:start position:0% i think that moore's law has been one of the<01:36:45.440> major<01:36:45.920> sources<01:36:46.480> of 01:36:48.390 --> 01:36:48.400 align:start position:0% the major sources of 01:36:48.400 --> 01:36:50.070 align:start position:0% the major sources of improvement<01:36:48.960> because<01:36:49.280> we<01:36:49.440> can<01:36:49.600> now<01:36:49.840> build 01:36:50.070 --> 01:36:50.080 align:start position:0% improvement because we can now build 01:36:50.080 --> 01:36:52.629 align:start position:0% improvement because we can now build robots<01:36:50.560> with<01:36:50.880> a<01:36:51.119> lot<01:36:51.280> of<01:36:51.440> intelligence 01:36:52.629 --> 01:36:52.639 align:start position:0% robots with a lot of intelligence 01:36:52.639 --> 01:36:57.910 align:start position:0% robots with a lot of intelligence and<01:36:53.679> and<01:36:54.080> for<01:36:54.239> very<01:36:54.560> little<01:36:54.800> money<01:36:55.360> and 01:36:57.910 --> 01:36:57.920 align:start position:0% 01:36:57.920 --> 01:37:03.030 align:start position:0% using<01:36:58.320> very<01:36:58.560> little<01:36:58.880> power 01:37:03.030 --> 01:37:03.040 align:start position:0% 01:37:03.040 --> 01:37:04.830 align:start position:0% so<01:37:03.199> i<01:37:03.280> think<01:37:03.440> that's<01:37:03.679> been<01:37:03.840> one<01:37:04.000> of<01:37:04.080> the<01:37:04.159> major 01:37:04.830 --> 01:37:04.840 align:start position:0% so i think that's been one of the major 01:37:04.840 --> 01:37:07.270 align:start position:0% so i think that's been one of the major changes 01:37:07.270 --> 01:37:07.280 align:start position:0% changes 01:37:07.280 --> 01:37:10.310 align:start position:0% changes and<01:37:07.520> i<01:37:07.600> think<01:37:08.960> the<01:37:09.520> in<01:37:09.679> the<01:37:09.840> last 01:37:10.310 --> 01:37:10.320 align:start position:0% and i think the in the last 01:37:10.320 --> 01:37:13.430 align:start position:0% and i think the in the last decade<01:37:10.800> or<01:37:10.960> so<01:37:11.920> um 01:37:13.430 --> 01:37:13.440 align:start position:0% decade or so um 01:37:13.440 --> 01:37:15.109 align:start position:0% decade or so um social<01:37:13.840> acceptance<01:37:14.400> of<01:37:14.560> robots<01:37:14.960> in<01:37:15.040> the 01:37:15.109 --> 01:37:15.119 align:start position:0% social acceptance of robots in the 01:37:15.119 --> 01:37:18.310 align:start position:0% social acceptance of robots in the united<01:37:15.520> states<01:37:15.920> has<01:37:16.159> improved<01:37:16.560> dramatically 01:37:18.310 --> 01:37:18.320 align:start position:0% united states has improved dramatically 01:37:18.320 --> 01:37:20.870 align:start position:0% united states has improved dramatically i<01:37:18.400> think<01:37:18.639> part<01:37:18.800> of<01:37:18.960> it<01:37:19.119> is<01:37:19.199> due<01:37:19.440> to<01:37:19.679> uh<01:37:20.480> rod 01:37:20.870 --> 01:37:20.880 align:start position:0% i think part of it is due to uh rod 01:37:20.880 --> 01:37:22.950 align:start position:0% i think part of it is due to uh rod brooks<01:37:21.280> and<01:37:21.360> the<01:37:21.520> roomba 01:37:22.950 --> 01:37:22.960 align:start position:0% brooks and the roomba 01:37:22.960 --> 01:37:24.709 align:start position:0% brooks and the roomba of<01:37:23.119> which<01:37:23.360> as<01:37:23.600> you<01:37:23.679> know<01:37:24.080> like<01:37:24.239> something<01:37:24.480> like 01:37:24.709 --> 01:37:24.719 align:start position:0% of which as you know like something like 01:37:24.719 --> 01:37:26.149 align:start position:0% of which as you know like something like 4<01:37:24.960> million<01:37:25.360> have<01:37:25.440> been<01:37:25.600> sold 01:37:26.149 --> 01:37:26.159 align:start position:0% 4 million have been sold 01:37:26.159 --> 01:37:28.070 align:start position:0% 4 million have been sold so<01:37:26.400> now<01:37:26.639> it<01:37:26.719> becomes<01:37:27.119> a<01:37:27.199> commodity<01:37:27.760> rather 01:37:28.070 --> 01:37:28.080 align:start position:0% so now it becomes a commodity rather 01:37:28.080 --> 01:37:30.550 align:start position:0% so now it becomes a commodity rather than<01:37:28.639> some<01:37:28.880> kind<01:37:29.040> of<01:37:29.119> an<01:37:29.280> unusual 01:37:30.550 --> 01:37:30.560 align:start position:0% than some kind of an unusual 01:37:30.560 --> 01:37:34.070 align:start position:0% than some kind of an unusual specialty<01:37:31.199> item<01:37:32.840> and 01:37:34.070 --> 01:37:34.080 align:start position:0% specialty item and 01:37:34.080 --> 01:37:36.709 align:start position:0% specialty item and whereas<01:37:34.480> in<01:37:34.560> japan<01:37:35.199> robots<01:37:35.679> have<01:37:35.760> been<01:37:36.320> a<01:37:36.480> much 01:37:36.709 --> 01:37:36.719 align:start position:0% whereas in japan robots have been a much 01:37:36.719 --> 01:37:38.229 align:start position:0% whereas in japan robots have been a much more<01:37:36.960> accepted<01:37:37.360> part<01:37:37.520> of<01:37:37.600> the<01:37:37.679> culture<01:37:38.080> for 01:37:38.229 --> 01:37:38.239 align:start position:0% more accepted part of the culture for 01:37:38.239 --> 01:37:39.830 align:start position:0% more accepted part of the culture for many<01:37:38.480> many<01:37:38.719> years<01:37:39.040> in<01:37:39.119> the<01:37:39.199> united<01:37:39.600> states 01:37:39.830 --> 01:37:39.840 align:start position:0% many many years in the united states 01:37:39.840 --> 01:37:41.270 align:start position:0% many many years in the united states they<01:37:39.920> were<01:37:40.159> not 01:37:41.270 --> 01:37:41.280 align:start position:0% they were not 01:37:41.280 --> 01:37:42.950 align:start position:0% they were not there<01:37:41.440> was<01:37:41.679> always<01:37:41.920> this<01:37:42.159> question<01:37:42.560> about<01:37:42.719> how 01:37:42.950 --> 01:37:42.960 align:start position:0% there was always this question about how 01:37:42.960 --> 01:37:44.629 align:start position:0% there was always this question about how soon<01:37:43.199> will<01:37:43.360> they<01:37:43.520> take<01:37:43.840> over 01:37:44.629 --> 01:37:44.639 align:start position:0% soon will they take over 01:37:44.639 --> 01:37:48.229 align:start position:0% soon will they take over and<01:37:44.960> uh<01:37:46.560> so<01:37:46.960> uh<01:37:47.600> but 01:37:48.229 --> 01:37:48.239 align:start position:0% and uh so uh but 01:37:48.239 --> 01:37:50.070 align:start position:0% and uh so uh but but<01:37:48.480> i<01:37:48.639> think<01:37:48.800> that<01:37:49.280> that's<01:37:49.600> one<01:37:49.760> of<01:37:49.920> the 01:37:50.070 --> 01:37:50.080 align:start position:0% but i think that that's one of the 01:37:50.080 --> 01:37:52.629 align:start position:0% but i think that that's one of the changes<01:37:50.480> that<01:37:50.639> i've<01:37:50.800> seen<01:37:51.199> so<01:37:51.360> that<01:37:51.600> now 01:37:52.629 --> 01:37:52.639 align:start position:0% changes that i've seen so that now 01:37:52.639 --> 01:37:54.629 align:start position:0% changes that i've seen so that now it's<01:37:52.880> expected<01:37:53.440> that<01:37:53.600> robots<01:37:54.080> will<01:37:54.159> be<01:37:54.320> doing 01:37:54.629 --> 01:37:54.639 align:start position:0% it's expected that robots will be doing 01:37:54.639 --> 01:37:55.910 align:start position:0% it's expected that robots will be doing many<01:37:54.880> things<01:37:55.119> that<01:37:55.280> were<01:37:55.520> that 01:37:55.910 --> 01:37:55.920 align:start position:0% many things that were that 01:37:55.920 --> 01:38:00.149 align:start position:0% many things that were that that<01:37:56.400> are<01:37:56.560> not<01:37:56.800> now<01:37:57.040> possible<01:37:57.600> for<01:37:57.840> them<01:37:58.800> and 01:38:00.149 --> 01:38:00.159 align:start position:0% that are not now possible for them and 01:38:00.159 --> 01:38:02.550 align:start position:0% that are not now possible for them and that<01:38:00.320> it's<01:38:00.639> becoming<01:38:01.040> much<01:38:01.280> more<01:38:01.600> accepted<01:38:02.320> in 01:38:02.550 --> 01:38:02.560 align:start position:0% that it's becoming much more accepted in 01:38:02.560 --> 01:38:05.350 align:start position:0% that it's becoming much more accepted in society 01:38:05.350 --> 01:38:05.360 align:start position:0% 01:38:05.360 --> 01:38:06.709 align:start position:0% for<01:38:05.520> the<01:38:05.600> united<01:38:05.920> states<01:38:06.239> it's<01:38:06.400> been<01:38:06.560> a 01:38:06.709 --> 01:38:06.719 align:start position:0% for the united states it's been a 01:38:06.719 --> 01:38:09.910 align:start position:0% for the united states it's been a relatively<01:38:07.199> recent<01:38:07.520> development 01:38:09.910 --> 01:38:09.920 align:start position:0% relatively recent development 01:38:09.920 --> 01:38:11.510 align:start position:0% relatively recent development not<01:38:10.159> for<01:38:10.320> japan<01:38:10.719> but<01:38:10.960> certainly<01:38:11.280> for<01:38:11.440> the 01:38:11.510 --> 01:38:11.520 align:start position:0% not for japan but certainly for the 01:38:11.520 --> 01:38:15.189 align:start position:0% not for japan but certainly for the united<01:38:11.840> states 01:38:15.189 --> 01:38:15.199 align:start position:0% 01:38:15.199 --> 01:38:17.189 align:start position:0% i'm<01:38:15.440> concerned<01:38:16.159> about<01:38:16.480> oh<01:38:16.639> one<01:38:16.800> of<01:38:16.960> the<01:38:17.040> things 01:38:17.189 --> 01:38:17.199 align:start position:0% i'm concerned about oh one of the things 01:38:17.199 --> 01:38:18.709 align:start position:0% i'm concerned about oh one of the things that<01:38:17.360> we<01:38:17.520> desperately<01:38:18.000> need<01:38:18.239> come<01:38:18.400> back<01:38:18.560> to 01:38:18.709 --> 01:38:18.719 align:start position:0% that we desperately need come back to 01:38:18.719 --> 01:38:20.390 align:start position:0% that we desperately need come back to your<01:38:18.960> earlier<01:38:19.440> question 01:38:20.390 --> 01:38:20.400 align:start position:0% your earlier question 01:38:20.400 --> 01:38:25.270 align:start position:0% your earlier question we<01:38:20.560> need<01:38:20.800> robots<01:38:21.360> to<01:38:21.520> act<01:38:21.920> as<01:38:23.280> um 01:38:25.270 --> 01:38:25.280 align:start position:0% we need robots to act as um 01:38:25.280 --> 01:38:28.709 align:start position:0% we need robots to act as um as<01:38:26.080> living<01:38:26.480> assistance<01:38:27.040> to<01:38:27.199> the<01:38:27.280> elderly 01:38:28.709 --> 01:38:28.719 align:start position:0% as living assistance to the elderly 01:38:28.719 --> 01:38:31.189 align:start position:0% as living assistance to the elderly because<01:38:29.679> with<01:38:29.840> the<01:38:30.000> aging<01:38:30.400> population<01:38:31.040> that 01:38:31.189 --> 01:38:31.199 align:start position:0% because with the aging population that 01:38:31.199 --> 01:38:32.149 align:start position:0% because with the aging population that we<01:38:31.360> have 01:38:32.149 --> 01:38:32.159 align:start position:0% we have 01:38:32.159 --> 01:38:34.870 align:start position:0% we have we<01:38:32.320> simply<01:38:32.719> cannot<01:38:33.199> afford<01:38:33.840> as<01:38:34.080> a<01:38:34.159> society<01:38:34.719> to 01:38:34.870 --> 01:38:34.880 align:start position:0% we simply cannot afford as a society to 01:38:34.880 --> 01:38:37.430 align:start position:0% we simply cannot afford as a society to put<01:38:35.119> everyone<01:38:35.520> into<01:38:35.760> old<01:38:36.000> folks<01:38:36.239> homes 01:38:37.430 --> 01:38:37.440 align:start position:0% put everyone into old folks homes 01:38:37.440 --> 01:38:38.950 align:start position:0% put everyone into old folks homes it<01:38:37.600> just<01:38:37.840> costs<01:38:38.080> too<01:38:38.239> much<01:38:38.480> we<01:38:38.639> just<01:38:38.800> don't 01:38:38.950 --> 01:38:38.960 align:start position:0% it just costs too much we just don't 01:38:38.960 --> 01:38:41.350 align:start position:0% it just costs too much we just don't have<01:38:39.119> the<01:38:39.280> resources<01:38:39.840> to<01:38:39.920> do<01:38:40.080> it<01:38:40.320> as<01:38:40.400> a<01:38:40.560> country 01:38:41.350 --> 01:38:41.360 align:start position:0% have the resources to do it as a country 01:38:41.360 --> 01:38:44.070 align:start position:0% have the resources to do it as a country when<01:38:42.400> as<01:38:42.560> you<01:38:42.639> know<01:38:42.800> the<01:38:42.960> usual<01:38:43.360> age<01:38:43.600> pyramid 01:38:44.070 --> 01:38:44.080 align:start position:0% when as you know the usual age pyramid 01:38:44.080 --> 01:38:45.430 align:start position:0% when as you know the usual age pyramid is<01:38:44.159> now<01:38:44.400> inverted<01:38:44.960> so 01:38:45.430 --> 01:38:45.440 align:start position:0% is now inverted so 01:38:45.440 --> 01:38:47.910 align:start position:0% is now inverted so the<01:38:45.679> number<01:38:46.000> of<01:38:46.159> people<01:38:46.560> over<01:38:47.040> 80<01:38:47.440> is<01:38:47.520> becoming 01:38:47.910 --> 01:38:47.920 align:start position:0% the number of people over 80 is becoming 01:38:47.920 --> 01:38:48.629 align:start position:0% the number of people over 80 is becoming significant 01:38:48.629 --> 01:38:48.639 align:start position:0% significant 01:38:48.639 --> 01:38:51.750 align:start position:0% significant you<01:38:48.719> know<01:38:48.960> so<01:38:49.760> so<01:38:50.000> the<01:38:50.159> answer<01:38:50.480> is<01:38:51.040> um<01:38:51.360> to<01:38:51.520> let 01:38:51.750 --> 01:38:51.760 align:start position:0% you know so so the answer is um to let 01:38:51.760 --> 01:38:53.430 align:start position:0% you know so so the answer is um to let people<01:38:52.000> stay<01:38:52.239> in<01:38:52.320> their<01:38:52.480> homes<01:38:52.880> but<01:38:53.040> provide 01:38:53.430 --> 01:38:53.440 align:start position:0% people stay in their homes but provide 01:38:53.440 --> 01:38:53.910 align:start position:0% people stay in their homes but provide them<01:38:53.600> with 01:38:53.910 --> 01:38:53.920 align:start position:0% them with 01:38:53.920 --> 01:38:56.870 align:start position:0% them with with<01:38:54.159> one<01:38:54.320> or<01:38:54.480> more<01:38:54.639> robots<01:38:55.040> to<01:38:55.199> assist<01:38:55.600> them 01:38:56.870 --> 01:38:56.880 align:start position:0% with one or more robots to assist them 01:38:56.880 --> 01:38:58.229 align:start position:0% with one or more robots to assist them and 01:38:58.229 --> 01:38:58.239 align:start position:0% and 01:38:58.239 --> 01:39:00.229 align:start position:0% and we're<01:38:58.480> doing<01:38:58.960> very<01:38:59.280> little<01:38:59.600> in<01:38:59.679> that<01:38:59.920> area<01:39:00.159> in 01:39:00.229 --> 01:39:00.239 align:start position:0% we're doing very little in that area in 01:39:00.239 --> 01:39:02.550 align:start position:0% we're doing very little in that area in the<01:39:00.320> united<01:39:00.719> states 01:39:02.550 --> 01:39:02.560 align:start position:0% the united states 01:39:02.560 --> 01:39:07.510 align:start position:0% the united states i<01:39:02.719> did<01:39:02.960> a<01:39:03.840> i<01:39:04.159> led<01:39:04.400> a<01:39:04.480> team<01:39:04.960> supported<01:39:05.440> by<01:39:05.679> nsf 01:39:07.510 --> 01:39:07.520 align:start position:0% i did a i led a team supported by nsf 01:39:07.520 --> 01:39:10.709 align:start position:0% i did a i led a team supported by nsf to<01:39:08.480> study<01:39:08.800> the<01:39:08.960> status<01:39:09.360> of<01:39:09.440> robotics<01:39:10.080> in<01:39:10.320> asia 01:39:10.709 --> 01:39:10.719 align:start position:0% to study the status of robotics in asia 01:39:10.719 --> 01:39:11.510 align:start position:0% to study the status of robotics in asia and<01:39:10.880> europe 01:39:11.510 --> 01:39:11.520 align:start position:0% and europe 01:39:11.520 --> 01:39:15.750 align:start position:0% and europe five<01:39:11.840> years<01:39:12.000> ago<01:39:12.320> in<01:39:12.400> 2006<01:39:14.320> four<01:39:14.560> years<01:39:14.800> ago 01:39:15.750 --> 01:39:15.760 align:start position:0% five years ago in 2006 four years ago 01:39:15.760 --> 01:39:19.189 align:start position:0% five years ago in 2006 four years ago and<01:39:16.400> every<01:39:16.800> lab<01:39:17.119> we<01:39:17.360> visited<01:39:18.000> in<01:39:18.480> japan 01:39:19.189 --> 01:39:19.199 align:start position:0% and every lab we visited in japan 01:39:19.199 --> 01:39:21.669 align:start position:0% and every lab we visited in japan and<01:39:19.360> south<01:39:19.679> korea<01:39:20.400> and<01:39:20.719> most<01:39:21.040> of<01:39:21.119> the<01:39:21.280> labs<01:39:21.600> in 01:39:21.669 --> 01:39:21.679 align:start position:0% and south korea and most of the labs in 01:39:21.679 --> 01:39:22.310 align:start position:0% and south korea and most of the labs in europe 01:39:22.310 --> 01:39:22.320 align:start position:0% europe 01:39:22.320 --> 01:39:26.229 align:start position:0% europe were<01:39:22.560> working<01:39:22.880> on<01:39:22.960> elder<01:39:23.360> care<01:39:24.840> robots 01:39:26.229 --> 01:39:26.239 align:start position:0% were working on elder care robots 01:39:26.239 --> 01:39:29.270 align:start position:0% were working on elder care robots and<01:39:26.800> so<01:39:27.440> i<01:39:27.520> think<01:39:27.840> unless<01:39:28.400> uh 01:39:29.270 --> 01:39:29.280 align:start position:0% and so i think unless uh 01:39:29.280 --> 01:39:31.669 align:start position:0% and so i think unless uh things<01:39:29.679> change<01:39:30.239> in<01:39:30.400> terms<01:39:30.719> of<01:39:30.880> finding<01:39:31.280> ways 01:39:31.669 --> 01:39:31.679 align:start position:0% things change in terms of finding ways 01:39:31.679 --> 01:39:33.510 align:start position:0% things change in terms of finding ways of<01:39:31.920> of 01:39:33.510 --> 01:39:33.520 align:start position:0% of of 01:39:33.520 --> 01:39:35.109 align:start position:0% of of supporting<01:39:34.080> such<01:39:34.400> developments<01:39:34.960> with 01:39:35.109 --> 01:39:35.119 align:start position:0% supporting such developments with 01:39:35.119 --> 01:39:37.109 align:start position:0% supporting such developments with venture<01:39:35.440> capital<01:39:36.000> or<01:39:36.159> elsewhere 01:39:37.109 --> 01:39:37.119 align:start position:0% venture capital or elsewhere 01:39:37.119 --> 01:39:40.070 align:start position:0% venture capital or elsewhere in<01:39:37.280> this<01:39:37.520> country<01:39:38.719> um<01:39:38.960> i<01:39:39.119> think<01:39:39.360> another<01:39:39.760> 20 01:39:40.070 --> 01:39:40.080 align:start position:0% in this country um i think another 20 01:39:40.080 --> 01:39:40.709 align:start position:0% in this country um i think another 20 years 01:39:40.709 --> 01:39:40.719 align:start position:0% years 01:39:40.719 --> 01:39:42.550 align:start position:0% years we'll<01:39:40.960> be<01:39:41.119> importing<01:39:41.600> all<01:39:41.760> those<01:39:41.920> robots<01:39:42.400> from 01:39:42.550 --> 01:39:42.560 align:start position:0% we'll be importing all those robots from 01:39:42.560 --> 01:39:44.070 align:start position:0% we'll be importing all those robots from europe<01:39:42.960> or<01:39:43.119> japan 01:39:44.070 --> 01:39:44.080 align:start position:0% europe or japan 01:39:44.080 --> 01:39:49.109 align:start position:0% europe or japan if<01:39:44.239> we<01:39:44.400> have<01:39:44.560> the<01:39:44.639> money<01:39:46.880> and<01:39:47.119> we<01:39:47.280> may<01:39:47.440> not 01:39:49.109 --> 01:39:49.119 align:start position:0% if we have the money and we may not 01:39:49.119 --> 01:39:52.310 align:start position:0% if we have the money and we may not but<01:39:49.280> that's<01:39:49.520> another<01:39:49.840> story<01:39:51.840> anything<01:39:52.159> else 01:39:52.310 --> 01:39:52.320 align:start position:0% but that's another story anything else 01:39:52.320 --> 01:39:55.189 align:start position:0% but that's another story anything else you'd<01:39:52.560> like<01:39:52.719> to<01:39:52.880> add 01:39:55.189 --> 01:39:55.199 align:start position:0% you'd like to add 01:39:55.199 --> 01:39:57.030 align:start position:0% you'd like to add well<01:39:55.360> i'd<01:39:55.520> like<01:39:55.679> to<01:39:55.760> come<01:39:56.080> just<01:39:56.320> to<01:39:56.480> say<01:39:56.719> what<01:39:56.880> i 01:39:57.030 --> 01:39:57.040 align:start position:0% well i'd like to come just to say what i 01:39:57.040 --> 01:39:59.270 align:start position:0% well i'd like to come just to say what i said<01:39:57.280> earlier<01:39:57.840> i<01:39:58.000> i<01:39:58.159> really<01:39:58.480> think<01:39:58.639> that 01:39:59.270 --> 01:39:59.280 align:start position:0% said earlier i i really think that 01:39:59.280 --> 01:40:03.270 align:start position:0% said earlier i i really think that robotics<01:40:00.320> is<01:40:00.560> the<01:40:00.719> most<01:40:02.000> it<01:40:02.239> is<01:40:02.480> a 01:40:03.270 --> 01:40:03.280 align:start position:0% robotics is the most it is a 01:40:03.280 --> 01:40:05.830 align:start position:0% robotics is the most it is a incredibly<01:40:03.920> fascinating<01:40:04.560> field<01:40:04.800> of<01:40:04.880> study 01:40:05.830 --> 01:40:05.840 align:start position:0% incredibly fascinating field of study 01:40:05.840 --> 01:40:07.270 align:start position:0% incredibly fascinating field of study because<01:40:06.159> it<01:40:06.400> enables<01:40:06.880> you 01:40:07.270 --> 01:40:07.280 align:start position:0% because it enables you 01:40:07.280 --> 01:40:10.550 align:start position:0% because it enables you to<01:40:07.440> combine<01:40:09.040> interests<01:40:09.520> in<01:40:09.760> psychology<01:40:10.400> and 01:40:10.550 --> 01:40:10.560 align:start position:0% to combine interests in psychology and 01:40:10.560 --> 01:40:12.709 align:start position:0% to combine interests in psychology and sociology<01:40:11.280> and<01:40:11.440> philosophy<01:40:12.000> and<01:40:12.159> engineering 01:40:12.709 --> 01:40:12.719 align:start position:0% sociology and philosophy and engineering 01:40:12.719 --> 01:40:14.550 align:start position:0% sociology and philosophy and engineering and<01:40:12.800> computer<01:40:13.199> science 01:40:14.550 --> 01:40:14.560 align:start position:0% and computer science 01:40:14.560 --> 01:40:17.350 align:start position:0% and computer science and<01:40:14.880> i<01:40:15.040> don't<01:40:15.280> know<01:40:15.440> of<01:40:15.600> any<01:40:15.840> other<01:40:16.800> area<01:40:17.199> of 01:40:17.350 --> 01:40:17.360 align:start position:0% and i don't know of any other area of 01:40:17.360 --> 01:40:17.990 align:start position:0% and i don't know of any other area of study 01:40:17.990 --> 01:40:18.000 align:start position:0% study 01:40:18.000 --> 01:40:20.070 align:start position:0% study which<01:40:18.320> provides<01:40:18.719> that<01:40:18.960> kind<01:40:19.119> of<01:40:19.199> breadth<01:40:19.920> and 01:40:20.070 --> 01:40:20.080 align:start position:0% which provides that kind of breadth and 01:40:20.080 --> 01:40:21.990 align:start position:0% which provides that kind of breadth and the<01:40:20.239> possibility<01:40:20.960> of<01:40:21.119> integrating<01:40:21.679> all<01:40:21.760> these 01:40:21.990 --> 01:40:22.000 align:start position:0% the possibility of integrating all these 01:40:22.000 --> 01:40:25.350 align:start position:0% the possibility of integrating all these areas 01:40:25.350 --> 01:40:25.360 align:start position:0% 01:40:25.360 --> 01:40:27.270 align:start position:0% so<01:40:25.600> that's<01:40:25.920> my<01:40:26.080> feeling<01:40:26.400> i<01:40:26.480> think<01:40:26.639> if<01:40:26.719> you<01:40:27.040> if 01:40:27.270 --> 01:40:27.280 align:start position:0% so that's my feeling i think if you if 01:40:27.280 --> 01:40:28.950 align:start position:0% so that's my feeling i think if you if i'd<01:40:27.520> like<01:40:27.679> to<01:40:27.840> say<01:40:28.080> to<01:40:28.239> young<01:40:28.480> people<01:40:28.719> you<01:40:28.880> know 01:40:28.950 --> 01:40:28.960 align:start position:0% i'd like to say to young people you know 01:40:28.960 --> 01:40:30.390 align:start position:0% i'd like to say to young people you know if<01:40:29.119> you're<01:40:29.199> looking<01:40:29.440> for<01:40:29.600> a<01:40:29.840> challenging 01:40:30.390 --> 01:40:30.400 align:start position:0% if you're looking for a challenging 01:40:30.400 --> 01:40:33.430 align:start position:0% if you're looking for a challenging field<01:40:30.719> going<01:40:30.960> to<01:40:31.040> robotics 01:40:33.430 --> 01:40:33.440 align:start position:0% field going to robotics 01:40:33.440 --> 01:40:37.600 align:start position:0% field going to robotics all<01:40:34.600> right