WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.320 --> 00:00:03.750 align:start position:0% uh<00:00:01.439> so<00:00:01.680> where<00:00:01.920> were<00:00:02.080> you<00:00:02.320> born<00:00:02.800> and 00:00:03.750 --> 00:00:03.760 align:start position:0% uh so where were you born and 00:00:03.760 --> 00:00:07.030 align:start position:0% uh so where were you born and your<00:00:04.560> early<00:00:04.799> education<00:00:05.600> okay<00:00:06.240> so<00:00:06.399> i<00:00:06.560> was<00:00:06.720> born 00:00:07.030 --> 00:00:07.040 align:start position:0% your early education okay so i was born 00:00:07.040 --> 00:00:07.749 align:start position:0% your early education okay so i was born in<00:00:07.279> uh 00:00:07.749 --> 00:00:07.759 align:start position:0% in uh 00:00:07.759 --> 00:00:10.549 align:start position:0% in uh in<00:00:08.160> in<00:00:08.320> india<00:00:08.880> in<00:00:09.040> a<00:00:09.200> town<00:00:09.519> called<00:00:09.760> patna<00:00:10.320> which 00:00:10.549 --> 00:00:10.559 align:start position:0% in in india in a town called patna which 00:00:10.559 --> 00:00:12.629 align:start position:0% in in india in a town called patna which is<00:00:10.719> in<00:00:10.800> eastern<00:00:11.280> india 00:00:12.629 --> 00:00:12.639 align:start position:0% is in eastern india 00:00:12.639 --> 00:00:15.910 align:start position:0% is in eastern india and<00:00:13.040> i<00:00:13.200> spent<00:00:13.679> most<00:00:14.000> of<00:00:14.160> my<00:00:15.120> life<00:00:15.440> in<00:00:15.599> central 00:00:15.910 --> 00:00:15.920 align:start position:0% and i spent most of my life in central 00:00:15.920 --> 00:00:17.990 align:start position:0% and i spent most of my life in central india 00:00:17.990 --> 00:00:18.000 align:start position:0% india 00:00:18.000 --> 00:00:20.950 align:start position:0% india and<00:00:18.160> then<00:00:18.640> in<00:00:19.520> in<00:00:19.680> new<00:00:19.920> delhi<00:00:20.320> and<00:00:20.480> i<00:00:20.560> went<00:00:20.720> to 00:00:20.950 --> 00:00:20.960 align:start position:0% and then in in new delhi and i went to 00:00:20.960 --> 00:00:21.990 align:start position:0% and then in in new delhi and i went to school 00:00:21.990 --> 00:00:22.000 align:start position:0% school 00:00:22.000 --> 00:00:24.790 align:start position:0% school uh<00:00:22.560> in<00:00:23.359> in<00:00:23.519> central<00:00:23.920> india<00:00:24.240> and<00:00:24.320> then<00:00:24.480> in<00:00:24.560> new 00:00:24.790 --> 00:00:24.800 align:start position:0% uh in in central india and then in new 00:00:24.800 --> 00:00:25.830 align:start position:0% uh in in central india and then in new delhi<00:00:25.199> and<00:00:25.279> then<00:00:25.439> i 00:00:25.830 --> 00:00:25.840 align:start position:0% delhi and then i 00:00:25.840 --> 00:00:28.230 align:start position:0% delhi and then i i<00:00:26.160> did<00:00:26.400> my<00:00:26.560> bachelor's<00:00:27.039> degree<00:00:27.439> at<00:00:27.599> the<00:00:27.920> indian 00:00:28.230 --> 00:00:28.240 align:start position:0% i did my bachelor's degree at the indian 00:00:28.240 --> 00:00:30.070 align:start position:0% i did my bachelor's degree at the indian institute<00:00:28.480> of<00:00:28.560> technology<00:00:29.119> in<00:00:29.279> kanpur 00:00:30.070 --> 00:00:30.080 align:start position:0% institute of technology in kanpur 00:00:30.080 --> 00:00:33.670 align:start position:0% institute of technology in kanpur which<00:00:30.320> is<00:00:30.560> northeastern<00:00:31.199> india<00:00:32.719> and<00:00:32.880> at<00:00:33.040> 21<00:00:33.520> i 00:00:33.670 --> 00:00:33.680 align:start position:0% which is northeastern india and at 21 i 00:00:33.680 --> 00:00:34.389 align:start position:0% which is northeastern india and at 21 i decided 00:00:34.389 --> 00:00:34.399 align:start position:0% decided 00:00:34.399 --> 00:00:36.389 align:start position:0% decided to<00:00:34.800> leave<00:00:35.120> india<00:00:35.440> and<00:00:35.520> come<00:00:35.680> to<00:00:35.840> the<00:00:36.000> united 00:00:36.389 --> 00:00:36.399 align:start position:0% to leave india and come to the united 00:00:36.399 --> 00:00:39.270 align:start position:0% to leave india and come to the united states<00:00:36.640> for<00:00:36.800> graduate<00:00:37.200> education 00:00:39.270 --> 00:00:39.280 align:start position:0% states for graduate education 00:00:39.280 --> 00:00:41.750 align:start position:0% states for graduate education and<00:00:39.760> i<00:00:40.000> did<00:00:40.160> my<00:00:40.399> doctoral<00:00:40.800> degree<00:00:41.120> at<00:00:41.200> the<00:00:41.360> ohio 00:00:41.750 --> 00:00:41.760 align:start position:0% and i did my doctoral degree at the ohio 00:00:41.760 --> 00:00:43.270 align:start position:0% and i did my doctoral degree at the ohio state<00:00:42.000> university<00:00:42.480> where<00:00:42.640> i<00:00:42.800> finished<00:00:43.200> in 00:00:43.270 --> 00:00:43.280 align:start position:0% state university where i finished in 00:00:43.280 --> 00:00:45.190 align:start position:0% state university where i finished in 1987. 00:00:45.190 --> 00:00:45.200 align:start position:0% 1987. 00:00:45.200 --> 00:00:48.229 align:start position:0% 1987. what<00:00:45.360> was<00:00:45.520> your<00:00:45.680> dissertation<00:00:46.399> research<00:00:46.879> on<00:00:47.600> i 00:00:48.229 --> 00:00:48.239 align:start position:0% what was your dissertation research on i 00:00:48.239 --> 00:00:51.990 align:start position:0% what was your dissertation research on i worked<00:00:48.640> on<00:00:49.680> trying<00:00:50.160> to<00:00:50.399> determine<00:00:51.199> how<00:00:51.360> to<00:00:51.520> get 00:00:51.990 --> 00:00:52.000 align:start position:0% worked on trying to determine how to get 00:00:52.000 --> 00:00:55.430 align:start position:0% worked on trying to determine how to get legged<00:00:52.480> vehicles<00:00:53.120> to<00:00:53.360> walk<00:00:54.640> and<00:00:54.879> i<00:00:55.039> spent 00:00:55.430 --> 00:00:55.440 align:start position:0% legged vehicles to walk and i spent 00:00:55.440 --> 00:00:58.150 align:start position:0% legged vehicles to walk and i spent quite<00:00:55.600> a<00:00:55.680> bit<00:00:55.840> of<00:00:56.000> time<00:00:56.320> studying<00:00:56.879> goats 00:00:58.150 --> 00:00:58.160 align:start position:0% quite a bit of time studying goats 00:00:58.160 --> 00:01:00.869 align:start position:0% quite a bit of time studying goats horses<00:00:59.039> insects<00:01:00.160> and<00:01:00.239> then<00:01:00.480> trying<00:01:00.719> to 00:01:00.869 --> 00:01:00.879 align:start position:0% horses insects and then trying to 00:01:00.879 --> 00:01:02.709 align:start position:0% horses insects and then trying to determine<00:01:01.440> what<00:01:01.680> kinds<00:01:02.000> of<00:01:02.160> gates<00:01:02.480> they 00:01:02.709 --> 00:01:02.719 align:start position:0% determine what kinds of gates they 00:01:02.719 --> 00:01:03.510 align:start position:0% determine what kinds of gates they employed 00:01:03.510 --> 00:01:03.520 align:start position:0% employed 00:01:03.520 --> 00:01:05.030 align:start position:0% employed and<00:01:03.760> how<00:01:03.920> to<00:01:04.080> take<00:01:04.239> those<00:01:04.559> gates<00:01:04.879> and 00:01:05.030 --> 00:01:05.040 align:start position:0% and how to take those gates and 00:01:05.040 --> 00:01:07.429 align:start position:0% and how to take those gates and translate<00:01:05.600> them<00:01:05.920> to<00:01:06.240> robotic<00:01:06.880> walking 00:01:07.429 --> 00:01:07.439 align:start position:0% translate them to robotic walking 00:01:07.439 --> 00:01:10.630 align:start position:0% translate them to robotic walking vehicles<00:01:09.200> and<00:01:09.360> at<00:01:09.600> ohio<00:01:09.920> state<00:01:10.159> we<00:01:10.240> had<00:01:10.320> a<00:01:10.400> big 00:01:10.630 --> 00:01:10.640 align:start position:0% vehicles and at ohio state we had a big 00:01:10.640 --> 00:01:12.390 align:start position:0% vehicles and at ohio state we had a big project<00:01:11.119> where 00:01:12.390 --> 00:01:12.400 align:start position:0% project where 00:01:12.400 --> 00:01:15.270 align:start position:0% project where we<00:01:12.960> we<00:01:13.200> built<00:01:13.680> we<00:01:14.080> a<00:01:14.240> large<00:01:14.479> group<00:01:14.720> of<00:01:14.799> people 00:01:15.270 --> 00:01:15.280 align:start position:0% we we built we a large group of people 00:01:15.280 --> 00:01:16.149 align:start position:0% we we built we a large group of people built 00:01:16.149 --> 00:01:16.159 align:start position:0% built 00:01:16.159 --> 00:01:19.350 align:start position:0% built a<00:01:16.400> large<00:01:17.280> walking<00:01:17.680> vehicle<00:01:18.400> which<00:01:18.880> uh 00:01:19.350 --> 00:01:19.360 align:start position:0% a large walking vehicle which uh 00:01:19.360 --> 00:01:22.630 align:start position:0% a large walking vehicle which uh weighed<00:01:19.680> about<00:01:20.720> 3<00:01:21.360> 500 00:01:22.630 --> 00:01:22.640 align:start position:0% weighed about 3 500 00:01:22.640 --> 00:01:26.149 align:start position:0% weighed about 3 500 pounds<00:01:23.920> and<00:01:24.320> could<00:01:24.880> carry<00:01:25.200> about<00:01:25.439> 500<00:01:25.840> pounds 00:01:26.149 --> 00:01:26.159 align:start position:0% pounds and could carry about 500 pounds 00:01:26.159 --> 00:01:27.190 align:start position:0% pounds and could carry about 500 pounds of<00:01:26.320> payload 00:01:27.190 --> 00:01:27.200 align:start position:0% of payload 00:01:27.200 --> 00:01:29.350 align:start position:0% of payload and<00:01:27.439> one<00:01:27.600> of<00:01:27.759> the<00:01:27.840> things<00:01:28.159> i<00:01:29.040> tried<00:01:29.280> to 00:01:29.350 --> 00:01:29.360 align:start position:0% and one of the things i tried to 00:01:29.360 --> 00:01:30.950 align:start position:0% and one of the things i tried to determine<00:01:30.000> was 00:01:30.950 --> 00:01:30.960 align:start position:0% determine was 00:01:30.960 --> 00:01:32.950 align:start position:0% determine was the<00:01:31.200> exact<00:01:31.600> sequence<00:01:32.079> that<00:01:32.240> the<00:01:32.400> legs<00:01:32.720> should 00:01:32.950 --> 00:01:32.960 align:start position:0% the exact sequence that the legs should 00:01:32.960 --> 00:01:35.030 align:start position:0% the exact sequence that the legs should employ<00:01:33.600> in<00:01:33.759> order<00:01:34.000> to<00:01:34.159> walk<00:01:34.400> in<00:01:34.560> a<00:01:34.640> stable 00:01:35.030 --> 00:01:35.040 align:start position:0% employ in order to walk in a stable 00:01:35.040 --> 00:01:36.149 align:start position:0% employ in order to walk in a stable fashion 00:01:36.149 --> 00:01:36.159 align:start position:0% fashion 00:01:36.159 --> 00:01:38.469 align:start position:0% fashion and<00:01:36.560> the<00:01:36.640> other<00:01:36.880> interesting<00:01:37.360> question<00:01:38.320> we 00:01:38.469 --> 00:01:38.479 align:start position:0% and the other interesting question we 00:01:38.479 --> 00:01:39.590 align:start position:0% and the other interesting question we had<00:01:38.640> to<00:01:38.799> answer<00:01:39.200> is 00:01:39.590 --> 00:01:39.600 align:start position:0% had to answer is 00:01:39.600 --> 00:01:42.310 align:start position:0% had to answer is how<00:01:39.840> to<00:01:40.000> get<00:01:40.640> the<00:01:40.880> load<00:01:41.520> of<00:01:41.680> the<00:01:41.840> vehicle 00:01:42.310 --> 00:01:42.320 align:start position:0% how to get the load of the vehicle 00:01:42.320 --> 00:01:44.230 align:start position:0% how to get the load of the vehicle supported<00:01:42.799> by<00:01:43.040> six<00:01:43.360> legs 00:01:44.230 --> 00:01:44.240 align:start position:0% supported by six legs 00:01:44.240 --> 00:01:46.230 align:start position:0% supported by six legs in<00:01:44.399> a<00:01:44.560> car<00:01:44.880> that's<00:01:45.119> done<00:01:45.439> passively<00:01:45.920> you<00:01:46.079> have 00:01:46.230 --> 00:01:46.240 align:start position:0% in a car that's done passively you have 00:01:46.240 --> 00:01:48.149 align:start position:0% in a car that's done passively you have four<00:01:46.560> wheels<00:01:46.880> that<00:01:47.040> support<00:01:47.360> the<00:01:47.520> work<00:01:47.759> of 00:01:48.149 --> 00:01:48.159 align:start position:0% four wheels that support the work of 00:01:48.159 --> 00:01:50.469 align:start position:0% four wheels that support the work of the<00:01:48.320> load<00:01:48.560> of<00:01:48.720> a<00:01:48.799> car<00:01:49.439> but<00:01:49.600> if<00:01:49.680> you<00:01:49.920> look<00:01:50.079> at<00:01:50.240> a 00:01:50.469 --> 00:01:50.479 align:start position:0% the load of a car but if you look at a 00:01:50.479 --> 00:01:53.510 align:start position:0% the load of a car but if you look at a at<00:01:50.720> a<00:01:51.360> horse<00:01:51.759> for<00:01:51.920> example<00:01:52.320> it<00:01:52.479> has<00:01:52.640> four<00:01:52.880> legs 00:01:53.510 --> 00:01:53.520 align:start position:0% at a horse for example it has four legs 00:01:53.520 --> 00:01:55.990 align:start position:0% at a horse for example it has four legs it<00:01:53.600> has<00:01:53.840> the<00:01:54.000> option<00:01:54.320> to<00:01:54.479> shift<00:01:54.799> its<00:01:54.960> weight<00:01:55.759> uh 00:01:55.990 --> 00:01:56.000 align:start position:0% it has the option to shift its weight uh 00:01:56.000 --> 00:01:57.830 align:start position:0% it has the option to shift its weight uh it<00:01:56.159> also<00:01:56.399> has<00:01:56.560> the<00:01:56.719> option<00:01:57.040> to 00:01:57.830 --> 00:01:57.840 align:start position:0% it also has the option to 00:01:57.840 --> 00:02:00.310 align:start position:0% it also has the option to uh<00:01:58.560> to<00:01:58.719> take<00:01:59.040> the<00:01:59.280> traction<00:01:59.759> forces<00:02:00.240> and 00:02:00.310 --> 00:02:00.320 align:start position:0% uh to take the traction forces and 00:02:00.320 --> 00:02:02.469 align:start position:0% uh to take the traction forces and distribute<00:02:00.799> it<00:02:00.960> in<00:02:01.040> an<00:02:01.200> uneven<00:02:01.600> way 00:02:02.469 --> 00:02:02.479 align:start position:0% distribute it in an uneven way 00:02:02.479 --> 00:02:04.389 align:start position:0% distribute it in an uneven way across<00:02:02.880> its<00:02:03.119> legs<00:02:03.439> so<00:02:03.600> this<00:02:03.840> vehicle<00:02:04.159> had<00:02:04.320> to 00:02:04.389 --> 00:02:04.399 align:start position:0% across its legs so this vehicle had to 00:02:04.399 --> 00:02:06.630 align:start position:0% across its legs so this vehicle had to do<00:02:04.560> the<00:02:04.719> same<00:02:04.960> kind<00:02:05.200> of<00:02:05.280> reasoning<00:02:05.680> on<00:02:05.840> the<00:02:05.920> fly 00:02:06.630 --> 00:02:06.640 align:start position:0% do the same kind of reasoning on the fly 00:02:06.640 --> 00:02:08.469 align:start position:0% do the same kind of reasoning on the fly and<00:02:06.719> that's<00:02:06.960> what<00:02:07.119> i<00:02:07.280> worked<00:02:07.520> on<00:02:08.160> what<00:02:08.319> was 00:02:08.469 --> 00:02:08.479 align:start position:0% and that's what i worked on what was 00:02:08.479 --> 00:02:09.990 align:start position:0% and that's what i worked on what was that<00:02:08.879> called<00:02:09.200> that<00:02:09.360> robot 00:02:09.990 --> 00:02:10.000 align:start position:0% that called that robot 00:02:10.000 --> 00:02:11.830 align:start position:0% that called that robot so<00:02:10.160> it<00:02:10.239> was<00:02:10.319> called<00:02:10.560> the<00:02:10.640> adaptive<00:02:11.120> suspension 00:02:11.830 --> 00:02:11.840 align:start position:0% so it was called the adaptive suspension 00:02:11.840 --> 00:02:15.830 align:start position:0% so it was called the adaptive suspension vehicle<00:02:12.800> it<00:02:12.959> was<00:02:13.200> built<00:02:13.520> in<00:02:13.599> the<00:02:13.680> 1980s 00:02:15.830 --> 00:02:15.840 align:start position:0% vehicle it was built in the 1980s 00:02:15.840 --> 00:02:19.350 align:start position:0% vehicle it was built in the 1980s and<00:02:17.599> and<00:02:17.920> i<00:02:18.160> believe<00:02:18.480> it's<00:02:18.640> in<00:02:18.720> a<00:02:18.879> museum 00:02:19.350 --> 00:02:19.360 align:start position:0% and and i believe it's in a museum 00:02:19.360 --> 00:02:21.990 align:start position:0% and and i believe it's in a museum somewhere<00:02:19.680> in<00:02:19.760> columbus<00:02:20.319> ohio<00:02:20.840> now 00:02:21.990 --> 00:02:22.000 align:start position:0% somewhere in columbus ohio now 00:02:22.000 --> 00:02:27.589 align:start position:0% somewhere in columbus ohio now but<00:02:22.160> it<00:02:22.160> was<00:02:22.400> quite<00:02:22.560> a<00:02:22.640> monster 00:02:27.589 --> 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ohio<00:02:40.000> state<00:02:40.319> and<00:02:40.400> then<00:02:40.560> he<00:02:40.640> moved<00:02:40.800> to 00:02:40.949 --> 00:02:40.959 align:start position:0% then at ohio state and then he moved to 00:02:40.959 --> 00:02:41.910 align:start position:0% then at ohio state and then he moved to stanford 00:02:41.910 --> 00:02:41.920 align:start position:0% stanford 00:02:41.920 --> 00:02:43.589 align:start position:0% stanford and<00:02:42.080> now<00:02:42.239> he's<00:02:42.480> at<00:02:42.560> the<00:02:42.720> university<00:02:43.120> of<00:02:43.280> sydney 00:02:43.589 --> 00:02:43.599 align:start position:0% and now he's at the university of sydney 00:02:43.599 --> 00:02:48.630 align:start position:0% and now he's at the university of sydney in<00:02:43.760> australia 00:02:48.630 --> 00:02:48.640 align:start position:0% 00:02:48.640 --> 00:02:50.550 align:start position:0% so<00:02:48.959> were<00:02:49.120> there<00:02:49.360> other<00:02:49.599> people<00:02:49.920> who<00:02:50.080> worked<00:02:50.480> on 00:02:50.550 --> 00:02:50.560 align:start position:0% so were there other people who worked on 00:02:50.560 --> 00:02:52.470 align:start position:0% so were there other people who worked on the<00:02:50.800> project<00:02:51.280> with<00:02:51.519> you<00:02:51.760> yeah<00:02:52.000> it<00:02:52.000> was<00:02:52.160> a<00:02:52.239> huge 00:02:52.470 --> 00:02:52.480 align:start position:0% the project with you yeah it was a huge 00:02:52.480 --> 00:02:54.150 align:start position:0% the project with you yeah it was a huge project<00:02:52.879> it<00:02:52.879> was<00:02:53.040> a<00:02:53.120> five<00:02:53.360> million<00:02:53.599> dollar 00:02:54.150 --> 00:02:54.160 align:start position:0% project it was a five million dollar 00:02:54.160 --> 00:02:58.710 align:start position:0% project it was a five million dollar project<00:02:54.720> and<00:02:55.120> there<00:02:55.280> were<00:02:55.440> lots<00:02:55.760> of<00:02:55.840> people<00:02:56.959> um 00:02:58.710 --> 00:02:58.720 align:start position:0% project and there were lots of people um 00:02:58.720 --> 00:03:01.030 align:start position:0% project and there were lots of people um working<00:02:59.040> on<00:02:59.200> it<00:02:59.519> um<00:02:59.920> computer<00:03:00.400> scientists 00:03:01.030 --> 00:03:01.040 align:start position:0% working on it um computer scientists 00:03:01.040 --> 00:03:02.830 align:start position:0% working on it um computer scientists electrical<00:03:01.519> engineers<00:03:02.000> and<00:03:02.080> mechanical 00:03:02.830 --> 00:03:02.840 align:start position:0% electrical engineers and mechanical 00:03:02.840 --> 00:03:04.070 align:start position:0% electrical engineers and mechanical engineers 00:03:04.070 --> 00:03:04.080 align:start position:0% engineers 00:03:04.080 --> 00:03:06.949 align:start position:0% engineers yeah<00:03:05.360> and<00:03:05.599> how<00:03:05.760> did<00:03:05.920> you<00:03:06.159> just<00:03:06.319> to<00:03:06.480> go<00:03:06.640> a<00:03:06.720> little 00:03:06.949 --> 00:03:06.959 align:start position:0% yeah and how did you just to go a little 00:03:06.959 --> 00:03:09.190 align:start position:0% yeah and how did you just to go a little way<00:03:07.200> back<00:03:07.440> how<00:03:07.680> did<00:03:07.840> you<00:03:08.000> decide<00:03:08.560> to 00:03:09.190 --> 00:03:09.200 align:start position:0% way back how did you decide to 00:03:09.200 --> 00:03:12.229 align:start position:0% way back how did you decide to come<00:03:09.440> to<00:03:09.599> the<00:03:09.760> us<00:03:11.760> uh 00:03:12.229 --> 00:03:12.239 align:start position:0% come to the us uh 00:03:12.239 --> 00:03:15.670 align:start position:0% come to the us uh well<00:03:12.640> i<00:03:13.680> it<00:03:13.840> was<00:03:14.000> it<00:03:14.159> was<00:03:14.319> funny<00:03:14.640> i<00:03:15.120> don't<00:03:15.360> think 00:03:15.670 --> 00:03:15.680 align:start position:0% well i it was it was funny i don't think 00:03:15.680 --> 00:03:16.229 align:start position:0% well i it was it was funny i don't think i<00:03:15.840> had 00:03:16.229 --> 00:03:16.239 align:start position:0% i had 00:03:16.239 --> 00:03:19.030 align:start position:0% i had a<00:03:17.040> you<00:03:17.120> know<00:03:17.200> if<00:03:17.360> i<00:03:17.519> if<00:03:17.680> i<00:03:17.840> compare<00:03:18.159> it<00:03:18.319> to<00:03:18.720> kids 00:03:19.030 --> 00:03:19.040 align:start position:0% a you know if i if i compare it to kids 00:03:19.040 --> 00:03:20.710 align:start position:0% a you know if i if i compare it to kids these<00:03:19.280> days<00:03:19.519> they<00:03:19.680> seem<00:03:19.920> to<00:03:20.000> have<00:03:20.159> a<00:03:20.239> five-year 00:03:20.710 --> 00:03:20.720 align:start position:0% these days they seem to have a five-year 00:03:20.720 --> 00:03:22.390 align:start position:0% these days they seem to have a five-year plan<00:03:20.959> a<00:03:21.120> ten-year<00:03:21.519> plan<00:03:21.760> a<00:03:21.840> fifth 00:03:22.390 --> 00:03:22.400 align:start position:0% plan a ten-year plan a fifth 00:03:22.400 --> 00:03:24.149 align:start position:0% plan a ten-year plan a fifth i<00:03:22.480> mean<00:03:22.720> for<00:03:22.879> me<00:03:23.040> everything<00:03:23.440> was<00:03:23.760> you<00:03:23.920> know 00:03:24.149 --> 00:03:24.159 align:start position:0% i mean for me everything was you know 00:03:24.159 --> 00:03:26.229 align:start position:0% i mean for me everything was you know just<00:03:24.319> reacting<00:03:24.879> to<00:03:25.280> the<00:03:25.440> things<00:03:25.680> that<00:03:25.840> i<00:03:26.000> saw 00:03:26.229 --> 00:03:26.239 align:start position:0% just reacting to the things that i saw 00:03:26.239 --> 00:03:27.270 align:start position:0% just reacting to the things that i saw and<00:03:26.400> felt 00:03:27.270 --> 00:03:27.280 align:start position:0% and felt 00:03:27.280 --> 00:03:30.630 align:start position:0% and felt um<00:03:27.760> it<00:03:27.920> became<00:03:28.319> clear<00:03:28.879> that<00:03:29.280> uh<00:03:29.599> the<00:03:29.840> kinds<00:03:30.319> of 00:03:30.630 --> 00:03:30.640 align:start position:0% um it became clear that uh the kinds of 00:03:30.640 --> 00:03:32.710 align:start position:0% um it became clear that uh the kinds of opportunities<00:03:31.280> that<00:03:31.360> were<00:03:31.599> available<00:03:32.159> after 00:03:32.710 --> 00:03:32.720 align:start position:0% opportunities that were available after 00:03:32.720 --> 00:03:34.630 align:start position:0% opportunities that were available after an<00:03:32.879> undergraduate<00:03:33.440> degree<00:03:33.760> in<00:03:33.920> india<00:03:34.319> at<00:03:34.400> that 00:03:34.630 --> 00:03:34.640 align:start position:0% an undergraduate degree in india at that 00:03:34.640 --> 00:03:35.509 align:start position:0% an undergraduate degree in india at that time 00:03:35.509 --> 00:03:35.519 align:start position:0% time 00:03:35.519 --> 00:03:38.949 align:start position:0% time were<00:03:35.760> uninteresting<00:03:38.000> and<00:03:38.159> so<00:03:38.400> that's<00:03:38.640> how<00:03:38.799> i 00:03:38.949 --> 00:03:38.959 align:start position:0% were uninteresting and so that's how i 00:03:38.959 --> 00:03:41.270 align:start position:0% were uninteresting and so that's how i decided<00:03:39.440> i<00:03:39.519> needed<00:03:39.760> to<00:03:39.840> do<00:03:40.000> graduate<00:03:40.400> school 00:03:41.270 --> 00:03:41.280 align:start position:0% decided i needed to do graduate school 00:03:41.280 --> 00:03:45.670 align:start position:0% decided i needed to do graduate school and<00:03:41.440> then<00:03:43.519> picking<00:03:43.840> an<00:03:44.000> area<00:03:44.400> was<00:03:44.560> also 00:03:45.670 --> 00:03:45.680 align:start position:0% and then picking an area was also 00:03:45.680 --> 00:03:47.430 align:start position:0% and then picking an area was also again<00:03:46.319> there<00:03:46.560> were<00:03:46.640> some<00:03:46.879> areas<00:03:47.200> that<00:03:47.280> were 00:03:47.430 --> 00:03:47.440 align:start position:0% again there were some areas that were 00:03:47.440 --> 00:03:50.630 align:start position:0% again there were some areas that were interesting<00:03:48.000> some<00:03:48.239> that<00:03:48.400> were<00:03:48.640> not 00:03:50.630 --> 00:03:50.640 align:start position:0% interesting some that were not 00:03:50.640 --> 00:03:53.110 align:start position:0% interesting some that were not i<00:03:50.799> thought<00:03:51.120> robotics<00:03:51.840> had<00:03:52.159> the<00:03:52.319> potential<00:03:52.959> of 00:03:53.110 --> 00:03:53.120 align:start position:0% i thought robotics had the potential of 00:03:53.120 --> 00:03:55.110 align:start position:0% i thought robotics had the potential of turning<00:03:53.439> out<00:03:53.599> to<00:03:53.760> be<00:03:53.920> something 00:03:55.110 --> 00:03:55.120 align:start position:0% turning out to be something 00:03:55.120 --> 00:03:57.670 align:start position:0% turning out to be something quite<00:03:55.439> new<00:03:56.319> back<00:03:56.560> then<00:03:56.959> it<00:03:57.120> was<00:03:57.280> not<00:03:57.519> an 00:03:57.670 --> 00:03:57.680 align:start position:0% quite new back then it was not an 00:03:57.680 --> 00:03:58.949 align:start position:0% quite new back then it was not an academic<00:03:58.159> discipline 00:03:58.949 --> 00:03:58.959 align:start position:0% academic discipline 00:03:58.959 --> 00:04:01.270 align:start position:0% academic discipline there<00:03:59.120> were<00:03:59.280> robots<00:03:59.680> being<00:03:59.920> used<00:04:00.159> in<00:04:00.319> industry 00:04:01.270 --> 00:04:01.280 align:start position:0% there were robots being used in industry 00:04:01.280 --> 00:04:02.470 align:start position:0% there were robots being used in industry so<00:04:01.439> when<00:04:01.599> i<00:04:01.760> started 00:04:02.470 --> 00:04:02.480 align:start position:0% so when i started 00:04:02.480 --> 00:04:04.309 align:start position:0% so when i started there<00:04:02.640> were<00:04:02.720> lots<00:04:02.959> of<00:04:03.120> interesting<00:04:03.760> problems 00:04:04.309 --> 00:04:04.319 align:start position:0% there were lots of interesting problems 00:04:04.319 --> 00:04:06.630 align:start position:0% there were lots of interesting problems one<00:04:04.560> could<00:04:04.720> try<00:04:04.879> to<00:04:05.120> solve 00:04:06.630 --> 00:04:06.640 align:start position:0% one could try to solve 00:04:06.640 --> 00:04:08.390 align:start position:0% one could try to solve if<00:04:06.720> you<00:04:06.879> look<00:04:07.040> at<00:04:07.200> it<00:04:07.680> if<00:04:07.840> you<00:04:07.920> looked<00:04:08.159> at<00:04:08.239> a 00:04:08.390 --> 00:04:08.400 align:start position:0% if you look at it if you looked at a 00:04:08.400 --> 00:04:10.149 align:start position:0% if you look at it if you looked at a robot<00:04:08.959> as 00:04:10.149 --> 00:04:10.159 align:start position:0% robot as 00:04:10.159 --> 00:04:13.270 align:start position:0% robot as an<00:04:10.400> artificial<00:04:12.959> but 00:04:13.270 --> 00:04:13.280 align:start position:0% an artificial but 00:04:13.280 --> 00:04:16.949 align:start position:0% an artificial but smart<00:04:14.239> system<00:04:14.799> the<00:04:15.120> human-like<00:04:15.680> system 00:04:16.949 --> 00:04:16.959 align:start position:0% smart system the human-like system 00:04:16.959 --> 00:04:18.469 align:start position:0% smart system the human-like system there<00:04:17.120> were<00:04:17.199> no<00:04:17.359> such<00:04:17.600> systems<00:04:18.000> at<00:04:18.079> that<00:04:18.239> time 00:04:18.469 --> 00:04:18.479 align:start position:0% there were no such systems at that time 00:04:18.479 --> 00:04:20.390 align:start position:0% there were no such systems at that time so<00:04:18.639> i<00:04:18.720> felt<00:04:18.959> like<00:04:19.120> there<00:04:19.280> were<00:04:19.759> just<00:04:20.000> lots<00:04:20.239> of 00:04:20.390 --> 00:04:20.400 align:start position:0% so i felt like there were just lots of 00:04:20.400 --> 00:04:21.830 align:start position:0% so i felt like there were just lots of opportunities<00:04:21.040> and<00:04:21.120> i<00:04:21.199> wanted<00:04:21.440> to<00:04:21.519> work<00:04:21.759> in 00:04:21.830 --> 00:04:21.840 align:start position:0% opportunities and i wanted to work in 00:04:21.840 --> 00:04:22.790 align:start position:0% opportunities and i wanted to work in this<00:04:22.079> area 00:04:22.790 --> 00:04:22.800 align:start position:0% this area 00:04:22.800 --> 00:04:24.550 align:start position:0% this area of<00:04:22.960> course<00:04:23.120> i<00:04:23.280> was<00:04:23.360> a<00:04:23.440> mechanical<00:04:23.919> engineer 00:04:24.550 --> 00:04:24.560 align:start position:0% of course i was a mechanical engineer 00:04:24.560 --> 00:04:26.550 align:start position:0% of course i was a mechanical engineer and 00:04:26.550 --> 00:04:26.560 align:start position:0% and 00:04:26.560 --> 00:04:28.070 align:start position:0% and as<00:04:26.720> a<00:04:26.800> mechanical<00:04:27.280> engineer<00:04:27.680> the<00:04:27.759> kinds<00:04:28.000> of 00:04:28.070 --> 00:04:28.080 align:start position:0% as a mechanical engineer the kinds of 00:04:28.080 --> 00:04:29.749 align:start position:0% as a mechanical engineer the kinds of things<00:04:28.400> that<00:04:28.560> i<00:04:28.639> was<00:04:28.800> trained<00:04:29.120> to<00:04:29.199> think<00:04:29.440> about 00:04:29.749 --> 00:04:29.759 align:start position:0% things that i was trained to think about 00:04:29.759 --> 00:04:31.030 align:start position:0% things that i was trained to think about at<00:04:29.840> that<00:04:30.080> time<00:04:30.320> at<00:04:30.400> least<00:04:30.639> were<00:04:30.800> very 00:04:31.030 --> 00:04:31.040 align:start position:0% at that time at least were very 00:04:31.040 --> 00:04:32.150 align:start position:0% at that time at least were very different 00:04:32.150 --> 00:04:32.160 align:start position:0% different 00:04:32.160 --> 00:04:34.230 align:start position:0% different and<00:04:32.320> so<00:04:32.479> i<00:04:32.639> thought<00:04:33.040> uh<00:04:33.680> walking<00:04:34.080> was 00:04:34.230 --> 00:04:34.240 align:start position:0% and so i thought uh walking was 00:04:34.240 --> 00:04:36.230 align:start position:0% and so i thought uh walking was something<00:04:34.720> that<00:04:34.960> was<00:04:35.280> very<00:04:35.520> mechanical<00:04:36.160> in 00:04:36.230 --> 00:04:36.240 align:start position:0% something that was very mechanical in 00:04:36.240 --> 00:04:37.749 align:start position:0% something that was very mechanical in nature<00:04:36.639> and<00:04:36.800> i<00:04:36.880> thought<00:04:37.040> i<00:04:37.120> should<00:04:37.280> start<00:04:37.600> with 00:04:37.749 --> 00:04:37.759 align:start position:0% nature and i thought i should start with 00:04:37.759 --> 00:04:39.110 align:start position:0% nature and i thought i should start with that 00:04:39.110 --> 00:04:39.120 align:start position:0% that 00:04:39.120 --> 00:04:41.189 align:start position:0% that what<00:04:39.360> was<00:04:39.600> the<00:04:40.000> first<00:04:40.320> how<00:04:40.560> did<00:04:40.639> you<00:04:40.800> become 00:04:41.189 --> 00:04:41.199 align:start position:0% what was the first how did you become 00:04:41.199 --> 00:04:42.790 align:start position:0% what was the first how did you become acquainted<00:04:41.759> with<00:04:42.000> robotics 00:04:42.790 --> 00:04:42.800 align:start position:0% acquainted with robotics 00:04:42.800 --> 00:04:45.189 align:start position:0% acquainted with robotics in<00:04:42.960> the<00:04:43.040> first<00:04:43.280> place<00:04:44.000> could<00:04:44.160> you<00:04:44.320> not<00:04:44.639> rub<00:04:44.880> the 00:04:45.189 --> 00:04:45.199 align:start position:0% in the first place could you not rub the 00:04:45.199 --> 00:04:47.030 align:start position:0% in the first place could you not rub the wire<00:04:45.520> on<00:04:45.759> picking<00:04:46.160> up<00:04:46.320> the 00:04:47.030 --> 00:04:47.040 align:start position:0% wire on picking up the 00:04:47.040 --> 00:04:54.950 align:start position:0% wire on picking up the friction<00:04:48.720> friction<00:04:49.120> from<00:04:49.280> the<00:04:49.360> wire<00:04:49.759> okay 00:04:54.950 --> 00:04:54.960 align:start position:0% 00:04:54.960 --> 00:04:57.670 align:start position:0% how<00:04:55.120> did<00:04:55.280> i<00:04:55.440> started<00:04:56.240> how<00:04:56.400> did<00:04:56.560> you<00:04:57.360> become 00:04:57.670 --> 00:04:57.680 align:start position:0% how did i started how did you become 00:04:57.680 --> 00:04:59.510 align:start position:0% how did i started how did you become familiar<00:04:58.160> with<00:04:58.400> robotics<00:04:59.040> in<00:04:59.120> the<00:04:59.280> first 00:04:59.510 --> 00:04:59.520 align:start position:0% familiar with robotics in the first 00:04:59.520 --> 00:05:00.390 align:start position:0% familiar with robotics in the first place 00:05:00.390 --> 00:05:00.400 align:start position:0% place 00:05:00.400 --> 00:05:03.270 align:start position:0% place oh<00:05:00.800> i<00:05:00.880> don't<00:05:01.039> know<00:05:01.199> r2d2<00:05:02.080> was<00:05:02.320> my<00:05:02.479> first<00:05:02.800> robot 00:05:03.270 --> 00:05:03.280 align:start position:0% oh i don't know r2d2 was my first robot 00:05:03.280 --> 00:05:04.070 align:start position:0% oh i don't know r2d2 was my first robot i<00:05:03.360> mean<00:05:03.520> that<00:05:03.680> was 00:05:04.070 --> 00:05:04.080 align:start position:0% i mean that was 00:05:04.080 --> 00:05:07.430 align:start position:0% i mean that was uh<00:05:04.639> that<00:05:04.800> was<00:05:05.039> the<00:05:05.199> starting<00:05:05.680> point<00:05:06.160> and<00:05:07.039> uh<00:05:07.360> i 00:05:07.430 --> 00:05:07.440 align:start position:0% uh that was the starting point and uh i 00:05:07.440 --> 00:05:08.710 align:start position:0% uh that was the starting point and uh i don't<00:05:07.600> know<00:05:07.759> i<00:05:07.840> remember 00:05:08.710 --> 00:05:08.720 align:start position:0% don't know i remember 00:05:08.720 --> 00:05:12.550 align:start position:0% don't know i remember vaguely<00:05:09.440> a<00:05:10.880> satellite<00:05:11.440> broadcast<00:05:12.240> of<00:05:12.400> a 00:05:12.550 --> 00:05:12.560 align:start position:0% vaguely a satellite broadcast of a 00:05:12.560 --> 00:05:14.310 align:start position:0% vaguely a satellite broadcast of a conference<00:05:13.120> in<00:05:13.199> the<00:05:13.280> u.s<00:05:13.680> that<00:05:13.840> i<00:05:14.000> just 00:05:14.310 --> 00:05:14.320 align:start position:0% conference in the u.s that i just 00:05:14.320 --> 00:05:16.310 align:start position:0% conference in the u.s that i just happened<00:05:14.639> to<00:05:14.720> listen<00:05:15.120> to<00:05:15.280> and<00:05:15.440> i<00:05:15.520> said 00:05:16.310 --> 00:05:16.320 align:start position:0% happened to listen to and i said 00:05:16.320 --> 00:05:17.830 align:start position:0% happened to listen to and i said you<00:05:16.479> know<00:05:16.720> this<00:05:16.960> is<00:05:17.039> something<00:05:17.360> that<00:05:17.600> i<00:05:17.680> should 00:05:17.830 --> 00:05:17.840 align:start position:0% you know this is something that i should 00:05:17.840 --> 00:05:21.749 align:start position:0% you know this is something that i should think<00:05:18.080> about<00:05:18.400> more<00:05:18.639> seriously 00:05:21.749 --> 00:05:21.759 align:start position:0% 00:05:21.759 --> 00:05:23.670 align:start position:0% what<00:05:21.919> was<00:05:22.080> your<00:05:22.240> undergraduate<00:05:23.039> degree<00:05:23.440> in 00:05:23.670 --> 00:05:23.680 align:start position:0% what was your undergraduate degree in 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i<00:05:48.080> would<00:05:48.160> be<00:05:48.320> working<00:05:48.720> on 00:05:50.230 --> 00:05:50.240 align:start position:0% at ohio state i would be working on 00:05:50.240 --> 00:05:51.909 align:start position:0% at ohio state i would be working on things<00:05:50.560> connected<00:05:50.960> to<00:05:51.039> robotics<00:05:51.680> and<00:05:51.840> i 00:05:51.909 --> 00:05:51.919 align:start position:0% things connected to robotics and i 00:05:51.919 --> 00:05:55.430 align:start position:0% things connected to robotics and i decided<00:05:52.240> to<00:05:52.320> go<00:05:52.479> to<00:05:52.560> ohio<00:05:52.880> state 00:05:55.430 --> 00:05:55.440 align:start position:0% 00:05:55.440 --> 00:05:57.510 align:start position:0% and<00:05:55.680> do<00:05:55.840> you<00:05:56.000> remember<00:05:56.400> some<00:05:56.560> of<00:05:56.720> the<00:05:57.120> people 00:05:57.510 --> 00:05:57.520 align:start position:0% and do you remember some of the people 00:05:57.520 --> 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it<00:06:02.240> asb<00:06:02.880> project<00:06:04.160> so 00:06:04.950 --> 00:06:04.960 align:start position:0% um is it asb project so 00:06:04.960 --> 00:06:07.110 align:start position:0% um is it asb project so who<00:06:05.199> were<00:06:05.360> some<00:06:05.520> of<00:06:05.680> the<00:06:05.840> other<00:06:06.800> uh 00:06:07.110 --> 00:06:07.120 align:start position:0% who were some of the other uh 00:06:07.120 --> 00:06:08.950 align:start position:0% who were some of the other uh influential<00:06:07.680> people<00:06:08.000> who<00:06:08.160> were<00:06:08.400> part<00:06:08.639> of 00:06:08.950 --> 00:06:08.960 align:start position:0% influential people who were part of 00:06:08.960 --> 00:06:11.670 align:start position:0% influential people who were part of that<00:06:09.199> project<00:06:09.600> or<00:06:09.759> some<00:06:09.919> of<00:06:10.000> the<00:06:11.199> important 00:06:11.670 --> 00:06:11.680 align:start position:0% that project or some of the important 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i<00:06:20.880> drew<00:06:21.199> a<00:06:21.280> lot<00:06:21.520> of 00:06:21.670 --> 00:06:21.680 align:start position:0% i cannot say that i drew a lot of 00:06:21.680 --> 00:06:23.430 align:start position:0% i cannot say that i drew a lot of inspiration<00:06:22.400> from<00:06:22.720> them 00:06:23.430 --> 00:06:23.440 align:start position:0% inspiration from them 00:06:23.440 --> 00:06:26.629 align:start position:0% inspiration from them i<00:06:23.600> think<00:06:23.840> one<00:06:24.080> other<00:06:24.319> mentor<00:06:24.800> i<00:06:24.960> had<00:06:25.360> was 00:06:26.629 --> 00:06:26.639 align:start position:0% i think one other mentor i had was 00:06:26.639 --> 00:06:31.350 align:start position:0% i think one other mentor i had was another<00:06:27.039> australian<00:06:27.600> by<00:06:27.840> the<00:06:27.919> name<00:06:28.240> ken<00:06:28.560> hunt 00:06:31.350 --> 00:06:31.360 align:start position:0% 00:06:31.360 --> 00:06:34.790 align:start position:0% who<00:06:31.520> was<00:06:31.759> no<00:06:31.919> longer<00:06:32.240> with<00:06:32.479> us<00:06:32.840> but<00:06:34.160> i 00:06:34.790 --> 00:06:34.800 align:start position:0% who was no longer with us but i 00:06:34.800 --> 00:06:37.110 align:start position:0% who was no longer with us but i ended<00:06:35.039> up<00:06:35.199> doing<00:06:35.440> my<00:06:35.680> masters<00:06:36.560> degree<00:06:36.960> with 00:06:37.110 --> 00:06:37.120 align:start position:0% ended up doing my masters degree with 00:06:37.120 --> 00:06:41.189 align:start position:0% ended up doing my masters degree with him<00:06:37.440> and<00:06:37.680> so<00:06:37.919> he<00:06:38.240> taught<00:06:38.479> me 00:06:41.189 --> 00:06:41.199 align:start position:0% 00:06:41.199 --> 00:06:44.309 align:start position:0% a<00:06:41.360> lot<00:06:41.600> of<00:06:41.759> very<00:06:42.400> classical<00:06:43.039> things<00:06:43.680> and<00:06:44.080> in 00:06:44.309 --> 00:06:44.319 align:start position:0% a lot of very classical things and in 00:06:44.319 --> 00:06:48.230 align:start position:0% a lot of very classical things and in kinematics<00:06:44.960> and<00:06:45.560> geometry<00:06:46.840> uh 00:06:48.230 --> 00:06:48.240 align:start position:0% kinematics and geometry uh 00:06:48.240 --> 00:06:51.909 align:start position:0% kinematics and geometry uh but<00:06:49.599> looking<00:06:49.919> at<00:06:50.080> it<00:06:50.160> from<00:06:50.800> from<00:06:51.199> very<00:06:51.440> modern 00:06:51.909 --> 00:06:51.919 align:start position:0% but looking at it from from very modern 00:06:51.919 --> 00:06:53.350 align:start position:0% but looking at it from from very modern perspective 00:06:53.350 --> 00:06:53.360 align:start position:0% perspective 00:06:53.360 --> 00:06:54.870 align:start position:0% perspective and<00:06:53.520> i<00:06:53.599> think<00:06:53.840> he's<00:06:54.080> the<00:06:54.240> first<00:06:54.479> person<00:06:54.720> who 00:06:54.870 --> 00:06:54.880 align:start position:0% and i think he's the first person who 00:06:54.880 --> 00:06:56.230 align:start position:0% and i think he's the first person who sort<00:06:55.039> of<00:06:55.280> taught<00:06:55.520> me<00:06:55.680> to<00:06:55.919> think 00:06:56.230 --> 00:06:56.240 align:start position:0% sort of taught me to think 00:06:56.240 --> 00:06:57.430 align:start position:0% sort of taught me to think scientifically<00:06:57.039> and 00:06:57.430 --> 00:06:57.440 align:start position:0% scientifically and 00:06:57.440 --> 00:07:00.629 align:start position:0% scientifically and and<00:06:57.759> you<00:06:57.840> know<00:06:59.520> how<00:06:59.680> to<00:06:59.759> do<00:07:00.000> rigorous 00:07:00.629 --> 00:07:00.639 align:start position:0% and you know how to do rigorous 00:07:00.639 --> 00:07:04.150 align:start position:0% and you know how to do rigorous analysis<00:07:01.520> and<00:07:01.599> research<00:07:03.280> so<00:07:03.440> i<00:07:03.599> think<00:07:03.759> i<00:07:03.919> owe<00:07:04.080> a 00:07:04.150 --> 00:07:04.160 align:start position:0% analysis and research so i think i owe a 00:07:04.160 --> 00:07:05.670 align:start position:0% analysis and research so i think i owe a lot<00:07:04.319> to<00:07:04.479> him<00:07:04.720> i<00:07:04.800> think<00:07:04.960> if<00:07:05.120> it 00:07:05.670 --> 00:07:05.680 align:start position:0% lot to him i think if it 00:07:05.680 --> 00:07:08.230 align:start position:0% lot to him i think if it you<00:07:05.840> know<00:07:06.400> my<00:07:06.639> plans<00:07:06.960> to<00:07:07.039> continue<00:07:07.520> with<00:07:07.680> a<00:07:07.759> phd 00:07:08.230 --> 00:07:08.240 align:start position:0% you know my plans to continue with a phd 00:07:08.240 --> 00:07:10.790 align:start position:0% you know my plans to continue with a phd at<00:07:08.400> ohio<00:07:08.800> state 00:07:10.790 --> 00:07:10.800 align:start position:0% at ohio state 00:07:10.800 --> 00:07:13.430 align:start position:0% at ohio state that<00:07:11.039> may<00:07:11.199> have<00:07:11.280> been<00:07:11.440> influenced<00:07:12.000> by<00:07:12.319> by<00:07:12.560> him 00:07:13.430 --> 00:07:13.440 align:start position:0% that may have been influenced by by him 00:07:13.440 --> 00:07:14.950 align:start position:0% that may have been influenced by by him so<00:07:13.599> i<00:07:13.680> think<00:07:13.840> he's<00:07:14.080> the<00:07:14.160> other<00:07:14.319> person<00:07:14.720> i<00:07:14.800> would 00:07:14.950 --> 00:07:14.960 align:start position:0% so i think he's the other person i would 00:07:14.960 --> 00:07:19.029 align:start position:0% so i think he's the other person i would single<00:07:15.280> out<00:07:15.520> there<00:07:15.919> at<00:07:16.080> a<00:07:16.160> higher<00:07:16.479> state 00:07:19.029 --> 00:07:19.039 align:start position:0% 00:07:19.039 --> 00:07:21.350 align:start position:0% i<00:07:19.280> also<00:07:19.520> had<00:07:19.759> a<00:07:20.000> very<00:07:20.160> good<00:07:20.400> teacher<00:07:20.960> gary 00:07:21.350 --> 00:07:21.360 align:start position:0% i also had a very good teacher gary 00:07:21.360 --> 00:07:25.749 align:start position:0% i also had a very good teacher gary kinzell<00:07:21.840> who<00:07:22.319> was<00:07:22.479> still<00:07:22.639> at<00:07:22.800> a<00:07:22.880> higher<00:07:23.120> state 00:07:25.749 --> 00:07:25.759 align:start position:0% 00:07:25.759 --> 00:07:27.510 align:start position:0% so<00:07:25.919> he's<00:07:26.160> someone<00:07:26.560> else<00:07:26.720> who<00:07:26.880> influenced<00:07:27.360> me 00:07:27.510 --> 00:07:27.520 align:start position:0% so he's someone else who influenced me 00:07:27.520 --> 00:07:31.830 align:start position:0% so he's someone else who influenced me at<00:07:27.599> that<00:07:28.840> time 00:07:31.830 --> 00:07:31.840 align:start position:0% at that time 00:07:31.840 --> 00:07:33.350 align:start position:0% at that time and<00:07:32.000> so<00:07:32.160> were<00:07:32.319> there<00:07:32.560> other<00:07:32.800> projects<00:07:33.199> that 00:07:33.350 --> 00:07:33.360 align:start position:0% and so were there other projects that 00:07:33.360 --> 00:07:35.589 align:start position:0% and so were there other projects that you<00:07:33.520> worked<00:07:33.840> on<00:07:34.160> during<00:07:34.479> your<00:07:34.560> phd 00:07:35.589 --> 00:07:35.599 align:start position:0% you worked on during your phd 00:07:35.599 --> 00:07:38.150 align:start position:0% you worked on during your phd uh<00:07:36.000> they<00:07:36.319> all<00:07:36.560> had<00:07:36.800> to<00:07:37.039> do<00:07:37.360> either<00:07:37.759> with 00:07:38.150 --> 00:07:38.160 align:start position:0% uh they all had to do either with 00:07:38.160 --> 00:07:39.670 align:start position:0% uh they all had to do either with locomotion<00:07:38.960> systems 00:07:39.670 --> 00:07:39.680 align:start position:0% locomotion systems 00:07:39.680 --> 00:07:41.990 align:start position:0% locomotion systems and<00:07:39.840> robotics<00:07:40.800> or<00:07:41.120> kinematics<00:07:41.759> again 00:07:41.990 --> 00:07:42.000 align:start position:0% and robotics or kinematics again 00:07:42.000 --> 00:07:43.990 align:start position:0% and robotics or kinematics again kinematics<00:07:42.800> if<00:07:42.960> you<00:07:43.039> don't<00:07:43.280> know<00:07:43.520> is<00:07:43.759> the 00:07:43.990 --> 00:07:44.000 align:start position:0% kinematics if you don't know is the 00:07:44.000 --> 00:07:47.350 align:start position:0% kinematics if you don't know is the science<00:07:44.400> of<00:07:44.560> motion<00:07:46.319> so<00:07:46.560> geometry<00:07:47.120> is<00:07:47.199> the 00:07:47.350 --> 00:07:47.360 align:start position:0% science of motion so geometry is the 00:07:47.360 --> 00:07:48.309 align:start position:0% science of motion so geometry is the science<00:07:47.759> of 00:07:48.309 --> 00:07:48.319 align:start position:0% science of 00:07:48.319 --> 00:07:51.110 align:start position:0% science of shapes<00:07:48.800> forms<00:07:49.759> well<00:07:50.000> when<00:07:50.240> shapes<00:07:50.560> and<00:07:50.720> forms 00:07:51.110 --> 00:07:51.120 align:start position:0% shapes forms well when shapes and forms 00:07:51.120 --> 00:07:52.550 align:start position:0% shapes forms well when shapes and forms move<00:07:51.520> you 00:07:52.550 --> 00:07:52.560 align:start position:0% move you 00:07:52.560 --> 00:07:56.390 align:start position:0% move you that's<00:07:52.800> called<00:07:53.039> kinematics<00:07:54.400> and 00:07:56.390 --> 00:07:56.400 align:start position:0% that's called kinematics and 00:07:56.400 --> 00:07:57.830 align:start position:0% that's called kinematics and so<00:07:56.560> there's<00:07:56.720> a<00:07:56.720> lot<00:07:56.879> of<00:07:57.039> interesting<00:07:57.520> things 00:07:57.830 --> 00:07:57.840 align:start position:0% so there's a lot of interesting things 00:07:57.840 --> 00:08:00.790 align:start position:0% so there's a lot of interesting things that<00:07:58.400> that<00:07:59.360> emerge<00:07:59.840> as<00:07:59.919> a<00:08:00.000> result<00:08:00.400> of<00:08:00.479> the<00:08:00.560> work 00:08:00.790 --> 00:08:00.800 align:start position:0% that that emerge as a result of the work 00:08:00.800 --> 00:08:03.189 align:start position:0% that that emerge as a result of the work in<00:08:00.879> kinematics<00:08:01.440> so<00:08:01.599> for<00:08:01.759> instance 00:08:03.189 --> 00:08:03.199 align:start position:0% in kinematics so for instance 00:08:03.199 --> 00:08:05.189 align:start position:0% in kinematics so for instance you<00:08:03.280> know<00:08:03.520> surprising<00:08:04.080> result<00:08:04.479> is<00:08:04.639> no<00:08:04.800> matter 00:08:05.189 --> 00:08:05.199 align:start position:0% you know surprising result is no matter 00:08:05.199 --> 00:08:07.270 align:start position:0% you know surprising result is no matter what<00:08:05.680> algebraic<00:08:06.319> curve<00:08:06.639> you<00:08:06.720> can<00:08:06.879> draw<00:08:07.039> on<00:08:07.199> a 00:08:07.270 --> 00:08:07.280 align:start position:0% what algebraic curve you can draw on a 00:08:07.280 --> 00:08:08.469 align:start position:0% what algebraic curve you can draw on a piece<00:08:07.520> of<00:08:07.599> paper 00:08:08.469 --> 00:08:08.479 align:start position:0% piece of paper 00:08:08.479 --> 00:08:10.469 align:start position:0% piece of paper you<00:08:08.639> can<00:08:08.800> always<00:08:09.120> synthesize<00:08:09.840> a<00:08:09.919> mechanical 00:08:10.469 --> 00:08:10.479 align:start position:0% you can always synthesize a mechanical 00:08:10.479 --> 00:08:11.510 align:start position:0% you can always synthesize a mechanical device 00:08:11.510 --> 00:08:11.520 align:start position:0% device 00:08:11.520 --> 00:08:14.230 align:start position:0% device that<00:08:11.759> can<00:08:12.000> trace<00:08:12.319> that<00:08:12.560> curve<00:08:13.759> right<00:08:14.000> for<00:08:14.080> a 00:08:14.230 --> 00:08:14.240 align:start position:0% that can trace that curve right for a 00:08:14.240 --> 00:08:16.469 align:start position:0% that can trace that curve right for a circle<00:08:14.639> it's<00:08:14.800> obvious<00:08:15.280> for<00:08:15.360> a<00:08:15.440> straight<00:08:15.759> line 00:08:16.469 --> 00:08:16.479 align:start position:0% circle it's obvious for a straight line 00:08:16.479 --> 00:08:18.230 align:start position:0% circle it's obvious for a straight line actually<00:08:16.800> straight<00:08:17.120> line<00:08:17.360> not<00:08:17.520> so<00:08:17.759> obvious<00:08:18.080> so 00:08:18.230 --> 00:08:18.240 align:start position:0% actually straight line not so obvious so 00:08:18.240 --> 00:08:20.869 align:start position:0% actually straight line not so obvious so think<00:08:18.479> about<00:08:18.720> a<00:08:18.800> mechanical<00:08:19.360> linkage 00:08:20.869 --> 00:08:20.879 align:start position:0% think about a mechanical linkage 00:08:20.879 --> 00:08:25.110 align:start position:0% think about a mechanical linkage that<00:08:21.120> you<00:08:21.280> can<00:08:21.440> design<00:08:23.360> with<00:08:23.759> pin<00:08:24.080> joints 00:08:25.110 --> 00:08:25.120 align:start position:0% that you can design with pin joints 00:08:25.120 --> 00:08:27.510 align:start position:0% that you can design with pin joints and<00:08:25.360> make<00:08:25.599> that<00:08:25.840> mechanical<00:08:26.240> linkage<00:08:27.039> trace<00:08:27.440> a 00:08:27.510 --> 00:08:27.520 align:start position:0% and make that mechanical linkage trace a 00:08:27.520 --> 00:08:29.189 align:start position:0% and make that mechanical linkage trace a straight<00:08:27.840> line<00:08:28.160> that's<00:08:28.400> a<00:08:28.479> little<00:08:28.639> tricky 00:08:29.189 --> 00:08:29.199 align:start position:0% straight line that's a little tricky 00:08:29.199 --> 00:08:30.469 align:start position:0% straight line that's a little tricky it<00:08:29.280> turns<00:08:29.520> out<00:08:29.680> you<00:08:29.759> can<00:08:29.919> do<00:08:30.080> it<00:08:30.160> but<00:08:30.240> you<00:08:30.400> can 00:08:30.469 --> 00:08:30.479 align:start position:0% it turns out you can do it but you can 00:08:30.479 --> 00:08:32.870 align:start position:0% it turns out you can do it but you can also<00:08:30.639> do<00:08:30.800> all<00:08:30.879> kinds<00:08:31.039> of<00:08:31.120> complicated<00:08:31.759> things 00:08:32.870 --> 00:08:32.880 align:start position:0% also do all kinds of complicated things 00:08:32.880 --> 00:08:35.029 align:start position:0% also do all kinds of complicated things um<00:08:33.519> not<00:08:33.760> sure<00:08:33.919> how<00:08:34.080> i<00:08:34.159> got<00:08:34.399> sidetracked<00:08:34.880> into 00:08:35.029 --> 00:08:35.039 align:start position:0% um not sure how i got sidetracked into 00:08:35.039 --> 00:08:35.909 align:start position:0% um not sure how i got sidetracked into this<00:08:35.360> but 00:08:35.909 --> 00:08:35.919 align:start position:0% this but 00:08:35.919 --> 00:08:38.709 align:start position:0% this but so<00:08:36.159> the<00:08:36.719> projects<00:08:37.200> i<00:08:37.279> worked<00:08:37.599> on<00:08:37.760> were<00:08:38.320> mostly 00:08:38.709 --> 00:08:38.719 align:start position:0% so the projects i worked on were mostly 00:08:38.719 --> 00:08:40.469 align:start position:0% so the projects i worked on were mostly in<00:08:38.800> the<00:08:38.880> area<00:08:39.120> of<00:08:39.200> kinematics<00:08:39.919> and<00:08:40.000> then<00:08:40.240> also 00:08:40.469 --> 00:08:40.479 align:start position:0% in the area of kinematics and then also 00:08:40.479 --> 00:08:43.190 align:start position:0% in the area of kinematics and then also in<00:08:40.640> robotics 00:08:43.190 --> 00:08:43.200 align:start position:0% in robotics 00:08:43.200 --> 00:08:47.030 align:start position:0% in robotics and<00:08:43.360> so<00:08:44.159> when<00:08:44.399> you<00:08:44.560> finished<00:08:45.040> your<00:08:45.440> phd 00:08:47.030 --> 00:08:47.040 align:start position:0% and so when you finished your phd 00:08:47.040 --> 00:08:50.470 align:start position:0% and so when you finished your phd how<00:08:47.200> did<00:08:47.360> you<00:08:47.600> decide<00:08:48.080> to<00:08:48.240> go<00:08:48.480> on<00:08:48.720> after<00:08:49.120> that 00:08:50.470 --> 00:08:50.480 align:start position:0% how did you decide to go on after that 00:08:50.480 --> 00:08:53.910 align:start position:0% how did you decide to go on after that so<00:08:51.839> after<00:08:52.160> my<00:08:52.399> phd<00:08:53.040> let's<00:08:53.200> see<00:08:53.360> so<00:08:53.519> i<00:08:53.600> knew<00:08:53.839> i 00:08:53.910 --> 00:08:53.920 align:start position:0% so after my phd let's see so i knew i 00:08:53.920 --> 00:08:54.630 align:start position:0% so after my phd let's see so i knew i wanted<00:08:54.160> to<00:08:54.320> do 00:08:54.630 --> 00:08:54.640 align:start position:0% wanted to do 00:08:54.640 --> 00:08:58.070 align:start position:0% wanted to do research<00:08:57.279> and 00:08:58.070 --> 00:08:58.080 align:start position:0% research and 00:08:58.080 --> 00:09:00.150 align:start position:0% research and there<00:08:58.240> were<00:08:58.560> a<00:08:59.040> few<00:08:59.360> opportunities<00:09:00.000> in 00:09:00.150 --> 00:09:00.160 align:start position:0% there were a few opportunities in 00:09:00.160 --> 00:09:01.829 align:start position:0% there were a few opportunities in industry<00:09:00.640> that<00:09:00.800> excited<00:09:01.279> me<00:09:01.519> and 00:09:01.829 --> 00:09:01.839 align:start position:0% industry that excited me and 00:09:01.839 --> 00:09:03.430 align:start position:0% industry that excited me and pretty<00:09:02.160> soon<00:09:02.399> i<00:09:02.480> came<00:09:02.640> to<00:09:02.800> the<00:09:02.880> conclusion<00:09:03.360> i 00:09:03.430 --> 00:09:03.440 align:start position:0% pretty soon i came to the conclusion i 00:09:03.440 --> 00:09:06.790 align:start position:0% pretty soon i came to the conclusion i wanted<00:09:03.680> to<00:09:03.839> be<00:09:04.000> in<00:09:04.480> academia 00:09:06.790 --> 00:09:06.800 align:start position:0% wanted to be in academia 00:09:06.800 --> 00:09:09.269 align:start position:0% wanted to be in academia and<00:09:07.200> i<00:09:07.440> looked<00:09:07.680> around<00:09:08.320> for<00:09:08.640> programs<00:09:09.200> in 00:09:09.269 --> 00:09:09.279 align:start position:0% and i looked around for programs in 00:09:09.279 --> 00:09:10.949 align:start position:0% and i looked around for programs in robotics<00:09:09.839> and<00:09:09.920> there<00:09:10.080> wasn't<00:09:10.399> a<00:09:10.480> whole<00:09:10.720> lot 00:09:10.949 --> 00:09:10.959 align:start position:0% robotics and there wasn't a whole lot 00:09:10.959 --> 00:09:11.670 align:start position:0% robotics and there wasn't a whole lot back<00:09:11.200> then 00:09:11.670 --> 00:09:11.680 align:start position:0% back then 00:09:11.680 --> 00:09:15.590 align:start position:0% back then uh<00:09:12.080> in<00:09:12.240> this<00:09:12.480> area<00:09:13.839> and<00:09:14.399> uh 00:09:15.590 --> 00:09:15.600 align:start position:0% uh in this area and uh 00:09:15.600 --> 00:09:17.829 align:start position:0% uh in this area and uh so<00:09:15.920> i<00:09:16.080> actually<00:09:16.720> you<00:09:16.800> know<00:09:17.040> fell<00:09:17.279> in<00:09:17.360> love<00:09:17.600> with 00:09:17.829 --> 00:09:17.839 align:start position:0% so i actually you know fell in love with 00:09:17.839 --> 00:09:18.630 align:start position:0% so i actually you know fell in love with penn 00:09:18.630 --> 00:09:18.640 align:start position:0% penn 00:09:18.640 --> 00:09:22.230 align:start position:0% penn um<00:09:19.920> uh<00:09:20.560> so<00:09:20.720> at<00:09:20.800> that<00:09:21.040> point<00:09:21.600> uh 00:09:22.230 --> 00:09:22.240 align:start position:0% um uh so at that point uh 00:09:22.240 --> 00:09:25.590 align:start position:0% um uh so at that point uh uh<00:09:23.040> you<00:09:23.200> know<00:09:23.440> penn<00:09:23.760> had<00:09:24.480> a<00:09:24.720> very<00:09:24.959> influential 00:09:25.590 --> 00:09:25.600 align:start position:0% uh you know penn had a very influential 00:09:25.600 --> 00:09:26.630 align:start position:0% uh you know penn had a very influential roboticist 00:09:26.630 --> 00:09:26.640 align:start position:0% roboticist 00:09:26.640 --> 00:09:29.269 align:start position:0% roboticist richard<00:09:27.120> paul<00:09:27.920> um<00:09:28.480> who<00:09:28.640> actually<00:09:28.959> wrote<00:09:29.200> the 00:09:29.269 --> 00:09:29.279 align:start position:0% richard paul um who actually wrote the 00:09:29.279 --> 00:09:31.030 align:start position:0% richard paul um who actually wrote the first<00:09:29.600> book<00:09:29.839> in<00:09:30.320> robotics 00:09:31.030 --> 00:09:31.040 align:start position:0% first book in robotics 00:09:31.040 --> 00:09:34.150 align:start position:0% first book in robotics um<00:09:32.880> actually<00:09:33.120> i<00:09:33.279> should<00:09:33.440> say<00:09:33.600> in<00:09:33.680> my<00:09:33.839> second 00:09:34.150 --> 00:09:34.160 align:start position:0% um actually i should say in my second 00:09:34.160 --> 00:09:34.550 align:start position:0% um actually i should say in my second year 00:09:34.550 --> 00:09:34.560 align:start position:0% year 00:09:34.560 --> 00:09:37.509 align:start position:0% year here<00:09:35.440> peter<00:09:35.839> corp<00:09:36.720> was<00:09:36.880> here<00:09:37.120> working<00:09:37.360> with 00:09:37.509 --> 00:09:37.519 align:start position:0% here peter corp was here working with 00:09:37.519 --> 00:09:38.870 align:start position:0% here peter corp was here working with lou<00:09:37.760> paul 00:09:38.870 --> 00:09:38.880 align:start position:0% lou paul 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--> 00:09:51.040 align:start position:0% i remember joking that pen is the only 00:09:51.040 --> 00:09:51.990 align:start position:0% i remember joking that pen is the only place<00:09:51.360> with<00:09:51.680> two 00:09:51.990 --> 00:09:52.000 align:start position:0% place with two 00:09:52.000 --> 00:09:53.910 align:start position:0% place with two paws<00:09:52.320> with<00:09:52.560> the<00:09:52.640> first<00:09:52.959> names<00:09:53.360> that<00:09:53.600> look<00:09:53.760> like 00:09:53.910 --> 00:09:53.920 align:start position:0% paws with the first names that look like 00:09:53.920 --> 00:09:55.430 align:start position:0% paws with the first names that look like their<00:09:54.160> last<00:09:54.399> name<00:09:54.560> so<00:09:54.720> the<00:09:54.800> first<00:09:55.040> name 00:09:55.430 --> 00:09:55.440 align:start position:0% their last name so the first name 00:09:55.440 --> 00:09:56.870 align:start position:0% their last name so the first name they<00:09:55.600> have<00:09:55.680> two<00:09:55.920> names<00:09:56.160> that<00:09:56.320> are<00:09:56.399> both<00:09:56.560> first 00:09:56.870 --> 00:09:56.880 align:start position:0% they have two names that are both first 00:09:56.880 --> 00:10:00.070 align:start position:0% they have two names that are both first names<00:09:57.600> uh<00:09:58.399> rich<00:09:58.720> paul<00:09:58.959> and<00:09:59.040> burton<00:09:59.360> paul 00:10:00.070 --> 00:10:00.080 align:start position:0% names uh rich paul and burton paul 00:10:00.080 --> 00:10:02.150 align:start position:0% names uh rich paul and burton paul and<00:10:00.160> then<00:10:00.560> also<00:10:00.880> there<00:10:01.040> was<00:10:01.200> another<00:10:01.600> person 00:10:02.150 --> 00:10:02.160 align:start position:0% and then also there was another person 00:10:02.160 --> 00:10:03.990 align:start position:0% and then also there was another person here<00:10:02.880> at<00:10:02.959> that<00:10:03.120> time<00:10:03.360> although<00:10:03.600> i<00:10:03.680> didn't<00:10:03.839> know 00:10:03.990 --> 00:10:04.000 align:start position:0% here at that time although i didn't know 00:10:04.000 --> 00:10:05.190 align:start position:0% here at that time although i didn't know her<00:10:04.160> until<00:10:04.480> i<00:10:04.640> joined 00:10:05.190 --> 00:10:05.200 align:start position:0% her until i joined 00:10:05.200 --> 00:10:08.470 align:start position:0% her until i joined rushna<00:10:05.680> baichi<00:10:06.880> and<00:10:07.600> she<00:10:07.839> turned<00:10:08.160> out<00:10:08.240> to<00:10:08.320> be 00:10:08.470 --> 00:10:08.480 align:start position:0% rushna baichi and she turned out to be 00:10:08.480 --> 00:10:11.110 align:start position:0% rushna baichi and she turned out to be quite<00:10:08.720> an<00:10:08.880> influential<00:10:09.440> person 00:10:11.110 --> 00:10:11.120 align:start position:0% quite an influential person 00:10:11.120 --> 00:10:13.509 align:start position:0% quite an influential person in<00:10:11.200> terms<00:10:11.519> of<00:10:11.600> helping<00:10:12.160> me<00:10:12.480> think<00:10:12.720> through 00:10:13.509 --> 00:10:13.519 align:start position:0% in terms of helping me think through 00:10:13.519 --> 00:10:15.190 align:start position:0% in terms of helping me think through what<00:10:13.680> the<00:10:13.839> interesting<00:10:14.320> problems<00:10:14.800> are 00:10:15.190 --> 00:10:15.200 align:start position:0% what the interesting problems are 00:10:15.200 --> 00:10:16.550 align:start position:0% what the interesting problems are what<00:10:15.360> kinds<00:10:15.600> of<00:10:15.680> research<00:10:16.160> problems<00:10:16.480> to 00:10:16.550 --> 00:10:16.560 align:start position:0% what kinds of research problems to 00:10:16.560 --> 00:10:19.269 align:start position:0% what kinds of research problems to attack<00:10:17.040> and<00:10:18.000> so<00:10:18.240> she<00:10:18.399> was<00:10:18.560> also<00:10:18.800> here<00:10:19.040> at<00:10:19.120> that 00:10:19.269 --> 00:10:19.279 align:start position:0% attack and so she was also here at that 00:10:19.279 --> 00:10:20.790 align:start position:0% attack and so she was also here at that time 00:10:20.790 --> 00:10:20.800 align:start position:0% time 00:10:20.800 --> 00:10:23.110 align:start position:0% time so<00:10:20.959> i<00:10:21.040> like<00:10:21.279> pan<00:10:21.519> a<00:10:21.600> lot<00:10:21.920> and<00:10:22.720> also 00:10:23.110 --> 00:10:23.120 align:start position:0% so i like pan a lot and also 00:10:23.120 --> 00:10:25.269 align:start position:0% so i like pan a lot and also philadelphia<00:10:23.760> is<00:10:23.839> a<00:10:23.920> great<00:10:24.079> place<00:10:24.320> to<00:10:24.480> be<00:10:24.720> so<00:10:24.959> i 00:10:25.269 --> 00:10:25.279 align:start position:0% philadelphia is a great place to be so i 00:10:25.279 --> 00:10:27.110 align:start position:0% philadelphia is a great place to be so i like<00:10:25.519> that<00:10:25.760> so<00:10:26.000> it<00:10:26.079> was<00:10:26.240> a<00:10:26.320> combination<00:10:26.959> of 00:10:27.110 --> 00:10:27.120 align:start position:0% like that so it was a combination of 00:10:27.120 --> 00:10:29.829 align:start position:0% like that so it was a combination of those<00:10:27.360> things<00:10:27.600> that<00:10:27.839> attracted<00:10:28.320> me<00:10:28.480> to<00:10:28.720> penn 00:10:29.829 --> 00:10:29.839 align:start position:0% those things that attracted me to penn 00:10:29.839 --> 00:10:33.509 align:start position:0% those things that attracted me to penn what<00:10:30.000> year<00:10:30.839> was<00:10:31.200> in<00:10:31.360> 1987. 00:10:33.509 --> 00:10:33.519 align:start position:0% what year was in 1987. 00:10:33.519 --> 00:10:35.430 align:start position:0% what year was in 1987. and<00:10:33.680> you<00:10:33.839> mentioned<00:10:34.160> that<00:10:34.320> there<00:10:34.480> were<00:10:34.720> very 00:10:35.430 --> 00:10:35.440 align:start position:0% and you mentioned that there were very 00:10:35.440 --> 00:10:36.550 align:start position:0% and you mentioned that there were very before<00:10:35.680> we<00:10:35.839> go<00:10:36.000> on<00:10:36.079> to 00:10:36.550 --> 00:10:36.560 align:start position:0% before we go on to 00:10:36.560 --> 00:10:38.230 align:start position:0% before we go on to mention<00:10:36.959> that<00:10:37.120> there<00:10:37.279> were<00:10:37.839> a<00:10:38.000> few 00:10:38.230 --> 00:10:38.240 align:start position:0% mention that there were a few 00:10:38.240 --> 00:10:39.829 align:start position:0% mention that there were a few opportunities<00:10:39.040> in<00:10:39.200> industry<00:10:39.519> but<00:10:39.680> they 00:10:39.829 --> 00:10:39.839 align:start position:0% opportunities in industry but they 00:10:39.839 --> 00:10:41.190 align:start position:0% opportunities in industry but they weren't<00:10:40.079> necessarily<00:10:40.560> very<00:10:40.800> exciting<00:10:41.120> for 00:10:41.190 --> 00:10:41.200 align:start position:0% weren't necessarily very exciting for 00:10:41.200 --> 00:10:42.550 align:start position:0% weren't necessarily very exciting for you<00:10:41.279> but<00:10:41.440> what<00:10:41.519> were<00:10:41.760> some<00:10:41.920> of<00:10:42.079> the<00:10:42.160> industry 00:10:42.550 --> 00:10:42.560 align:start position:0% you but what were some of the industry 00:10:42.560 --> 00:10:45.269 align:start position:0% you but what were some of the industry opportunities<00:10:43.200> that<00:10:43.360> existed<00:10:43.839> at<00:10:43.920> the<00:10:44.079> time 00:10:45.269 --> 00:10:45.279 align:start position:0% opportunities that existed at the time 00:10:45.279 --> 00:10:48.870 align:start position:0% opportunities that existed at the time uh<00:10:45.920> so<00:10:46.800> uh<00:10:48.160> when<00:10:48.399> i 00:10:48.870 --> 00:10:48.880 align:start position:0% uh so uh when i 00:10:48.880 --> 00:10:51.910 align:start position:0% uh so uh when i joined<00:10:49.760> academia<00:10:50.480> this<00:10:50.640> was<00:10:50.880> a<00:10:51.040> time 00:10:51.910 --> 00:10:51.920 align:start position:0% joined academia this was a time 00:10:51.920 --> 00:10:55.030 align:start position:0% joined academia this was a time so<00:10:52.160> robotics<00:10:53.600> promised 00:10:55.030 --> 00:10:55.040 align:start position:0% so robotics promised 00:10:55.040 --> 00:10:58.069 align:start position:0% so robotics promised had<00:10:55.200> a<00:10:55.279> lot<00:10:55.440> of<00:10:55.600> promise<00:10:57.440> so<00:10:57.600> a<00:10:57.680> lot<00:10:57.839> of 00:10:58.069 --> 00:10:58.079 align:start position:0% had a lot of promise so a lot of 00:10:58.079 --> 00:11:00.230 align:start position:0% had a lot of promise so a lot of industry<00:10:58.560> started<00:10:58.959> investing<00:10:59.360> in<00:10:59.519> robotics 00:11:00.230 --> 00:11:00.240 align:start position:0% industry started investing in robotics 00:11:00.240 --> 00:11:03.670 align:start position:0% industry started investing in robotics a<00:11:00.480> research<00:11:00.959> lab<00:11:01.279> set<00:11:01.519> up<00:11:02.320> at<00:11:02.480> that<00:11:02.720> time 00:11:03.670 --> 00:11:03.680 align:start position:0% a research lab set up at that time 00:11:03.680 --> 00:11:06.790 align:start position:0% a research lab set up at that time but<00:11:03.839> the<00:11:04.000> way<00:11:04.240> they<00:11:04.399> were<00:11:04.560> going<00:11:04.880> about 00:11:06.790 --> 00:11:06.800 align:start position:0% but the way they were going about 00:11:06.800 --> 00:11:09.430 align:start position:0% but the way they were going about installing<00:11:07.360> robots<00:11:08.240> was<00:11:08.720> turned<00:11:09.040> out<00:11:09.200> to<00:11:09.279> be 00:11:09.430 --> 00:11:09.440 align:start position:0% installing robots was turned out to be 00:11:09.440 --> 00:11:12.150 align:start position:0% installing robots was turned out to be the<00:11:09.600> wrong<00:11:09.839> thing<00:11:10.079> so<00:11:10.399> there<00:11:10.560> was<00:11:10.800> a<00:11:11.040> boom<00:11:11.360> year 00:11:12.150 --> 00:11:12.160 align:start position:0% the wrong thing so there was a boom year 00:11:12.160 --> 00:11:13.750 align:start position:0% the wrong thing so there was a boom year the<00:11:12.320> boom<00:11:12.560> years<00:11:12.800> of<00:11:12.880> robotics<00:11:13.440> maybe<00:11:13.680> the 00:11:13.750 --> 00:11:13.760 align:start position:0% the boom years of robotics maybe the 00:11:13.760 --> 00:11:15.590 align:start position:0% the boom years of robotics maybe the early<00:11:14.000> 80s<00:11:14.320> the<00:11:14.480> late<00:11:14.720> 70s<00:11:15.200> and<00:11:15.279> then<00:11:15.440> there 00:11:15.590 --> 00:11:15.600 align:start position:0% early 80s the late 70s and then there 00:11:15.600 --> 00:11:16.630 align:start position:0% early 80s the late 70s and then there was<00:11:15.760> a<00:11:15.839> bust 00:11:16.630 --> 00:11:16.640 align:start position:0% was a bust 00:11:16.640 --> 00:11:18.230 align:start position:0% was a bust and<00:11:16.800> unfortunately<00:11:17.200> when<00:11:17.360> i<00:11:17.680> was<00:11:17.839> coming<00:11:18.160> out 00:11:18.230 --> 00:11:18.240 align:start position:0% and unfortunately when i was coming out 00:11:18.240 --> 00:11:19.750 align:start position:0% and unfortunately when i was coming out it<00:11:18.399> was<00:11:18.480> right<00:11:18.640> around 00:11:19.750 --> 00:11:19.760 align:start position:0% it was right around 00:11:19.760 --> 00:11:23.590 align:start position:0% it was right around the<00:11:19.920> bus<00:11:20.320> times<00:11:21.200> um<00:11:21.839> and<00:11:22.320> um 00:11:23.590 --> 00:11:23.600 align:start position:0% the bus times um and um 00:11:23.600 --> 00:11:25.350 align:start position:0% the bus times um and um and<00:11:23.760> so<00:11:24.000> the<00:11:24.160> opportunities<00:11:24.800> that<00:11:24.880> were<00:11:25.120> there 00:11:25.350 --> 00:11:25.360 align:start position:0% and so the opportunities that were there 00:11:25.360 --> 00:11:27.750 align:start position:0% and so the opportunities that were there were<00:11:25.600> not<00:11:25.920> really<00:11:26.480> mainstream<00:11:27.120> robotics 00:11:27.750 --> 00:11:27.760 align:start position:0% were not really mainstream robotics 00:11:27.760 --> 00:11:29.829 align:start position:0% were not really mainstream robotics opportunities<00:11:28.720> some<00:11:28.959> of<00:11:29.040> them<00:11:29.440> were<00:11:29.600> in<00:11:29.760> the 00:11:29.829 --> 00:11:29.839 align:start position:0% opportunities some of them were in the 00:11:29.839 --> 00:11:31.829 align:start position:0% opportunities some of them were in the defense<00:11:30.320> and<00:11:30.399> the<00:11:30.560> space<00:11:30.959> industry<00:11:31.440> and<00:11:31.600> so 00:11:31.829 --> 00:11:31.839 align:start position:0% defense and the space industry and so 00:11:31.839 --> 00:11:33.990 align:start position:0% defense and the space industry and so because<00:11:32.079> i<00:11:32.240> was<00:11:32.320> not<00:11:32.480> a<00:11:32.560> u.s<00:11:32.880> citizen 00:11:33.990 --> 00:11:34.000 align:start position:0% because i was not a u.s citizen 00:11:34.000 --> 00:11:38.389 align:start position:0% because i was not a u.s citizen that<00:11:34.959> posed<00:11:35.279> a<00:11:35.360> lot<00:11:35.519> of<00:11:35.680> problems 00:11:38.389 --> 00:11:38.399 align:start position:0% 00:11:38.399 --> 00:11:43.269 align:start position:0% so<00:11:38.800> i<00:11:38.959> had<00:11:40.959> opportunities<00:11:41.600> at<00:11:41.680> the<00:11:41.839> ai<00:11:42.240> lab<00:11:42.560> in 00:11:43.269 --> 00:11:43.279 align:start position:0% so i had opportunities at the ai lab in 00:11:43.279 --> 00:11:45.990 align:start position:0% so i had opportunities at the ai lab in in<00:11:43.680> schenectady<00:11:44.480> in<00:11:44.800> general<00:11:45.120> electric<00:11:45.600> ai 00:11:45.990 --> 00:11:46.000 align:start position:0% in schenectady in general electric ai 00:11:46.000 --> 00:11:46.870 align:start position:0% in schenectady in general electric ai lab 00:11:46.870 --> 00:11:46.880 align:start position:0% lab 00:11:46.880 --> 00:11:50.389 align:start position:0% lab um<00:11:48.640> i<00:11:49.760> was 00:11:50.389 --> 00:11:50.399 align:start position:0% um i was 00:11:50.399 --> 00:11:53.829 align:start position:0% um i was looking<00:11:50.720> at<00:11:50.880> a<00:11:51.040> t<00:11:51.519> i<00:11:51.600> was<00:11:51.760> looking<00:11:51.920> at<00:11:52.079> jpl<00:11:53.279> and 00:11:53.829 --> 00:11:53.839 align:start position:0% looking at a t i was looking at jpl and 00:11:53.839 --> 00:11:58.949 align:start position:0% looking at a t i was looking at jpl and somehow<00:11:54.399> none<00:11:54.639> of<00:11:54.720> these<00:11:55.519> opportunities 00:11:58.949 --> 00:11:58.959 align:start position:0% 00:11:58.959 --> 00:12:01.030 align:start position:0% were<00:11:59.200> attractive<00:11:59.680> and<00:11:59.839> i<00:12:00.160> elected<00:12:00.639> not<00:12:00.880> to 00:12:01.030 --> 00:12:01.040 align:start position:0% were attractive and i elected not to 00:12:01.040 --> 00:12:02.310 align:start position:0% were attractive and i elected not to pursue<00:12:01.440> them 00:12:02.310 --> 00:12:02.320 align:start position:0% pursue them 00:12:02.320 --> 00:12:05.269 align:start position:0% pursue them but<00:12:02.480> then<00:12:02.720> when<00:12:02.880> i<00:12:02.959> went<00:12:03.200> to<00:12:03.519> academia<00:12:04.959> or<00:12:05.120> when 00:12:05.269 --> 00:12:05.279 align:start position:0% but then when i went to academia or when 00:12:05.279 --> 00:12:06.710 align:start position:0% but then when i went to academia or when i<00:12:05.360> went<00:12:05.600> on<00:12:05.839> interviews<00:12:06.240> i<00:12:06.320> found<00:12:06.480> there<00:12:06.639> were 00:12:06.710 --> 00:12:06.720 align:start position:0% i went on interviews i found there were 00:12:06.720 --> 00:12:08.069 align:start position:0% i went on interviews i found there were many<00:12:07.040> universities<00:12:07.600> who<00:12:07.760> were<00:12:07.839> really 00:12:08.069 --> 00:12:08.079 align:start position:0% many universities who were really 00:12:08.079 --> 00:12:09.190 align:start position:0% many universities who were really interested 00:12:09.190 --> 00:12:09.200 align:start position:0% interested 00:12:09.200 --> 00:12:11.430 align:start position:0% interested in<00:12:09.519> in<00:12:09.680> someone<00:12:10.000> like<00:12:10.240> me<00:12:10.560> and<00:12:10.880> and<00:12:11.120> there<00:12:11.279> were 00:12:11.430 --> 00:12:11.440 align:start position:0% in in someone like me and and there were 00:12:11.440 --> 00:12:13.190 align:start position:0% in in someone like me and and there were a lot<00:12:11.600> of<00:12:11.760> opportunities 00:12:13.190 --> 00:12:13.200 align:start position:0% a lot of opportunities 00:12:13.200 --> 00:12:15.590 align:start position:0% a lot of opportunities and<00:12:13.440> i<00:12:13.600> knew<00:12:13.839> at<00:12:14.000> some<00:12:14.240> point<00:12:14.959> or<00:12:15.120> the<00:12:15.279> other<00:12:15.519> i 00:12:15.590 --> 00:12:15.600 align:start position:0% and i knew at some point or the other i 00:12:15.600 --> 00:12:18.629 align:start position:0% and i knew at some point or the other i wanted<00:12:15.839> to<00:12:16.000> come<00:12:16.160> back<00:12:16.399> to<00:12:16.560> academia 00:12:18.629 --> 00:12:18.639 align:start position:0% wanted to come back to academia 00:12:18.639 --> 00:12:20.710 align:start position:0% wanted to come back to academia to<00:12:18.800> work<00:12:18.959> with<00:12:19.200> students<00:12:19.600> to<00:12:19.760> mentor<00:12:20.240> them<00:12:20.560> to 00:12:20.710 --> 00:12:20.720 align:start position:0% to work with students to mentor them to 00:12:20.720 --> 00:12:21.829 align:start position:0% to work with students to mentor them to train<00:12:21.040> them 00:12:21.829 --> 00:12:21.839 align:start position:0% train them 00:12:21.839 --> 00:12:26.470 align:start position:0% train them and<00:12:22.720> i<00:12:22.880> said<00:12:23.120> well<00:12:23.360> why<00:12:23.519> not<00:12:23.680> start<00:12:24.000> with<00:12:24.160> this 00:12:26.470 --> 00:12:26.480 align:start position:0% 00:12:26.480 --> 00:12:28.949 align:start position:0% what<00:12:26.720> did<00:12:26.880> you<00:12:27.120> think<00:12:27.360> was<00:12:27.680> not<00:12:28.000> uh<00:12:28.480> was<00:12:28.800> the 00:12:28.949 --> 00:12:28.959 align:start position:0% what did you think was not uh was the 00:12:28.959 --> 00:12:29.910 align:start position:0% what did you think was not uh was the thing<00:12:29.120> that<00:12:29.440> made 00:12:29.910 --> 00:12:29.920 align:start position:0% thing that made 00:12:29.920 --> 00:12:33.030 align:start position:0% thing that made the<00:12:31.040> robotics<00:12:31.600> industry<00:12:32.000> in<00:12:32.160> the<00:12:32.240> early<00:12:32.560> 80s 00:12:33.030 --> 00:12:33.040 align:start position:0% the robotics industry in the early 80s 00:12:33.040 --> 00:12:34.550 align:start position:0% the robotics industry in the early 80s not<00:12:33.200> work<00:12:33.519> out 00:12:34.550 --> 00:12:34.560 align:start position:0% not work out 00:12:34.560 --> 00:12:38.629 align:start position:0% not work out well<00:12:34.880> i<00:12:34.959> think<00:12:36.839> uh 00:12:38.629 --> 00:12:38.639 align:start position:0% well i think uh 00:12:38.639 --> 00:12:40.710 align:start position:0% well i think uh most<00:12:39.040> of<00:12:39.120> the<00:12:39.200> american<00:12:39.680> companies<00:12:40.480> were 00:12:40.710 --> 00:12:40.720 align:start position:0% most of the american companies were 00:12:40.720 --> 00:12:43.030 align:start position:0% most of the american companies were thinking<00:12:41.120> of<00:12:41.360> robots<00:12:41.839> as<00:12:42.000> a<00:12:42.079> way<00:12:42.320> of<00:12:42.480> replacing 00:12:43.030 --> 00:12:43.040 align:start position:0% thinking of robots as a way of replacing 00:12:43.040 --> 00:12:44.629 align:start position:0% thinking of robots as a way of replacing human<00:12:43.360> workers 00:12:44.629 --> 00:12:44.639 align:start position:0% human workers 00:12:44.639 --> 00:12:47.430 align:start position:0% human workers um<00:12:45.760> they<00:12:46.000> had<00:12:46.160> these<00:12:46.480> visions<00:12:46.880> of<00:12:47.040> a<00:12:47.120> lights 00:12:47.430 --> 00:12:47.440 align:start position:0% um they had these visions of a lights 00:12:47.440 --> 00:12:50.310 align:start position:0% um they had these visions of a lights out<00:12:47.760> factory<00:12:48.320> where<00:12:48.639> robots<00:12:49.040> would<00:12:49.200> just 00:12:50.310 --> 00:12:50.320 align:start position:0% out factory where robots would just 00:12:50.320 --> 00:12:52.870 align:start position:0% out factory where robots would just produce<00:12:50.839> things<00:12:51.839> and<00:12:52.079> it<00:12:52.240> turned<00:12:52.480> out<00:12:52.639> that 00:12:52.870 --> 00:12:52.880 align:start position:0% produce things and it turned out that 00:12:52.880 --> 00:12:54.790 align:start position:0% produce things and it turned out that they<00:12:53.200> grossly<00:12:53.760> underestimated<00:12:54.639> the 00:12:54.790 --> 00:12:54.800 align:start position:0% they grossly underestimated the 00:12:54.800 --> 00:12:56.550 align:start position:0% they grossly underestimated the difficulty<00:12:55.519> in<00:12:55.680> actually<00:12:56.079> setting<00:12:56.399> up 00:12:56.550 --> 00:12:56.560 align:start position:0% difficulty in actually setting up 00:12:56.560 --> 00:12:58.310 align:start position:0% difficulty in actually setting up assembly<00:12:57.040> lines<00:12:57.360> setting<00:12:57.680> up<00:12:57.760> production 00:12:58.310 --> 00:12:58.320 align:start position:0% assembly lines setting up production 00:12:58.320 --> 00:12:59.509 align:start position:0% assembly lines setting up production lines 00:12:59.509 --> 00:12:59.519 align:start position:0% lines 00:12:59.519 --> 00:13:01.670 align:start position:0% lines and<00:12:59.680> they<00:12:59.920> also<00:13:00.639> did<00:13:00.800> not<00:13:01.120> pay<00:13:01.279> careful 00:13:01.670 --> 00:13:01.680 align:start position:0% and they also did not pay careful 00:13:01.680 --> 00:13:03.190 align:start position:0% and they also did not pay careful attention<00:13:02.079> to<00:13:02.240> the<00:13:02.399> role<00:13:02.639> of<00:13:02.720> the<00:13:02.880> human 00:13:03.190 --> 00:13:03.200 align:start position:0% attention to the role of the human 00:13:03.200 --> 00:13:04.949 align:start position:0% attention to the role of the human worker 00:13:04.949 --> 00:13:04.959 align:start position:0% worker 00:13:04.959 --> 00:13:07.590 align:start position:0% worker um<00:13:05.680> so<00:13:05.920> for<00:13:06.079> instance<00:13:06.560> if<00:13:06.720> you<00:13:06.880> looked<00:13:07.120> at<00:13:07.279> how 00:13:07.590 --> 00:13:07.600 align:start position:0% um so for instance if you looked at how 00:13:07.600 --> 00:13:09.350 align:start position:0% um so for instance if you looked at how japanese<00:13:08.160> did<00:13:08.399> it<00:13:08.480> i<00:13:08.639> think<00:13:08.720> they<00:13:08.880> paid<00:13:09.120> a<00:13:09.120> lot 00:13:09.350 --> 00:13:09.360 align:start position:0% japanese did it i think they paid a lot 00:13:09.360 --> 00:13:10.069 align:start position:0% japanese did it i think they paid a lot more<00:13:09.519> attention 00:13:10.069 --> 00:13:10.079 align:start position:0% more attention 00:13:10.079 --> 00:13:13.030 align:start position:0% more attention attention<00:13:10.560> to<00:13:10.800> how<00:13:12.000> the<00:13:12.320> quality<00:13:12.800> of<00:13:12.880> the 00:13:13.030 --> 00:13:13.040 align:start position:0% attention to how the quality of the 00:13:13.040 --> 00:13:14.470 align:start position:0% attention to how the quality of the products<00:13:13.440> could<00:13:13.600> be<00:13:13.839> improved 00:13:14.470 --> 00:13:14.480 align:start position:0% products could be improved 00:13:14.480 --> 00:13:17.110 align:start position:0% products could be improved how<00:13:14.800> space<00:13:15.200> could<00:13:15.440> be<00:13:15.600> better<00:13:15.920> utilized<00:13:16.880> and 00:13:17.110 --> 00:13:17.120 align:start position:0% how space could be better utilized and 00:13:17.120 --> 00:13:18.230 align:start position:0% how space could be better utilized and they<00:13:17.279> spend<00:13:17.680> less 00:13:18.230 --> 00:13:18.240 align:start position:0% they spend less 00:13:18.240 --> 00:13:19.990 align:start position:0% they spend less attention<00:13:18.880> on<00:13:19.120> how<00:13:19.440> people<00:13:19.680> could<00:13:19.839> be 00:13:19.990 --> 00:13:20.000 align:start position:0% attention on how people could be 00:13:20.000 --> 00:13:21.430 align:start position:0% attention on how people could be replaced<00:13:20.560> on<00:13:20.720> robots 00:13:21.430 --> 00:13:21.440 align:start position:0% replaced on robots 00:13:21.440 --> 00:13:23.269 align:start position:0% replaced on robots so<00:13:21.600> the<00:13:21.760> solutions<00:13:22.320> that<00:13:22.399> they<00:13:22.639> came<00:13:22.880> up<00:13:23.040> with 00:13:23.269 --> 00:13:23.279 align:start position:0% so the solutions that they came up with 00:13:23.279 --> 00:13:25.030 align:start position:0% so the solutions that they came up with were<00:13:23.519> more<00:13:23.760> holistic 00:13:25.030 --> 00:13:25.040 align:start position:0% were more holistic 00:13:25.040 --> 00:13:27.750 align:start position:0% were more holistic and<00:13:25.680> to<00:13:25.839> this<00:13:26.079> day<00:13:26.240> i<00:13:26.320> think<00:13:26.639> japan<00:13:27.120> has<00:13:27.360> had<00:13:27.600> a 00:13:27.750 --> 00:13:27.760 align:start position:0% and to this day i think japan has had a 00:13:27.760 --> 00:13:28.870 align:start position:0% and to this day i think japan has had a better<00:13:28.000> way<00:13:28.240> of 00:13:28.870 --> 00:13:28.880 align:start position:0% better way of 00:13:28.880 --> 00:13:31.670 align:start position:0% better way of looking<00:13:29.200> at<00:13:29.360> robotics<00:13:30.079> in<00:13:30.800> manufacturing 00:13:31.670 --> 00:13:31.680 align:start position:0% looking at robotics in manufacturing 00:13:31.680 --> 00:13:33.590 align:start position:0% looking at robotics in manufacturing settings<00:13:32.160> in<00:13:32.480> the<00:13:32.639> factory 00:13:33.590 --> 00:13:33.600 align:start position:0% settings in the factory 00:13:33.600 --> 00:13:37.030 align:start position:0% settings in the factory than<00:13:34.240> the<00:13:34.399> us<00:13:34.800> has 00:13:37.030 --> 00:13:37.040 align:start position:0% than the us has 00:13:37.040 --> 00:13:39.670 align:start position:0% than the us has so<00:13:37.279> i<00:13:37.760> because<00:13:38.079> of<00:13:38.240> that<00:13:38.480> i<00:13:38.639> think<00:13:39.040> industry 00:13:39.670 --> 00:13:39.680 align:start position:0% so i because of that i think industry 00:13:39.680 --> 00:13:41.189 align:start position:0% so i because of that i think industry started<00:13:40.000> getting<00:13:40.240> disenchanted<00:13:41.040> with 00:13:41.189 --> 00:13:41.199 align:start position:0% started getting disenchanted with 00:13:41.199 --> 00:13:42.710 align:start position:0% started getting disenchanted with robotics 00:13:42.710 --> 00:13:42.720 align:start position:0% robotics 00:13:42.720 --> 00:13:45.670 align:start position:0% robotics and<00:13:42.880> i<00:13:42.959> think<00:13:43.680> some<00:13:43.839> of<00:13:44.000> that<00:13:44.880> spread<00:13:45.360> to<00:13:45.519> the 00:13:45.670 --> 00:13:45.680 align:start position:0% and i think some of that spread to the 00:13:45.680 --> 00:13:48.470 align:start position:0% and i think some of that spread to the federal<00:13:46.079> funding<00:13:46.839> agencies 00:13:48.470 --> 00:13:48.480 align:start position:0% federal funding agencies 00:13:48.480 --> 00:13:49.990 align:start position:0% federal funding agencies so<00:13:48.720> pretty<00:13:49.040> soon<00:13:49.360> you<00:13:49.519> couldn't<00:13:49.760> write 00:13:49.990 --> 00:13:50.000 align:start position:0% so pretty soon you couldn't write 00:13:50.000 --> 00:13:53.350 align:start position:0% so pretty soon you couldn't write proposals<00:13:50.560> with<00:13:50.720> the<00:13:50.800> word<00:13:51.120> robots<00:13:51.600> in<00:13:51.760> it 00:13:53.350 --> 00:13:53.360 align:start position:0% proposals with the word robots in it 00:13:53.360 --> 00:13:54.870 align:start position:0% proposals with the word robots in it so<00:13:53.519> the<00:13:53.680> national<00:13:54.000> science<00:13:54.320> foundation 00:13:54.870 --> 00:13:54.880 align:start position:0% so the national science foundation 00:13:54.880 --> 00:13:56.710 align:start position:0% so the national science foundation obviously 00:13:56.710 --> 00:13:56.720 align:start position:0% obviously 00:13:56.720 --> 00:13:58.550 align:start position:0% obviously was<00:13:56.880> thinking<00:13:57.279> beyond<00:13:57.760> that<00:13:58.160> and<00:13:58.320> was 00:13:58.550 --> 00:13:58.560 align:start position:0% was thinking beyond that and was 00:13:58.560 --> 00:13:59.829 align:start position:0% was thinking beyond that and was thinking 00:13:59.829 --> 00:13:59.839 align:start position:0% thinking 00:13:59.839 --> 00:14:03.269 align:start position:0% thinking like<00:14:00.079> most<00:14:00.320> academics<00:14:00.959> were<00:14:02.560> nsf<00:14:03.040> had<00:14:03.199> a 00:14:03.269 --> 00:14:03.279 align:start position:0% like most academics were nsf had a 00:14:03.279 --> 00:14:05.189 align:start position:0% like most academics were nsf had a longer<00:14:03.600> vision<00:14:04.000> but<00:14:04.240> department<00:14:04.720> of<00:14:04.800> defense 00:14:05.189 --> 00:14:05.199 align:start position:0% longer vision but department of defense 00:14:05.199 --> 00:14:06.790 align:start position:0% longer vision but department of defense was<00:14:05.279> not<00:14:05.440> particularly<00:14:05.920> interested 00:14:06.790 --> 00:14:06.800 align:start position:0% was not particularly interested 00:14:06.800 --> 00:14:09.269 align:start position:0% was not particularly interested neither<00:14:07.120> was<00:14:07.279> industry<00:14:08.480> so<00:14:08.639> those<00:14:08.880> were<00:14:09.040> not 00:14:09.269 --> 00:14:09.279 align:start position:0% neither was industry so those were not 00:14:09.279 --> 00:14:11.030 align:start position:0% neither was industry so those were not good<00:14:09.519> times 00:14:11.030 --> 00:14:11.040 align:start position:0% good times 00:14:11.040 --> 00:14:13.990 align:start position:0% good times and<00:14:11.279> so<00:14:11.519> for<00:14:13.040> for<00:14:13.279> how<00:14:13.519> long<00:14:13.760> was<00:14:13.920> the 00:14:13.990 --> 00:14:14.000 align:start position:0% and so for for how long was the 00:14:14.000 --> 00:14:15.670 align:start position:0% and so for for how long was the department<00:14:14.399> of<00:14:14.480> defense<00:14:14.959> not<00:14:15.199> interested 00:14:15.670 --> 00:14:15.680 align:start position:0% department of defense not interested 00:14:15.680 --> 00:14:16.550 align:start position:0% department of defense not interested because 00:14:16.550 --> 00:14:16.560 align:start position:0% because 00:14:16.560 --> 00:14:20.790 align:start position:0% because now<00:14:17.440> it's<00:14:17.680> a<00:14:17.760> very<00:14:18.399> different<00:14:19.199> um 00:14:20.790 --> 00:14:20.800 align:start position:0% now it's a very different um 00:14:20.800 --> 00:14:23.189 align:start position:0% now it's a very different um playing<00:14:21.040> field<00:14:21.440> right<00:14:21.920> no<00:14:22.160> i<00:14:22.560> think<00:14:22.800> i<00:14:22.959> think 00:14:23.189 --> 00:14:23.199 align:start position:0% playing field right no i think i think 00:14:23.199 --> 00:14:24.550 align:start position:0% playing field right no i think i think not<00:14:23.360> just<00:14:23.519> the<00:14:23.600> department<00:14:24.000> of<00:14:24.079> defense<00:14:24.480> i 00:14:24.550 --> 00:14:24.560 align:start position:0% not just the department of defense i 00:14:24.560 --> 00:14:25.269 align:start position:0% not just the department of defense i think 00:14:25.269 --> 00:14:25.279 align:start position:0% think 00:14:25.279 --> 00:14:28.790 align:start position:0% think um<00:14:26.000> if<00:14:26.240> you<00:14:26.399> were<00:14:26.639> a<00:14:26.720> professor 00:14:28.790 --> 00:14:28.800 align:start position:0% um if you were a professor 00:14:28.800 --> 00:14:32.230 align:start position:0% um if you were a professor from<00:14:29.199> you<00:14:29.360> know<00:14:29.519> 1987<00:14:30.480> to<00:14:30.720> 1995 00:14:32.230 --> 00:14:32.240 align:start position:0% from you know 1987 to 1995 00:14:32.240 --> 00:14:34.949 align:start position:0% from you know 1987 to 1995 uh<00:14:32.560> you<00:14:32.720> struggled<00:14:33.199> a<00:14:33.279> lot<00:14:33.920> i<00:14:34.160> remember<00:14:34.720> three 00:14:34.949 --> 00:14:34.959 align:start position:0% uh you struggled a lot i remember three 00:14:34.959 --> 00:14:36.230 align:start position:0% uh you struggled a lot i remember three or<00:14:35.040> four<00:14:35.279> years<00:14:35.600> down<00:14:35.920> in 00:14:36.230 --> 00:14:36.240 align:start position:0% or four years down in 00:14:36.240 --> 00:14:37.910 align:start position:0% or four years down in you<00:14:36.320> know<00:14:36.480> when<00:14:36.639> i<00:14:36.720> was<00:14:37.519> when<00:14:37.680> i<00:14:37.760> was<00:14:37.839> an 00:14:37.910 --> 00:14:37.920 align:start position:0% you know when i was when i was an 00:14:37.920 --> 00:14:39.269 align:start position:0% you know when i was when i was an assistant<00:14:38.399> professor 00:14:39.269 --> 00:14:39.279 align:start position:0% assistant professor 00:14:39.279 --> 00:14:41.110 align:start position:0% assistant professor thinking<00:14:39.519> that<00:14:39.760> maybe<00:14:40.160> this<00:14:40.399> is<00:14:40.560> it's<00:14:40.720> time<00:14:40.959> to 00:14:41.110 --> 00:14:41.120 align:start position:0% thinking that maybe this is it's time to 00:14:41.120 --> 00:14:42.710 align:start position:0% thinking that maybe this is it's time to pack<00:14:41.360> it<00:14:41.519> in<00:14:41.600> and<00:14:41.760> try<00:14:41.920> to<00:14:42.000> look<00:14:42.160> for<00:14:42.320> something 00:14:42.710 --> 00:14:42.720 align:start position:0% pack it in and try to look for something 00:14:42.720 --> 00:14:43.829 align:start position:0% pack it in and try to look for something else 00:14:43.829 --> 00:14:43.839 align:start position:0% else 00:14:43.839 --> 00:14:45.910 align:start position:0% else it<00:14:44.000> was<00:14:44.160> very<00:14:44.320> hard<00:14:44.560> to<00:14:44.639> get<00:14:44.880> funding<00:14:45.440> and<00:14:45.839> if 00:14:45.910 --> 00:14:45.920 align:start position:0% it was very hard to get funding and if 00:14:45.920 --> 00:14:47.030 align:start position:0% it was very hard to get funding and if you<00:14:46.000> don't<00:14:46.160> have<00:14:46.320> funding<00:14:46.639> you<00:14:46.720> don't<00:14:46.880> have 00:14:47.030 --> 00:14:47.040 align:start position:0% you don't have funding you don't have 00:14:47.040 --> 00:14:48.230 align:start position:0% you don't have funding you don't have students<00:14:47.440> if<00:14:47.519> you<00:14:47.600> don't<00:14:47.680> have<00:14:47.839> students<00:14:48.160> you 00:14:48.230 --> 00:14:48.240 align:start position:0% students if you don't have students you 00:14:48.240 --> 00:14:50.389 align:start position:0% students if you don't have students you can't<00:14:48.480> write<00:14:48.720> papers 00:14:50.389 --> 00:14:50.399 align:start position:0% can't write papers 00:14:50.399 --> 00:14:54.629 align:start position:0% can't write papers and<00:14:50.560> it<00:14:50.639> was<00:14:50.800> tough<00:14:51.040> going<00:14:51.360> at<00:14:51.519> first<00:14:53.040> but 00:14:54.629 --> 00:14:54.639 align:start position:0% and it was tough going at first but 00:14:54.639 --> 00:14:56.389 align:start position:0% and it was tough going at first but you<00:14:54.800> know<00:14:54.880> we<00:14:55.040> came<00:14:55.360> out<00:14:55.440> of<00:14:55.600> the<00:14:55.839> recession 00:14:56.389 --> 00:14:56.399 align:start position:0% you know we came out of the recession 00:14:56.399 --> 00:14:59.189 align:start position:0% you know we came out of the recession then<00:14:57.360> the<00:14:57.519> high<00:14:57.760> interest<00:14:58.079> rate<00:14:58.399> era 00:14:59.189 --> 00:14:59.199 align:start position:0% then the high interest rate era 00:14:59.199 --> 00:15:01.269 align:start position:0% then the high interest rate era and<00:14:59.440> i<00:14:59.519> think<00:15:00.000> companies<00:15:00.480> started<00:15:00.880> investing 00:15:01.269 --> 00:15:01.279 align:start position:0% and i think companies started investing 00:15:01.279 --> 00:15:02.629 align:start position:0% and i think companies started investing in<00:15:01.360> robotics<00:15:01.920> again 00:15:02.629 --> 00:15:02.639 align:start position:0% in robotics again 00:15:02.639 --> 00:15:04.389 align:start position:0% in robotics again the<00:15:02.800> big<00:15:03.040> auto<00:15:03.279> manufacturers<00:15:04.000> went<00:15:04.160> back 00:15:04.389 --> 00:15:04.399 align:start position:0% the big auto manufacturers went back 00:15:04.399 --> 00:15:06.870 align:start position:0% the big auto manufacturers went back into<00:15:04.560> robotics 00:15:06.870 --> 00:15:06.880 align:start position:0% into robotics 00:15:06.880 --> 00:15:09.350 align:start position:0% into robotics and<00:15:07.279> uh<00:15:08.000> you<00:15:08.160> know<00:15:08.240> i<00:15:08.399> hate<00:15:08.560> to<00:15:08.720> say<00:15:08.959> say<00:15:09.120> this 00:15:09.350 --> 00:15:09.360 align:start position:0% and uh you know i hate to say say this 00:15:09.360 --> 00:15:10.389 align:start position:0% and uh you know i hate to say say this anytime<00:15:09.920> we 00:15:10.389 --> 00:15:10.399 align:start position:0% anytime we 00:15:10.399 --> 00:15:13.990 align:start position:0% anytime we we<00:15:11.199> fight<00:15:11.519> wars<00:15:12.160> uh<00:15:13.279> we<00:15:13.440> look<00:15:13.600> for<00:15:13.760> new 00:15:13.990 --> 00:15:14.000 align:start position:0% we fight wars uh we look for new 00:15:14.000 --> 00:15:15.030 align:start position:0% we fight wars uh we look for new technology 00:15:15.030 --> 00:15:15.040 align:start position:0% technology 00:15:15.040 --> 00:15:18.150 align:start position:0% technology and<00:15:15.279> indirectly<00:15:16.880> disciplines<00:15:17.440> like<00:15:17.600> robotics 00:15:18.150 --> 00:15:18.160 align:start position:0% and indirectly disciplines like robotics 00:15:18.160 --> 00:15:19.430 align:start position:0% and indirectly disciplines like robotics benefit 00:15:19.430 --> 00:15:19.440 align:start position:0% benefit 00:15:19.440 --> 00:15:21.990 align:start position:0% benefit um<00:15:20.399> so<00:15:20.560> i<00:15:20.639> think<00:15:20.800> that<00:15:20.959> that's<00:15:21.360> you<00:15:21.440> know<00:15:21.839> that 00:15:21.990 --> 00:15:22.000 align:start position:0% um so i think that that's you know that 00:15:22.000 --> 00:15:25.590 align:start position:0% um so i think that that's you know that was<00:15:22.240> part<00:15:22.480> of<00:15:22.639> it 00:15:25.590 --> 00:15:25.600 align:start position:0% 00:15:25.600 --> 00:15:28.230 align:start position:0% so<00:15:25.839> when<00:15:26.000> you<00:15:26.160> uh<00:15:26.320> first<00:15:26.560> came<00:15:26.800> to<00:15:27.040> penn<00:15:28.079> the 00:15:28.230 --> 00:15:28.240 align:start position:0% so when you uh first came to penn the 00:15:28.240 --> 00:15:30.310 align:start position:0% so when you uh first came to penn the grass<00:15:28.639> lab<00:15:28.959> was<00:15:29.120> already 00:15:30.310 --> 00:15:30.320 align:start position:0% grass lab was already 00:15:30.320 --> 00:15:33.590 align:start position:0% grass lab was already a<00:15:30.480> layout<00:15:31.199> and<00:15:32.399> what<00:15:32.560> was<00:15:32.720> the<00:15:32.880> program<00:15:33.279> like 00:15:33.590 --> 00:15:33.600 align:start position:0% a layout and what was the program like 00:15:33.600 --> 00:15:34.870 align:start position:0% a layout and what was the program like as<00:15:33.759> far<00:15:33.920> as 00:15:34.870 --> 00:15:34.880 align:start position:0% as far as 00:15:34.880 --> 00:15:37.030 align:start position:0% as far as education<00:15:35.519> for<00:15:35.759> students<00:15:36.079> and<00:15:36.240> robotics<00:15:36.800> well 00:15:37.030 --> 00:15:37.040 align:start position:0% education for students and robotics well 00:15:37.040 --> 00:15:39.350 align:start position:0% education for students and robotics well when<00:15:37.199> i<00:15:37.279> first<00:15:37.519> came<00:15:37.680> to<00:15:37.839> japan<00:15:38.240> grass<00:15:38.880> lab<00:15:39.120> was 00:15:39.350 --> 00:15:39.360 align:start position:0% when i first came to japan grass lab was 00:15:39.360 --> 00:15:41.110 align:start position:0% when i first came to japan grass lab was mostly<00:15:39.759> a<00:15:39.839> lab<00:15:40.160> in<00:15:40.240> the<00:15:40.320> computer<00:15:40.800> science 00:15:41.110 --> 00:15:41.120 align:start position:0% mostly a lab in the computer science 00:15:41.120 --> 00:15:42.629 align:start position:0% mostly a lab in the computer science department 00:15:42.629 --> 00:15:42.639 align:start position:0% department 00:15:42.639 --> 00:15:44.710 align:start position:0% department i<00:15:42.800> was<00:15:42.959> a<00:15:43.040> mechanical<00:15:43.600> engineer<00:15:44.079> i<00:15:44.240> knew<00:15:44.480> very 00:15:44.710 --> 00:15:44.720 align:start position:0% i was a mechanical engineer i knew very 00:15:44.720 --> 00:15:46.470 align:start position:0% i was a mechanical engineer i knew very little<00:15:44.959> about<00:15:45.199> computer<00:15:45.680> science<00:15:46.000> back<00:15:46.240> then 00:15:46.470 --> 00:15:46.480 align:start position:0% little about computer science back then 00:15:46.480 --> 00:15:48.310 align:start position:0% little about computer science back then although<00:15:46.800> i<00:15:46.880> was<00:15:47.040> interested<00:15:47.440> in<00:15:47.600> it 00:15:48.310 --> 00:15:48.320 align:start position:0% although i was interested in it 00:15:48.320 --> 00:15:51.110 align:start position:0% although i was interested in it so<00:15:49.040> uh<00:15:49.519> and<00:15:49.759> you<00:15:49.839> know<00:15:50.000> rojna<00:15:50.480> baichi<00:15:50.880> was<00:15:51.040> a 00:15:51.110 --> 00:15:51.120 align:start position:0% so uh and you know rojna baichi was a 00:15:51.120 --> 00:15:51.990 align:start position:0% so uh and you know rojna baichi was a per<00:15:51.360> you<00:15:51.440> know 00:15:51.990 --> 00:15:52.000 align:start position:0% per you know 00:15:52.000 --> 00:15:54.470 align:start position:0% per you know was<00:15:52.399> the<00:15:52.480> individual<00:15:53.279> kind<00:15:53.440> of<00:15:53.759> make<00:15:54.000> me<00:15:54.240> feel 00:15:54.470 --> 00:15:54.480 align:start position:0% was the individual kind of make me feel 00:15:54.480 --> 00:15:55.350 align:start position:0% was the individual kind of make me feel at<00:15:54.639> home 00:15:55.350 --> 00:15:55.360 align:start position:0% at home 00:15:55.360 --> 00:15:57.430 align:start position:0% at home in<00:15:55.759> a<00:15:55.839> mechanic<00:15:56.399> in<00:15:56.480> a<00:15:56.639> computer<00:15:57.120> science 00:15:57.430 --> 00:15:57.440 align:start position:0% in a mechanic in a computer science 00:15:57.440 --> 00:15:59.350 align:start position:0% in a mechanic in a computer science setting<00:15:58.240> um 00:15:59.350 --> 00:15:59.360 align:start position:0% setting um 00:15:59.360 --> 00:16:01.269 align:start position:0% setting um but<00:15:59.600> it<00:15:59.680> took<00:15:59.920> a<00:16:00.000> while<00:16:00.399> for<00:16:00.560> us<00:16:00.800> for<00:16:00.959> me<00:16:01.120> to 00:16:01.269 --> 00:16:01.279 align:start position:0% but it took a while for us for me to 00:16:01.279 --> 00:16:03.430 align:start position:0% but it took a while for us for me to find<00:16:01.600> my<00:16:01.759> way<00:16:02.079> in<00:16:02.240> fact<00:16:02.480> the<00:16:02.639> lab<00:16:02.880> was<00:16:03.120> actually 00:16:03.430 --> 00:16:03.440 align:start position:0% find my way in fact the lab was actually 00:16:03.440 --> 00:16:04.949 align:start position:0% find my way in fact the lab was actually extraordinarily<00:16:04.240> small<00:16:04.560> it<00:16:04.639> was<00:16:04.720> in<00:16:04.880> a 00:16:04.949 --> 00:16:04.959 align:start position:0% extraordinarily small it was in a 00:16:04.959 --> 00:16:05.829 align:start position:0% extraordinarily small it was in a basement<00:16:05.519> and 00:16:05.829 --> 00:16:05.839 align:start position:0% basement and 00:16:05.839 --> 00:16:10.230 align:start position:0% basement and more<00:16:06.079> building<00:16:08.560> and<00:16:08.800> actually<00:16:09.120> she<00:16:09.360> helped 00:16:10.230 --> 00:16:10.240 align:start position:0% more building and actually she helped 00:16:10.240 --> 00:16:12.710 align:start position:0% more building and actually she helped create<00:16:10.639> this<00:16:10.880> much<00:16:11.199> bigger<00:16:11.600> enterprise<00:16:12.480> which 00:16:12.710 --> 00:16:12.720 align:start position:0% create this much bigger enterprise which 00:16:12.720 --> 00:16:13.829 align:start position:0% create this much bigger enterprise which was<00:16:12.880> across<00:16:13.199> the<00:16:13.360> street 00:16:13.829 --> 00:16:13.839 align:start position:0% was across the street 00:16:13.839 --> 00:16:16.470 align:start position:0% was across the street uh<00:16:14.079> in<00:16:14.240> 3401<00:16:15.120> in<00:16:15.279> the<00:16:15.440> 90s<00:16:16.160> and<00:16:16.240> then 00:16:16.470 --> 00:16:16.480 align:start position:0% uh in 3401 in the 90s and then 00:16:16.480 --> 00:16:19.749 align:start position:0% uh in 3401 in the 90s and then subsequently<00:16:17.120> it<00:16:17.199> moved<00:16:17.519> here 00:16:19.749 --> 00:16:19.759 align:start position:0% subsequently it moved here 00:16:19.759 --> 00:16:23.590 align:start position:0% subsequently it moved here where<00:16:19.920> we<00:16:20.160> were<00:16:20.399> sitting<00:16:22.480> so 00:16:23.590 --> 00:16:23.600 align:start position:0% where we were sitting so 00:16:23.600 --> 00:16:26.629 align:start position:0% where we were sitting so i<00:16:23.759> would<00:16:23.920> say<00:16:24.160> back<00:16:24.399> then<00:16:24.639> the<00:16:25.040> the<00:16:25.199> lab<00:16:26.320> was 00:16:26.629 --> 00:16:26.639 align:start position:0% i would say back then the the lab was 00:16:26.639 --> 00:16:28.470 align:start position:0% i would say back then the the lab was fairly<00:16:26.959> one<00:16:27.199> dimensional<00:16:27.839> in<00:16:27.920> terms<00:16:28.240> of<00:16:28.399> the 00:16:28.470 --> 00:16:28.480 align:start position:0% fairly one dimensional in terms of the 00:16:28.480 --> 00:16:31.670 align:start position:0% fairly one dimensional in terms of the kinds<00:16:28.800> of<00:16:28.959> problems<00:16:29.440> it<00:16:29.600> attacked<00:16:30.000> was<00:16:30.240> very 00:16:31.670 --> 00:16:31.680 align:start position:0% kinds of problems it attacked was very 00:16:31.680 --> 00:16:33.910 align:start position:0% kinds of problems it attacked was very computer<00:16:32.240> science<00:16:32.720> and<00:16:32.880> information<00:16:33.519> science 00:16:33.910 --> 00:16:33.920 align:start position:0% computer science and information science 00:16:33.920 --> 00:16:35.110 align:start position:0% computer science and information science centric 00:16:35.110 --> 00:16:35.120 align:start position:0% centric 00:16:35.120 --> 00:16:37.189 align:start position:0% centric which<00:16:35.360> was<00:16:35.920> which<00:16:36.160> was<00:16:36.320> good<00:16:36.639> because<00:16:36.880> for<00:16:37.040> me 00:16:37.189 --> 00:16:37.199 align:start position:0% which was which was good because for me 00:16:37.199 --> 00:16:39.269 align:start position:0% which was which was good because for me that<00:16:37.360> was<00:16:37.600> the<00:16:37.680> one 00:16:39.269 --> 00:16:39.279 align:start position:0% that was the one 00:16:39.279 --> 00:16:41.189 align:start position:0% that was the one way<00:16:39.440> of<00:16:39.600> thinking<00:16:40.000> that<00:16:40.240> i<00:16:40.320> had<00:16:40.560> not<00:16:40.880> gotten 00:16:41.189 --> 00:16:41.199 align:start position:0% way of thinking that i had not gotten 00:16:41.199 --> 00:16:43.990 align:start position:0% way of thinking that i had not gotten used<00:16:41.440> to<00:16:42.160> it<00:16:42.240> gave<00:16:42.480> me<00:16:42.639> lots<00:16:42.959> of<00:16:43.120> ideas 00:16:43.990 --> 00:16:44.000 align:start position:0% used to it gave me lots of ideas 00:16:44.000 --> 00:16:47.189 align:start position:0% used to it gave me lots of ideas i<00:16:44.160> think<00:16:44.399> it<00:16:45.040> it<00:16:45.279> taught<00:16:45.600> me<00:16:45.839> that 00:16:47.189 --> 00:16:47.199 align:start position:0% i think it it taught me that 00:16:47.199 --> 00:16:50.470 align:start position:0% i think it it taught me that you<00:16:47.360> could<00:16:47.600> really<00:16:48.079> think<00:16:48.399> about<00:16:49.680> the<00:16:50.000> problem 00:16:50.470 --> 00:16:50.480 align:start position:0% you could really think about the problem 00:16:50.480 --> 00:16:50.790 align:start position:0% you could really think about the problem of 00:16:50.790 --> 00:16:50.800 align:start position:0% of 00:16:50.800 --> 00:16:53.030 align:start position:0% of you<00:16:50.880> know<00:16:51.279> so<00:16:51.600> if<00:16:52.000> i<00:16:52.079> just<00:16:52.320> back<00:16:52.560> off<00:16:52.720> you<00:16:52.800> know 00:16:53.030 --> 00:16:53.040 align:start position:0% you know so if i just back off you know 00:16:53.040 --> 00:16:54.870 align:start position:0% you know so if i just back off you know one<00:16:53.199> big<00:16:53.440> challenge<00:16:53.839> you<00:16:53.920> have<00:16:54.160> with<00:16:54.399> robots 00:16:54.870 --> 00:16:54.880 align:start position:0% one big challenge you have with robots 00:16:54.880 --> 00:16:55.990 align:start position:0% one big challenge you have with robots operating 00:16:55.990 --> 00:16:56.000 align:start position:0% operating 00:16:56.000 --> 00:16:58.629 align:start position:0% operating uh<00:16:56.320> in<00:16:56.560> in<00:16:56.720> the<00:16:56.800> real<00:16:57.040> world<00:16:57.759> is<00:16:58.240> that<00:16:58.480> they 00:16:58.629 --> 00:16:58.639 align:start position:0% uh in in the real world is that they 00:16:58.639 --> 00:17:00.389 align:start position:0% uh in in the real world is that they have<00:16:58.720> to<00:16:58.880> reason<00:16:59.279> about<00:16:59.519> the<00:16:59.680> real<00:17:00.000> world<00:17:00.320> and 00:17:00.389 --> 00:17:00.399 align:start position:0% have to reason about the real world and 00:17:00.399 --> 00:17:01.829 align:start position:0% have to reason about the real world and there's<00:17:00.560> lots<00:17:00.800> of<00:17:00.880> mechanics<00:17:01.360> in<00:17:01.440> the<00:17:01.600> real 00:17:01.829 --> 00:17:01.839 align:start position:0% there's lots of mechanics in the real 00:17:01.839 --> 00:17:02.790 align:start position:0% there's lots of mechanics in the real world 00:17:02.790 --> 00:17:02.800 align:start position:0% world 00:17:02.800 --> 00:17:05.829 align:start position:0% world they<00:17:03.040> have<00:17:03.199> to<00:17:05.039> interact<00:17:05.439> with<00:17:05.520> the<00:17:05.679> real 00:17:05.829 --> 00:17:05.839 align:start position:0% they have to interact with the real 00:17:05.839 --> 00:17:07.829 align:start position:0% they have to interact with the real world<00:17:06.079> so<00:17:06.240> anytime<00:17:06.559> i<00:17:06.640> pick<00:17:06.880> up<00:17:06.959> an<00:17:07.120> object 00:17:07.829 --> 00:17:07.839 align:start position:0% world so anytime i pick up an object 00:17:07.839 --> 00:17:09.669 align:start position:0% world so anytime i pick up an object it's<00:17:08.160> a<00:17:08.240> problem<00:17:08.559> in<00:17:08.720> mechanics<00:17:09.199> there's<00:17:09.439> lots 00:17:09.669 --> 00:17:09.679 align:start position:0% it's a problem in mechanics there's lots 00:17:09.679 --> 00:17:11.510 align:start position:0% it's a problem in mechanics there's lots of<00:17:09.760> mechanical<00:17:10.240> engineering<00:17:10.799> in<00:17:10.880> there 00:17:11.510 --> 00:17:11.520 align:start position:0% of mechanical engineering in there 00:17:11.520 --> 00:17:12.949 align:start position:0% of mechanical engineering in there and<00:17:11.600> so<00:17:11.760> unless<00:17:12.079> you<00:17:12.319> understand<00:17:12.799> the 00:17:12.949 --> 00:17:12.959 align:start position:0% and so unless you understand the 00:17:12.959 --> 00:17:14.710 align:start position:0% and so unless you understand the mechanics<00:17:13.520> unless<00:17:13.839> you<00:17:14.000> understand<00:17:14.480> the 00:17:14.710 --> 00:17:14.720 align:start position:0% mechanics unless you understand the 00:17:14.720 --> 00:17:16.470 align:start position:0% mechanics unless you understand the interactions<00:17:15.439> that<00:17:15.600> occur 00:17:16.470 --> 00:17:16.480 align:start position:0% interactions that occur 00:17:16.480 --> 00:17:18.630 align:start position:0% interactions that occur it's<00:17:16.720> very<00:17:17.039> hard<00:17:17.360> to<00:17:17.520> just<00:17:17.839> think<00:17:18.079> about 00:17:18.630 --> 00:17:18.640 align:start position:0% it's very hard to just think about 00:17:18.640 --> 00:17:21.110 align:start position:0% it's very hard to just think about writing<00:17:19.280> for<00:17:19.439> example<00:17:19.919> control<00:17:20.400> code 00:17:21.110 --> 00:17:21.120 align:start position:0% writing for example control code 00:17:21.120 --> 00:17:24.549 align:start position:0% writing for example control code or<00:17:21.280> even<00:17:21.520> code<00:17:21.839> for<00:17:22.000> perception<00:17:23.679> and 00:17:24.549 --> 00:17:24.559 align:start position:0% or even code for perception and 00:17:24.559 --> 00:17:26.309 align:start position:0% or even code for perception and all<00:17:24.720> that<00:17:24.959> is<00:17:25.039> very<00:17:25.280> fundamental<00:17:25.919> to<00:17:26.079> getting 00:17:26.309 --> 00:17:26.319 align:start position:0% all that is very fundamental to getting 00:17:26.319 --> 00:17:27.590 align:start position:0% all that is very fundamental to getting robots<00:17:26.720> to<00:17:26.880> work 00:17:27.590 --> 00:17:27.600 align:start position:0% robots to work 00:17:27.600 --> 00:17:31.510 align:start position:0% robots to work so<00:17:28.160> um<00:17:29.919> it<00:17:30.320> really<00:17:30.720> made<00:17:30.880> me 00:17:31.510 --> 00:17:31.520 align:start position:0% so um it really made me 00:17:31.520 --> 00:17:33.110 align:start position:0% so um it really made me sort<00:17:31.679> of<00:17:31.840> think<00:17:32.160> harder<00:17:32.559> about<00:17:32.799> these 00:17:33.110 --> 00:17:33.120 align:start position:0% sort of think harder about these 00:17:33.120 --> 00:17:34.870 align:start position:0% sort of think harder about these problems<00:17:34.080> and<00:17:34.320> so<00:17:34.480> to 00:17:34.870 --> 00:17:34.880 align:start position:0% problems and so to 00:17:34.880 --> 00:17:36.470 align:start position:0% problems and so to this<00:17:35.120> day<00:17:35.360> i<00:17:35.520> think<00:17:35.679> a<00:17:35.760> lot<00:17:35.919> of<00:17:36.080> the<00:17:36.160> things 00:17:36.470 --> 00:17:36.480 align:start position:0% this day i think a lot of the things 00:17:36.480 --> 00:17:37.990 align:start position:0% this day i think a lot of the things that<00:17:36.640> my<00:17:36.799> students<00:17:37.280> do 00:17:37.990 --> 00:17:38.000 align:start position:0% that my students do 00:17:38.000 --> 00:17:39.750 align:start position:0% that my students do is<00:17:38.240> largely<00:17:38.640> about<00:17:38.880> creating<00:17:39.280> software 00:17:39.750 --> 00:17:39.760 align:start position:0% is largely about creating software 00:17:39.760 --> 00:17:41.510 align:start position:0% is largely about creating software systems 00:17:41.510 --> 00:17:41.520 align:start position:0% systems 00:17:41.520 --> 00:17:44.549 align:start position:0% systems but<00:17:41.919> there's<00:17:42.240> mechanics<00:17:42.799> inside 00:17:44.549 --> 00:17:44.559 align:start position:0% but there's mechanics inside 00:17:44.559 --> 00:17:47.750 align:start position:0% but there's mechanics inside all<00:17:44.799> the<00:17:45.039> software<00:17:45.520> models<00:17:46.640> um 00:17:47.750 --> 00:17:47.760 align:start position:0% all the software models um 00:17:47.760 --> 00:17:49.350 align:start position:0% all the software models um and<00:17:48.000> i<00:17:48.080> think<00:17:48.240> a<00:17:48.320> lot<00:17:48.559> a<00:17:48.559> lot<00:17:48.720> of<00:17:48.799> that<00:17:49.039> really 00:17:49.350 --> 00:17:49.360 align:start position:0% and i think a lot a lot of that really 00:17:49.360 --> 00:17:50.870 align:start position:0% and i think a lot a lot of that really came<00:17:49.600> about<00:17:50.000> because<00:17:50.320> of<00:17:50.480> my 00:17:50.870 --> 00:17:50.880 align:start position:0% came about because of my 00:17:50.880 --> 00:17:53.590 align:start position:0% came about because of my exposure<00:17:51.440> to<00:17:52.320> fellow<00:17:52.640> computer<00:17:53.120> scientists 00:17:53.590 --> 00:17:53.600 align:start position:0% exposure to fellow computer scientists 00:17:53.600 --> 00:17:54.310 align:start position:0% exposure to fellow computer scientists in<00:17:53.679> the<00:17:53.840> graph 00:17:54.310 --> 00:17:54.320 align:start position:0% in the graph 00:17:54.320 --> 00:17:57.029 align:start position:0% in the graph grass<00:17:54.559> flood<00:17:54.799> recovery<00:17:56.160> and<00:17:56.320> so<00:17:56.559> in<00:17:56.720> those 00:17:57.029 --> 00:17:57.039 align:start position:0% grass flood recovery and so in those 00:17:57.039 --> 00:17:58.630 align:start position:0% grass flood recovery and so in those early<00:17:57.360> years<00:17:57.600> you<00:17:57.760> mentioned<00:17:58.000> that<00:17:58.160> rogenda 00:17:58.630 --> 00:17:58.640 align:start position:0% early years you mentioned that rogenda 00:17:58.640 --> 00:18:00.150 align:start position:0% early years you mentioned that rogenda made<00:17:58.799> you<00:17:59.039> feel<00:17:59.280> comfortable<00:17:59.919> as<00:18:00.080> a 00:18:00.150 --> 00:18:00.160 align:start position:0% made you feel comfortable as a 00:18:00.160 --> 00:18:02.150 align:start position:0% made you feel comfortable as a mechanical<00:18:00.799> engineer<00:18:01.280> in<00:18:01.440> the<00:18:01.600> computer 00:18:02.150 --> 00:18:02.160 align:start position:0% mechanical engineer in the computer 00:18:02.160 --> 00:18:02.950 align:start position:0% mechanical engineer in the computer science 00:18:02.950 --> 00:18:02.960 align:start position:0% science 00:18:02.960 --> 00:18:06.310 align:start position:0% science or<00:18:03.200> computer<00:18:03.679> science<00:18:04.240> lab<00:18:04.880> um<00:18:05.280> how<00:18:05.440> did<00:18:05.679> those 00:18:06.310 --> 00:18:06.320 align:start position:0% or computer science lab um how did those 00:18:06.320 --> 00:18:10.230 align:start position:0% or computer science lab um how did those interactions<00:18:07.120> happen<00:18:09.200> well<00:18:09.520> so 00:18:10.230 --> 00:18:10.240 align:start position:0% interactions happen well so 00:18:10.240 --> 00:18:12.470 align:start position:0% interactions happen well so so<00:18:10.480> rojna<00:18:10.960> was<00:18:11.520> you<00:18:11.600> know<00:18:11.760> interested<00:18:12.240> in 00:18:12.470 --> 00:18:12.480 align:start position:0% so rojna was you know interested in 00:18:12.480 --> 00:18:13.750 align:start position:0% so rojna was you know interested in problems<00:18:12.880> and<00:18:13.039> perception 00:18:13.750 --> 00:18:13.760 align:start position:0% problems and perception 00:18:13.760 --> 00:18:16.789 align:start position:0% problems and perception problems<00:18:14.320> in<00:18:14.960> artificial<00:18:15.520> intelligence 00:18:16.789 --> 00:18:16.799 align:start position:0% problems in artificial intelligence 00:18:16.799 --> 00:18:20.230 align:start position:0% problems in artificial intelligence and<00:18:17.039> how<00:18:18.799> you<00:18:18.960> could<00:18:19.200> actually<00:18:19.679> solve<00:18:20.000> some<00:18:20.160> of 00:18:20.230 --> 00:18:20.240 align:start position:0% and how you could actually solve some of 00:18:20.240 --> 00:18:22.390 align:start position:0% and how you could actually solve some of those<00:18:20.480> problems<00:18:20.880> using<00:18:21.200> robots<00:18:21.679> so 00:18:22.390 --> 00:18:22.400 align:start position:0% those problems using robots so 00:18:22.400 --> 00:18:25.350 align:start position:0% those problems using robots so very<00:18:22.640> early<00:18:22.960> on<00:18:23.200> she<00:18:23.440> had<00:18:23.600> this<00:18:24.880> this<00:18:25.120> great 00:18:25.350 --> 00:18:25.360 align:start position:0% very early on she had this this great 00:18:25.360 --> 00:18:26.549 align:start position:0% very early on she had this this great idea 00:18:26.549 --> 00:18:26.559 align:start position:0% idea 00:18:26.559 --> 00:18:28.630 align:start position:0% idea which<00:18:26.799> is<00:18:26.880> now<00:18:27.360> called<00:18:27.760> active<00:18:28.160> perception 00:18:28.630 --> 00:18:28.640 align:start position:0% which is now called active perception 00:18:28.640 --> 00:18:29.909 align:start position:0% which is now called active perception this<00:18:28.880> idea<00:18:29.280> that 00:18:29.909 --> 00:18:29.919 align:start position:0% this idea that 00:18:29.919 --> 00:18:31.909 align:start position:0% this idea that um<00:18:30.480> in<00:18:30.640> order<00:18:30.799> to<00:18:30.960> perceive<00:18:31.360> the<00:18:31.440> world<00:18:31.760> you 00:18:31.909 --> 00:18:31.919 align:start position:0% um in order to perceive the world you 00:18:31.919 --> 00:18:33.190 align:start position:0% um in order to perceive the world you need<00:18:32.080> to<00:18:32.240> move 00:18:33.190 --> 00:18:33.200 align:start position:0% need to move 00:18:33.200 --> 00:18:35.669 align:start position:0% need to move um<00:18:34.160> and<00:18:34.320> so<00:18:34.640> when<00:18:34.799> you<00:18:34.880> need<00:18:35.039> to<00:18:35.200> move<00:18:35.440> there's 00:18:35.669 --> 00:18:35.679 align:start position:0% um and so when you need to move there's 00:18:35.679 --> 00:18:36.950 align:start position:0% um and so when you need to move there's motion<00:18:36.080> involved 00:18:36.950 --> 00:18:36.960 align:start position:0% motion involved 00:18:36.960 --> 00:18:39.990 align:start position:0% motion involved and<00:18:37.280> so<00:18:37.440> there's<00:18:37.679> mechanics<00:18:38.320> in<00:18:38.480> there<00:18:38.799> right 00:18:39.990 --> 00:18:40.000 align:start position:0% and so there's mechanics in there right 00:18:40.000 --> 00:18:41.830 align:start position:0% and so there's mechanics in there right she<00:18:40.160> was<00:18:40.400> also<00:18:40.640> interested<00:18:41.039> in<00:18:41.200> how<00:18:41.440> you<00:18:41.520> might 00:18:41.830 --> 00:18:41.840 align:start position:0% she was also interested in how you might 00:18:41.840 --> 00:18:43.830 align:start position:0% she was also interested in how you might explore<00:18:42.400> environments<00:18:43.039> so<00:18:43.200> if<00:18:43.280> you<00:18:43.360> pick<00:18:43.600> up 00:18:43.830 --> 00:18:43.840 align:start position:0% explore environments so if you pick up 00:18:43.840 --> 00:18:46.789 align:start position:0% explore environments so if you pick up objects<00:18:44.640> and<00:18:44.799> you<00:18:45.039> heft<00:18:45.360> them<00:18:45.760> you<00:18:46.400> you<00:18:46.559> wave 00:18:46.789 --> 00:18:46.799 align:start position:0% objects and you heft them you you wave 00:18:46.799 --> 00:18:47.750 align:start position:0% objects and you heft them you you wave them<00:18:47.039> around 00:18:47.750 --> 00:18:47.760 align:start position:0% them around 00:18:47.760 --> 00:18:50.070 align:start position:0% them around you<00:18:47.919> learn<00:18:48.160> a<00:18:48.240> little<00:18:48.400> bit<00:18:48.559> about<00:18:48.799> the<00:18:49.039> objects 00:18:50.070 --> 00:18:50.080 align:start position:0% you learn a little bit about the objects 00:18:50.080 --> 00:18:52.150 align:start position:0% you learn a little bit about the objects so<00:18:50.320> again<00:18:50.640> this<00:18:50.799> is<00:18:50.960> perception<00:18:51.679> but 00:18:52.150 --> 00:18:52.160 align:start position:0% so again this is perception but 00:18:52.160 --> 00:18:53.430 align:start position:0% so again this is perception but the<00:18:52.240> underlying<00:18:52.720> problems<00:18:53.120> are<00:18:53.200> really 00:18:53.430 --> 00:18:53.440 align:start position:0% the underlying problems are really 00:18:53.440 --> 00:18:56.710 align:start position:0% the underlying problems are really mechanics<00:18:54.080> oriented 00:18:56.710 --> 00:18:56.720 align:start position:0% 00:18:56.720 --> 00:18:59.350 align:start position:0% and<00:18:56.960> so<00:18:57.200> she<00:18:57.360> was<00:18:57.520> interested<00:18:58.080> in<00:18:58.240> how<00:18:58.960> robots 00:18:59.350 --> 00:18:59.360 align:start position:0% and so she was interested in how robots 00:18:59.360 --> 00:19:00.710 align:start position:0% and so she was interested in how robots can<00:18:59.600> cooperate 00:19:00.710 --> 00:19:00.720 align:start position:0% can cooperate 00:19:00.720 --> 00:19:03.590 align:start position:0% can cooperate and<00:19:00.960> so<00:19:01.840> early<00:19:02.240> in<00:19:02.320> my<00:19:02.480> career<00:19:02.880> at<00:19:02.960> penn<00:19:03.360> we 00:19:03.590 --> 00:19:03.600 align:start position:0% and so early in my career at penn we 00:19:03.600 --> 00:19:05.270 align:start position:0% and so early in my career at penn we started<00:19:03.919> looking<00:19:04.160> at<00:19:04.320> the<00:19:04.480> problem<00:19:04.960> actually 00:19:05.270 --> 00:19:05.280 align:start position:0% started looking at the problem actually 00:19:05.280 --> 00:19:06.070 align:start position:0% started looking at the problem actually with<00:19:05.520> her 00:19:06.070 --> 00:19:06.080 align:start position:0% with her 00:19:06.080 --> 00:19:08.390 align:start position:0% with her and<00:19:06.240> how<00:19:06.400> do<00:19:06.480> you<00:19:06.559> get<00:19:06.720> robots<00:19:07.600> to<00:19:07.840> cooperate 00:19:08.390 --> 00:19:08.400 align:start position:0% and how do you get robots to cooperate 00:19:08.400 --> 00:19:09.990 align:start position:0% and how do you get robots to cooperate to<00:19:08.559> pick<00:19:08.799> up<00:19:09.039> for<00:19:09.200> example<00:19:09.600> pieces<00:19:09.919> of 00:19:09.990 --> 00:19:10.000 align:start position:0% to pick up for example pieces of 00:19:10.000 --> 00:19:12.230 align:start position:0% to pick up for example pieces of furniture<00:19:10.480> and<00:19:10.640> carry<00:19:10.960> them 00:19:12.230 --> 00:19:12.240 align:start position:0% furniture and carry them 00:19:12.240 --> 00:19:13.990 align:start position:0% furniture and carry them well<00:19:12.640> unless<00:19:12.960> you<00:19:13.200> really<00:19:13.440> understand<00:19:13.840> the 00:19:13.990 --> 00:19:14.000 align:start position:0% well unless you really understand the 00:19:14.000 --> 00:19:15.510 align:start position:0% well unless you really understand the mechanics<00:19:14.480> unless<00:19:14.720> you<00:19:14.880> understand<00:19:15.360> the 00:19:15.510 --> 00:19:15.520 align:start position:0% mechanics unless you understand the 00:19:15.520 --> 00:19:16.470 align:start position:0% mechanics unless you understand the control 00:19:16.470 --> 00:19:16.480 align:start position:0% control 00:19:16.480 --> 00:19:18.710 align:start position:0% control of<00:19:16.880> the<00:19:17.039> robots<00:19:17.600> and<00:19:17.840> the<00:19:18.000> interactions<00:19:18.559> with 00:19:18.710 --> 00:19:18.720 align:start position:0% of the robots and the interactions with 00:19:18.720 --> 00:19:20.230 align:start position:0% of the robots and the interactions with the<00:19:18.960> objects<00:19:19.360> it's<00:19:19.520> very<00:19:19.679> hard<00:19:19.840> to<00:19:19.919> solve 00:19:20.230 --> 00:19:20.240 align:start position:0% the objects it's very hard to solve 00:19:20.240 --> 00:19:21.270 align:start position:0% the objects it's very hard to solve these<00:19:20.480> problems 00:19:21.270 --> 00:19:21.280 align:start position:0% these problems 00:19:21.280 --> 00:19:22.789 align:start position:0% these problems so<00:19:21.440> at<00:19:21.520> a<00:19:21.600> high<00:19:21.840> level<00:19:22.080> she<00:19:22.320> was<00:19:22.400> interested<00:19:22.720> in 00:19:22.789 --> 00:19:22.799 align:start position:0% so at a high level she was interested in 00:19:22.799 --> 00:19:24.070 align:start position:0% so at a high level she was interested in exactly<00:19:23.200> the<00:19:23.280> same<00:19:23.440> problem<00:19:23.679> that<00:19:23.840> i<00:19:23.919> was 00:19:24.070 --> 00:19:24.080 align:start position:0% exactly the same problem that i was 00:19:24.080 --> 00:19:24.870 align:start position:0% exactly the same problem that i was interested<00:19:24.559> in 00:19:24.870 --> 00:19:24.880 align:start position:0% interested in 00:19:24.880 --> 00:19:26.390 align:start position:0% interested in except<00:19:25.200> her<00:19:25.440> methodologies<00:19:26.080> were<00:19:26.240> very 00:19:26.390 --> 00:19:26.400 align:start position:0% except her methodologies were very 00:19:26.400 --> 00:19:28.150 align:start position:0% except her methodologies were very different<00:19:26.799> she<00:19:26.960> was<00:19:27.200> trained<00:19:27.600> as<00:19:27.679> a<00:19:27.760> computer 00:19:28.150 --> 00:19:28.160 align:start position:0% different she was trained as a computer 00:19:28.160 --> 00:19:30.070 align:start position:0% different she was trained as a computer scientist 00:19:30.070 --> 00:19:30.080 align:start position:0% scientist 00:19:30.080 --> 00:19:32.150 align:start position:0% scientist she<00:19:30.400> was<00:19:30.559> an<00:19:30.799> image<00:19:31.120> understanding<00:19:31.760> person 00:19:32.150 --> 00:19:32.160 align:start position:0% she was an image understanding person 00:19:32.160 --> 00:19:33.909 align:start position:0% she was an image understanding person she<00:19:32.320> was<00:19:32.480> an<00:19:32.720> ai<00:19:33.120> person 00:19:33.909 --> 00:19:33.919 align:start position:0% she was an ai person 00:19:33.919 --> 00:19:35.830 align:start position:0% she was an ai person and<00:19:34.080> here<00:19:34.320> i<00:19:34.480> was<00:19:34.720> coming<00:19:35.200> at<00:19:35.360> it<00:19:35.520> more<00:19:35.679> from 00:19:35.830 --> 00:19:35.840 align:start position:0% and here i was coming at it more from 00:19:35.840 --> 00:19:37.590 align:start position:0% and here i was coming at it more from the<00:19:36.000> dynamics<00:19:36.559> from<00:19:36.720> the<00:19:36.799> control<00:19:37.280> side<00:19:37.520> of 00:19:37.590 --> 00:19:37.600 align:start position:0% the dynamics from the control side of 00:19:37.600 --> 00:19:38.789 align:start position:0% the dynamics from the control side of things 00:19:38.789 --> 00:19:38.799 align:start position:0% things 00:19:38.799 --> 00:19:41.590 align:start position:0% things so<00:19:38.960> that's<00:19:39.200> an<00:19:39.360> example<00:19:39.760> of<00:19:39.840> the<00:19:40.000> synergy<00:19:40.559> and 00:19:41.590 --> 00:19:41.600 align:start position:0% so that's an example of the synergy and 00:19:41.600 --> 00:19:42.230 align:start position:0% so that's an example of the synergy and you<00:19:41.679> know 00:19:42.230 --> 00:19:42.240 align:start position:0% you know 00:19:42.240 --> 00:19:44.070 align:start position:0% you know we<00:19:42.400> were<00:19:42.880> often<00:19:43.280> talking<00:19:43.520> about<00:19:43.679> the<00:19:43.840> exact 00:19:44.070 --> 00:19:44.080 align:start position:0% we were often talking about the exact 00:19:44.080 --> 00:19:46.390 align:start position:0% we were often talking about the exact same<00:19:44.320> thing<00:19:44.559> but<00:19:44.720> in<00:19:44.880> different<00:19:45.120> languages 00:19:46.390 --> 00:19:46.400 align:start position:0% same thing but in different languages 00:19:46.400 --> 00:19:48.230 align:start position:0% same thing but in different languages we<00:19:46.559> learned<00:19:46.880> each<00:19:47.039> other's<00:19:47.360> language<00:19:48.160> and 00:19:48.230 --> 00:19:48.240 align:start position:0% we learned each other's language and 00:19:48.240 --> 00:19:50.070 align:start position:0% we learned each other's language and that<00:19:48.480> helped 00:19:50.070 --> 00:19:50.080 align:start position:0% that helped 00:19:50.080 --> 00:19:51.590 align:start position:0% that helped what<00:19:50.240> was<00:19:50.400> the<00:19:50.480> first<00:19:50.799> big<00:19:51.039> project<00:19:51.440> you 00:19:51.590 --> 00:19:51.600 align:start position:0% what was the first big project you 00:19:51.600 --> 00:19:53.110 align:start position:0% what was the first big project you undertook<00:19:52.080> once<00:19:52.320> you<00:19:52.400> got<00:19:52.640> to 00:19:53.110 --> 00:19:53.120 align:start position:0% undertook once you got to 00:19:53.120 --> 00:19:55.669 align:start position:0% undertook once you got to upon<00:19:54.080> so<00:19:54.240> i<00:19:54.320> think<00:19:54.880> uh<00:19:55.120> there<00:19:55.280> were<00:19:55.360> a<00:19:55.360> lot<00:19:55.520> of 00:19:55.669 --> 00:19:55.679 align:start position:0% upon so i think uh there were a lot of 00:19:55.679 --> 00:19:57.510 align:start position:0% upon so i think uh there were a lot of projects<00:19:56.000> we<00:19:56.160> undertook<00:19:56.559> but<00:19:56.720> i<00:19:56.799> think<00:19:57.039> one 00:19:57.510 --> 00:19:57.520 align:start position:0% projects we undertook but i think one 00:19:57.520 --> 00:20:01.029 align:start position:0% projects we undertook but i think one big<00:19:57.760> achievement<00:19:59.840> in<00:19:59.919> the<00:20:00.080> late<00:20:00.320> 80s<00:20:00.720> early 00:20:01.029 --> 00:20:01.039 align:start position:0% big achievement in the late 80s early 00:20:01.039 --> 00:20:01.909 align:start position:0% big achievement in the late 80s early 90s 00:20:01.909 --> 00:20:01.919 align:start position:0% 90s 00:20:01.919 --> 00:20:03.990 align:start position:0% 90s was<00:20:02.159> exactly<00:20:03.039> this<00:20:03.280> thing<00:20:03.440> i<00:20:03.600> was<00:20:03.679> telling<00:20:03.919> you 00:20:03.990 --> 00:20:04.000 align:start position:0% was exactly this thing i was telling you 00:20:04.000 --> 00:20:05.430 align:start position:0% was exactly this thing i was telling you about<00:20:04.159> so<00:20:04.400> we<00:20:04.480> got 00:20:05.430 --> 00:20:05.440 align:start position:0% about so we got 00:20:05.440 --> 00:20:08.070 align:start position:0% about so we got robots<00:20:05.919> to<00:20:06.080> actually<00:20:06.400> cooperate<00:20:07.520> to<00:20:07.679> carry 00:20:08.070 --> 00:20:08.080 align:start position:0% robots to actually cooperate to carry 00:20:08.080 --> 00:20:09.190 align:start position:0% robots to actually cooperate to carry objects 00:20:09.190 --> 00:20:09.200 align:start position:0% objects 00:20:09.200 --> 00:20:11.669 align:start position:0% objects um<00:20:09.679> so<00:20:09.840> this<00:20:10.000> may<00:20:10.240> sound<00:20:10.720> uh<00:20:11.039> quite<00:20:11.280> trivial 00:20:11.669 --> 00:20:11.679 align:start position:0% um so this may sound uh quite trivial 00:20:11.679 --> 00:20:13.350 align:start position:0% um so this may sound uh quite trivial but<00:20:11.840> if<00:20:12.000> you<00:20:12.080> just<00:20:12.320> think<00:20:12.480> about<00:20:12.880> the 00:20:13.350 --> 00:20:13.360 align:start position:0% but if you just think about the 00:20:13.360 --> 00:20:16.070 align:start position:0% but if you just think about the the<00:20:13.679> problem<00:20:14.640> that<00:20:15.120> these<00:20:15.360> robots<00:20:15.760> have<00:20:15.919> to 00:20:16.070 --> 00:20:16.080 align:start position:0% the problem that these robots have to 00:20:16.080 --> 00:20:17.110 align:start position:0% the problem that these robots have to solve 00:20:17.110 --> 00:20:17.120 align:start position:0% solve 00:20:17.120 --> 00:20:19.510 align:start position:0% solve you<00:20:17.280> know<00:20:17.440> each<00:20:17.600> one<00:20:17.840> has<00:20:18.320> let's<00:20:18.559> say<00:20:18.720> an<00:20:18.880> arm 00:20:19.510 --> 00:20:19.520 align:start position:0% you know each one has let's say an arm 00:20:19.520 --> 00:20:20.230 align:start position:0% you know each one has let's say an arm and 00:20:20.230 --> 00:20:20.240 align:start position:0% and 00:20:20.240 --> 00:20:22.950 align:start position:0% and it<00:20:20.480> knows<00:20:20.799> about<00:20:21.120> its<00:20:21.360> own<00:20:21.679> arm's<00:20:22.240> position 00:20:22.950 --> 00:20:22.960 align:start position:0% it knows about its own arm's position 00:20:22.960 --> 00:20:24.870 align:start position:0% it knows about its own arm's position how<00:20:23.200> its<00:20:23.440> own<00:20:23.679> arm<00:20:23.919> is<00:20:24.080> moving 00:20:24.870 --> 00:20:24.880 align:start position:0% how its own arm is moving 00:20:24.880 --> 00:20:26.070 align:start position:0% how its own arm is moving but<00:20:25.039> it<00:20:25.120> doesn't<00:20:25.360> know<00:20:25.520> what<00:20:25.600> the<00:20:25.760> other<00:20:25.919> arm 00:20:26.070 --> 00:20:26.080 align:start position:0% but it doesn't know what the other arm 00:20:26.080 --> 00:20:28.230 align:start position:0% but it doesn't know what the other arm is<00:20:26.240> doing 00:20:28.230 --> 00:20:28.240 align:start position:0% is doing 00:20:28.240 --> 00:20:30.470 align:start position:0% is doing and<00:20:28.559> so<00:20:28.880> these<00:20:29.120> robots<00:20:29.600> have<00:20:29.760> to<00:20:29.919> sense<00:20:30.320> each 00:20:30.470 --> 00:20:30.480 align:start position:0% and so these robots have to sense each 00:20:30.480 --> 00:20:31.990 align:start position:0% and so these robots have to sense each other 00:20:31.990 --> 00:20:32.000 align:start position:0% other 00:20:32.000 --> 00:20:34.630 align:start position:0% other through<00:20:32.840> forces<00:20:33.760> and<00:20:34.320> they<00:20:34.480> have<00:20:34.559> to 00:20:34.630 --> 00:20:34.640 align:start position:0% through forces and they have to 00:20:34.640 --> 00:20:36.230 align:start position:0% through forces and they have to coordinate<00:20:35.200> motions 00:20:36.230 --> 00:20:36.240 align:start position:0% coordinate motions 00:20:36.240 --> 00:20:37.830 align:start position:0% coordinate motions again<00:20:36.559> what<00:20:36.720> these<00:20:36.960> robots<00:20:37.360> know<00:20:37.600> is<00:20:37.679> the 00:20:37.830 --> 00:20:37.840 align:start position:0% again what these robots know is the 00:20:37.840 --> 00:20:39.510 align:start position:0% again what these robots know is the overall<00:20:38.240> task<00:20:38.559> which<00:20:38.720> is<00:20:38.880> to<00:20:38.960> pick<00:20:39.200> up<00:20:39.280> this 00:20:39.510 --> 00:20:39.520 align:start position:0% overall task which is to pick up this 00:20:39.520 --> 00:20:41.830 align:start position:0% overall task which is to pick up this object<00:20:39.840> and<00:20:39.919> move<00:20:40.240> it 00:20:41.830 --> 00:20:41.840 align:start position:0% object and move it 00:20:41.840 --> 00:20:44.149 align:start position:0% object and move it so<00:20:42.080> one<00:20:42.400> very<00:20:42.640> cool<00:20:42.960> problem<00:20:43.360> we<00:20:43.600> solved<00:20:44.000> is 00:20:44.149 --> 00:20:44.159 align:start position:0% so one very cool problem we solved is 00:20:44.159 --> 00:20:45.270 align:start position:0% so one very cool problem we solved is how<00:20:44.320> do<00:20:44.400> you<00:20:44.480> get 00:20:45.270 --> 00:20:45.280 align:start position:0% how do you get 00:20:45.280 --> 00:20:49.750 align:start position:0% how do you get two<00:20:45.520> robots<00:20:46.640> to<00:20:47.520> manipulate<00:20:48.159> objects<00:20:48.640> such<00:20:48.880> as 00:20:49.750 --> 00:20:49.760 align:start position:0% two robots to manipulate objects such as 00:20:49.760 --> 00:20:53.830 align:start position:0% two robots to manipulate objects such as balls<00:20:51.120> and<00:20:51.440> so<00:20:52.720> i<00:20:52.880> don't<00:20:53.039> have<00:20:53.200> a<00:20:53.280> ball<00:20:53.600> in<00:20:53.679> my 00:20:53.830 --> 00:20:53.840 align:start position:0% balls and so i don't have a ball in my 00:20:53.840 --> 00:20:55.350 align:start position:0% balls and so i don't have a ball in my hands<00:20:54.080> but<00:20:54.240> you<00:20:54.400> can<00:20:54.480> imagine 00:20:55.350 --> 00:20:55.360 align:start position:0% hands but you can imagine 00:20:55.360 --> 00:20:58.630 align:start position:0% hands but you can imagine if<00:20:55.520> i<00:20:55.600> want<00:20:55.760> to<00:20:57.120> manipulate<00:20:57.760> a<00:20:57.840> ball 00:20:58.630 --> 00:20:58.640 align:start position:0% if i want to manipulate a ball 00:20:58.640 --> 00:21:01.430 align:start position:0% if i want to manipulate a ball i<00:20:58.799> not<00:20:59.039> only<00:20:59.280> have<00:20:59.440> to<00:20:59.679> move<00:21:00.000> my<00:21:00.240> arms<00:21:01.120> but<00:21:01.280> i 00:21:01.430 --> 00:21:01.440 align:start position:0% i not only have to move my arms but i 00:21:01.440 --> 00:21:01.990 align:start position:0% i not only have to move my arms but i also<00:21:01.679> have 00:21:01.990 --> 00:21:02.000 align:start position:0% also have 00:21:02.000 --> 00:21:05.110 align:start position:0% also have to<00:21:02.240> let<00:21:02.480> the<00:21:02.640> ball<00:21:03.039> roll<00:21:03.440> along<00:21:03.760> my<00:21:04.000> palms 00:21:05.110 --> 00:21:05.120 align:start position:0% to let the ball roll along my palms 00:21:05.120 --> 00:21:07.110 align:start position:0% to let the ball roll along my palms and<00:21:05.440> so<00:21:05.760> you<00:21:05.919> have<00:21:06.000> to<00:21:06.159> model<00:21:06.559> this<00:21:06.799> and<00:21:06.880> this 00:21:07.110 --> 00:21:07.120 align:start position:0% and so you have to model this and this 00:21:07.120 --> 00:21:08.310 align:start position:0% and so you have to model this and this is<00:21:07.360> quite 00:21:08.310 --> 00:21:08.320 align:start position:0% is quite 00:21:08.320 --> 00:21:11.669 align:start position:0% is quite intricate<00:21:09.120> the<00:21:09.360> model<00:21:09.679> is<00:21:09.840> complex<00:21:10.960> and<00:21:11.039> then 00:21:11.669 --> 00:21:11.679 align:start position:0% intricate the model is complex and then 00:21:11.679 --> 00:21:14.310 align:start position:0% intricate the model is complex and then to<00:21:11.840> try<00:21:12.080> to<00:21:12.240> figure<00:21:12.559> out<00:21:13.200> how<00:21:13.440> you<00:21:13.600> can<00:21:13.919> get<00:21:14.159> the 00:21:14.310 --> 00:21:14.320 align:start position:0% to try to figure out how you can get the 00:21:14.320 --> 00:21:16.549 align:start position:0% to try to figure out how you can get the robot<00:21:14.640> to<00:21:14.720> do<00:21:14.880> what<00:21:15.039> you<00:21:15.200> want<00:21:15.360> it<00:21:15.440> to<00:21:15.600> do 00:21:16.549 --> 00:21:16.559 align:start position:0% robot to do what you want it to do 00:21:16.559 --> 00:21:18.630 align:start position:0% robot to do what you want it to do using<00:21:16.960> information<00:21:17.600> that<00:21:17.760> the<00:21:17.919> robots<00:21:18.400> can 00:21:18.630 --> 00:21:18.640 align:start position:0% using information that the robots can 00:21:18.640 --> 00:21:19.590 align:start position:0% using information that the robots can sense 00:21:19.590 --> 00:21:19.600 align:start position:0% sense 00:21:19.600 --> 00:21:22.549 align:start position:0% sense you<00:21:19.679> know<00:21:19.919> positions<00:21:20.960> uh<00:21:21.280> forces<00:21:21.840> at<00:21:22.000> the<00:21:22.400> at 00:21:22.549 --> 00:21:22.559 align:start position:0% you know positions uh forces at the at 00:21:22.559 --> 00:21:22.950 align:start position:0% you know positions uh forces at the at the 00:21:22.950 --> 00:21:22.960 align:start position:0% the 00:21:22.960 --> 00:21:26.390 align:start position:0% the palms<00:21:24.240> perhaps<00:21:24.960> position<00:21:25.440> of<00:21:25.600> the<00:21:25.760> ball 00:21:26.390 --> 00:21:26.400 align:start position:0% palms perhaps position of the ball 00:21:26.400 --> 00:21:28.310 align:start position:0% palms perhaps position of the ball as<00:21:26.559> it<00:21:26.640> contacts<00:21:27.120> the<00:21:27.280> palm<00:21:27.600> this<00:21:27.840> is<00:21:28.080> very 00:21:28.310 --> 00:21:28.320 align:start position:0% as it contacts the palm this is very 00:21:28.320 --> 00:21:29.430 align:start position:0% as it contacts the palm this is very tricky 00:21:29.430 --> 00:21:29.440 align:start position:0% tricky 00:21:29.440 --> 00:21:32.549 align:start position:0% tricky and<00:21:29.760> so<00:21:31.039> that<00:21:31.200> was<00:21:31.360> a<00:21:31.440> big<00:21:31.600> accomplishment<00:21:32.480> in 00:21:32.549 --> 00:21:32.559 align:start position:0% and so that was a big accomplishment in 00:21:32.559 --> 00:21:35.029 align:start position:0% and so that was a big accomplishment in the<00:21:32.720> early<00:21:33.039> 90s 00:21:35.029 --> 00:21:35.039 align:start position:0% the early 90s 00:21:35.039 --> 00:21:38.310 align:start position:0% the early 90s and<00:21:35.200> who<00:21:35.440> funded<00:21:36.080> this<00:21:36.320> research<00:21:37.200> uh<00:21:37.440> so<00:21:37.679> this 00:21:38.310 --> 00:21:38.320 align:start position:0% and who funded this research uh so this 00:21:38.320 --> 00:21:41.909 align:start position:0% and who funded this research uh so this research<00:21:38.880> was<00:21:39.120> funded<00:21:40.080> in<00:21:40.320> part<00:21:40.720> by 00:21:41.909 --> 00:21:41.919 align:start position:0% research was funded in part by 00:21:41.919 --> 00:21:45.270 align:start position:0% research was funded in part by a<00:21:42.240> darpa<00:21:42.640> project<00:21:43.200> that<00:21:44.480> that 00:21:45.270 --> 00:21:45.280 align:start position:0% a darpa project that that 00:21:45.280 --> 00:21:48.630 align:start position:0% a darpa project that that roshnow<00:21:45.760> is<00:21:45.919> the<00:21:46.000> pi<00:21:46.400> on<00:21:47.360> and<00:21:48.080> by<00:21:48.240> that<00:21:48.400> time 00:21:48.630 --> 00:21:48.640 align:start position:0% roshnow is the pi on and by that time 00:21:48.640 --> 00:21:50.070 align:start position:0% roshnow is the pi on and by that time i'd<00:21:48.799> already<00:21:49.039> gotten<00:21:49.360> some<00:21:49.600> funding<00:21:49.840> from<00:21:50.000> the 00:21:50.070 --> 00:21:50.080 align:start position:0% i'd already gotten some funding from the 00:21:50.080 --> 00:21:51.830 align:start position:0% i'd already gotten some funding from the national<00:21:50.400> science<00:21:50.720> foundation 00:21:51.830 --> 00:21:51.840 align:start position:0% national science foundation 00:21:51.840 --> 00:21:55.029 align:start position:0% national science foundation um<00:21:52.559> actually<00:21:52.799> in<00:21:52.960> 91<00:21:54.320> that<00:21:54.480> was<00:21:54.640> sort<00:21:54.799> of<00:21:54.960> a 00:21:55.029 --> 00:21:55.039 align:start position:0% um actually in 91 that was sort of a 00:21:55.039 --> 00:21:56.470 align:start position:0% um actually in 91 that was sort of a turning<00:21:55.360> point<00:21:55.520> where<00:21:55.679> i<00:21:55.760> decided<00:21:56.159> yes<00:21:56.400> i'm 00:21:56.470 --> 00:21:56.480 align:start position:0% turning point where i decided yes i'm 00:21:56.480 --> 00:21:58.149 align:start position:0% turning point where i decided yes i'm going<00:21:56.559> to<00:21:56.640> stay<00:21:56.799> in<00:21:56.960> academia 00:21:58.149 --> 00:21:58.159 align:start position:0% going to stay in academia 00:21:58.159 --> 00:22:02.390 align:start position:0% going to stay in academia where<00:21:58.720> uh<00:21:59.360> i<00:21:59.520> was<00:22:00.000> fortunate<00:22:00.480> to<00:22:00.640> win 00:22:02.390 --> 00:22:02.400 align:start position:0% where uh i was fortunate to win 00:22:02.400 --> 00:22:04.549 align:start position:0% where uh i was fortunate to win what<00:22:02.640> is<00:22:02.720> now<00:22:03.039> called<00:22:04.000> actually<00:22:04.240> i<00:22:04.320> don't<00:22:04.480> know 00:22:04.549 --> 00:22:04.559 align:start position:0% what is now called actually i don't know 00:22:04.559 --> 00:22:06.470 align:start position:0% what is now called actually i don't know what<00:22:04.720> it's<00:22:04.799> called<00:22:05.039> now<00:22:05.200> but<00:22:05.360> it<00:22:05.760> was<00:22:06.240> called 00:22:06.470 --> 00:22:06.480 align:start position:0% what it's called now but it was called 00:22:06.480 --> 00:22:08.070 align:start position:0% what it's called now but it was called the<00:22:06.640> presidential<00:22:07.280> young<00:22:07.520> investigator 00:22:08.070 --> 00:22:08.080 align:start position:0% the presidential young investigator 00:22:08.080 --> 00:22:09.110 align:start position:0% the presidential young investigator award 00:22:09.110 --> 00:22:09.120 align:start position:0% award 00:22:09.120 --> 00:22:12.070 align:start position:0% award um<00:22:09.600> in<00:22:09.760> 91<00:22:10.240> and<00:22:10.799> so<00:22:10.960> that<00:22:11.200> gave<00:22:11.360> me<00:22:11.760> enough 00:22:12.070 --> 00:22:12.080 align:start position:0% um in 91 and so that gave me enough 00:22:12.080 --> 00:22:13.510 align:start position:0% um in 91 and so that gave me enough funding<00:22:12.400> to<00:22:12.480> do<00:22:12.720> the<00:22:12.799> kinds<00:22:12.960> of<00:22:13.039> things<00:22:13.280> i<00:22:13.360> was 00:22:13.510 --> 00:22:13.520 align:start position:0% funding to do the kinds of things i was 00:22:13.520 --> 00:22:14.549 align:start position:0% funding to do the kinds of things i was interested<00:22:13.919> in 00:22:14.549 --> 00:22:14.559 align:start position:0% interested in 00:22:14.559 --> 00:22:18.230 align:start position:0% interested in and<00:22:14.640> that<00:22:14.880> was<00:22:15.039> kind<00:22:15.200> of<00:22:15.360> a<00:22:15.440> turning<00:22:15.760> point<00:22:17.039> um 00:22:18.230 --> 00:22:18.240 align:start position:0% and that was kind of a turning point um 00:22:18.240 --> 00:22:21.029 align:start position:0% and that was kind of a turning point um but<00:22:18.400> it<00:22:18.480> was<00:22:18.640> funded<00:22:19.039> income<00:22:20.000> mostly<00:22:20.320> by<00:22:20.559> nsf 00:22:21.029 --> 00:22:21.039 align:start position:0% but it was funded income mostly by nsf 00:22:21.039 --> 00:22:22.310 align:start position:0% but it was funded income mostly by nsf and<00:22:21.200> a<00:22:21.280> little<00:22:21.440> bit<00:22:21.600> by<00:22:21.760> darpa 00:22:22.310 --> 00:22:22.320 align:start position:0% and a little bit by darpa 00:22:22.320 --> 00:22:24.149 align:start position:0% and a little bit by darpa to<00:22:22.480> answer<00:22:22.720> your<00:22:22.880> question<00:22:23.520> so<00:22:23.679> what<00:22:23.840> was<00:22:24.000> the 00:22:24.149 --> 00:22:24.159 align:start position:0% to answer your question so what was the 00:22:24.159 --> 00:22:27.590 align:start position:0% to answer your question so what was the next<00:22:25.120> set<00:22:25.280> of<00:22:25.440> projects<00:22:25.840> you<00:22:26.000> worked<00:22:26.320> on 00:22:27.590 --> 00:22:27.600 align:start position:0% next set of projects you worked on 00:22:27.600 --> 00:22:29.510 align:start position:0% next set of projects you worked on so<00:22:27.760> i<00:22:27.919> did<00:22:28.159> a<00:22:28.240> lot<00:22:28.400> of<00:22:28.559> things<00:22:28.960> with<00:22:29.200> again 00:22:29.510 --> 00:22:29.520 align:start position:0% so i did a lot of things with again 00:22:29.520 --> 00:22:31.190 align:start position:0% so i did a lot of things with again coordinating<00:22:30.159> arms<00:22:30.559> coordinating 00:22:31.190 --> 00:22:31.200 align:start position:0% coordinating arms coordinating 00:22:31.200 --> 00:22:34.310 align:start position:0% coordinating arms coordinating fingers<00:22:32.880> working<00:22:33.200> in<00:22:33.280> the<00:22:33.440> grasp<00:22:33.840> lab<00:22:34.080> i<00:22:34.159> had 00:22:34.310 --> 00:22:34.320 align:start position:0% fingers working in the grasp lab i had 00:22:34.320 --> 00:22:36.470 align:start position:0% fingers working in the grasp lab i had to<00:22:34.400> think<00:22:34.640> about<00:22:34.880> how<00:22:35.120> robots<00:22:35.600> grasp<00:22:36.000> objects 00:22:36.470 --> 00:22:36.480 align:start position:0% to think about how robots grasp objects 00:22:36.480 --> 00:22:36.710 align:start position:0% to think about how robots grasp objects no 00:22:36.710 --> 00:22:36.720 align:start position:0% no 00:22:36.720 --> 00:22:39.190 align:start position:0% no just<00:22:36.880> joking<00:22:37.440> but<00:22:37.679> we<00:22:37.840> did<00:22:38.720> again<00:22:39.039> the 00:22:39.190 --> 00:22:39.200 align:start position:0% just joking but we did again the 00:22:39.200 --> 00:22:40.549 align:start position:0% just joking but we did again the problems<00:22:39.600> are<00:22:39.679> very 00:22:40.549 --> 00:22:40.559 align:start position:0% problems are very 00:22:40.559 --> 00:22:44.470 align:start position:0% problems are very similar<00:22:43.120> i<00:22:43.280> think<00:22:43.600> one 00:22:44.470 --> 00:22:44.480 align:start position:0% similar i think one 00:22:44.480 --> 00:22:46.549 align:start position:0% similar i think one project<00:22:44.880> that<00:22:45.039> received<00:22:45.440> a<00:22:45.520> lot<00:22:45.679> of<00:22:45.760> notoriety 00:22:46.549 --> 00:22:46.559 align:start position:0% project that received a lot of notoriety 00:22:46.559 --> 00:22:48.789 align:start position:0% project that received a lot of notoriety is<00:22:47.039> we<00:22:47.200> were<00:22:47.360> able<00:22:47.600> to<00:22:47.840> actually 00:22:48.789 --> 00:22:48.799 align:start position:0% is we were able to actually 00:22:48.799 --> 00:22:50.710 align:start position:0% is we were able to actually going<00:22:49.039> back<00:22:49.200> to<00:22:49.360> my<00:22:49.600> roots<00:22:50.080> where<00:22:50.240> we<00:22:50.400> worked 00:22:50.710 --> 00:22:50.720 align:start position:0% going back to my roots where we worked 00:22:50.720 --> 00:22:53.190 align:start position:0% going back to my roots where we worked on<00:22:51.760> walking<00:22:52.240> vehicles 00:22:53.190 --> 00:22:53.200 align:start position:0% on walking vehicles 00:22:53.200 --> 00:22:55.110 align:start position:0% on walking vehicles we<00:22:53.440> developed<00:22:53.919> initial<00:22:54.320> prototypes<00:22:54.880> of<00:22:55.039> a 00:22:55.110 --> 00:22:55.120 align:start position:0% we developed initial prototypes of a 00:22:55.120 --> 00:22:58.070 align:start position:0% we developed initial prototypes of a walking<00:22:56.000> chair<00:22:56.400> for<00:22:56.640> disabled<00:22:57.200> people 00:22:58.070 --> 00:22:58.080 align:start position:0% walking chair for disabled people 00:22:58.080 --> 00:23:00.789 align:start position:0% walking chair for disabled people so<00:22:58.320> people<00:22:58.559> with<00:22:58.720> disabilities<00:22:59.520> you<00:22:59.679> know<00:23:00.640> if 00:23:00.789 --> 00:23:00.799 align:start position:0% so people with disabilities you know if 00:23:00.799 --> 00:23:03.029 align:start position:0% so people with disabilities you know if you<00:23:00.880> want<00:23:01.039> to<00:23:01.120> walk<00:23:01.440> around 00:23:03.029 --> 00:23:03.039 align:start position:0% you want to walk around 00:23:03.039 --> 00:23:05.029 align:start position:0% you want to walk around you're<00:23:03.280> constrained<00:23:03.919> by<00:23:04.400> human-made 00:23:05.029 --> 00:23:05.039 align:start position:0% you're constrained by human-made 00:23:05.039 --> 00:23:06.230 align:start position:0% you're constrained by human-made environments 00:23:06.230 --> 00:23:06.240 align:start position:0% environments 00:23:06.240 --> 00:23:08.710 align:start position:0% environments and<00:23:07.280> you<00:23:07.440> really<00:23:07.679> can't<00:23:07.919> do<00:23:08.080> things<00:23:08.320> like<00:23:08.480> take 00:23:08.710 --> 00:23:08.720 align:start position:0% and you really can't do things like take 00:23:08.720 --> 00:23:09.669 align:start position:0% and you really can't do things like take a<00:23:08.799> walk<00:23:09.039> in<00:23:09.120> the<00:23:09.280> park 00:23:09.669 --> 00:23:09.679 align:start position:0% a walk in the park 00:23:09.679 --> 00:23:11.669 align:start position:0% a walk in the park the<00:23:09.840> park<00:23:10.159> is<00:23:10.240> not<00:23:10.880> doesn't<00:23:11.120> have<00:23:11.280> a<00:23:11.360> paved 00:23:11.669 --> 00:23:11.679 align:start position:0% the park is not doesn't have a paved 00:23:11.679 --> 00:23:14.149 align:start position:0% the park is not doesn't have a paved surface<00:23:12.559> and<00:23:12.720> this<00:23:12.960> is<00:23:13.120> something<00:23:13.520> we<00:23:13.840> really 00:23:14.149 --> 00:23:14.159 align:start position:0% surface and this is something we really 00:23:14.159 --> 00:23:15.270 align:start position:0% surface and this is something we really worked<00:23:14.400> hard<00:23:14.640> on 00:23:15.270 --> 00:23:15.280 align:start position:0% worked hard on 00:23:15.280 --> 00:23:17.830 align:start position:0% worked hard on a<00:23:15.600> group<00:23:15.760> of<00:23:15.840> very<00:23:16.080> smart<00:23:16.480> students<00:23:16.880> who 00:23:17.830 --> 00:23:17.840 align:start position:0% a group of very smart students who 00:23:17.840 --> 00:23:18.710 align:start position:0% a group of very smart students who equipped 00:23:18.710 --> 00:23:18.720 align:start position:0% equipped 00:23:18.720 --> 00:23:20.789 align:start position:0% equipped conventional<00:23:19.440> chairs<00:23:20.000> with<00:23:20.240> leg-like 00:23:20.789 --> 00:23:20.799 align:start position:0% conventional chairs with leg-like 00:23:20.799 --> 00:23:22.630 align:start position:0% conventional chairs with leg-like crutches<00:23:21.679> and<00:23:21.760> that<00:23:21.919> would<00:23:22.080> allow<00:23:22.400> them<00:23:22.559> to 00:23:22.630 --> 00:23:22.640 align:start position:0% crutches and that would allow them to 00:23:22.640 --> 00:23:24.789 align:start position:0% crutches and that would allow them to get<00:23:22.799> over<00:23:23.120> obstacles 00:23:24.789 --> 00:23:24.799 align:start position:0% get over obstacles 00:23:24.799 --> 00:23:27.830 align:start position:0% get over obstacles and<00:23:24.960> this<00:23:25.200> is<00:23:25.360> the<00:23:25.520> smart<00:23:25.840> chair<00:23:26.720> project<00:23:27.440> no 00:23:27.830 --> 00:23:27.840 align:start position:0% and this is the smart chair project no 00:23:27.840 --> 00:23:29.750 align:start position:0% and this is the smart chair project no this<00:23:28.159> is<00:23:28.320> called<00:23:28.960> i<00:23:29.039> think<00:23:29.200> it's<00:23:29.440> called<00:23:29.679> the 00:23:29.750 --> 00:23:29.760 align:start position:0% this is called i think it's called the 00:23:29.760 --> 00:23:30.950 align:start position:0% this is called i think it's called the walking<00:23:30.480> chair 00:23:30.950 --> 00:23:30.960 align:start position:0% walking chair 00:23:30.960 --> 00:23:32.789 align:start position:0% walking chair okay<00:23:32.000> were<00:23:32.159> there<00:23:32.320> attempts<00:23:32.720> to 00:23:32.789 --> 00:23:32.799 align:start position:0% okay were there attempts to 00:23:32.799 --> 00:23:33.990 align:start position:0% okay were there attempts to commercialize<00:23:33.600> this 00:23:33.990 --> 00:23:34.000 align:start position:0% commercialize this 00:23:34.000 --> 00:23:36.710 align:start position:0% commercialize this uh<00:23:34.320> yes<00:23:34.720> so<00:23:35.440> we<00:23:35.919> talked<00:23:36.159> to<00:23:36.320> actually<00:23:36.559> there 00:23:36.710 --> 00:23:36.720 align:start position:0% uh yes so we talked to actually there 00:23:36.720 --> 00:23:38.230 align:start position:0% uh yes so we talked to actually there are<00:23:36.799> some<00:23:36.960> companies<00:23:37.360> that<00:23:37.520> came<00:23:37.760> to<00:23:37.919> us<00:23:38.159> i 00:23:38.230 --> 00:23:38.240 align:start position:0% are some companies that came to us i 00:23:38.240 --> 00:23:39.990 align:start position:0% are some companies that came to us i remember<00:23:38.640> johnson<00:23:39.120> and<00:23:39.200> johnson<00:23:39.600> came<00:23:39.840> and 00:23:39.990 --> 00:23:40.000 align:start position:0% remember johnson and johnson came and 00:23:40.000 --> 00:23:41.830 align:start position:0% remember johnson and johnson came and spent<00:23:40.320> a<00:23:40.400> day<00:23:40.640> here 00:23:41.830 --> 00:23:41.840 align:start position:0% spent a day here 00:23:41.840 --> 00:23:43.909 align:start position:0% spent a day here this<00:23:42.000> was<00:23:42.240> shortly<00:23:42.720> before<00:23:43.120> they<00:23:43.360> decided 00:23:43.909 --> 00:23:43.919 align:start position:0% this was shortly before they decided 00:23:43.919 --> 00:23:45.029 align:start position:0% this was shortly before they decided that<00:23:44.080> they<00:23:44.240> would 00:23:45.029 --> 00:23:45.039 align:start position:0% that they would 00:23:45.039 --> 00:23:48.149 align:start position:0% that they would um<00:23:45.919> put<00:23:46.159> their<00:23:46.480> eggs<00:23:46.960> in<00:23:47.120> the<00:23:47.440> dean<00:23:47.760> cayman 00:23:48.149 --> 00:23:48.159 align:start position:0% um put their eggs in the dean cayman 00:23:48.159 --> 00:23:49.350 align:start position:0% um put their eggs in the dean cayman basket 00:23:49.350 --> 00:23:49.360 align:start position:0% basket 00:23:49.360 --> 00:23:53.669 align:start position:0% basket uh<00:23:49.679> you<00:23:49.760> know<00:23:49.919> the<00:23:50.880> i<00:23:51.039> forget<00:23:51.360> the<00:23:51.440> name<00:23:51.679> of<00:23:51.840> the 00:23:53.669 --> 00:23:53.679 align:start position:0% uh you know the i forget the name of the 00:23:53.679 --> 00:23:55.669 align:start position:0% uh you know the i forget the name of the the<00:23:54.080> you<00:23:54.240> know<00:23:54.400> the<00:23:54.559> segway-like<00:23:55.120> robot<00:23:55.520> that 00:23:55.669 --> 00:23:55.679 align:start position:0% the you know the segway-like robot that 00:23:55.679 --> 00:23:57.990 align:start position:0% the you know the segway-like robot that he<00:23:55.840> developed 00:23:57.990 --> 00:23:58.000 align:start position:0% he developed 00:23:58.000 --> 00:23:59.830 align:start position:0% he developed anyway<00:23:58.320> so<00:23:58.640> so<00:23:58.880> but<00:23:59.039> then<00:23:59.200> they<00:23:59.279> decided<00:23:59.679> that 00:23:59.830 --> 00:23:59.840 align:start position:0% anyway so so but then they decided that 00:23:59.840 --> 00:24:01.430 align:start position:0% anyway so so but then they decided that was<00:24:00.080> a<00:24:00.159> safer<00:24:00.559> bet 00:24:01.430 --> 00:24:01.440 align:start position:0% was a safer bet 00:24:01.440 --> 00:24:04.390 align:start position:0% was a safer bet i<00:24:01.520> think<00:24:01.760> the<00:24:01.840> world<00:24:02.080> was<00:24:02.240> not<00:24:02.480> ready<00:24:02.960> for<00:24:03.919> uh 00:24:04.390 --> 00:24:04.400 align:start position:0% i think the world was not ready for uh 00:24:04.400 --> 00:24:06.390 align:start position:0% i think the world was not ready for uh the<00:24:04.559> risks<00:24:05.039> associated<00:24:05.600> with<00:24:05.840> embedded 00:24:06.390 --> 00:24:06.400 align:start position:0% the risks associated with embedded 00:24:06.400 --> 00:24:08.310 align:start position:0% the risks associated with embedded processors<00:24:07.120> and<00:24:07.279> devices<00:24:07.840> that<00:24:07.919> you<00:24:08.080> have<00:24:08.159> to 00:24:08.310 --> 00:24:08.320 align:start position:0% processors and devices that you have to 00:24:08.320 --> 00:24:11.909 align:start position:0% processors and devices that you have to rely<00:24:08.640> on 00:24:11.909 --> 00:24:11.919 align:start position:0% 00:24:11.919 --> 00:24:15.669 align:start position:0% so<00:24:12.799> and<00:24:13.120> wheelchair<00:24:13.600> companies 00:24:15.669 --> 00:24:15.679 align:start position:0% so and wheelchair companies 00:24:15.679 --> 00:24:18.870 align:start position:0% so and wheelchair companies were<00:24:16.159> quite<00:24:16.400> risk<00:24:16.720> allergic<00:24:17.279> they<00:24:18.559> i<00:24:18.640> mean 00:24:18.870 --> 00:24:18.880 align:start position:0% were quite risk allergic they i mean 00:24:18.880 --> 00:24:20.789 align:start position:0% were quite risk allergic they i mean partially<00:24:19.360> because<00:24:19.679> they're<00:24:19.919> regulated 00:24:20.789 --> 00:24:20.799 align:start position:0% partially because they're regulated 00:24:20.799 --> 00:24:22.630 align:start position:0% partially because they're regulated in<00:24:20.960> a<00:24:21.440> strange<00:24:21.840> way<00:24:22.080> because<00:24:22.400> of<00:24:22.480> the 00:24:22.630 --> 00:24:22.640 align:start position:0% in a strange way because of the 00:24:22.640 --> 00:24:23.909 align:start position:0% in a strange way because of the insurance<00:24:23.039> industry 00:24:23.909 --> 00:24:23.919 align:start position:0% insurance industry 00:24:23.919 --> 00:24:25.909 align:start position:0% insurance industry but<00:24:24.080> partly<00:24:24.480> because<00:24:24.799> it's<00:24:25.039> not<00:24:25.279> an<00:24:25.440> industry 00:24:25.909 --> 00:24:25.919 align:start position:0% but partly because it's not an industry 00:24:25.919 --> 00:24:27.830 align:start position:0% but partly because it's not an industry that<00:24:26.400> even<00:24:26.720> today 00:24:27.830 --> 00:24:27.840 align:start position:0% that even today 00:24:27.840 --> 00:24:29.269 align:start position:0% that even today you<00:24:28.000> don't<00:24:28.159> see<00:24:28.320> a<00:24:28.320> lot<00:24:28.480> of<00:24:28.640> innovation<00:24:29.120> i<00:24:29.120> mean 00:24:29.269 --> 00:24:29.279 align:start position:0% you don't see a lot of innovation i mean 00:24:29.279 --> 00:24:31.750 align:start position:0% you don't see a lot of innovation i mean wheelchairs<00:24:29.760> are<00:24:29.840> roughly<00:24:30.159> where<00:24:30.320> they<00:24:30.840> were 00:24:31.750 --> 00:24:31.760 align:start position:0% wheelchairs are roughly where they were 00:24:31.760 --> 00:24:32.549 align:start position:0% wheelchairs are roughly where they were after<00:24:32.000> world<00:24:32.240> war 00:24:32.549 --> 00:24:32.559 align:start position:0% after world war 00:24:32.559 --> 00:24:35.669 align:start position:0% after world war ii<00:24:33.200> um<00:24:34.480> and<00:24:35.120> so<00:24:35.360> but 00:24:35.669 --> 00:24:35.679 align:start position:0% ii um and so but 00:24:35.679 --> 00:24:37.750 align:start position:0% ii um and so but but<00:24:35.840> that<00:24:36.480> so<00:24:36.880> there<00:24:37.039> were<00:24:37.279> attempts<00:24:37.600> to 00:24:37.750 --> 00:24:37.760 align:start position:0% but that so there were attempts to 00:24:37.760 --> 00:24:38.789 align:start position:0% but that so there were attempts to commercialize<00:24:38.320> it<00:24:38.400> but 00:24:38.789 --> 00:24:38.799 align:start position:0% commercialize it but 00:24:38.799 --> 00:24:40.470 align:start position:0% commercialize it but neither<00:24:39.120> of<00:24:39.200> them<00:24:39.679> none<00:24:39.840> of<00:24:39.919> these<00:24:40.159> attempts 00:24:40.470 --> 00:24:40.480 align:start position:0% neither of them none of these attempts 00:24:40.480 --> 00:24:44.630 align:start position:0% neither of them none of these attempts really<00:24:40.720> went<00:24:40.880> very<00:24:41.120> far 00:24:44.630 --> 00:24:44.640 align:start position:0% 00:24:44.640 --> 00:24:47.669 align:start position:0% and<00:24:44.960> so<00:24:45.200> after<00:24:45.919> the<00:24:46.559> walking<00:24:47.120> chair<00:24:47.440> what 00:24:47.669 --> 00:24:47.679 align:start position:0% and so after the walking chair what 00:24:47.679 --> 00:24:48.310 align:start position:0% and so after the walking chair what other 00:24:48.310 --> 00:24:48.320 align:start position:0% other 00:24:48.320 --> 00:24:53.750 align:start position:0% other kinds<00:24:48.640> of<00:24:48.960> projects<00:24:49.520> were<00:24:49.679> you<00:24:49.919> used<00:24:50.240> to<00:24:50.880> so<00:24:51.279> um 00:24:53.750 --> 00:24:53.760 align:start position:0% 00:24:53.760 --> 00:24:58.230 align:start position:0% after<00:24:54.159> working<00:24:54.640> on<00:24:55.279> these<00:24:55.600> walking<00:24:56.000> chairs 00:24:58.230 --> 00:24:58.240 align:start position:0% after working on these walking chairs 00:24:58.240 --> 00:24:59.750 align:start position:0% after working on these walking chairs so<00:24:58.480> again<00:24:58.640> the<00:24:58.799> common<00:24:59.200> theme<00:24:59.440> in<00:24:59.600> all<00:24:59.679> of 00:24:59.750 --> 00:24:59.760 align:start position:0% so again the common theme in all of 00:24:59.760 --> 00:25:01.430 align:start position:0% so again the common theme in all of these<00:25:00.080> projects<00:25:00.559> is 00:25:01.430 --> 00:25:01.440 align:start position:0% these projects is 00:25:01.440 --> 00:25:04.630 align:start position:0% these projects is that<00:25:01.760> you<00:25:02.000> have<00:25:02.799> robots<00:25:03.360> or<00:25:03.679> subsystems 00:25:04.630 --> 00:25:04.640 align:start position:0% that you have robots or subsystems 00:25:04.640 --> 00:25:06.789 align:start position:0% that you have robots or subsystems of<00:25:04.880> robots<00:25:05.440> that<00:25:05.600> need<00:25:05.840> to<00:25:05.919> cooperate<00:25:06.559> so<00:25:06.720> if 00:25:06.789 --> 00:25:06.799 align:start position:0% of robots that need to cooperate so if 00:25:06.799 --> 00:25:07.990 align:start position:0% of robots that need to cooperate so if you<00:25:06.880> think<00:25:07.120> about<00:25:07.360> legs 00:25:07.990 --> 00:25:08.000 align:start position:0% you think about legs 00:25:08.000 --> 00:25:10.070 align:start position:0% you think about legs the<00:25:08.159> legs<00:25:08.480> cooperate<00:25:09.039> in<00:25:09.200> order<00:25:09.440> to<00:25:09.600> walk<00:25:09.919> the 00:25:10.070 --> 00:25:10.080 align:start position:0% the legs cooperate in order to walk the 00:25:10.080 --> 00:25:12.950 align:start position:0% the legs cooperate in order to walk the vehicle<00:25:10.480> forward<00:25:10.880> if<00:25:11.039> you<00:25:11.120> think<00:25:11.440> think<00:25:11.679> about 00:25:12.950 --> 00:25:12.960 align:start position:0% vehicle forward if you think think about 00:25:12.960 --> 00:25:14.549 align:start position:0% vehicle forward if you think think about grasping<00:25:13.440> you<00:25:13.600> have<00:25:13.679> the<00:25:13.840> fingers<00:25:14.240> that<00:25:14.400> kind 00:25:14.549 --> 00:25:14.559 align:start position:0% grasping you have the fingers that kind 00:25:14.559 --> 00:25:17.029 align:start position:0% grasping you have the fingers that kind of<00:25:14.880> cooperate<00:25:15.440> to<00:25:15.600> manipulate<00:25:16.159> the<00:25:16.320> object<00:25:16.799> or 00:25:17.029 --> 00:25:17.039 align:start position:0% of cooperate to manipulate the object or 00:25:17.039 --> 00:25:18.870 align:start position:0% of cooperate to manipulate the object or arms<00:25:17.440> that<00:25:17.600> need<00:25:17.760> to<00:25:17.919> cooperate<00:25:18.400> to<00:25:18.480> pick<00:25:18.720> up 00:25:18.870 --> 00:25:18.880 align:start position:0% arms that need to cooperate to pick up 00:25:18.880 --> 00:25:20.710 align:start position:0% arms that need to cooperate to pick up things 00:25:20.710 --> 00:25:20.720 align:start position:0% things 00:25:20.720 --> 00:25:24.149 align:start position:0% things and<00:25:20.799> so<00:25:21.840> in<00:25:22.000> the<00:25:22.159> 90s 00:25:24.149 --> 00:25:24.159 align:start position:0% and so in the 90s 00:25:24.159 --> 00:25:27.029 align:start position:0% and so in the 90s mobile<00:25:24.559> robots<00:25:25.039> became<00:25:25.360> very<00:25:25.600> very<00:25:25.919> popular 00:25:27.029 --> 00:25:27.039 align:start position:0% mobile robots became very very popular 00:25:27.039 --> 00:25:27.990 align:start position:0% mobile robots became very very popular and<00:25:27.200> so<00:25:27.440> we<00:25:27.600> started 00:25:27.990 --> 00:25:28.000 align:start position:0% and so we started 00:25:28.000 --> 00:25:30.070 align:start position:0% and so we started thinking<00:25:28.320> about<00:25:28.720> ways<00:25:29.039> that<00:25:29.279> mobile<00:25:29.679> robots 00:25:30.070 --> 00:25:30.080 align:start position:0% thinking about ways that mobile robots 00:25:30.080 --> 00:25:31.430 align:start position:0% thinking about ways that mobile robots could<00:25:30.640> collaborate 00:25:31.430 --> 00:25:31.440 align:start position:0% could collaborate 00:25:31.440 --> 00:25:34.630 align:start position:0% could collaborate on<00:25:31.679> tasks<00:25:32.799> so<00:25:33.120> we<00:25:33.600> developed<00:25:34.080> the<00:25:34.240> first 00:25:34.630 --> 00:25:34.640 align:start position:0% on tasks so we developed the first 00:25:34.640 --> 00:25:37.909 align:start position:0% on tasks so we developed the first mobile<00:25:35.039> manipulators<00:25:36.799> arms<00:25:37.279> mounted 00:25:37.909 --> 00:25:37.919 align:start position:0% mobile manipulators arms mounted 00:25:37.919 --> 00:25:41.110 align:start position:0% mobile manipulators arms mounted on<00:25:38.640> on<00:25:39.039> mobile<00:25:39.520> robots<00:25:40.640> and<00:25:40.799> we 00:25:41.110 --> 00:25:41.120 align:start position:0% on on mobile robots and we 00:25:41.120 --> 00:25:44.710 align:start position:0% on on mobile robots and we showed<00:25:41.360> how<00:25:41.600> they<00:25:41.840> could<00:25:42.080> cooperate 00:25:44.710 --> 00:25:44.720 align:start position:0% 00:25:44.720 --> 00:25:48.470 align:start position:0% we<00:25:44.960> also<00:25:45.520> looked<00:25:45.760> at<00:25:45.919> how 00:25:48.470 --> 00:25:48.480 align:start position:0% 00:25:48.480 --> 00:25:50.470 align:start position:0% a<00:25:48.640> team<00:25:48.960> of<00:25:49.039> mobile<00:25:49.520> robots<00:25:49.919> could<00:25:50.159> solve 00:25:50.470 --> 00:25:50.480 align:start position:0% a team of mobile robots could solve 00:25:50.480 --> 00:25:52.070 align:start position:0% a team of mobile robots could solve problems<00:25:50.799> that<00:25:51.039> individual<00:25:51.440> robots<00:25:51.840> could 00:25:52.070 --> 00:25:52.080 align:start position:0% problems that individual robots could 00:25:52.080 --> 00:25:52.950 align:start position:0% problems that individual robots could not<00:25:52.320> solve 00:25:52.950 --> 00:25:52.960 align:start position:0% not solve 00:25:52.960 --> 00:25:54.950 align:start position:0% not solve so<00:25:53.200> for<00:25:53.360> instance<00:25:54.240> problems<00:25:54.799> in 00:25:54.950 --> 00:25:54.960 align:start position:0% so for instance problems in 00:25:54.960 --> 00:25:57.110 align:start position:0% so for instance problems in cooperatively<00:25:55.760> exploring<00:25:56.400> environments 00:25:57.110 --> 00:25:57.120 align:start position:0% cooperatively exploring environments 00:25:57.120 --> 00:25:59.269 align:start position:0% cooperatively exploring environments cooperatively<00:25:57.840> mapping<00:25:58.240> environments<00:25:59.120> and 00:25:59.269 --> 00:25:59.279 align:start position:0% cooperatively mapping environments and 00:25:59.279 --> 00:26:01.510 align:start position:0% cooperatively mapping environments and to<00:25:59.679> to<00:25:59.840> this<00:26:00.080> day<00:26:00.320> we<00:26:00.480> have<00:26:00.720> unsolved<00:26:01.120> problems 00:26:01.510 --> 00:26:01.520 align:start position:0% to to this day we have unsolved problems 00:26:01.520 --> 00:26:03.029 align:start position:0% to to this day we have unsolved problems that<00:26:01.600> we're<00:26:01.840> still<00:26:02.080> attacking 00:26:03.029 --> 00:26:03.039 align:start position:0% that we're still attacking 00:26:03.039 --> 00:26:06.950 align:start position:0% that we're still attacking uh<00:26:03.279> with<00:26:03.760> those<00:26:04.000> kinds<00:26:04.320> of<00:26:04.400> robots 00:26:06.950 --> 00:26:06.960 align:start position:0% uh with those kinds of robots 00:26:06.960 --> 00:26:09.750 align:start position:0% uh with those kinds of robots so<00:26:07.120> that<00:26:07.360> was<00:26:07.679> in<00:26:07.840> the<00:26:07.919> late<00:26:08.159> 90s<00:26:09.360> and<00:26:09.520> the 00:26:09.750 --> 00:26:09.760 align:start position:0% so that was in the late 90s and the 00:26:09.760 --> 00:26:11.190 align:start position:0% so that was in the late 90s and the early 00:26:11.190 --> 00:26:11.200 align:start position:0% early 00:26:11.200 --> 00:26:14.630 align:start position:0% early 21st<00:26:11.840> century<00:26:13.440> then<00:26:13.679> most<00:26:13.919> recently<00:26:14.480> we've 00:26:14.630 --> 00:26:14.640 align:start position:0% 21st century then most recently we've 00:26:14.640 --> 00:26:15.430 align:start position:0% 21st century then most recently we've been 00:26:15.430 --> 00:26:15.440 align:start position:0% been 00:26:15.440 --> 00:26:17.110 align:start position:0% been very<00:26:15.679> interested<00:26:16.159> in<00:26:16.320> how<00:26:16.480> we<00:26:16.640> can<00:26:16.799> actually 00:26:17.110 --> 00:26:17.120 align:start position:0% very interested in how we can actually 00:26:17.120 --> 00:26:19.510 align:start position:0% very interested in how we can actually take<00:26:17.440> all<00:26:17.520> of<00:26:17.679> this<00:26:17.840> to<00:26:18.000> the<00:26:18.159> third<00:26:18.480> dimension 00:26:19.510 --> 00:26:19.520 align:start position:0% take all of this to the third dimension 00:26:19.520 --> 00:26:21.830 align:start position:0% take all of this to the third dimension so<00:26:19.840> now<00:26:20.080> we<00:26:20.240> have<00:26:20.559> teams<00:26:20.880> of<00:26:20.960> aerial<00:26:21.360> robots 00:26:21.830 --> 00:26:21.840 align:start position:0% so now we have teams of aerial robots 00:26:21.840 --> 00:26:23.510 align:start position:0% so now we have teams of aerial robots doing<00:26:22.080> much<00:26:22.320> the<00:26:22.480> same<00:26:22.720> things<00:26:23.039> that<00:26:23.279> ground 00:26:23.510 --> 00:26:23.520 align:start position:0% doing much the same things that ground 00:26:23.520 --> 00:26:23.990 align:start position:0% doing much the same things that ground robots 00:26:23.990 --> 00:26:24.000 align:start position:0% robots 00:26:24.000 --> 00:26:26.710 align:start position:0% robots were<00:26:24.159> doing<00:26:25.360> and<00:26:25.520> of<00:26:25.600> course<00:26:25.919> aerial<00:26:26.320> robots 00:26:26.710 --> 00:26:26.720 align:start position:0% were doing and of course aerial robots 00:26:26.720 --> 00:26:28.230 align:start position:0% were doing and of course aerial robots are<00:26:26.799> really<00:26:27.120> game<00:26:27.360> changers<00:26:27.840> because<00:26:28.080> they 00:26:28.230 --> 00:26:28.240 align:start position:0% are really game changers because they 00:26:28.240 --> 00:26:31.510 align:start position:0% are really game changers because they can<00:26:28.400> do<00:26:28.559> things<00:26:28.799> from<00:26:29.039> the<00:26:29.200> top 00:26:31.510 --> 00:26:31.520 align:start position:0% 00:26:31.520 --> 00:26:33.269 align:start position:0% so<00:26:31.679> ground<00:26:32.000> robots<00:26:32.400> are<00:26:32.559> either<00:26:32.799> bolted<00:26:33.120> to 00:26:33.269 --> 00:26:33.279 align:start position:0% so ground robots are either bolted to 00:26:33.279 --> 00:26:35.269 align:start position:0% so ground robots are either bolted to the<00:26:33.440> floor<00:26:33.840> or<00:26:34.080> they're<00:26:34.400> moving<00:26:34.720> around<00:26:35.039> on 00:26:35.269 --> 00:26:35.279 align:start position:0% the floor or they're moving around on 00:26:35.279 --> 00:26:36.789 align:start position:0% the floor or they're moving around on mobile<00:26:35.679> bases<00:26:36.159> and 00:26:36.789 --> 00:26:36.799 align:start position:0% mobile bases and 00:26:36.799 --> 00:26:38.230 align:start position:0% mobile bases and aerial<00:26:37.120> robots<00:26:37.440> you<00:26:37.520> can<00:26:37.600> do<00:26:37.760> lots<00:26:38.000> of<00:26:38.080> things 00:26:38.230 --> 00:26:38.240 align:start position:0% aerial robots you can do lots of things 00:26:38.240 --> 00:26:40.230 align:start position:0% aerial robots you can do lots of things that<00:26:38.320> you<00:26:38.480> cannot<00:26:38.720> do<00:26:38.799> with<00:26:38.960> ground<00:26:39.200> robots 00:26:40.230 --> 00:26:40.240 align:start position:0% that you cannot do with ground robots 00:26:40.240 --> 00:26:43.029 align:start position:0% that you cannot do with ground robots so<00:26:40.480> we're<00:26:40.799> interested<00:26:41.279> in<00:26:41.360> how<00:26:41.600> you<00:26:41.760> can<00:26:41.919> have 00:26:43.029 --> 00:26:43.039 align:start position:0% so we're interested in how you can have 00:26:43.039 --> 00:26:44.230 align:start position:0% so we're interested in how you can have aerial<00:26:43.440> robots 00:26:44.230 --> 00:26:44.240 align:start position:0% aerial robots 00:26:44.240 --> 00:26:46.149 align:start position:0% aerial robots cooperatively<00:26:45.039> explore<00:26:45.600> complex 00:26:46.149 --> 00:26:46.159 align:start position:0% cooperatively explore complex 00:26:46.159 --> 00:26:48.470 align:start position:0% cooperatively explore complex environments<00:26:47.120> how<00:26:47.360> they<00:26:47.520> can<00:26:47.679> collaborate<00:26:48.320> on 00:26:48.470 --> 00:26:48.480 align:start position:0% environments how they can collaborate on 00:26:48.480 --> 00:26:51.269 align:start position:0% environments how they can collaborate on picking<00:26:48.799> up<00:26:49.039> objects<00:26:49.520> and<00:26:49.919> manipulating<00:26:50.559> them 00:26:51.269 --> 00:26:51.279 align:start position:0% picking up objects and manipulating them 00:26:51.279 --> 00:26:54.470 align:start position:0% picking up objects and manipulating them how<00:26:51.440> they<00:26:51.600> can<00:26:51.760> do<00:26:52.080> assembly<00:26:53.760> and<00:26:54.080> a<00:26:54.240> large 00:26:54.470 --> 00:26:54.480 align:start position:0% how they can do assembly and a large 00:26:54.480 --> 00:26:56.390 align:start position:0% how they can do assembly and a large part<00:26:54.720> of<00:26:54.799> my<00:26:54.960> lab<00:26:55.279> right<00:26:55.520> now<00:26:55.760> works<00:26:56.080> on<00:26:56.159> these 00:26:56.390 --> 00:26:56.400 align:start position:0% part of my lab right now works on these 00:26:56.400 --> 00:26:58.310 align:start position:0% part of my lab right now works on these kinds<00:26:56.640> of<00:26:56.799> problems 00:26:58.310 --> 00:26:58.320 align:start position:0% kinds of problems 00:26:58.320 --> 00:27:00.230 align:start position:0% kinds of problems what<00:26:58.559> are<00:26:58.640> some<00:26:58.799> of<00:26:58.960> the<00:26:59.200> principles<00:26:59.840> and<00:27:00.159> i 00:27:00.230 --> 00:27:00.240 align:start position:0% what are some of the principles and i 00:27:00.240 --> 00:27:02.070 align:start position:0% what are some of the principles and i guess<00:27:00.480> findings<00:27:01.039> that<00:27:01.360> you<00:27:01.600> based 00:27:02.070 --> 00:27:02.080 align:start position:0% guess findings that you based 00:27:02.080 --> 00:27:05.110 align:start position:0% guess findings that you based these<00:27:03.520> robot<00:27:04.000> collaboration<00:27:04.559> on<00:27:04.720> throughout 00:27:05.110 --> 00:27:05.120 align:start position:0% these robot collaboration on throughout 00:27:05.120 --> 00:27:08.310 align:start position:0% these robot collaboration on throughout the<00:27:05.279> years<00:27:05.919> so<00:27:06.159> what 00:27:08.310 --> 00:27:08.320 align:start position:0% the years so what 00:27:08.320 --> 00:27:10.549 align:start position:0% the years so what are<00:27:08.400> you<00:27:08.640> asking<00:27:08.960> a<00:27:09.120> visit<00:27:10.000> are<00:27:10.080> you<00:27:10.240> asking 00:27:10.549 --> 00:27:10.559 align:start position:0% are you asking a visit are you asking 00:27:10.559 --> 00:27:12.070 align:start position:0% are you asking a visit are you asking there's<00:27:10.799> a<00:27:10.880> unifying<00:27:11.600> theme 00:27:12.070 --> 00:27:12.080 align:start position:0% there's a unifying theme 00:27:12.080 --> 00:27:13.590 align:start position:0% there's a unifying theme through<00:27:12.400> all<00:27:12.480> of<00:27:12.480> it<00:27:12.559> no<00:27:12.799> no<00:27:12.960> so<00:27:13.120> i'm<00:27:13.200> wondering 00:27:13.590 --> 00:27:13.600 align:start position:0% through all of it no no so i'm wondering 00:27:13.600 --> 00:27:15.990 align:start position:0% through all of it no no so i'm wondering of<00:27:13.760> course<00:27:14.400> your<00:27:14.799> way<00:27:15.120> of<00:27:15.279> looking<00:27:15.600> at<00:27:15.760> what 00:27:15.990 --> 00:27:16.000 align:start position:0% of course your way of looking at what 00:27:16.000 --> 00:27:18.070 align:start position:0% of course your way of looking at what collaboration<00:27:16.799> among<00:27:17.039> robots<00:27:17.520> means<00:27:17.840> and<00:27:17.919> the 00:27:18.070 --> 00:27:18.080 align:start position:0% collaboration among robots means and the 00:27:18.080 --> 00:27:18.549 align:start position:0% collaboration among robots means and the different 00:27:18.549 --> 00:27:18.559 align:start position:0% different 00:27:18.559 --> 00:27:21.909 align:start position:0% different ways<00:27:18.799> that<00:27:19.039> you've<00:27:19.600> managed<00:27:20.080> to<00:27:20.240> have<00:27:20.480> it 00:27:21.909 --> 00:27:21.919 align:start position:0% ways that you've managed to have it 00:27:21.919 --> 00:27:23.990 align:start position:0% ways that you've managed to have it implemented<00:27:22.960> have<00:27:23.200> probably<00:27:23.600> changed 00:27:23.990 --> 00:27:24.000 align:start position:0% implemented have probably changed 00:27:24.000 --> 00:27:25.029 align:start position:0% implemented have probably changed through<00:27:24.159> the<00:27:24.240> years<00:27:24.399> so<00:27:24.480> i<00:27:24.559> was<00:27:24.640> wondering<00:27:24.960> if 00:27:25.029 --> 00:27:25.039 align:start position:0% through the years so i was wondering if 00:27:25.039 --> 00:27:26.310 align:start position:0% through the years so i was wondering if you<00:27:25.200> could<00:27:25.279> tell<00:27:25.520> us<00:27:25.679> a<00:27:25.760> little<00:27:25.919> bit<00:27:26.080> more 00:27:26.310 --> 00:27:26.320 align:start position:0% you could tell us a little bit more 00:27:26.320 --> 00:27:27.669 align:start position:0% you could tell us a little bit more about<00:27:26.640> the 00:27:27.669 --> 00:27:27.679 align:start position:0% about the 00:27:27.679 --> 00:27:31.110 align:start position:0% about the kind<00:27:27.919> of<00:27:28.399> science<00:27:28.960> behind<00:27:29.600> the 00:27:31.110 --> 00:27:31.120 align:start position:0% kind of science behind the 00:27:31.120 --> 00:27:34.149 align:start position:0% kind of science behind the movement<00:27:32.720> yeah<00:27:32.960> so<00:27:33.120> what<00:27:33.600> so<00:27:33.919> i<00:27:34.000> mean 00:27:34.149 --> 00:27:34.159 align:start position:0% movement yeah so what so i mean 00:27:34.159 --> 00:27:35.750 align:start position:0% movement yeah so what so i mean cooperation<00:27:34.799> means<00:27:35.120> lots<00:27:35.440> of 00:27:35.750 --> 00:27:35.760 align:start position:0% cooperation means lots of 00:27:35.760 --> 00:27:39.029 align:start position:0% cooperation means lots of interesting<00:27:36.320> things<00:27:36.720> to<00:27:37.440> um<00:27:38.640> different 00:27:39.029 --> 00:27:39.039 align:start position:0% interesting things to um different 00:27:39.039 --> 00:27:40.549 align:start position:0% interesting things to um different interesting<00:27:39.520> people 00:27:40.549 --> 00:27:40.559 align:start position:0% interesting people 00:27:40.559 --> 00:27:43.750 align:start position:0% interesting people and<00:27:40.960> uh<00:27:41.760> the<00:27:43.440> the 00:27:43.750 --> 00:27:43.760 align:start position:0% and uh the the 00:27:43.760 --> 00:27:45.669 align:start position:0% and uh the the the<00:27:43.919> one<00:27:44.159> thing<00:27:44.399> that<00:27:44.720> actually<00:27:45.120> the<00:27:45.279> common 00:27:45.669 --> 00:27:45.679 align:start position:0% the one thing that actually the common 00:27:45.679 --> 00:27:47.510 align:start position:0% the one thing that actually the common thread<00:27:46.000> between<00:27:46.399> all<00:27:46.559> the<00:27:46.720> things<00:27:46.960> that<00:27:47.120> we<00:27:47.279> do 00:27:47.510 --> 00:27:47.520 align:start position:0% thread between all the things that we do 00:27:47.520 --> 00:27:48.470 align:start position:0% thread between all the things that we do mostly 00:27:48.470 --> 00:27:48.480 align:start position:0% mostly 00:27:48.480 --> 00:27:50.950 align:start position:0% mostly has<00:27:48.720> to<00:27:48.880> really<00:27:49.120> do<00:27:49.360> this<00:27:49.679> underlying<00:27:50.720> the 00:27:50.950 --> 00:27:50.960 align:start position:0% has to really do this underlying the 00:27:50.960 --> 00:27:52.950 align:start position:0% has to really do this underlying the underlying<00:27:51.440> physical<00:27:51.919> models<00:27:52.399> that<00:27:52.640> govern 00:27:52.950 --> 00:27:52.960 align:start position:0% underlying physical models that govern 00:27:52.960 --> 00:27:54.710 align:start position:0% underlying physical models that govern cooperation 00:27:54.710 --> 00:27:54.720 align:start position:0% cooperation 00:27:54.720 --> 00:27:56.230 align:start position:0% cooperation so<00:27:54.880> especially<00:27:55.279> when<00:27:55.440> you<00:27:55.840> when<00:27:56.000> you 00:27:56.230 --> 00:27:56.240 align:start position:0% so especially when you when you 00:27:56.240 --> 00:27:57.830 align:start position:0% so especially when you when you collaboratively<00:27:56.880> pick<00:27:57.120> up<00:27:57.360> objects<00:27:57.760> you 00:27:57.830 --> 00:27:57.840 align:start position:0% collaboratively pick up objects you 00:27:57.840 --> 00:28:00.710 align:start position:0% collaboratively pick up objects you collaboratively<00:27:58.480> assemble<00:27:58.960> things 00:28:00.710 --> 00:28:00.720 align:start position:0% collaboratively assemble things 00:28:00.720 --> 00:28:03.029 align:start position:0% collaboratively assemble things but<00:28:00.960> i<00:28:01.039> think<00:28:01.200> more<00:28:01.440> importantly<00:28:02.240> uh<00:28:02.559> the<00:28:02.799> the 00:28:03.029 --> 00:28:03.039 align:start position:0% but i think more importantly uh the the 00:28:03.039 --> 00:28:04.230 align:start position:0% but i think more importantly uh the the question 00:28:04.230 --> 00:28:04.240 align:start position:0% question 00:28:04.240 --> 00:28:08.389 align:start position:0% question in<00:28:04.559> in<00:28:04.799> academia<00:28:05.440> that<00:28:05.600> you<00:28:05.760> want<00:28:05.919> to<00:28:06.080> ask<00:28:07.120> is 00:28:08.389 --> 00:28:08.399 align:start position:0% in in academia that you want to ask is 00:28:08.399 --> 00:28:09.990 align:start position:0% in in academia that you want to ask is in<00:28:08.559> addition<00:28:08.960> to<00:28:09.200> is<00:28:09.360> this<00:28:09.600> problem 00:28:09.990 --> 00:28:10.000 align:start position:0% in addition to is this problem 00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:11.830 align:start position:0% in addition to is this problem interesting<00:28:10.480> or<00:28:10.640> not<00:28:10.960> does<00:28:11.200> it<00:28:11.279> kind<00:28:11.440> of<00:28:11.600> lend 00:28:11.830 --> 00:28:11.840 align:start position:0% interesting or not does it kind of lend 00:28:11.840 --> 00:28:13.990 align:start position:0% interesting or not does it kind of lend itself<00:28:12.240> to<00:28:12.480> academic<00:28:13.039> research 00:28:13.990 --> 00:28:14.000 align:start position:0% itself to academic research 00:28:14.000 --> 00:28:15.669 align:start position:0% itself to academic research does<00:28:14.240> it<00:28:14.320> lend<00:28:14.640> itself<00:28:14.960> to<00:28:15.200> training<00:28:15.600> of 00:28:15.669 --> 00:28:15.679 align:start position:0% does it lend itself to training of 00:28:15.679 --> 00:28:17.430 align:start position:0% does it lend itself to training of doctoral<00:28:16.159> students<00:28:16.640> and<00:28:16.799> that's<00:28:17.039> something 00:28:17.430 --> 00:28:17.440 align:start position:0% doctoral students and that's something 00:28:17.440 --> 00:28:18.230 align:start position:0% doctoral students and that's something that 00:28:18.230 --> 00:28:18.240 align:start position:0% that 00:28:18.240 --> 00:28:20.710 align:start position:0% that um<00:28:18.640> you<00:28:18.799> know<00:28:18.960> penn<00:28:19.279> has<00:28:19.520> a<00:28:19.760> tradition<00:28:20.240> of<00:28:20.640> you 00:28:20.710 --> 00:28:20.720 align:start position:0% um you know penn has a tradition of you 00:28:20.720 --> 00:28:22.389 align:start position:0% um you know penn has a tradition of you know<00:28:20.880> we're<00:28:21.120> committed<00:28:21.520> to<00:28:21.600> this<00:28:21.840> and<00:28:21.919> i 00:28:22.389 --> 00:28:22.399 align:start position:0% know we're committed to this and i 00:28:22.399 --> 00:28:24.389 align:start position:0% know we're committed to this and i personally<00:28:22.799> am<00:28:22.960> very<00:28:23.120> committed<00:28:23.440> to<00:28:23.600> that<00:28:24.240> so 00:28:24.389 --> 00:28:24.399 align:start position:0% personally am very committed to that so 00:28:24.399 --> 00:28:25.909 align:start position:0% personally am very committed to that so i<00:28:24.480> think<00:28:24.720> that<00:28:24.960> that<00:28:25.200> is<00:28:25.279> one<00:28:25.440> thing<00:28:25.679> that<00:28:25.760> you 00:28:25.909 --> 00:28:25.919 align:start position:0% i think that that is one thing that you 00:28:25.919 --> 00:28:27.029 align:start position:0% i think that that is one thing that you have<00:28:26.000> to<00:28:26.159> look<00:28:26.399> at 00:28:27.029 --> 00:28:27.039 align:start position:0% have to look at 00:28:27.039 --> 00:28:29.029 align:start position:0% have to look at so<00:28:27.200> you<00:28:27.360> have<00:28:27.520> to<00:28:27.600> take<00:28:27.919> the<00:28:28.159> overall<00:28:28.640> problem 00:28:29.029 --> 00:28:29.039 align:start position:0% so you have to take the overall problem 00:28:29.039 --> 00:28:31.110 align:start position:0% so you have to take the overall problem dissect<00:28:29.440> it<00:28:29.600> into<00:28:29.840> smaller<00:28:30.320> problems 00:28:31.110 --> 00:28:31.120 align:start position:0% dissect it into smaller problems 00:28:31.120 --> 00:28:33.590 align:start position:0% dissect it into smaller problems and<00:28:31.279> then<00:28:31.520> go<00:28:31.760> into<00:28:32.640> attack<00:28:32.960> the<00:28:33.120> smaller 00:28:33.590 --> 00:28:33.600 align:start position:0% and then go into attack the smaller 00:28:33.600 --> 00:28:34.310 align:start position:0% and then go into attack the smaller problems<00:28:34.000> that 00:28:34.310 --> 00:28:34.320 align:start position:0% problems that 00:28:34.320 --> 00:28:36.070 align:start position:0% problems that lend<00:28:34.559> themselves<00:28:35.039> to<00:28:35.200> writing<00:28:35.520> of<00:28:35.600> doctoral 00:28:36.070 --> 00:28:36.080 align:start position:0% lend themselves to writing of doctoral 00:28:36.080 --> 00:28:39.669 align:start position:0% lend themselves to writing of doctoral thesis 00:28:39.669 --> 00:28:39.679 align:start position:0% 00:28:39.679 --> 00:28:41.110 align:start position:0% and<00:28:39.840> so<00:28:40.000> what<00:28:40.080> are<00:28:40.240> some<00:28:40.399> of<00:28:40.480> the<00:28:40.640> approaches 00:28:41.110 --> 00:28:41.120 align:start position:0% and so what are some of the approaches 00:28:41.120 --> 00:28:43.110 align:start position:0% and so what are some of the approaches that<00:28:41.279> you<00:28:41.440> use<00:28:41.760> to 00:28:43.110 --> 00:28:43.120 align:start position:0% that you use to 00:28:43.120 --> 00:28:46.070 align:start position:0% that you use to develop<00:28:43.520> collaboration<00:28:44.159> among<00:28:44.399> the<00:28:44.480> robots 00:28:46.070 --> 00:28:46.080 align:start position:0% develop collaboration among the robots 00:28:46.080 --> 00:28:47.029 align:start position:0% develop collaboration among the robots so 00:28:47.029 --> 00:28:47.039 align:start position:0% so 00:28:47.039 --> 00:28:50.549 align:start position:0% so uh<00:28:48.080> yeah<00:28:48.399> so<00:28:48.559> you<00:28:49.200> i<00:28:49.360> don't<00:28:49.520> know<00:28:49.679> that<00:28:49.840> i<00:28:49.919> could 00:28:50.549 --> 00:28:50.559 align:start position:0% uh yeah so you i don't know that i could 00:28:50.559 --> 00:28:54.149 align:start position:0% uh yeah so you i don't know that i could i<00:28:50.720> could<00:28:52.000> uh<00:28:52.480> talk<00:28:52.720> about<00:28:52.960> a<00:28:53.120> unified<00:28:53.679> way<00:28:54.000> of 00:28:54.149 --> 00:28:54.159 align:start position:0% i could uh talk about a unified way of 00:28:54.159 --> 00:28:55.510 align:start position:0% i could uh talk about a unified way of of<00:28:54.399> doing<00:28:54.640> this<00:28:54.799> but<00:28:54.960> let<00:28:55.120> me 00:28:55.510 --> 00:28:55.520 align:start position:0% of doing this but let me 00:28:55.520 --> 00:28:58.389 align:start position:0% of doing this but let me at<00:28:55.760> a<00:28:55.840> higher<00:28:56.159> level<00:28:57.039> let<00:28:57.200> me<00:28:57.440> try<00:28:57.600> to 00:28:58.389 --> 00:28:58.399 align:start position:0% at a higher level let me try to 00:28:58.399 --> 00:28:59.909 align:start position:0% at a higher level let me try to articulate<00:28:59.039> some<00:28:59.200> of<00:28:59.360> the<00:28:59.440> design 00:28:59.909 --> 00:28:59.919 align:start position:0% articulate some of the design 00:28:59.919 --> 00:29:02.389 align:start position:0% articulate some of the design philosophies<00:29:00.640> if<00:29:00.720> you<00:29:00.880> will<00:29:01.679> so<00:29:02.000> if<00:29:02.080> you<00:29:02.240> look 00:29:02.389 --> 00:29:02.399 align:start position:0% philosophies if you will so if you look 00:29:02.399 --> 00:29:03.990 align:start position:0% philosophies if you will so if you look at<00:29:02.559> nature 00:29:03.990 --> 00:29:04.000 align:start position:0% at nature 00:29:04.000 --> 00:29:06.310 align:start position:0% at nature where<00:29:05.039> you<00:29:05.200> have<00:29:05.440> groups<00:29:05.760> in<00:29:05.840> nature<00:29:06.159> that 00:29:06.310 --> 00:29:06.320 align:start position:0% where you have groups in nature that 00:29:06.320 --> 00:29:08.230 align:start position:0% where you have groups in nature that collaborate<00:29:06.799> to<00:29:06.880> do<00:29:07.120> tasks<00:29:07.440> that<00:29:07.600> individuals 00:29:08.230 --> 00:29:08.240 align:start position:0% collaborate to do tasks that individuals 00:29:08.240 --> 00:29:09.750 align:start position:0% collaborate to do tasks that individuals cannot 00:29:09.750 --> 00:29:09.760 align:start position:0% cannot 00:29:09.760 --> 00:29:12.950 align:start position:0% cannot you'll<00:29:10.080> find<00:29:10.720> several<00:29:11.120> common<00:29:12.159> features<00:29:12.720> here 00:29:12.950 --> 00:29:12.960 align:start position:0% you'll find several common features here 00:29:12.960 --> 00:29:13.269 align:start position:0% you'll find several common features here so 00:29:13.269 --> 00:29:13.279 align:start position:0% so 00:29:13.279 --> 00:29:16.950 align:start position:0% so one<00:29:13.520> is<00:29:15.440> nature 00:29:16.950 --> 00:29:16.960 align:start position:0% one is nature 00:29:16.960 --> 00:29:19.830 align:start position:0% one is nature has<00:29:17.279> solutions<00:29:18.320> in<00:29:18.480> which<00:29:18.880> individuals 00:29:19.830 --> 00:29:19.840 align:start position:0% has solutions in which individuals 00:29:19.840 --> 00:29:20.789 align:start position:0% has solutions in which individuals accomplish 00:29:20.789 --> 00:29:20.799 align:start position:0% accomplish 00:29:20.799 --> 00:29:23.029 align:start position:0% accomplish their<00:29:21.200> little<00:29:21.520> piece<00:29:22.240> in<00:29:22.399> a<00:29:22.480> completely 00:29:23.029 --> 00:29:23.039 align:start position:0% their little piece in a completely 00:29:23.039 --> 00:29:24.870 align:start position:0% their little piece in a completely decentralized<00:29:23.840> way 00:29:24.870 --> 00:29:24.880 align:start position:0% decentralized way 00:29:24.880 --> 00:29:27.909 align:start position:0% decentralized way so<00:29:25.039> again<00:29:25.279> if<00:29:25.440> you<00:29:25.600> and<00:29:25.760> i<00:29:25.919> pick<00:29:26.159> up<00:29:27.039> that<00:29:27.360> table 00:29:27.909 --> 00:29:27.919 align:start position:0% so again if you and i pick up that table 00:29:27.919 --> 00:29:31.269 align:start position:0% so again if you and i pick up that table and<00:29:28.159> walk<00:29:28.399> out<00:29:28.640> with<00:29:28.880> it<00:29:30.640> i'm<00:29:30.880> not<00:29:31.039> going<00:29:31.120> to<00:29:31.200> be 00:29:31.269 --> 00:29:31.279 align:start position:0% and walk out with it i'm not going to be 00:29:31.279 --> 00:29:32.630 align:start position:0% and walk out with it i'm not going to be telling<00:29:31.600> you<00:29:31.760> what<00:29:31.919> to<00:29:32.080> do 00:29:32.630 --> 00:29:32.640 align:start position:0% telling you what to do 00:29:32.640 --> 00:29:33.990 align:start position:0% telling you what to do neither<00:29:32.960> are<00:29:32.960> you<00:29:33.120> going<00:29:33.279> to<00:29:33.360> tell<00:29:33.520> me<00:29:33.679> what<00:29:33.840> to 00:29:33.990 --> 00:29:34.000 align:start position:0% neither are you going to tell me what to 00:29:34.000 --> 00:29:36.070 align:start position:0% neither are you going to tell me what to do<00:29:34.480> i<00:29:34.640> do<00:29:34.799> my<00:29:35.039> own<00:29:35.200> thing<00:29:35.440> you<00:29:35.600> do<00:29:35.760> your<00:29:35.919> own 00:29:36.070 --> 00:29:36.080 align:start position:0% do i do my own thing you do your own 00:29:36.080 --> 00:29:36.789 align:start position:0% do i do my own thing you do your own thing 00:29:36.789 --> 00:29:36.799 align:start position:0% thing 00:29:36.799 --> 00:29:39.190 align:start position:0% thing but<00:29:36.960> if<00:29:37.039> we<00:29:37.600> are<00:29:37.760> truly<00:29:38.080> cooperative<00:29:38.960> the 00:29:39.190 --> 00:29:39.200 align:start position:0% but if we are truly cooperative the 00:29:39.200 --> 00:29:40.389 align:start position:0% but if we are truly cooperative the thing<00:29:39.440> that<00:29:39.600> we<00:29:39.679> want<00:29:39.840> to<00:29:40.000> do<00:29:40.159> gets 00:29:40.389 --> 00:29:40.399 align:start position:0% thing that we want to do gets 00:29:40.399 --> 00:29:42.310 align:start position:0% thing that we want to do gets accomplished 00:29:42.310 --> 00:29:42.320 align:start position:0% accomplished 00:29:42.320 --> 00:29:44.149 align:start position:0% accomplished it's<00:29:42.559> even<00:29:42.880> more<00:29:43.200> obvious<00:29:43.520> when<00:29:43.679> you<00:29:43.840> look<00:29:44.000> at 00:29:44.149 --> 00:29:44.159 align:start position:0% it's even more obvious when you look at 00:29:44.159 --> 00:29:45.990 align:start position:0% it's even more obvious when you look at for<00:29:44.320> example<00:29:44.799> ants<00:29:45.200> so<00:29:45.279> we<00:29:45.520> spent<00:29:45.679> a<00:29:45.760> lot<00:29:45.919> of 00:29:45.990 --> 00:29:46.000 align:start position:0% for example ants so we spent a lot of 00:29:46.000 --> 00:29:47.269 align:start position:0% for example ants so we spent a lot of time<00:29:46.240> studying<00:29:46.640> ants 00:29:47.269 --> 00:29:47.279 align:start position:0% time studying ants 00:29:47.279 --> 00:29:49.669 align:start position:0% time studying ants and<00:29:47.440> now<00:29:47.760> ants<00:29:48.240> cooperatively<00:29:48.880> carry<00:29:49.279> objects 00:29:49.669 --> 00:29:49.679 align:start position:0% and now ants cooperatively carry objects 00:29:49.679 --> 00:29:51.350 align:start position:0% and now ants cooperatively carry objects that<00:29:49.840> are<00:29:50.000> many<00:29:50.240> many<00:29:50.559> times 00:29:51.350 --> 00:29:51.360 align:start position:0% that are many many times 00:29:51.360 --> 00:29:54.870 align:start position:0% that are many many times their<00:29:52.840> size<00:29:54.240> and 00:29:54.870 --> 00:29:54.880 align:start position:0% their size and 00:29:54.880 --> 00:29:58.230 align:start position:0% their size and again<00:29:55.840> if<00:29:55.919> you<00:29:56.080> look<00:29:56.240> at<00:29:56.480> the<00:29:57.360> the<00:29:57.520> actual<00:29:57.919> data 00:29:58.230 --> 00:29:58.240 align:start position:0% again if you look at the the actual data 00:29:58.240 --> 00:29:59.350 align:start position:0% again if you look at the the actual data coming<00:29:58.559> from<00:29:58.799> ants 00:29:59.350 --> 00:29:59.360 align:start position:0% coming from ants 00:29:59.360 --> 00:30:00.950 align:start position:0% coming from ants it's<00:29:59.600> very<00:29:59.840> clear<00:30:00.159> that<00:30:00.320> every<00:30:00.559> ant<00:30:00.799> is 00:30:00.950 --> 00:30:00.960 align:start position:0% it's very clear that every ant is 00:30:00.960 --> 00:30:03.830 align:start position:0% it's very clear that every ant is actually<00:30:01.679> doing<00:30:02.080> her<00:30:02.320> own<00:30:02.480> little<00:30:02.799> thing 00:30:03.830 --> 00:30:03.840 align:start position:0% actually doing her own little thing 00:30:03.840 --> 00:30:06.710 align:start position:0% actually doing her own little thing but<00:30:04.960> the<00:30:05.120> only<00:30:05.440> little<00:30:05.679> thing<00:30:05.919> that<00:30:06.240> that<00:30:06.480> she 00:30:06.710 --> 00:30:06.720 align:start position:0% but the only little thing that that she 00:30:06.720 --> 00:30:08.389 align:start position:0% but the only little thing that that she does<00:30:06.960> is<00:30:07.120> so<00:30:07.279> carefully<00:30:07.760> designed<00:30:08.080> that<00:30:08.240> if 00:30:08.389 --> 00:30:08.399 align:start position:0% does is so carefully designed that if 00:30:08.399 --> 00:30:10.549 align:start position:0% does is so carefully designed that if everybody<00:30:08.720> does<00:30:08.880> the<00:30:08.960> same<00:30:09.279> thing 00:30:10.549 --> 00:30:10.559 align:start position:0% everybody does the same thing 00:30:10.559 --> 00:30:12.950 align:start position:0% everybody does the same thing right<00:30:10.799> the<00:30:10.960> task<00:30:11.279> gets<00:30:11.520> accomplished<00:30:12.640> and<00:30:12.799> so 00:30:12.950 --> 00:30:12.960 align:start position:0% right the task gets accomplished and so 00:30:12.960 --> 00:30:15.029 align:start position:0% right the task gets accomplished and so one<00:30:13.120> of<00:30:13.279> the<00:30:13.520> goals<00:30:13.919> in<00:30:14.080> cooperation<00:30:14.720> is<00:30:14.880> to 00:30:15.029 --> 00:30:15.039 align:start position:0% one of the goals in cooperation is to 00:30:15.039 --> 00:30:16.230 align:start position:0% one of the goals in cooperation is to find<00:30:15.360> out 00:30:16.230 --> 00:30:16.240 align:start position:0% find out 00:30:16.240 --> 00:30:18.789 align:start position:0% find out how<00:30:16.399> to<00:30:17.200> decompose<00:30:17.840> a<00:30:17.919> big<00:30:18.159> task<00:30:18.480> into<00:30:18.640> these 00:30:18.789 --> 00:30:18.799 align:start position:0% how to decompose a big task into these 00:30:18.799 --> 00:30:21.990 align:start position:0% how to decompose a big task into these little<00:30:20.840> subtasks 00:30:21.990 --> 00:30:22.000 align:start position:0% little subtasks 00:30:22.000 --> 00:30:24.310 align:start position:0% little subtasks the<00:30:22.159> other<00:30:22.320> common<00:30:22.720> thing<00:30:22.880> about<00:30:24.080> these 00:30:24.310 --> 00:30:24.320 align:start position:0% the other common thing about these 00:30:24.320 --> 00:30:26.070 align:start position:0% the other common thing about these solutions<00:30:24.799> in<00:30:24.960> nature<00:30:25.360> and<00:30:25.440> the<00:30:25.600> solutions<00:30:26.000> we 00:30:26.070 --> 00:30:26.080 align:start position:0% solutions in nature and the solutions we 00:30:26.080 --> 00:30:27.830 align:start position:0% solutions in nature and the solutions we want<00:30:26.240> to<00:30:26.320> implement<00:30:26.720> in<00:30:26.880> robots 00:30:27.830 --> 00:30:27.840 align:start position:0% want to implement in robots 00:30:27.840 --> 00:30:30.389 align:start position:0% want to implement in robots is<00:30:28.640> that<00:30:28.960> each<00:30:29.279> individual<00:30:29.919> operates<00:30:30.320> on 00:30:30.389 --> 00:30:30.399 align:start position:0% is that each individual operates on 00:30:30.399 --> 00:30:32.070 align:start position:0% is that each individual operates on local<00:30:30.799> information 00:30:32.070 --> 00:30:32.080 align:start position:0% local information 00:30:32.080 --> 00:30:33.830 align:start position:0% local information so<00:30:32.320> again<00:30:32.640> if<00:30:32.799> you<00:30:32.960> and<00:30:33.120> i<00:30:33.200> collaborate<00:30:33.760> i 00:30:33.830 --> 00:30:33.840 align:start position:0% so again if you and i collaborate i 00:30:33.840 --> 00:30:35.510 align:start position:0% so again if you and i collaborate i cannot<00:30:34.159> possibly<00:30:34.720> know<00:30:34.960> all<00:30:35.120> the<00:30:35.200> things<00:30:35.440> that 00:30:35.510 --> 00:30:35.520 align:start position:0% cannot possibly know all the things that 00:30:35.520 --> 00:30:35.990 align:start position:0% cannot possibly know all the things that you<00:30:35.679> know 00:30:35.990 --> 00:30:36.000 align:start position:0% you know 00:30:36.000 --> 00:30:37.430 align:start position:0% you know and<00:30:36.159> you<00:30:36.399> cannot<00:30:36.640> possibly<00:30:37.039> know<00:30:37.200> all<00:30:37.360> the 00:30:37.430 --> 00:30:37.440 align:start position:0% and you cannot possibly know all the 00:30:37.440 --> 00:30:39.190 align:start position:0% and you cannot possibly know all the things<00:30:37.600> that<00:30:37.760> i<00:30:37.919> know<00:30:38.720> and 00:30:39.190 --> 00:30:39.200 align:start position:0% things that i know and 00:30:39.200 --> 00:30:40.710 align:start position:0% things that i know and oftentimes<00:30:39.760> when<00:30:39.919> you're<00:30:40.000> carrying<00:30:40.399> large 00:30:40.710 --> 00:30:40.720 align:start position:0% oftentimes when you're carrying large 00:30:40.720 --> 00:30:42.310 align:start position:0% oftentimes when you're carrying large objects 00:30:42.310 --> 00:30:42.320 align:start position:0% objects 00:30:42.320 --> 00:30:44.230 align:start position:0% objects we<00:30:42.480> don't<00:30:42.640> even<00:30:42.880> see<00:30:43.039> each<00:30:43.200> other<00:30:43.760> in<00:30:43.919> fact<00:30:44.159> i 00:30:44.230 --> 00:30:44.240 align:start position:0% we don't even see each other in fact i 00:30:44.240 --> 00:30:45.909 align:start position:0% we don't even see each other in fact i don't<00:30:44.480> know<00:30:44.799> what<00:30:45.039> the<00:30:45.200> object<00:30:45.520> looks<00:30:45.760> like 00:30:45.909 --> 00:30:45.919 align:start position:0% don't know what the object looks like 00:30:45.919 --> 00:30:47.110 align:start position:0% don't know what the object looks like from<00:30:46.080> your<00:30:46.320> side<00:30:46.559> and<00:30:46.640> you<00:30:46.799> don't<00:30:46.880> know<00:30:47.039> what 00:30:47.110 --> 00:30:47.120 align:start position:0% from your side and you don't know what 00:30:47.120 --> 00:30:49.110 align:start position:0% from your side and you don't know what the<00:30:47.200> object<00:30:47.440> looks<00:30:47.679> like<00:30:47.919> from<00:30:48.080> my<00:30:48.399> side 00:30:49.110 --> 00:30:49.120 align:start position:0% the object looks like from my side 00:30:49.120 --> 00:30:51.830 align:start position:0% the object looks like from my side so<00:30:49.520> whatever<00:30:50.000> solutions<00:30:50.480> you<00:30:50.640> develop<00:30:51.279> has<00:30:51.520> to 00:30:51.830 --> 00:30:51.840 align:start position:0% so whatever solutions you develop has to 00:30:51.840 --> 00:30:53.669 align:start position:0% so whatever solutions you develop has to lend<00:30:52.159> itself 00:30:53.669 --> 00:30:53.679 align:start position:0% lend itself 00:30:53.679 --> 00:30:55.909 align:start position:0% lend itself to<00:30:54.080> implementation<00:30:55.120> using<00:30:55.360> these<00:30:55.600> very 00:30:55.909 --> 00:30:55.919 align:start position:0% to implementation using these very 00:30:55.919 --> 00:30:57.350 align:start position:0% to implementation using these very modest<00:30:56.320> assumptions 00:30:57.350 --> 00:30:57.360 align:start position:0% modest assumptions 00:30:57.360 --> 00:30:58.789 align:start position:0% modest assumptions i<00:30:57.440> know<00:30:57.600> what<00:30:57.840> i<00:30:57.919> know<00:30:58.159> you<00:30:58.240> know<00:30:58.480> what<00:30:58.559> you 00:30:58.789 --> 00:30:58.799 align:start position:0% i know what i know you know what you 00:30:58.799 --> 00:31:00.470 align:start position:0% i know what i know you know what you know<00:30:59.360> and<00:30:59.519> the<00:30:59.679> question<00:31:00.080> is 00:31:00.470 --> 00:31:00.480 align:start position:0% know and the question is 00:31:00.480 --> 00:31:02.310 align:start position:0% know and the question is what<00:31:00.640> do<00:31:00.799> we<00:31:00.960> have<00:31:01.120> to<00:31:01.279> communicate<00:31:01.919> in<00:31:02.080> order 00:31:02.310 --> 00:31:02.320 align:start position:0% what do we have to communicate in order 00:31:02.320 --> 00:31:04.070 align:start position:0% what do we have to communicate in order to<00:31:02.399> make<00:31:02.559> sure<00:31:02.880> that<00:31:03.039> this<00:31:03.279> task<00:31:03.600> still<00:31:03.840> gets 00:31:04.070 --> 00:31:04.080 align:start position:0% to make sure that this task still gets 00:31:04.080 --> 00:31:05.750 align:start position:0% to make sure that this task still gets accomplished 00:31:05.750 --> 00:31:05.760 align:start position:0% accomplished 00:31:05.760 --> 00:31:08.470 align:start position:0% accomplished okay<00:31:06.799> and<00:31:07.039> the<00:31:07.279> third<00:31:07.519> thing<00:31:07.840> that<00:31:08.000> is<00:31:08.159> sort<00:31:08.320> of 00:31:08.470 --> 00:31:08.480 align:start position:0% okay and the third thing that is sort of 00:31:08.480 --> 00:31:10.230 align:start position:0% okay and the third thing that is sort of common<00:31:08.799> to<00:31:08.960> all<00:31:09.120> of<00:31:09.279> this<00:31:09.519> is 00:31:10.230 --> 00:31:10.240 align:start position:0% common to all of this is 00:31:10.240 --> 00:31:14.230 align:start position:0% common to all of this is uh<00:31:11.039> what<00:31:11.760> we<00:31:12.000> like<00:31:12.159> to<00:31:12.320> call<00:31:12.640> anonymity 00:31:14.230 --> 00:31:14.240 align:start position:0% uh what we like to call anonymity 00:31:14.240 --> 00:31:18.310 align:start position:0% uh what we like to call anonymity so<00:31:14.640> when<00:31:14.880> we<00:31:15.679> cooperate<00:31:17.039> the<00:31:17.200> best<00:31:17.519> way 00:31:18.310 --> 00:31:18.320 align:start position:0% so when we cooperate the best way 00:31:18.320 --> 00:31:20.549 align:start position:0% so when we cooperate the best way of<00:31:18.480> cooperation<00:31:19.360> is<00:31:19.440> to<00:31:19.600> assume<00:31:20.159> that<00:31:20.399> we're 00:31:20.549 --> 00:31:20.559 align:start position:0% of cooperation is to assume that we're 00:31:20.559 --> 00:31:21.990 align:start position:0% of cooperation is to assume that we're all<00:31:20.799> anonymous 00:31:21.990 --> 00:31:22.000 align:start position:0% all anonymous 00:31:22.000 --> 00:31:24.230 align:start position:0% all anonymous in<00:31:22.080> other<00:31:22.240> words<00:31:22.559> i<00:31:22.720> make<00:31:23.039> no<00:31:23.279> special 00:31:24.230 --> 00:31:24.240 align:start position:0% in other words i make no special 00:31:24.240 --> 00:31:25.110 align:start position:0% in other words i make no special assumption 00:31:25.110 --> 00:31:25.120 align:start position:0% assumption 00:31:25.120 --> 00:31:28.070 align:start position:0% assumption about<00:31:25.679> who<00:31:25.919> i'm<00:31:26.080> cooperating<00:31:26.720> with<00:31:27.679> and<00:31:27.919> the 00:31:28.070 --> 00:31:28.080 align:start position:0% about who i'm cooperating with and the 00:31:28.080 --> 00:31:29.029 align:start position:0% about who i'm cooperating with and the other<00:31:28.240> way<00:31:28.399> around 00:31:29.029 --> 00:31:29.039 align:start position:0% other way around 00:31:29.039 --> 00:31:30.630 align:start position:0% other way around and<00:31:29.200> again<00:31:29.440> this<00:31:29.600> is<00:31:29.679> true<00:31:29.919> and<00:31:30.080> ants<00:31:30.320> i<00:31:30.399> mean 00:31:30.630 --> 00:31:30.640 align:start position:0% and again this is true and ants i mean 00:31:30.640 --> 00:31:32.310 align:start position:0% and again this is true and ants i mean ants<00:31:30.880> have<00:31:31.039> very<00:31:31.200> limited<00:31:31.600> knowledge<00:31:32.000> of<00:31:32.159> who 00:31:32.310 --> 00:31:32.320 align:start position:0% ants have very limited knowledge of who 00:31:32.320 --> 00:31:33.750 align:start position:0% ants have very limited knowledge of who their<00:31:32.559> neighbors<00:31:33.039> are 00:31:33.750 --> 00:31:33.760 align:start position:0% their neighbors are 00:31:33.760 --> 00:31:36.310 align:start position:0% their neighbors are they<00:31:33.919> can<00:31:34.159> identify<00:31:34.640> neighbors<00:31:36.000> if<00:31:36.240> a 00:31:36.310 --> 00:31:36.320 align:start position:0% they can identify neighbors if a 00:31:36.320 --> 00:31:37.590 align:start position:0% they can identify neighbors if a neighbor<00:31:36.640> is<00:31:36.720> there<00:31:36.960> or<00:31:37.039> not<00:31:37.200> but<00:31:37.360> they<00:31:37.519> don't 00:31:37.590 --> 00:31:37.600 align:start position:0% neighbor is there or not but they don't 00:31:37.600 --> 00:31:39.750 align:start position:0% neighbor is there or not but they don't know<00:31:37.760> which<00:31:38.000> neighbor<00:31:38.399> is<00:31:38.480> there 00:31:39.750 --> 00:31:39.760 align:start position:0% know which neighbor is there 00:31:39.760 --> 00:31:41.430 align:start position:0% know which neighbor is there and<00:31:40.000> you<00:31:40.080> can<00:31:40.320> argue<00:31:40.559> it's<00:31:40.720> because<00:31:41.039> ants<00:31:41.360> are 00:31:41.430 --> 00:31:41.440 align:start position:0% and you can argue it's because ants are 00:31:41.440 --> 00:31:43.350 align:start position:0% and you can argue it's because ants are homogeneous 00:31:43.350 --> 00:31:43.360 align:start position:0% homogeneous 00:31:43.360 --> 00:31:45.269 align:start position:0% homogeneous but<00:31:43.679> actually<00:31:44.000> that's<00:31:44.240> not<00:31:44.480> true<00:31:45.039> i<00:31:45.120> mean 00:31:45.269 --> 00:31:45.279 align:start position:0% but actually that's not true i mean 00:31:45.279 --> 00:31:46.630 align:start position:0% but actually that's not true i mean there's<00:31:45.440> as<00:31:45.600> much<00:31:45.760> heterogeneity<00:31:46.399> in 00:31:46.630 --> 00:31:46.640 align:start position:0% there's as much heterogeneity in 00:31:46.640 --> 00:31:49.190 align:start position:0% there's as much heterogeneity in ants<00:31:46.880> as<00:31:46.960> there<00:31:47.200> is<00:31:47.279> in<00:31:47.440> humans<00:31:48.640> but<00:31:48.880> actually 00:31:49.190 --> 00:31:49.200 align:start position:0% ants as there is in humans but actually 00:31:49.200 --> 00:31:50.950 align:start position:0% ants as there is in humans but actually what 00:31:50.950 --> 00:31:50.960 align:start position:0% what 00:31:50.960 --> 00:31:53.269 align:start position:0% what what<00:31:51.279> what<00:31:51.519> the<00:31:52.320> end<00:31:52.559> result<00:31:52.960> is<00:31:53.120> if<00:31:53.200> you 00:31:53.269 --> 00:31:53.279 align:start position:0% what what the end result is if you 00:31:53.279 --> 00:31:54.710 align:start position:0% what what the end result is if you assume<00:31:53.600> homogeneity 00:31:54.710 --> 00:31:54.720 align:start position:0% assume homogeneity 00:31:54.720 --> 00:31:56.870 align:start position:0% assume homogeneity then<00:31:54.880> the<00:31:55.039> kinds<00:31:55.279> of<00:31:55.360> solutions<00:31:55.840> that<00:31:56.080> work 00:31:56.870 --> 00:31:56.880 align:start position:0% then the kinds of solutions that work 00:31:56.880 --> 00:31:59.029 align:start position:0% then the kinds of solutions that work are<00:31:57.039> ones<00:31:57.360> that<00:31:57.440> are<00:31:57.519> fairly<00:31:57.919> robust 00:31:59.029 --> 00:31:59.039 align:start position:0% are ones that are fairly robust 00:31:59.039 --> 00:32:01.430 align:start position:0% are ones that are fairly robust and<00:31:59.120> that's<00:31:59.360> something<00:31:59.679> else<00:32:00.000> that<00:32:00.399> we<00:32:00.640> try<00:32:00.799> to 00:32:01.430 --> 00:32:01.440 align:start position:0% and that's something else that we try to 00:32:01.440 --> 00:32:03.110 align:start position:0% and that's something else that we try to realize<00:32:01.919> in<00:32:02.080> all<00:32:02.320> our 00:32:03.110 --> 00:32:03.120 align:start position:0% realize in all our 00:32:03.120 --> 00:32:06.310 align:start position:0% realize in all our uh<00:32:04.159> and<00:32:04.320> all<00:32:04.480> our<00:32:04.640> robots 00:32:06.310 --> 00:32:06.320 align:start position:0% uh and all our robots 00:32:06.320 --> 00:32:09.029 align:start position:0% uh and all our robots and<00:32:06.480> the<00:32:07.200> the<00:32:07.440> the<00:32:07.840> the<00:32:08.080> side<00:32:08.320> benefit<00:32:08.720> to<00:32:08.880> all 00:32:09.029 --> 00:32:09.039 align:start position:0% and the the the the side benefit to all 00:32:09.039 --> 00:32:09.909 align:start position:0% and the the the the side benefit to all of<00:32:09.120> this<00:32:09.360> is 00:32:09.909 --> 00:32:09.919 align:start position:0% of this is 00:32:09.919 --> 00:32:11.509 align:start position:0% of this is that<00:32:10.159> if<00:32:10.240> you<00:32:10.399> assume<00:32:10.640> homogeneity<00:32:11.360> the 00:32:11.509 --> 00:32:11.519 align:start position:0% that if you assume homogeneity the 00:32:11.519 --> 00:32:13.350 align:start position:0% that if you assume homogeneity the software<00:32:11.919> i<00:32:12.000> use<00:32:12.159> for<00:32:12.320> robot<00:32:12.720> x<00:32:12.880> can<00:32:13.039> also<00:32:13.279> be 00:32:13.350 --> 00:32:13.360 align:start position:0% software i use for robot x can also be 00:32:13.360 --> 00:32:14.070 align:start position:0% software i use for robot x can also be used<00:32:13.519> for<00:32:13.600> robot 00:32:14.070 --> 00:32:14.080 align:start position:0% used for robot 00:32:14.080 --> 00:32:20.230 align:start position:0% used for robot y<00:32:15.919> and<00:32:16.480> so<00:32:16.720> this<00:32:16.960> notion<00:32:17.200> of<00:32:17.360> anonymity<00:32:18.080> helps 00:32:20.230 --> 00:32:20.240 align:start position:0% y and so this notion of anonymity helps 00:32:20.240 --> 00:32:21.909 align:start position:0% y and so this notion of anonymity helps and<00:32:20.480> you<00:32:20.559> know<00:32:20.799> i<00:32:20.960> used<00:32:21.120> to<00:32:21.279> joke<00:32:21.519> that<00:32:21.679> when<00:32:21.840> i 00:32:21.909 --> 00:32:21.919 align:start position:0% and you know i used to joke that when i 00:32:21.919 --> 00:32:24.149 align:start position:0% and you know i used to joke that when i first<00:32:22.159> started<00:32:22.480> working<00:32:22.799> in<00:32:22.880> robotics 00:32:24.149 --> 00:32:24.159 align:start position:0% first started working in robotics 00:32:24.159 --> 00:32:25.909 align:start position:0% first started working in robotics to<00:32:24.320> do<00:32:24.480> a<00:32:24.559> one<00:32:24.799> robot<00:32:25.200> experiment<00:32:25.679> that<00:32:25.840> you 00:32:25.909 --> 00:32:25.919 align:start position:0% to do a one robot experiment that you 00:32:25.919 --> 00:32:28.149 align:start position:0% to do a one robot experiment that you need<00:32:26.240> one<00:32:26.480> student<00:32:27.120> to<00:32:27.279> do<00:32:27.519> a<00:32:27.600> two<00:32:27.760> robot 00:32:28.149 --> 00:32:28.159 align:start position:0% need one student to do a two robot 00:32:28.159 --> 00:32:29.909 align:start position:0% need one student to do a two robot experiment<00:32:28.640> you<00:32:28.720> needed<00:32:29.039> two<00:32:29.279> students 00:32:29.909 --> 00:32:29.919 align:start position:0% experiment you needed two students 00:32:29.919 --> 00:32:31.590 align:start position:0% experiment you needed two students plus<00:32:30.159> a<00:32:30.320> third<00:32:30.559> one<00:32:30.720> that<00:32:30.799> kept<00:32:31.120> track<00:32:31.360> of<00:32:31.440> how 00:32:31.590 --> 00:32:31.600 align:start position:0% plus a third one that kept track of how 00:32:31.600 --> 00:32:33.269 align:start position:0% plus a third one that kept track of how the<00:32:31.760> interactions<00:32:32.399> are<00:32:32.480> going 00:32:33.269 --> 00:32:33.279 align:start position:0% the interactions are going 00:32:33.279 --> 00:32:34.870 align:start position:0% the interactions are going well<00:32:33.600> you<00:32:33.679> can<00:32:33.840> do<00:32:34.000> the<00:32:34.159> math<00:32:34.480> if<00:32:34.559> you<00:32:34.640> do<00:32:34.720> an 00:32:34.870 --> 00:32:34.880 align:start position:0% well you can do the math if you do an 00:32:34.880 --> 00:32:36.789 align:start position:0% well you can do the math if you do an end<00:32:35.039> robot<00:32:35.440> experiment<00:32:36.000> you<00:32:36.159> need<00:32:36.320> kind<00:32:36.480> of<00:32:36.640> n 00:32:36.789 --> 00:32:36.799 align:start position:0% end robot experiment you need kind of n 00:32:36.799 --> 00:32:38.549 align:start position:0% end robot experiment you need kind of n squared<00:32:37.279> students<00:32:37.760> and 00:32:38.549 --> 00:32:38.559 align:start position:0% squared students and 00:32:38.559 --> 00:32:41.830 align:start position:0% squared students and and<00:32:38.880> if<00:32:39.360> if<00:32:39.600> n<00:32:39.840> is<00:32:41.200> if<00:32:41.279> you<00:32:41.360> don't<00:32:41.519> have<00:32:41.679> that 00:32:41.830 --> 00:32:41.840 align:start position:0% and if if n is if you don't have that 00:32:41.840 --> 00:32:43.350 align:start position:0% and if if n is if you don't have that much<00:32:42.080> money<00:32:42.399> you<00:32:42.559> don't<00:32:42.799> you<00:32:42.880> can't<00:32:43.120> do 00:32:43.350 --> 00:32:43.360 align:start position:0% much money you don't you can't do 00:32:43.360 --> 00:32:45.669 align:start position:0% much money you don't you can't do n<00:32:43.519> squared<00:32:43.840> experiments<00:32:44.640> or<00:32:45.120> end<00:32:45.279> robot 00:32:45.669 --> 00:32:45.679 align:start position:0% n squared experiments or end robot 00:32:45.679 --> 00:32:46.630 align:start position:0% n squared experiments or end robot experiments 00:32:46.630 --> 00:32:46.640 align:start position:0% experiments 00:32:46.640 --> 00:32:49.430 align:start position:0% experiments so<00:32:47.200> and<00:32:47.440> biology<00:32:47.919> again<00:32:48.240> breaks<00:32:48.559> this<00:32:49.279> it 00:32:49.430 --> 00:32:49.440 align:start position:0% so and biology again breaks this it 00:32:49.440 --> 00:32:51.350 align:start position:0% so and biology again breaks this it breaks<00:32:49.679> the<00:32:49.840> symmetry<00:32:50.399> by<00:32:50.640> saying<00:32:50.880> well 00:32:51.350 --> 00:32:51.360 align:start position:0% breaks the symmetry by saying well 00:32:51.360 --> 00:32:52.549 align:start position:0% breaks the symmetry by saying well all<00:32:51.519> you<00:32:51.600> have<00:32:51.679> to<00:32:51.760> do<00:32:51.919> is<00:32:52.000> figure<00:32:52.320> out<00:32:52.399> what 00:32:52.549 --> 00:32:52.559 align:start position:0% all you have to do is figure out what 00:32:52.559 --> 00:32:54.470 align:start position:0% all you have to do is figure out what one<00:32:52.720> robot<00:32:53.120> does<00:32:53.360> and<00:32:53.440> then<00:32:53.600> just<00:32:53.840> copy<00:32:54.159> it<00:32:54.240> for 00:32:54.470 --> 00:32:54.480 align:start position:0% one robot does and then just copy it for 00:32:54.480 --> 00:32:55.430 align:start position:0% one robot does and then just copy it for everyone 00:32:55.430 --> 00:32:55.440 align:start position:0% everyone 00:32:55.440 --> 00:32:57.430 align:start position:0% everyone and<00:32:55.600> so<00:32:55.760> that<00:32:55.919> was<00:32:56.080> a<00:32:56.159> big<00:32:56.399> paradigm<00:32:56.960> shift<00:32:57.279> for 00:32:57.430 --> 00:32:57.440 align:start position:0% and so that was a big paradigm shift for 00:32:57.440 --> 00:32:59.350 align:start position:0% and so that was a big paradigm shift for us<00:32:57.760> and<00:32:58.159> how<00:32:58.320> we<00:32:58.559> thought<00:32:58.720> about<00:32:58.960> robot 00:32:59.350 --> 00:32:59.360 align:start position:0% us and how we thought about robot 00:32:59.360 --> 00:33:01.110 align:start position:0% us and how we thought about robot software 00:33:01.110 --> 00:33:01.120 align:start position:0% software 00:33:01.120 --> 00:33:02.950 align:start position:0% software and<00:33:01.279> robot<00:33:01.679> mechanics<00:33:02.240> in<00:33:02.320> the<00:33:02.399> same<00:33:02.640> problem 00:33:02.950 --> 00:33:02.960 align:start position:0% and robot mechanics in the same problem 00:33:02.960 --> 00:33:06.310 align:start position:0% and robot mechanics in the same problem in<00:33:03.360> the<00:33:03.440> same<00:33:03.919> in<00:33:04.000> the<00:33:04.159> same<00:33:04.399> vein 00:33:06.310 --> 00:33:06.320 align:start position:0% in the same in the same vein 00:33:06.320 --> 00:33:08.310 align:start position:0% in the same in the same vein how<00:33:06.480> did<00:33:06.640> you<00:33:06.880> start<00:33:07.120> looking<00:33:07.519> at<00:33:07.600> things<00:33:08.000> like 00:33:08.310 --> 00:33:08.320 align:start position:0% how did you start looking at things like 00:33:08.320 --> 00:33:09.669 align:start position:0% how did you start looking at things like ants<00:33:08.880> or 00:33:09.669 --> 00:33:09.679 align:start position:0% ants or 00:33:09.679 --> 00:33:13.029 align:start position:0% ants or biological<00:33:10.399> paradigms<00:33:12.559> well 00:33:13.029 --> 00:33:13.039 align:start position:0% biological paradigms well 00:33:13.039 --> 00:33:16.070 align:start position:0% biological paradigms well um<00:33:13.600> i<00:33:14.080> think<00:33:14.399> so<00:33:14.559> this<00:33:14.799> has<00:33:14.960> been<00:33:15.279> a<00:33:15.519> theme<00:33:15.919> i 00:33:16.070 --> 00:33:16.080 align:start position:0% um i think so this has been a theme i 00:33:16.080 --> 00:33:16.870 align:start position:0% um i think so this has been a theme i think<00:33:16.399> in 00:33:16.870 --> 00:33:16.880 align:start position:0% think in 00:33:16.880 --> 00:33:19.990 align:start position:0% think in most<00:33:18.000> robotics<00:33:18.559> research<00:33:19.440> if<00:33:19.519> you<00:33:19.679> try<00:33:19.840> to 00:33:19.990 --> 00:33:20.000 align:start position:0% most robotics research if you try to 00:33:20.000 --> 00:33:22.789 align:start position:0% most robotics research if you try to build<00:33:20.320> intelligence<00:33:20.960> systems 00:33:22.789 --> 00:33:22.799 align:start position:0% build intelligence systems 00:33:22.799 --> 00:33:24.549 align:start position:0% build intelligence systems you<00:33:23.039> try<00:33:23.200> to<00:33:23.279> look<00:33:23.519> at<00:33:23.679> proofs<00:33:24.000> of<00:33:24.080> concept 00:33:24.549 --> 00:33:24.559 align:start position:0% you try to look at proofs of concept 00:33:24.559 --> 00:33:26.149 align:start position:0% you try to look at proofs of concept that<00:33:24.720> already<00:33:25.120> exists<00:33:25.519> so<00:33:25.679> i<00:33:25.760> think<00:33:25.919> you'll 00:33:26.149 --> 00:33:26.159 align:start position:0% that already exists so i think you'll 00:33:26.159 --> 00:33:29.830 align:start position:0% that already exists so i think you'll find<00:33:26.399> that<00:33:26.640> many<00:33:26.880> people<00:33:27.200> actually<00:33:27.600> do<00:33:27.760> this 00:33:29.830 --> 00:33:29.840 align:start position:0% find that many people actually do this 00:33:29.840 --> 00:33:31.990 align:start position:0% find that many people actually do this of<00:33:30.000> course<00:33:30.240> it's<00:33:30.399> very<00:33:30.640> hard<00:33:30.960> for<00:33:31.200> roboticists 00:33:31.990 --> 00:33:32.000 align:start position:0% of course it's very hard for roboticists 00:33:32.000 --> 00:33:34.070 align:start position:0% of course it's very hard for roboticists to<00:33:32.159> go<00:33:32.399> into 00:33:34.070 --> 00:33:34.080 align:start position:0% to go into 00:33:34.080 --> 00:33:37.590 align:start position:0% to go into the<00:33:34.320> field<00:33:34.799> and<00:33:34.960> study<00:33:35.360> animals 00:33:37.590 --> 00:33:37.600 align:start position:0% the field and study animals 00:33:37.600 --> 00:33:39.830 align:start position:0% the field and study animals and<00:33:37.840> so<00:33:38.080> oftentimes<00:33:38.720> this<00:33:38.960> works<00:33:39.360> if<00:33:39.519> you<00:33:39.600> can 00:33:39.830 --> 00:33:39.840 align:start position:0% and so oftentimes this works if you can 00:33:39.840 --> 00:33:42.310 align:start position:0% and so oftentimes this works if you can strike<00:33:40.159> up<00:33:40.320> good<00:33:40.559> collaborations 00:33:42.310 --> 00:33:42.320 align:start position:0% strike up good collaborations 00:33:42.320 --> 00:33:47.190 align:start position:0% strike up good collaborations and<00:33:44.640> one<00:33:44.799> of<00:33:44.880> the<00:33:44.960> people<00:33:45.279> i<00:33:45.360> work<00:33:45.600> with<00:33:45.840> is 00:33:47.190 --> 00:33:47.200 align:start position:0% and one of the people i work with is 00:33:47.200 --> 00:33:49.110 align:start position:0% and one of the people i work with is is<00:33:47.360> a<00:33:47.440> professor<00:33:47.840> in<00:33:48.000> arizona<00:33:48.480> state<00:33:48.720> stephen 00:33:49.110 --> 00:33:49.120 align:start position:0% is a professor in arizona state stephen 00:33:49.120 --> 00:33:50.630 align:start position:0% is a professor in arizona state stephen pratt<00:33:49.519> who<00:33:49.679> studies 00:33:50.630 --> 00:33:50.640 align:start position:0% pratt who studies 00:33:50.640 --> 00:33:54.549 align:start position:0% pratt who studies ants<00:33:51.120> and<00:33:51.279> end<00:33:51.519> behaviors<00:33:52.640> so<00:33:52.799> with<00:33:52.960> him 00:33:54.549 --> 00:33:54.559 align:start position:0% ants and end behaviors so with him 00:33:54.559 --> 00:33:57.669 align:start position:0% ants and end behaviors so with him we've<00:33:54.799> been<00:33:54.960> looking<00:33:55.279> at 00:33:57.669 --> 00:33:57.679 align:start position:0% 00:33:57.679 --> 00:34:00.389 align:start position:0% some<00:33:57.919> very<00:33:58.159> interesting<00:33:59.200> problems<00:33:59.600> so<00:33:59.760> one<00:34:00.000> is 00:34:00.389 --> 00:34:00.399 align:start position:0% some very interesting problems so one is 00:34:00.399 --> 00:34:01.190 align:start position:0% some very interesting problems so one is cooperative 00:34:01.190 --> 00:34:01.200 align:start position:0% cooperative 00:34:01.200 --> 00:34:04.310 align:start position:0% cooperative pre-retrieval<00:34:02.720> so<00:34:03.039> ants 00:34:04.310 --> 00:34:04.320 align:start position:0% pre-retrieval so ants 00:34:04.320 --> 00:34:07.350 align:start position:0% pre-retrieval so ants is<00:34:04.480> a<00:34:04.559> species<00:34:05.039> of<00:34:05.200> ants<00:34:06.159> that<00:34:06.960> you<00:34:07.039> know<00:34:07.200> when 00:34:07.350 --> 00:34:07.360 align:start position:0% is a species of ants that you know when 00:34:07.360 --> 00:34:08.149 align:start position:0% is a species of ants that you know when they<00:34:07.600> find 00:34:08.149 --> 00:34:08.159 align:start position:0% they find 00:34:08.159 --> 00:34:11.669 align:start position:0% they find prey<00:34:10.240> they<00:34:10.560> take<00:34:10.800> the<00:34:10.879> prey<00:34:11.200> back<00:34:11.359> to<00:34:11.440> their 00:34:11.669 --> 00:34:11.679 align:start position:0% prey they take the prey back to their 00:34:11.679 --> 00:34:13.829 align:start position:0% prey they take the prey back to their nest<00:34:11.919> as<00:34:12.000> opposed<00:34:12.320> to<00:34:12.399> eating<00:34:12.720> it<00:34:12.800> right<00:34:13.040> there 00:34:13.829 --> 00:34:13.839 align:start position:0% nest as opposed to eating it right there 00:34:13.839 --> 00:34:15.750 align:start position:0% nest as opposed to eating it right there and<00:34:14.000> oftentimes<00:34:14.879> you<00:34:14.960> know<00:34:15.119> spray<00:34:15.440> is<00:34:15.520> pretty 00:34:15.750 --> 00:34:15.760 align:start position:0% and oftentimes you know spray is pretty 00:34:15.760 --> 00:34:18.389 align:start position:0% and oftentimes you know spray is pretty big<00:34:16.639> um 00:34:18.389 --> 00:34:18.399 align:start position:0% big um 00:34:18.399 --> 00:34:21.190 align:start position:0% big um so<00:34:19.280> he<00:34:19.440> did<00:34:19.599> this<00:34:19.839> initial<00:34:20.159> experiment<00:34:20.800> with 00:34:21.190 --> 00:34:21.200 align:start position:0% so he did this initial experiment with 00:34:21.200 --> 00:34:22.550 align:start position:0% so he did this initial experiment with with<00:34:21.440> a<00:34:21.520> piece<00:34:21.760> of<00:34:22.000> fig 00:34:22.550 --> 00:34:22.560 align:start position:0% with a piece of fig 00:34:22.560 --> 00:34:25.349 align:start position:0% with a piece of fig that<00:34:22.720> was<00:34:22.960> about<00:34:24.000> 20<00:34:24.320> times<00:34:24.639> the<00:34:24.800> size<00:34:25.040> of<00:34:25.200> an 00:34:25.349 --> 00:34:25.359 align:start position:0% that was about 20 times the size of an 00:34:25.359 --> 00:34:27.270 align:start position:0% that was about 20 times the size of an individual<00:34:25.919> and<00:34:26.560> sort<00:34:26.720> of 00:34:27.270 --> 00:34:27.280 align:start position:0% individual and sort of 00:34:27.280 --> 00:34:28.790 align:start position:0% individual and sort of the<00:34:27.440> ants<00:34:27.679> sort<00:34:27.839> of<00:34:27.919> recruited<00:34:28.399> their<00:34:28.560> ants 00:34:28.790 --> 00:34:28.800 align:start position:0% the ants sort of recruited their ants 00:34:28.800 --> 00:34:30.790 align:start position:0% the ants sort of recruited their ants and<00:34:28.879> they<00:34:29.040> carried<00:34:29.359> this<00:34:29.520> thing<00:34:29.760> back 00:34:30.790 --> 00:34:30.800 align:start position:0% and they carried this thing back 00:34:30.800 --> 00:34:32.869 align:start position:0% and they carried this thing back so<00:34:30.960> we<00:34:31.119> got<00:34:31.280> this<00:34:31.520> idea<00:34:31.839> that<00:34:32.000> well<00:34:32.320> maybe<00:34:32.720> what 00:34:32.869 --> 00:34:32.879 align:start position:0% so we got this idea that well maybe what 00:34:32.879 --> 00:34:33.990 align:start position:0% so we got this idea that well maybe what we<00:34:33.040> should<00:34:33.200> do<00:34:33.440> is<00:34:33.679> to 00:34:33.990 --> 00:34:34.000 align:start position:0% we should do is to 00:34:34.000 --> 00:34:37.669 align:start position:0% we should do is to build<00:34:34.399> artificial<00:34:35.119> figs<00:34:35.599> so<00:34:35.760> that<00:34:36.000> we<00:34:36.159> can 00:34:37.669 --> 00:34:37.679 align:start position:0% build artificial figs so that we can 00:34:37.679 --> 00:34:41.109 align:start position:0% build artificial figs so that we can try<00:34:37.839> to<00:34:39.440> fix<00:34:39.760> it<00:34:39.839> or<00:34:40.480> instrument<00:34:40.879> these 00:34:41.109 --> 00:34:41.119 align:start position:0% try to fix it or instrument these 00:34:41.119 --> 00:34:42.710 align:start position:0% try to fix it or instrument these artificial<00:34:41.679> figs<00:34:41.919> so<00:34:42.079> that<00:34:42.159> you<00:34:42.320> can<00:34:42.399> actually 00:34:42.710 --> 00:34:42.720 align:start position:0% artificial figs so that you can actually 00:34:42.720 --> 00:34:43.909 align:start position:0% artificial figs so that you can actually study<00:34:42.960> the<00:34:43.119> behavior 00:34:43.909 --> 00:34:43.919 align:start position:0% study the behavior 00:34:43.919 --> 00:34:46.310 align:start position:0% study the behavior of<00:34:44.079> the<00:34:44.159> individual<00:34:44.639> ants<00:34:45.280> and<00:34:45.520> so<00:34:45.760> we<00:34:45.919> started 00:34:46.310 --> 00:34:46.320 align:start position:0% of the individual ants and so we started 00:34:46.320 --> 00:34:47.109 align:start position:0% of the individual ants and so we started working<00:34:46.639> on<00:34:46.800> this 00:34:47.109 --> 00:34:47.119 align:start position:0% working on this 00:34:47.119 --> 00:34:49.990 align:start position:0% working on this and<00:34:47.599> we<00:34:47.839> found<00:34:48.159> that<00:34:49.119> if<00:34:49.200> you<00:34:49.359> take<00:34:49.599> a<00:34:49.679> piece<00:34:49.919> of 00:34:49.990 --> 00:34:50.000 align:start position:0% and we found that if you take a piece of 00:34:50.000 --> 00:34:52.310 align:start position:0% and we found that if you take a piece of plastic<00:34:50.639> and<00:34:50.800> you<00:34:50.960> smear<00:34:51.440> fake<00:34:51.760> juice<00:34:52.079> on<00:34:52.240> it 00:34:52.310 --> 00:34:52.320 align:start position:0% plastic and you smear fake juice on it 00:34:52.320 --> 00:34:53.750 align:start position:0% plastic and you smear fake juice on it the<00:34:52.399> ants<00:34:52.639> will<00:34:52.800> carry<00:34:53.119> it 00:34:53.750 --> 00:34:53.760 align:start position:0% the ants will carry it 00:34:53.760 --> 00:34:56.389 align:start position:0% the ants will carry it and<00:34:53.839> then<00:34:54.079> if<00:34:54.159> you<00:34:54.320> build<00:34:55.440> the<00:34:55.599> plastic<00:34:56.079> to<00:34:56.240> be 00:34:56.389 --> 00:34:56.399 align:start position:0% and then if you build the plastic to be 00:34:56.399 --> 00:34:57.270 align:start position:0% and then if you build the plastic to be deformable 00:34:57.270 --> 00:34:57.280 align:start position:0% deformable 00:34:57.280 --> 00:34:59.910 align:start position:0% deformable the<00:34:57.440> ants<00:34:57.760> will<00:34:57.920> actually<00:34:58.640> stretch<00:34:59.119> it<00:34:59.680> or 00:34:59.910 --> 00:34:59.920 align:start position:0% the ants will actually stretch it or 00:34:59.920 --> 00:35:01.670 align:start position:0% the ants will actually stretch it or compress<00:35:00.400> it<00:35:00.560> as<00:35:00.640> they<00:35:00.800> move 00:35:01.670 --> 00:35:01.680 align:start position:0% compress it as they move 00:35:01.680 --> 00:35:03.910 align:start position:0% compress it as they move well<00:35:01.839> if<00:35:02.000> you<00:35:02.160> take<00:35:02.320> an<00:35:02.480> object<00:35:03.520> that's<00:35:03.760> being 00:35:03.910 --> 00:35:03.920 align:start position:0% well if you take an object that's being 00:35:03.920 --> 00:35:05.589 align:start position:0% well if you take an object that's being carried<00:35:04.240> by<00:35:04.400> multiple<00:35:04.880> people<00:35:05.119> that<00:35:05.359> actually 00:35:05.589 --> 00:35:05.599 align:start position:0% carried by multiple people that actually 00:35:05.599 --> 00:35:07.030 align:start position:0% carried by multiple people that actually stretches<00:35:06.079> and<00:35:06.160> compresses 00:35:07.030 --> 00:35:07.040 align:start position:0% stretches and compresses 00:35:07.040 --> 00:35:08.710 align:start position:0% stretches and compresses you<00:35:07.200> get<00:35:07.280> a<00:35:07.359> pretty<00:35:07.599> idea<00:35:07.839> of<00:35:08.160> good<00:35:08.400> idea<00:35:08.640> of 00:35:08.710 --> 00:35:08.720 align:start position:0% you get a pretty idea of good idea of 00:35:08.720 --> 00:35:10.710 align:start position:0% you get a pretty idea of good idea of who's<00:35:08.960> doing<00:35:09.280> what<00:35:10.000> and<00:35:10.160> so<00:35:10.320> that<00:35:10.480> was<00:35:10.640> our 00:35:10.710 --> 00:35:10.720 align:start position:0% who's doing what and so that was our 00:35:10.720 --> 00:35:11.109 align:start position:0% who's doing what and so that was our first 00:35:11.109 --> 00:35:11.119 align:start position:0% first 00:35:11.119 --> 00:35:14.310 align:start position:0% first instrument<00:35:12.720> so<00:35:13.119> passively<00:35:13.680> by<00:35:13.839> looking<00:35:14.160> at 00:35:14.310 --> 00:35:14.320 align:start position:0% instrument so passively by looking at 00:35:14.320 --> 00:35:15.349 align:start position:0% instrument so passively by looking at the<00:35:14.480> stretching<00:35:14.960> and 00:35:15.349 --> 00:35:15.359 align:start position:0% the stretching and 00:35:15.359 --> 00:35:18.630 align:start position:0% the stretching and and<00:35:16.160> compression<00:35:17.200> we<00:35:17.599> were<00:35:17.839> able<00:35:18.079> to<00:35:18.240> infer 00:35:18.630 --> 00:35:18.640 align:start position:0% and compression we were able to infer 00:35:18.640 --> 00:35:19.190 align:start position:0% and compression we were able to infer what 00:35:19.190 --> 00:35:19.200 align:start position:0% what 00:35:19.200 --> 00:35:21.349 align:start position:0% what what<00:35:19.440> ant<00:35:19.760> is<00:35:19.920> doing<00:35:20.160> what<00:35:20.720> and<00:35:20.880> we're<00:35:21.119> also 00:35:21.349 --> 00:35:21.359 align:start position:0% what ant is doing what and we're also 00:35:21.359 --> 00:35:23.190 align:start position:0% what ant is doing what and we're also able<00:35:21.520> to<00:35:21.680> track<00:35:22.079> all<00:35:22.240> the<00:35:22.400> ants 00:35:23.190 --> 00:35:23.200 align:start position:0% able to track all the ants 00:35:23.200 --> 00:35:24.630 align:start position:0% able to track all the ants that<00:35:23.359> was<00:35:23.520> sort<00:35:23.680> of<00:35:23.839> our<00:35:24.000> first<00:35:24.240> study<00:35:24.560> and 00:35:24.630 --> 00:35:24.640 align:start position:0% that was sort of our first study and 00:35:24.640 --> 00:35:26.630 align:start position:0% that was sort of our first study and that<00:35:24.800> was<00:35:25.040> kind<00:35:25.200> of<00:35:25.280> cool<00:35:26.079> um 00:35:26.630 --> 00:35:26.640 align:start position:0% that was kind of cool um 00:35:26.640 --> 00:35:29.430 align:start position:0% that was kind of cool um so<00:35:26.880> with<00:35:27.040> him<00:35:27.440> we're<00:35:27.839> also<00:35:28.160> learning<00:35:28.480> how<00:35:29.200> ants 00:35:29.430 --> 00:35:29.440 align:start position:0% so with him we're also learning how ants 00:35:29.440 --> 00:35:31.109 align:start position:0% so with him we're also learning how ants recruit<00:35:29.920> each<00:35:30.079> other<00:35:30.400> how<00:35:30.560> they<00:35:30.800> actually 00:35:31.109 --> 00:35:31.119 align:start position:0% recruit each other how they actually 00:35:31.119 --> 00:35:31.510 align:start position:0% recruit each other how they actually teach 00:35:31.510 --> 00:35:31.520 align:start position:0% teach 00:35:31.520 --> 00:35:35.270 align:start position:0% teach each<00:35:31.760> other<00:35:33.760> paths<00:35:34.320> in<00:35:34.400> a<00:35:34.480> complex<00:35:35.040> world 00:35:35.270 --> 00:35:35.280 align:start position:0% each other paths in a complex world 00:35:35.280 --> 00:35:36.870 align:start position:0% each other paths in a complex world which<00:35:35.440> is<00:35:35.599> actually 00:35:36.870 --> 00:35:36.880 align:start position:0% which is actually 00:35:36.880 --> 00:35:38.710 align:start position:0% which is actually quite<00:35:37.040> controversial<00:35:37.760> this<00:35:38.000> idea<00:35:38.320> that<00:35:38.560> a 00:35:38.710 --> 00:35:38.720 align:start position:0% quite controversial this idea that a 00:35:38.720 --> 00:35:41.190 align:start position:0% quite controversial this idea that a leader<00:35:39.040> teaches<00:35:39.440> a<00:35:39.520> follower 00:35:41.190 --> 00:35:41.200 align:start position:0% leader teaches a follower 00:35:41.200 --> 00:35:43.589 align:start position:0% leader teaches a follower how<00:35:41.359> to<00:35:41.520> go<00:35:41.680> from<00:35:41.839> point<00:35:42.079> a<00:35:42.160> to<00:35:42.320> point<00:35:42.640> b<00:35:43.359> which 00:35:43.589 --> 00:35:43.599 align:start position:0% how to go from point a to point b which 00:35:43.599 --> 00:35:45.349 align:start position:0% how to go from point a to point b which ants<00:35:43.839> supposedly<00:35:44.480> do<00:35:44.720> so<00:35:44.880> we're<00:35:45.040> trying<00:35:45.280> to 00:35:45.349 --> 00:35:45.359 align:start position:0% ants supposedly do so we're trying to 00:35:45.359 --> 00:35:46.630 align:start position:0% ants supposedly do so we're trying to verify<00:35:45.839> it<00:35:46.000> by 00:35:46.630 --> 00:35:46.640 align:start position:0% verify it by 00:35:46.640 --> 00:35:49.190 align:start position:0% verify it by by<00:35:47.040> by<00:35:47.359> creating<00:35:47.839> little<00:35:48.079> robot<00:35:48.480> ants<00:35:48.880> that 00:35:49.190 --> 00:35:49.200 align:start position:0% by by creating little robot ants that 00:35:49.200 --> 00:35:50.069 align:start position:0% by by creating little robot ants that teach 00:35:50.069 --> 00:35:50.079 align:start position:0% teach 00:35:50.079 --> 00:35:52.870 align:start position:0% teach uh<00:35:50.480> real<00:35:50.800> ants<00:35:51.200> the<00:35:51.359> wrong<00:35:51.680> path<00:35:52.400> and<00:35:52.640> see<00:35:52.800> if 00:35:52.870 --> 00:35:52.880 align:start position:0% uh real ants the wrong path and see if 00:35:52.880 --> 00:35:54.630 align:start position:0% uh real ants the wrong path and see if they<00:35:53.040> continue<00:35:53.440> to<00:35:53.520> follow<00:35:53.839> the<00:35:53.920> long<00:35:54.160> path<00:35:54.480> so 00:35:54.630 --> 00:35:54.640 align:start position:0% they continue to follow the long path so 00:35:54.640 --> 00:35:55.270 align:start position:0% they continue to follow the long path so this 00:35:55.270 --> 00:35:55.280 align:start position:0% this 00:35:55.280 --> 00:35:56.950 align:start position:0% this is<00:35:55.359> a<00:35:55.440> lot<00:35:55.599> of<00:35:55.680> interesting<00:35:56.160> stuff<00:35:56.400> you<00:35:56.560> can<00:35:56.720> do 00:35:56.950 --> 00:35:56.960 align:start position:0% is a lot of interesting stuff you can do 00:35:56.960 --> 00:35:58.870 align:start position:0% is a lot of interesting stuff you can do if<00:35:57.359> you<00:35:57.440> really<00:35:57.680> look<00:35:57.839> at<00:35:58.000> robotics<00:35:58.640> and 00:35:58.870 --> 00:35:58.880 align:start position:0% if you really look at robotics and 00:35:58.880 --> 00:36:00.390 align:start position:0% if you really look at robotics and biology 00:36:00.390 --> 00:36:00.400 align:start position:0% biology 00:36:00.400 --> 00:36:03.829 align:start position:0% biology and<00:36:01.520> at<00:36:01.760> a<00:36:02.320> high<00:36:02.560> level<00:36:02.880> we're<00:36:03.280> both<00:36:03.520> trying<00:36:03.680> to 00:36:03.829 --> 00:36:03.839 align:start position:0% and at a high level we're both trying to 00:36:03.839 --> 00:36:05.430 align:start position:0% and at a high level we're both trying to answer<00:36:04.160> the<00:36:04.240> same<00:36:04.560> questions 00:36:05.430 --> 00:36:05.440 align:start position:0% answer the same questions 00:36:05.440 --> 00:36:06.710 align:start position:0% answer the same questions and<00:36:05.599> there's<00:36:05.760> a<00:36:05.839> lot<00:36:06.000> of<00:36:06.079> synergy<00:36:06.480> you<00:36:06.560> can 00:36:06.710 --> 00:36:06.720 align:start position:0% and there's a lot of synergy you can 00:36:06.720 --> 00:36:08.550 align:start position:0% and there's a lot of synergy you can derive<00:36:07.119> from<00:36:07.280> each<00:36:07.520> other<00:36:07.760> by<00:36:07.920> just<00:36:08.160> sharing 00:36:08.550 --> 00:36:08.560 align:start position:0% derive from each other by just sharing 00:36:08.560 --> 00:36:09.589 align:start position:0% derive from each other by just sharing results 00:36:09.589 --> 00:36:09.599 align:start position:0% results 00:36:09.599 --> 00:36:12.470 align:start position:0% results and<00:36:09.839> sharing<00:36:10.839> methodologies<00:36:12.240> are<00:36:12.320> there 00:36:12.470 --> 00:36:12.480 align:start position:0% and sharing methodologies are there 00:36:12.480 --> 00:36:13.829 align:start position:0% and sharing methodologies are there other<00:36:12.720> people<00:36:12.960> that<00:36:13.040> you've<00:36:13.280> collaborated 00:36:13.829 --> 00:36:13.839 align:start position:0% other people that you've collaborated 00:36:13.839 --> 00:36:15.349 align:start position:0% other people that you've collaborated with<00:36:14.079> over<00:36:14.320> the<00:36:14.480> years 00:36:15.349 --> 00:36:15.359 align:start position:0% with over the years 00:36:15.359 --> 00:36:18.550 align:start position:0% with over the years uh<00:36:16.000> yeah<00:36:16.240> so<00:36:16.480> i<00:36:16.640> have<00:36:16.880> a<00:36:17.359> uh 00:36:18.550 --> 00:36:18.560 align:start position:0% uh yeah so i have a uh 00:36:18.560 --> 00:36:20.790 align:start position:0% uh yeah so i have a uh i<00:36:18.800> have<00:36:18.960> a<00:36:19.280> collaboration<00:36:20.320> i<00:36:20.400> have<00:36:20.560> many 00:36:20.790 --> 00:36:20.800 align:start position:0% i have a collaboration i have many 00:36:20.800 --> 00:36:22.470 align:start position:0% i have a collaboration i have many collaborations<00:36:21.440> here<00:36:21.599> at<00:36:21.760> penn 00:36:22.470 --> 00:36:22.480 align:start position:0% collaborations here at penn 00:36:22.480 --> 00:36:24.390 align:start position:0% collaborations here at penn uh<00:36:22.800> molecular<00:36:23.359> biologists<00:36:24.000> and<00:36:24.160> cell 00:36:24.390 --> 00:36:24.400 align:start position:0% uh molecular biologists and cell 00:36:24.400 --> 00:36:27.510 align:start position:0% uh molecular biologists and cell biologists 00:36:27.510 --> 00:36:27.520 align:start position:0% 00:36:27.520 --> 00:36:29.829 align:start position:0% so<00:36:27.760> some<00:36:27.920> of<00:36:28.000> the<00:36:28.240> behaviors<00:36:29.040> employed<00:36:29.520> by 00:36:29.829 --> 00:36:29.839 align:start position:0% so some of the behaviors employed by 00:36:29.839 --> 00:36:33.270 align:start position:0% so some of the behaviors employed by groups<00:36:30.079> of<00:36:30.240> molecules<00:36:30.800> groups<00:36:31.119> of<00:36:31.280> cells 00:36:33.270 --> 00:36:33.280 align:start position:0% groups of molecules groups of cells 00:36:33.280 --> 00:36:36.069 align:start position:0% groups of molecules groups of cells again<00:36:34.240> they've<00:36:34.560> developed<00:36:35.119> highly<00:36:35.520> efficient 00:36:36.069 --> 00:36:36.079 align:start position:0% again they've developed highly efficient 00:36:36.079 --> 00:36:38.310 align:start position:0% again they've developed highly efficient mechanisms 00:36:38.310 --> 00:36:38.320 align:start position:0% mechanisms 00:36:38.320 --> 00:36:42.150 align:start position:0% mechanisms to<00:36:39.040> for<00:36:39.280> example<00:36:39.920> sense<00:36:40.960> quorum 00:36:42.150 --> 00:36:42.160 align:start position:0% to for example sense quorum 00:36:42.160 --> 00:36:45.030 align:start position:0% to for example sense quorum so<00:36:42.800> how<00:36:42.960> do<00:36:43.200> how<00:36:43.359> does<00:36:43.599> a<00:36:43.680> group<00:36:43.920> of<00:36:44.000> cells 00:36:45.030 --> 00:36:45.040 align:start position:0% so how do how does a group of cells 00:36:45.040 --> 00:36:46.150 align:start position:0% so how do how does a group of cells decide 00:36:46.150 --> 00:36:46.160 align:start position:0% decide 00:36:46.160 --> 00:36:49.190 align:start position:0% decide that<00:36:47.359> itself<00:36:47.920> the<00:36:48.079> population<00:36:48.640> of<00:36:48.720> the<00:36:48.880> cell 00:36:49.190 --> 00:36:49.200 align:start position:0% that itself the population of the cell 00:36:49.200 --> 00:36:50.950 align:start position:0% that itself the population of the cell is<00:36:49.280> about<00:36:49.599> a<00:36:49.680> certain<00:36:50.079> threshold<00:36:50.560> it's<00:36:50.720> time 00:36:50.950 --> 00:36:50.960 align:start position:0% is about a certain threshold it's time 00:36:50.960 --> 00:36:51.349 align:start position:0% is about a certain threshold it's time to<00:36:51.040> now 00:36:51.349 --> 00:36:51.359 align:start position:0% to now 00:36:51.359 --> 00:36:54.630 align:start position:0% to now start<00:36:51.520> doing<00:36:51.760> something<00:36:52.160> else 00:36:54.630 --> 00:36:54.640 align:start position:0% 00:36:54.640 --> 00:36:57.589 align:start position:0% in<00:36:56.000> bacteria<00:36:56.560> there's<00:36:56.800> this<00:36:56.960> phenomenon 00:36:57.589 --> 00:36:57.599 align:start position:0% in bacteria there's this phenomenon 00:36:57.599 --> 00:36:59.270 align:start position:0% in bacteria there's this phenomenon called 00:36:59.270 --> 00:36:59.280 align:start position:0% called 00:36:59.280 --> 00:37:02.790 align:start position:0% called persistence 00:37:02.790 --> 00:37:02.800 align:start position:0% 00:37:02.800 --> 00:37:06.790 align:start position:0% where<00:37:03.680> they<00:37:04.000> they<00:37:04.240> actually<00:37:04.560> are<00:37:04.720> robust<00:37:05.760> to 00:37:06.790 --> 00:37:06.800 align:start position:0% where they they actually are robust to 00:37:06.800 --> 00:37:08.870 align:start position:0% where they they actually are robust to attacks<00:37:07.359> from<00:37:07.599> external<00:37:08.079> agents<00:37:08.560> like 00:37:08.870 --> 00:37:08.880 align:start position:0% attacks from external agents like 00:37:08.880 --> 00:37:10.630 align:start position:0% attacks from external agents like antibiotics<00:37:09.599> for<00:37:09.760> instance 00:37:10.630 --> 00:37:10.640 align:start position:0% antibiotics for instance 00:37:10.640 --> 00:37:11.910 align:start position:0% antibiotics for instance and<00:37:10.880> so<00:37:11.040> it<00:37:11.119> turns<00:37:11.440> out<00:37:11.520> there's<00:37:11.760> an 00:37:11.910 --> 00:37:11.920 align:start position:0% and so it turns out there's an 00:37:11.920 --> 00:37:14.470 align:start position:0% and so it turns out there's an underlying<00:37:12.320> behavior<00:37:13.599> called<00:37:13.839> the<00:37:14.000> stringent 00:37:14.470 --> 00:37:14.480 align:start position:0% underlying behavior called the stringent 00:37:14.480 --> 00:37:15.510 align:start position:0% underlying behavior called the stringent response<00:37:15.040> system 00:37:15.510 --> 00:37:15.520 align:start position:0% response system 00:37:15.520 --> 00:37:17.829 align:start position:0% response system that<00:37:16.160> my<00:37:16.400> colleague<00:37:16.720> harvey<00:37:17.119> rubin<00:37:17.520> has<00:37:17.680> told 00:37:17.829 --> 00:37:17.839 align:start position:0% that my colleague harvey rubin has told 00:37:17.839 --> 00:37:18.870 align:start position:0% that my colleague harvey rubin has told me<00:37:18.000> all<00:37:18.160> about 00:37:18.870 --> 00:37:18.880 align:start position:0% me all about 00:37:18.880 --> 00:37:21.270 align:start position:0% me all about and<00:37:19.040> so<00:37:19.280> we've<00:37:19.440> been<00:37:19.680> sort<00:37:19.839> of<00:37:20.079> looking<00:37:20.400> at<00:37:20.960> how 00:37:21.270 --> 00:37:21.280 align:start position:0% and so we've been sort of looking at how 00:37:21.280 --> 00:37:22.470 align:start position:0% and so we've been sort of looking at how those<00:37:21.520> kinds<00:37:21.920> of 00:37:22.470 --> 00:37:22.480 align:start position:0% those kinds of 00:37:22.480 --> 00:37:25.109 align:start position:0% those kinds of behaviors<00:37:23.119> can<00:37:23.280> be<00:37:23.920> realized<00:37:24.400> in<00:37:24.480> real<00:37:24.720> robot 00:37:25.109 --> 00:37:25.119 align:start position:0% behaviors can be realized in real robot 00:37:25.119 --> 00:37:25.829 align:start position:0% behaviors can be realized in real robot systems 00:37:25.829 --> 00:37:25.839 align:start position:0% systems 00:37:25.839 --> 00:37:27.589 align:start position:0% systems to<00:37:26.000> make<00:37:26.160> them<00:37:26.320> more<00:37:26.480> robust<00:37:27.040> and<00:37:27.119> make<00:37:27.359> them 00:37:27.589 --> 00:37:27.599 align:start position:0% to make them more robust and make them 00:37:27.599 --> 00:37:30.310 align:start position:0% to make them more robust and make them resistant<00:37:28.079> to<00:37:28.240> external<00:37:28.800> threats 00:37:30.310 --> 00:37:30.320 align:start position:0% resistant to external threats 00:37:30.320 --> 00:37:32.790 align:start position:0% resistant to external threats so<00:37:30.480> there's<00:37:30.720> those<00:37:30.960> synergies<00:37:32.160> most<00:37:32.480> most 00:37:32.790 --> 00:37:32.800 align:start position:0% so there's those synergies most most 00:37:32.800 --> 00:37:36.870 align:start position:0% so there's those synergies most most recently<00:37:33.280> we're<00:37:33.440> working<00:37:34.839> on 00:37:36.870 --> 00:37:36.880 align:start position:0% recently we're working on 00:37:36.880 --> 00:37:39.910 align:start position:0% recently we're working on micro<00:37:37.280> robots<00:37:38.480> that<00:37:38.640> are<00:37:38.800> actually<00:37:39.440> powered 00:37:39.910 --> 00:37:39.920 align:start position:0% micro robots that are actually powered 00:37:39.920 --> 00:37:41.430 align:start position:0% micro robots that are actually powered by<00:37:40.160> bacteria 00:37:41.430 --> 00:37:41.440 align:start position:0% by bacteria 00:37:41.440 --> 00:37:43.910 align:start position:0% by bacteria so<00:37:41.920> one<00:37:42.079> of<00:37:42.160> the<00:37:42.240> things<00:37:42.560> biology<00:37:43.119> has<00:37:43.680> that 00:37:43.910 --> 00:37:43.920 align:start position:0% so one of the things biology has that 00:37:43.920 --> 00:37:46.550 align:start position:0% so one of the things biology has that we've<00:37:44.160> not<00:37:44.400> exploited<00:37:44.960> is<00:37:45.119> roboticists 00:37:46.550 --> 00:37:46.560 align:start position:0% we've not exploited is roboticists 00:37:46.560 --> 00:37:49.349 align:start position:0% we've not exploited is roboticists is<00:37:46.720> this<00:37:47.040> amazing<00:37:47.440> set<00:37:47.680> of<00:37:47.839> actuators<00:37:49.200> so 00:37:49.349 --> 00:37:49.359 align:start position:0% is this amazing set of actuators so 00:37:49.359 --> 00:37:51.270 align:start position:0% is this amazing set of actuators so bacteria<00:37:49.839> have<00:37:50.000> these<00:37:50.160> flagella<00:37:50.720> that<00:37:50.880> propel 00:37:51.270 --> 00:37:51.280 align:start position:0% bacteria have these flagella that propel 00:37:51.280 --> 00:37:52.390 align:start position:0% bacteria have these flagella that propel them 00:37:52.390 --> 00:37:52.400 align:start position:0% them 00:37:52.400 --> 00:37:54.550 align:start position:0% them through<00:37:52.800> fairly<00:37:53.119> remarkable<00:37:53.760> speeds<00:37:54.320> through 00:37:54.550 --> 00:37:54.560 align:start position:0% through fairly remarkable speeds through 00:37:54.560 --> 00:37:55.510 align:start position:0% through fairly remarkable speeds through fluids 00:37:55.510 --> 00:37:55.520 align:start position:0% fluids 00:37:55.520 --> 00:37:57.109 align:start position:0% fluids and<00:37:55.920> so<00:37:56.079> the<00:37:56.240> idea<00:37:56.480> is<00:37:56.640> if<00:37:56.720> we<00:37:56.800> take<00:37:56.960> these 00:37:57.109 --> 00:37:57.119 align:start position:0% and so the idea is if we take these 00:37:57.119 --> 00:37:59.190 align:start position:0% and so the idea is if we take these bacteria<00:37:57.599> and<00:37:57.760> we<00:37:57.839> attach<00:37:58.160> them<00:37:58.320> to<00:37:58.400> a<00:37:58.480> robot 00:37:59.190 --> 00:37:59.200 align:start position:0% bacteria and we attach them to a robot 00:37:59.200 --> 00:38:01.430 align:start position:0% bacteria and we attach them to a robot and<00:37:59.359> we<00:37:59.520> get<00:37:59.599> them<00:37:59.839> to<00:38:00.079> swim<00:38:00.480> the<00:38:00.560> way<00:38:00.720> we<00:38:00.880> want 00:38:01.430 --> 00:38:01.440 align:start position:0% and we get them to swim the way we want 00:38:01.440 --> 00:38:02.630 align:start position:0% and we get them to swim the way we want well<00:38:01.680> we've<00:38:01.839> got<00:38:02.000> a<00:38:02.079> robot 00:38:02.630 --> 00:38:02.640 align:start position:0% well we've got a robot 00:38:02.640 --> 00:38:04.390 align:start position:0% well we've got a robot a<00:38:02.720> small<00:38:03.040> robot<00:38:03.359> that<00:38:03.520> can<00:38:03.680> swim<00:38:03.920> the<00:38:04.079> way<00:38:04.240> we 00:38:04.390 --> 00:38:04.400 align:start position:0% a small robot that can swim the way we 00:38:04.400 --> 00:38:06.550 align:start position:0% a small robot that can swim the way we want 00:38:06.550 --> 00:38:06.560 align:start position:0% want 00:38:06.560 --> 00:38:09.030 align:start position:0% want and<00:38:06.720> so<00:38:06.880> we've<00:38:07.040> been<00:38:07.920> doing<00:38:08.240> that<00:38:08.480> in<00:38:08.640> the<00:38:08.720> lab 00:38:09.030 --> 00:38:09.040 align:start position:0% and so we've been doing that in the lab 00:38:09.040 --> 00:38:10.069 align:start position:0% and so we've been doing that in the lab so<00:38:09.280> there's<00:38:09.520> this 00:38:10.069 --> 00:38:10.079 align:start position:0% so there's this 00:38:10.079 --> 00:38:10.950 align:start position:0% so there's this there's<00:38:10.320> a<00:38:10.320> lot<00:38:10.480> of<00:38:10.640> interesting 00:38:10.950 --> 00:38:10.960 align:start position:0% there's a lot of interesting 00:38:10.960 --> 00:38:12.870 align:start position:0% there's a lot of interesting collaborations<00:38:11.599> we<00:38:11.680> have<00:38:12.240> right<00:38:12.480> now<00:38:12.720> with 00:38:12.870 --> 00:38:12.880 align:start position:0% collaborations we have right now with 00:38:12.880 --> 00:38:15.990 align:start position:0% collaborations we have right now with biologists<00:38:13.520> here 00:38:15.990 --> 00:38:16.000 align:start position:0% 00:38:16.000 --> 00:38:17.190 align:start position:0% who<00:38:16.160> are<00:38:16.320> some<00:38:16.480> of<00:38:16.640> the<00:38:16.839> people<00:38:17.040> you've 00:38:17.190 --> 00:38:17.200 align:start position:0% who are some of the people you've 00:38:17.200 --> 00:38:19.910 align:start position:0% who are some of the people you've collaborated<00:38:17.839> with<00:38:18.880> previously<00:38:19.520> on 00:38:19.910 --> 00:38:19.920 align:start position:0% collaborated with previously on 00:38:19.920 --> 00:38:23.670 align:start position:0% collaborated with previously on other<00:38:21.440> projects 00:38:23.670 --> 00:38:23.680 align:start position:0% other projects 00:38:23.680 --> 00:38:26.710 align:start position:0% other projects uh<00:38:24.240> i<00:38:24.400> have<00:38:24.560> too<00:38:24.720> many<00:38:25.040> of<00:38:25.119> these<00:38:25.839> i<00:38:26.160> look<00:38:26.400> up<00:38:26.480> my 00:38:26.710 --> 00:38:26.720 align:start position:0% uh i have too many of these i look up my 00:38:26.720 --> 00:38:29.190 align:start position:0% uh i have too many of these i look up my list 00:38:29.190 --> 00:38:29.200 align:start position:0% 00:38:29.200 --> 00:38:30.710 align:start position:0% i<00:38:29.280> mean<00:38:29.520> some<00:38:29.680> of<00:38:29.760> the<00:38:29.920> ones<00:38:30.160> that<00:38:30.320> kind<00:38:30.480> of 00:38:30.710 --> 00:38:30.720 align:start position:0% i mean some of the ones that kind of 00:38:30.720 --> 00:38:32.550 align:start position:0% i mean some of the ones that kind of stick<00:38:31.040> in<00:38:31.119> your<00:38:31.359> head<00:38:31.599> as<00:38:31.920> people<00:38:32.160> that<00:38:32.320> you've 00:38:32.550 --> 00:38:32.560 align:start position:0% stick in your head as people that you've 00:38:32.560 --> 00:38:33.670 align:start position:0% stick in your head as people that you've worked<00:38:32.800> with<00:38:32.960> a<00:38:33.040> lot<00:38:33.280> or 00:38:33.670 --> 00:38:33.680 align:start position:0% worked with a lot or 00:38:33.680 --> 00:38:37.510 align:start position:0% worked with a lot or you've<00:38:33.920> had<00:38:34.960> very<00:38:35.680> fruitful<00:38:36.480> collaborations 00:38:37.510 --> 00:38:37.520 align:start position:0% you've had very fruitful collaborations 00:38:37.520 --> 00:38:39.510 align:start position:0% you've had very fruitful collaborations well<00:38:37.839> yeah<00:38:38.079> certainly<00:38:38.480> so<00:38:38.800> i<00:38:38.880> think<00:38:39.119> penn<00:38:39.359> is<00:38:39.440> a 00:38:39.510 --> 00:38:39.520 align:start position:0% well yeah certainly so i think penn is a 00:38:39.520 --> 00:38:41.030 align:start position:0% well yeah certainly so i think penn is a very<00:38:39.760> collaborative<00:38:40.320> place<00:38:40.560> a<00:38:40.720> lot<00:38:40.880> of 00:38:41.030 --> 00:38:41.040 align:start position:0% very collaborative place a lot of 00:38:41.040 --> 00:38:43.349 align:start position:0% very collaborative place a lot of colleagues<00:38:41.520> here 00:38:43.349 --> 00:38:43.359 align:start position:0% colleagues here 00:38:43.359 --> 00:38:48.310 align:start position:0% colleagues here that<00:38:43.760> we<00:38:44.000> work<00:38:44.240> with<00:38:44.720> a<00:38:45.440> group<00:38:45.680> works<00:38:46.000> with 00:38:48.310 --> 00:38:48.320 align:start position:0% 00:38:48.320 --> 00:38:49.750 align:start position:0% one<00:38:48.480> of<00:38:48.560> the<00:38:48.640> things<00:38:48.880> that's<00:38:49.200> that's<00:38:49.520> nice 00:38:49.750 --> 00:38:49.760 align:start position:0% one of the things that's that's nice 00:38:49.760 --> 00:38:52.470 align:start position:0% one of the things that's that's nice about<00:38:50.000> pen<00:38:50.320> is<00:38:51.040> we're<00:38:51.280> very<00:38:51.520> small 00:38:52.470 --> 00:38:52.480 align:start position:0% about pen is we're very small 00:38:52.480 --> 00:38:55.589 align:start position:0% about pen is we're very small so<00:38:52.640> if<00:38:52.960> if<00:38:53.119> you're<00:38:53.440> small<00:38:54.960> you<00:38:55.119> don't<00:38:55.280> have<00:38:55.440> too 00:38:55.589 --> 00:38:55.599 align:start position:0% so if if you're small you don't have too 00:38:55.599 --> 00:38:57.510 align:start position:0% so if if you're small you don't have too many<00:38:55.760> people<00:38:56.000> doing<00:38:56.240> the<00:38:56.320> same<00:38:56.560> thing 00:38:57.510 --> 00:38:57.520 align:start position:0% many people doing the same thing 00:38:57.520 --> 00:38:58.950 align:start position:0% many people doing the same thing and<00:38:57.760> if<00:38:57.920> you<00:38:58.000> don't<00:38:58.240> have<00:38:58.400> too<00:38:58.560> many<00:38:58.720> people 00:38:58.950 --> 00:38:58.960 align:start position:0% and if you don't have too many people 00:38:58.960 --> 00:39:00.470 align:start position:0% and if you don't have too many people doing<00:38:59.119> the<00:38:59.200> same<00:38:59.440> thing<00:38:59.680> you<00:38:59.920> talk<00:39:00.079> to<00:39:00.240> people 00:39:00.470 --> 00:39:00.480 align:start position:0% doing the same thing you talk to people 00:39:00.480 --> 00:39:02.150 align:start position:0% doing the same thing you talk to people who<00:39:00.640> do<00:39:00.880> different<00:39:01.200> things 00:39:02.150 --> 00:39:02.160 align:start position:0% who do different things 00:39:02.160 --> 00:39:04.710 align:start position:0% who do different things and<00:39:02.720> that<00:39:03.280> sparks<00:39:03.839> the<00:39:04.000> really<00:39:04.240> interesting 00:39:04.710 --> 00:39:04.720 align:start position:0% and that sparks the really interesting 00:39:04.720 --> 00:39:06.870 align:start position:0% and that sparks the really interesting collaborations 00:39:06.870 --> 00:39:06.880 align:start position:0% collaborations 00:39:06.880 --> 00:39:09.270 align:start position:0% collaborations so<00:39:07.440> we<00:39:07.599> have<00:39:07.760> an<00:39:07.920> extraordinary<00:39:08.720> controls 00:39:09.270 --> 00:39:09.280 align:start position:0% so we have an extraordinary controls 00:39:09.280 --> 00:39:10.310 align:start position:0% so we have an extraordinary controls group<00:39:09.520> here 00:39:10.310 --> 00:39:10.320 align:start position:0% group here 00:39:10.320 --> 00:39:13.349 align:start position:0% group here we<00:39:10.480> have<00:39:10.640> a<00:39:10.800> great<00:39:11.280> vision<00:39:11.599> group<00:39:11.920> here<00:39:12.800> and<00:39:13.119> so 00:39:13.349 --> 00:39:13.359 align:start position:0% we have a great vision group here and so 00:39:13.359 --> 00:39:14.310 align:start position:0% we have a great vision group here and so there's<00:39:13.520> a<00:39:13.599> lot<00:39:13.760> of<00:39:13.920> interesting 00:39:14.310 --> 00:39:14.320 align:start position:0% there's a lot of interesting 00:39:14.320 --> 00:39:16.069 align:start position:0% there's a lot of interesting collaborations<00:39:14.960> there<00:39:15.280> we<00:39:15.520> also<00:39:15.760> as<00:39:15.920> i've 00:39:16.069 --> 00:39:16.079 align:start position:0% collaborations there we also as i've 00:39:16.079 --> 00:39:16.710 align:start position:0% collaborations there we also as i've said 00:39:16.710 --> 00:39:16.720 align:start position:0% said 00:39:16.720 --> 00:39:18.950 align:start position:0% said have<00:39:16.960> a<00:39:17.599> excellent<00:39:18.079> medical<00:39:18.480> school<00:39:18.880> and 00:39:18.950 --> 00:39:18.960 align:start position:0% have a excellent medical school and 00:39:18.960 --> 00:39:21.510 align:start position:0% have a excellent medical school and biologists<00:39:19.680> who<00:39:19.839> we<00:39:20.000> collaborate<00:39:20.560> with<00:39:20.800> here 00:39:21.510 --> 00:39:21.520 align:start position:0% biologists who we collaborate with here 00:39:21.520 --> 00:39:23.750 align:start position:0% biologists who we collaborate with here so<00:39:21.680> i<00:39:21.760> can<00:39:22.320> give<00:39:22.560> you<00:39:22.720> names<00:39:23.040> of<00:39:23.280> some<00:39:23.440> of<00:39:23.520> these 00:39:23.750 --> 00:39:23.760 align:start position:0% so i can give you names of some of these 00:39:23.760 --> 00:39:26.829 align:start position:0% so i can give you names of some of these people<00:39:24.079> if<00:39:24.400> if<00:39:24.480> that<00:39:24.720> would<00:39:24.960> interest<00:39:25.280> you 00:39:26.829 --> 00:39:26.839 align:start position:0% people if if that would interest you 00:39:26.839 --> 00:39:29.829 align:start position:0% people if if that would interest you um<00:39:28.320> okay<00:39:28.640> um 00:39:29.829 --> 00:39:29.839 align:start position:0% um okay um 00:39:29.839 --> 00:39:31.910 align:start position:0% um okay um yeah<00:39:30.000> and<00:39:30.160> also<00:39:30.720> any<00:39:31.040> students<00:39:31.359> you've<00:39:31.599> had 00:39:31.910 --> 00:39:31.920 align:start position:0% yeah and also any students you've had 00:39:31.920 --> 00:39:33.190 align:start position:0% yeah and also any students you've had who've<00:39:32.160> been 00:39:33.190 --> 00:39:33.200 align:start position:0% who've been 00:39:33.200 --> 00:39:36.150 align:start position:0% who've been moved<00:39:33.520> on<00:39:33.680> to<00:39:33.839> be<00:39:34.079> a<00:39:34.640> professor<00:39:35.119> as<00:39:35.359> well<00:39:35.599> oh<00:39:36.079> i 00:39:36.150 --> 00:39:36.160 align:start position:0% moved on to be a professor as well oh i 00:39:36.160 --> 00:39:36.950 align:start position:0% moved on to be a professor as well oh i mean<00:39:36.400> i<00:39:36.640> have 00:39:36.950 --> 00:39:36.960 align:start position:0% mean i have 00:39:36.960 --> 00:39:39.349 align:start position:0% mean i have i<00:39:37.119> have<00:39:37.359> lots<00:39:37.599> of<00:39:37.760> students<00:39:38.400> um<00:39:38.880> how<00:39:39.040> much<00:39:39.200> time 00:39:39.349 --> 00:39:39.359 align:start position:0% i have lots of students um how much time 00:39:39.359 --> 00:39:41.430 align:start position:0% i have lots of students um how much time do<00:39:39.520> we<00:39:39.599> have 00:39:41.430 --> 00:39:41.440 align:start position:0% do we have 00:39:41.440 --> 00:39:44.710 align:start position:0% do we have um<00:39:42.720> i<00:39:42.880> have<00:39:43.040> to<00:39:43.119> say<00:39:43.359> that's<00:39:43.599> the<00:39:43.839> one<00:39:44.320> part<00:39:44.560> of 00:39:44.710 --> 00:39:44.720 align:start position:0% um i have to say that's the one part of 00:39:44.720 --> 00:39:47.030 align:start position:0% um i have to say that's the one part of my<00:39:44.880> job<00:39:45.200> that<00:39:45.359> i<00:39:45.599> i<00:39:46.000> really<00:39:46.320> enjoy<00:39:46.720> which<00:39:46.880> is 00:39:47.030 --> 00:39:47.040 align:start position:0% my job that i i really enjoy which is 00:39:47.040 --> 00:39:48.950 align:start position:0% my job that i i really enjoy which is working<00:39:47.280> with<00:39:47.440> doctoral<00:39:47.920> students 00:39:48.950 --> 00:39:48.960 align:start position:0% working with doctoral students 00:39:48.960 --> 00:39:52.870 align:start position:0% working with doctoral students um<00:39:51.920> you<00:39:52.000> know<00:39:52.240> you 00:39:52.870 --> 00:39:52.880 align:start position:0% um you know you 00:39:52.880 --> 00:39:54.710 align:start position:0% um you know you when<00:39:53.040> you<00:39:53.280> when<00:39:53.440> you<00:39:54.000> we<00:39:54.160> work<00:39:54.320> hard<00:39:54.560> at 00:39:54.710 --> 00:39:54.720 align:start position:0% when you when you we work hard at 00:39:54.720 --> 00:39:56.150 align:start position:0% when you when you we work hard at recruiting<00:39:55.119> doctoral<00:39:55.520> students<00:39:55.920> and 00:39:56.150 --> 00:39:56.160 align:start position:0% recruiting doctoral students and 00:39:56.160 --> 00:39:58.630 align:start position:0% recruiting doctoral students and i<00:39:56.320> just<00:39:56.560> enjoy<00:39:56.880> the<00:39:57.040> process<00:39:57.920> because<00:39:58.560> you 00:39:58.630 --> 00:39:58.640 align:start position:0% i just enjoy the process because you 00:39:58.640 --> 00:39:59.349 align:start position:0% i just enjoy the process because you know<00:39:58.800> you 00:39:59.349 --> 00:39:59.359 align:start position:0% know you 00:39:59.359 --> 00:40:02.790 align:start position:0% know you you<00:39:59.599> try<00:39:59.839> to<00:39:59.920> attract<00:40:00.240> the<00:40:00.320> top<00:40:00.640> people<00:40:01.760> um 00:40:02.790 --> 00:40:02.800 align:start position:0% you try to attract the top people um 00:40:02.800 --> 00:40:05.990 align:start position:0% you try to attract the top people um and<00:40:03.040> they're<00:40:03.280> like<00:40:03.680> um 00:40:05.990 --> 00:40:06.000 align:start position:0% and they're like um 00:40:06.000 --> 00:40:08.230 align:start position:0% and they're like um you<00:40:06.160> know<00:40:06.319> uncut<00:40:06.880> stones<00:40:07.440> and<00:40:07.520> then<00:40:07.920> all<00:40:08.079> you 00:40:08.230 --> 00:40:08.240 align:start position:0% you know uncut stones and then all you 00:40:08.240 --> 00:40:09.990 align:start position:0% you know uncut stones and then all you have<00:40:08.319> to<00:40:08.400> do<00:40:08.839> is 00:40:09.990 --> 00:40:10.000 align:start position:0% have to do is 00:40:10.000 --> 00:40:12.630 align:start position:0% have to do is hone<00:40:10.319> them<00:40:10.960> right<00:40:11.359> until<00:40:11.680> the<00:40:11.839> stones<00:40:12.240> become 00:40:12.630 --> 00:40:12.640 align:start position:0% hone them right until the stones become 00:40:12.640 --> 00:40:13.510 align:start position:0% hone them right until the stones become gems 00:40:13.510 --> 00:40:13.520 align:start position:0% gems 00:40:13.520 --> 00:40:15.349 align:start position:0% gems and<00:40:13.680> so<00:40:13.839> this<00:40:14.079> is<00:40:14.480> so<00:40:14.640> this<00:40:14.800> is<00:40:14.880> a<00:40:15.040> this<00:40:15.200> is<00:40:15.280> a 00:40:15.349 --> 00:40:15.359 align:start position:0% and so this is so this is a this is a 00:40:15.359 --> 00:40:16.630 align:start position:0% and so this is so this is a this is a part<00:40:15.599> that<00:40:15.760> i<00:40:15.839> enjoy<00:40:16.160> a<00:40:16.240> lot 00:40:16.630 --> 00:40:16.640 align:start position:0% part that i enjoy a lot 00:40:16.640 --> 00:40:20.230 align:start position:0% part that i enjoy a lot um<00:40:18.240> i've<00:40:18.480> had 00:40:20.230 --> 00:40:20.240 align:start position:0% um i've had 00:40:20.240 --> 00:40:24.470 align:start position:0% um i've had uh<00:40:20.800> you<00:40:20.880> know<00:40:21.119> close<00:40:21.440> to<00:40:22.839> um 00:40:24.470 --> 00:40:24.480 align:start position:0% uh you know close to um 00:40:24.480 --> 00:40:27.990 align:start position:0% uh you know close to um i<00:40:24.560> think<00:40:24.800> i<00:40:24.880> would<00:40:25.040> say<00:40:25.200> 30<00:40:25.520> phd<00:40:26.079> students<00:40:27.280> and 00:40:27.990 --> 00:40:28.000 align:start position:0% i think i would say 30 phd students and 00:40:28.000 --> 00:40:30.150 align:start position:0% i think i would say 30 phd students and a<00:40:28.079> good<00:40:28.319> fraction<00:40:28.720> of<00:40:28.800> them<00:40:29.119> are<00:40:29.280> in<00:40:29.440> academia 00:40:30.150 --> 00:40:30.160 align:start position:0% a good fraction of them are in academia 00:40:30.160 --> 00:40:31.430 align:start position:0% a good fraction of them are in academia themselves 00:40:31.430 --> 00:40:31.440 align:start position:0% themselves 00:40:31.440 --> 00:40:34.790 align:start position:0% themselves um<00:40:33.040> and<00:40:33.680> several<00:40:34.000> postdocs<00:40:34.560> to 00:40:34.790 --> 00:40:34.800 align:start position:0% um and several postdocs to 00:40:34.800 --> 00:40:37.270 align:start position:0% um and several postdocs to be<00:40:35.040> close<00:40:35.200> to<00:40:35.359> maybe<00:40:35.760> 20<00:40:36.400> again<00:40:36.720> many<00:40:36.960> of<00:40:37.040> them 00:40:37.270 --> 00:40:37.280 align:start position:0% be close to maybe 20 again many of them 00:40:37.280 --> 00:40:38.470 align:start position:0% be close to maybe 20 again many of them are<00:40:37.440> in 00:40:38.470 --> 00:40:38.480 align:start position:0% are in 00:40:38.480 --> 00:40:41.589 align:start position:0% are in academia<00:40:40.000> and<00:40:40.160> the<00:40:40.319> reason<00:40:40.560> i<00:40:41.040> single<00:40:41.359> out<00:40:41.520> the 00:40:41.589 --> 00:40:41.599 align:start position:0% academia and the reason i single out the 00:40:41.599 --> 00:40:43.109 align:start position:0% academia and the reason i single out the ones<00:40:41.839> that<00:40:42.000> are<00:40:42.079> in<00:40:42.240> academia 00:40:43.109 --> 00:40:43.119 align:start position:0% ones that are in academia 00:40:43.119 --> 00:40:45.030 align:start position:0% ones that are in academia actually<00:40:43.359> haven't<00:40:43.520> singled<00:40:43.839> them<00:40:44.000> out<00:40:44.160> but<00:40:44.880> i 00:40:45.030 --> 00:40:45.040 align:start position:0% actually haven't singled them out but i 00:40:45.040 --> 00:40:48.309 align:start position:0% actually haven't singled them out but i mentioned<00:40:45.440> that<00:40:45.680> is<00:40:45.760> because 00:40:48.309 --> 00:40:48.319 align:start position:0% 00:40:48.319 --> 00:40:51.430 align:start position:0% i<00:40:48.480> think<00:40:48.640> you<00:40:48.800> know<00:40:49.040> they<00:40:50.640> i<00:40:50.720> think<00:40:51.200> i've 00:40:51.430 --> 00:40:51.440 align:start position:0% i think you know they i think i've 00:40:51.440 --> 00:40:52.069 align:start position:0% i think you know they i think i've transmitted 00:40:52.069 --> 00:40:52.079 align:start position:0% transmitted 00:40:52.079 --> 00:40:53.910 align:start position:0% transmitted my<00:40:52.240> love<00:40:52.560> for<00:40:52.800> sort<00:40:52.960> of<00:40:53.040> supervising<00:40:53.680> other 00:40:53.910 --> 00:40:53.920 align:start position:0% my love for sort of supervising other 00:40:53.920 --> 00:40:55.349 align:start position:0% my love for sort of supervising other students<00:40:54.240> to<00:40:54.480> them 00:40:55.349 --> 00:40:55.359 align:start position:0% students to them 00:40:55.359 --> 00:40:56.790 align:start position:0% students to them and<00:40:55.599> i<00:40:55.680> think<00:40:55.920> it's<00:40:56.079> good<00:40:56.240> that<00:40:56.400> they're<00:40:56.640> going 00:40:56.790 --> 00:40:56.800 align:start position:0% and i think it's good that they're going 00:40:56.800 --> 00:40:58.630 align:start position:0% and i think it's good that they're going on<00:40:57.040> doing<00:40:57.280> the<00:40:57.359> same<00:40:57.599> thing 00:40:58.630 --> 00:40:58.640 align:start position:0% on doing the same thing 00:40:58.640 --> 00:41:01.990 align:start position:0% on doing the same thing um<00:40:59.200> so<00:40:59.440> you<00:40:59.599> asked<00:40:59.839> who<00:41:00.160> are<00:41:00.720> so<00:41:01.359> just 00:41:01.990 --> 00:41:02.000 align:start position:0% um so you asked who are so just 00:41:02.000 --> 00:41:06.230 align:start position:0% um so you asked who are so just just<00:41:02.240> most<00:41:02.480> recently<00:41:03.200> i<00:41:03.680> had<00:41:04.400> i<00:41:04.839> had<00:41:05.839> let's<00:41:06.000> see 00:41:06.230 --> 00:41:06.240 align:start position:0% just most recently i had i had let's see 00:41:06.240 --> 00:41:08.550 align:start position:0% just most recently i had i had let's see the<00:41:06.319> last<00:41:06.560> student<00:41:06.960> to<00:41:07.200> graduate<00:41:07.680> was 00:41:08.550 --> 00:41:08.560 align:start position:0% the last student to graduate was 00:41:08.560 --> 00:41:12.069 align:start position:0% the last student to graduate was um<00:41:10.000> uh<00:41:10.480> actually<00:41:11.200> last<00:41:11.599> week 00:41:12.069 --> 00:41:12.079 align:start position:0% um uh actually last week 00:41:12.079 --> 00:41:15.109 align:start position:0% um uh actually last week um<00:41:12.960> uh<00:41:13.280> norah<00:41:13.599> ayanian<00:41:14.240> who's<00:41:14.640> uh 00:41:15.109 --> 00:41:15.119 align:start position:0% um uh norah ayanian who's uh 00:41:15.119 --> 00:41:18.550 align:start position:0% um uh norah ayanian who's uh who's<00:41:15.440> uh<00:41:16.560> she<00:41:16.800> is<00:41:17.119> um<00:41:17.760> she's<00:41:18.000> still<00:41:18.240> here 00:41:18.550 --> 00:41:18.560 align:start position:0% who's uh she is um she's still here 00:41:18.560 --> 00:41:19.030 align:start position:0% who's uh she is um she's still here she's 00:41:19.030 --> 00:41:19.040 align:start position:0% she's 00:41:19.040 --> 00:41:21.990 align:start position:0% she's wrapping<00:41:19.440> up<00:41:19.599> a<00:41:19.680> phd<00:41:20.160> student<00:41:20.880> a<00:41:21.040> phd<00:41:21.520> thesis 00:41:21.990 --> 00:41:22.000 align:start position:0% wrapping up a phd student a phd thesis 00:41:22.000 --> 00:41:23.910 align:start position:0% wrapping up a phd student a phd thesis sorry 00:41:23.910 --> 00:41:23.920 align:start position:0% sorry 00:41:23.920 --> 00:41:27.030 align:start position:0% sorry and<00:41:24.640> she's<00:41:25.520> looking<00:41:25.839> at<00:41:26.000> academic<00:41:26.480> positions 00:41:27.030 --> 00:41:27.040 align:start position:0% and she's looking at academic positions 00:41:27.040 --> 00:41:27.990 align:start position:0% and she's looking at academic positions post-doctoral 00:41:27.990 --> 00:41:28.000 align:start position:0% post-doctoral 00:41:28.000 --> 00:41:32.630 align:start position:0% post-doctoral job<00:41:28.480> opportunities 00:41:32.630 --> 00:41:32.640 align:start position:0% 00:41:32.640 --> 00:41:34.790 align:start position:0% the<00:41:32.800> one<00:41:32.960> before<00:41:33.359> that<00:41:33.599> mahmoud<00:41:34.079> salman's 00:41:34.790 --> 00:41:34.800 align:start position:0% the one before that mahmoud salman's 00:41:34.800 --> 00:41:35.750 align:start position:0% the one before that mahmoud salman's soccer<00:41:35.280> is<00:41:35.440> a 00:41:35.750 --> 00:41:35.760 align:start position:0% soccer is a 00:41:35.760 --> 00:41:39.589 align:start position:0% soccer is a p<00:41:36.000> is<00:41:36.160> a<00:41:36.240> postdoc<00:41:36.720> at<00:41:36.880> mit<00:41:38.160> um 00:41:39.589 --> 00:41:39.599 align:start position:0% p is a postdoc at mit um 00:41:39.599 --> 00:41:41.910 align:start position:0% p is a postdoc at mit um and<00:41:39.760> then<00:41:40.160> uh<00:41:40.480> before<00:41:40.880> that<00:41:41.119> spring<00:41:41.440> berman 00:41:41.910 --> 00:41:41.920 align:start position:0% and then uh before that spring berman 00:41:41.920 --> 00:41:44.309 align:start position:0% and then uh before that spring berman she's<00:41:42.160> a<00:41:42.400> postdoc<00:41:42.880> at<00:41:43.040> harvard 00:41:44.309 --> 00:41:44.319 align:start position:0% she's a postdoc at harvard 00:41:44.319 --> 00:41:46.790 align:start position:0% she's a postdoc at harvard um<00:41:45.200> i<00:41:45.280> can<00:41:45.440> go<00:41:45.599> on<00:41:45.760> and<00:41:45.920> on<00:41:46.079> i<00:41:46.240> can<00:41:46.319> give<00:41:46.480> you<00:41:46.640> all 00:41:46.790 --> 00:41:46.800 align:start position:0% um i can go on and on i can give you all 00:41:46.800 --> 00:41:48.790 align:start position:0% um i can go on and on i can give you all kinds<00:41:47.040> of<00:41:47.200> names<00:41:47.680> what<00:41:47.839> about<00:41:48.079> the<00:41:48.160> early<00:41:48.480> ones 00:41:48.790 --> 00:41:48.800 align:start position:0% kinds of names what about the early ones 00:41:48.800 --> 00:41:50.150 align:start position:0% kinds of names what about the early ones from<00:41:48.960> the<00:41:49.119> 80s 00:41:50.150 --> 00:41:50.160 align:start position:0% from the 80s 00:41:50.160 --> 00:41:53.190 align:start position:0% from the 80s so<00:41:50.400> my<00:41:50.560> very<00:41:50.880> first<00:41:51.119> phd<00:41:51.680> student<00:41:52.800> nathan 00:41:53.190 --> 00:41:53.200 align:start position:0% so my very first phd student nathan 00:41:53.200 --> 00:41:55.750 align:start position:0% so my very first phd student nathan aldrich 00:41:55.750 --> 00:41:55.760 align:start position:0% 00:41:55.760 --> 00:41:57.589 align:start position:0% was<00:41:56.079> probably<00:41:56.400> the<00:41:56.560> smartest<00:41:57.040> mechanical 00:41:57.589 --> 00:41:57.599 align:start position:0% was probably the smartest mechanical 00:41:57.599 --> 00:41:59.510 align:start position:0% was probably the smartest mechanical designer<00:41:58.160> that<00:41:58.319> i<00:41:58.400> ever<00:41:58.640> had<00:41:58.880> very<00:41:59.119> creative 00:41:59.510 --> 00:41:59.520 align:start position:0% designer that i ever had very creative 00:41:59.520 --> 00:42:01.349 align:start position:0% designer that i ever had very creative guy 00:42:01.349 --> 00:42:01.359 align:start position:0% guy 00:42:01.359 --> 00:42:03.190 align:start position:0% guy he<00:42:01.599> ended<00:42:01.839> up<00:42:01.920> doing<00:42:02.160> a<00:42:02.240> postdoc<00:42:02.800> at<00:42:02.880> woods 00:42:03.190 --> 00:42:03.200 align:start position:0% he ended up doing a postdoc at woods 00:42:03.200 --> 00:42:04.630 align:start position:0% he ended up doing a postdoc at woods hole<00:42:04.079> um 00:42:04.630 --> 00:42:04.640 align:start position:0% hole um 00:42:04.640 --> 00:42:08.069 align:start position:0% hole um oceanographic<00:42:05.440> institute<00:42:06.480> um<00:42:07.200> and 00:42:08.069 --> 00:42:08.079 align:start position:0% oceanographic institute um and 00:42:08.079 --> 00:42:10.150 align:start position:0% oceanographic institute um and then<00:42:08.319> he<00:42:08.720> ended<00:42:08.960> up<00:42:09.200> establishing<00:42:09.839> his<00:42:10.000> own 00:42:10.150 --> 00:42:10.160 align:start position:0% then he ended up establishing his own 00:42:10.160 --> 00:42:11.589 align:start position:0% then he ended up establishing his own company 00:42:11.589 --> 00:42:11.599 align:start position:0% company 00:42:11.599 --> 00:42:14.630 align:start position:0% company called<00:42:12.079> technique 00:42:14.630 --> 00:42:14.640 align:start position:0% called technique 00:42:14.640 --> 00:42:18.150 align:start position:0% called technique so<00:42:14.960> he<00:42:16.400> really<00:42:16.640> wanted<00:42:16.880> to<00:42:17.119> create<00:42:17.440> new 00:42:18.150 --> 00:42:18.160 align:start position:0% so he really wanted to create new 00:42:18.160 --> 00:42:20.470 align:start position:0% so he really wanted to create new robots<00:42:18.800> build<00:42:19.040> new<00:42:19.200> robots<00:42:19.839> and<00:42:20.079> i<00:42:20.160> think<00:42:20.319> he 00:42:20.470 --> 00:42:20.480 align:start position:0% robots build new robots and i think he 00:42:20.480 --> 00:42:25.510 align:start position:0% robots build new robots and i think he continues<00:42:20.960> to<00:42:21.119> do 00:42:25.510 --> 00:42:25.520 align:start position:0% 00:42:25.520 --> 00:42:29.510 align:start position:0% work<00:42:25.839> on<00:42:26.400> novel<00:42:28.160> devices 00:42:29.510 --> 00:42:29.520 align:start position:0% work on novel devices 00:42:29.520 --> 00:42:31.829 align:start position:0% work on novel devices uh<00:42:29.839> at<00:42:30.000> this<00:42:30.240> company<00:42:31.040> actually<00:42:31.280> he<00:42:31.520> and<00:42:31.680> his 00:42:31.829 --> 00:42:31.839 align:start position:0% uh at this company actually he and his 00:42:31.839 --> 00:42:33.670 align:start position:0% uh at this company actually he and his brother<00:42:32.240> started<00:42:32.560> this<00:42:32.800> company<00:42:33.280> that 00:42:33.670 --> 00:42:33.680 align:start position:0% brother started this company that 00:42:33.680 --> 00:42:37.670 align:start position:0% brother started this company that uh<00:42:34.720> uh<00:42:35.359> manufactured<00:42:36.160> the<00:42:36.400> high-end 00:42:37.670 --> 00:42:37.680 align:start position:0% uh uh manufactured the high-end 00:42:37.680 --> 00:42:40.950 align:start position:0% uh uh manufactured the high-end uh<00:42:38.000> scooters<00:42:39.200> you<00:42:39.280> know<00:42:39.440> these<00:42:39.839> this<00:42:40.000> is<00:42:40.160> when 00:42:40.950 --> 00:42:40.960 align:start position:0% uh scooters you know these this is when 00:42:40.960 --> 00:42:44.550 align:start position:0% uh scooters you know these this is when when<00:42:41.200> did<00:42:41.359> scooters<00:42:41.839> become<00:42:42.640> a<00:42:43.040> rage<00:42:43.520> um 00:42:44.550 --> 00:42:44.560 align:start position:0% when did scooters become a rage um 00:42:44.560 --> 00:42:48.230 align:start position:0% when did scooters become a rage um you<00:42:44.720> know<00:42:46.800> not<00:42:47.119> not<00:42:47.440> not<00:42:47.680> the<00:42:47.760> other<00:42:48.000> push 00:42:48.230 --> 00:42:48.240 align:start position:0% you know not not not the other push 00:42:48.240 --> 00:42:49.190 align:start position:0% you know not not not the other push scooters<00:42:48.560> yeah<00:42:48.720> thank<00:42:48.880> you 00:42:49.190 --> 00:42:49.200 align:start position:0% scooters yeah thank you 00:42:49.200 --> 00:42:53.270 align:start position:0% scooters yeah thank you looking<00:42:50.079> um<00:42:50.480> so<00:42:51.359> uh<00:42:51.839> they<00:42:52.160> produced 00:42:53.270 --> 00:42:53.280 align:start position:0% looking um so uh they produced 00:42:53.280 --> 00:42:54.710 align:start position:0% looking um so uh they produced what<00:42:53.520> they<00:42:53.680> called<00:42:53.920> the<00:42:54.079> rolls-royce<00:42:54.640> of 00:42:54.710 --> 00:42:54.720 align:start position:0% what they called the rolls-royce of 00:42:54.720 --> 00:42:56.230 align:start position:0% what they called the rolls-royce of scooters<00:42:55.200> so<00:42:55.280> this<00:42:55.440> is<00:42:55.520> for<00:42:55.680> people<00:42:55.920> like<00:42:56.079> you 00:42:56.230 --> 00:42:56.240 align:start position:0% scooters so this is for people like you 00:42:56.240 --> 00:42:56.950 align:start position:0% scooters so this is for people like you and<00:42:56.319> me 00:42:56.950 --> 00:42:56.960 align:start position:0% and me 00:42:56.960 --> 00:43:00.950 align:start position:0% and me so<00:42:57.119> actually<00:42:57.359> i<00:42:57.440> have<00:42:57.680> one<00:42:57.839> in<00:42:57.920> my<00:42:58.400> at<00:42:58.480> home<00:42:59.760> so 00:43:00.950 --> 00:43:00.960 align:start position:0% so actually i have one in my at home so 00:43:00.960 --> 00:43:03.109 align:start position:0% so actually i have one in my at home so a<00:43:01.119> really<00:43:01.440> nice<00:43:01.599> scooter<00:43:01.920> is<00:43:02.079> made<00:43:02.319> out<00:43:02.480> of 00:43:03.109 --> 00:43:03.119 align:start position:0% a really nice scooter is made out of 00:43:03.119 --> 00:43:03.990 align:start position:0% a really nice scooter is made out of solid<00:43:03.599> stuff 00:43:03.990 --> 00:43:04.000 align:start position:0% solid stuff 00:43:04.000 --> 00:43:06.069 align:start position:0% solid stuff not<00:43:04.240> not<00:43:04.480> this<00:43:04.640> made<00:43:04.880> in<00:43:05.040> china<00:43:05.440> kind<00:43:05.599> of<00:43:05.760> a 00:43:06.069 --> 00:43:06.079 align:start position:0% not not this made in china kind of a 00:43:06.079 --> 00:43:08.150 align:start position:0% not not this made in china kind of a production<00:43:06.640> model 00:43:08.150 --> 00:43:08.160 align:start position:0% production model 00:43:08.160 --> 00:43:09.910 align:start position:0% production model so<00:43:08.400> they<00:43:08.560> made<00:43:08.800> those<00:43:09.040> they<00:43:09.200> made<00:43:09.440> electric 00:43:09.910 --> 00:43:09.920 align:start position:0% so they made those they made electric 00:43:09.920 --> 00:43:11.750 align:start position:0% so they made those they made electric bikes<00:43:10.240> long<00:43:10.480> before<00:43:10.800> electric<00:43:11.200> bikes<00:43:11.520> were<00:43:11.680> a 00:43:11.750 --> 00:43:11.760 align:start position:0% bikes long before electric bikes were a 00:43:11.760 --> 00:43:11.990 align:start position:0% bikes long before electric bikes were a big 00:43:11.990 --> 00:43:12.000 align:start position:0% big 00:43:12.000 --> 00:43:15.030 align:start position:0% big thing<00:43:12.560> now<00:43:12.800> of<00:43:12.880> course<00:43:13.119> you<00:43:13.280> go<00:43:13.440> to<00:43:14.480> shanghai 00:43:15.030 --> 00:43:15.040 align:start position:0% thing now of course you go to shanghai 00:43:15.040 --> 00:43:15.589 align:start position:0% thing now of course you go to shanghai and 00:43:15.589 --> 00:43:15.599 align:start position:0% and 00:43:15.599 --> 00:43:18.150 align:start position:0% and any<00:43:15.920> snapshot<00:43:16.480> you<00:43:16.640> take<00:43:16.880> will<00:43:17.040> have<00:43:17.359> seven<00:43:17.760> or 00:43:18.150 --> 00:43:18.160 align:start position:0% any snapshot you take will have seven or 00:43:18.160 --> 00:43:20.870 align:start position:0% any snapshot you take will have seven or ten<00:43:18.480> electric<00:43:18.880> bikes<00:43:19.200> in<00:43:19.280> it 00:43:20.870 --> 00:43:20.880 align:start position:0% ten electric bikes in it 00:43:20.880 --> 00:43:24.230 align:start position:0% ten electric bikes in it so<00:43:22.000> so<00:43:22.160> he<00:43:22.319> continues<00:43:22.800> to<00:43:22.960> do<00:43:23.599> you<00:43:23.760> know<00:43:24.000> these 00:43:24.230 --> 00:43:24.240 align:start position:0% so so he continues to do you know these 00:43:24.240 --> 00:43:25.510 align:start position:0% so so he continues to do you know these kinds<00:43:24.560> of 00:43:25.510 --> 00:43:25.520 align:start position:0% kinds of 00:43:25.520 --> 00:43:27.750 align:start position:0% kinds of things<00:43:26.240> creating<00:43:26.640> novel<00:43:27.040> products<00:43:27.520> and 00:43:27.750 --> 00:43:27.760 align:start position:0% things creating novel products and 00:43:27.760 --> 00:43:32.150 align:start position:0% things creating novel products and bringing<00:43:28.000> them<00:43:28.160> to<00:43:28.319> market 00:43:32.150 --> 00:43:32.160 align:start position:0% 00:43:32.160 --> 00:43:35.430 align:start position:0% where<00:43:32.400> is<00:43:32.480> that<00:43:33.680> it's<00:43:33.839> based<00:43:34.079> in<00:43:34.240> boston<00:43:34.800> and 00:43:35.430 --> 00:43:35.440 align:start position:0% where is that it's based in boston and 00:43:35.440 --> 00:43:37.510 align:start position:0% where is that it's based in boston and actually<00:43:35.680> i<00:43:35.760> don't<00:43:36.160> exactly<00:43:36.480> know<00:43:36.720> where<00:43:36.960> but 00:43:37.510 --> 00:43:37.520 align:start position:0% actually i don't exactly know where but 00:43:37.520 --> 00:43:40.630 align:start position:0% actually i don't exactly know where but he<00:43:37.680> is<00:43:37.839> in<00:43:37.920> the<00:43:38.000> massachusetts<00:43:38.880> area 00:43:40.630 --> 00:43:40.640 align:start position:0% he is in the massachusetts area 00:43:40.640 --> 00:43:43.109 align:start position:0% he is in the massachusetts area has<00:43:40.880> your<00:43:41.599> um<00:43:42.000> throughout<00:43:42.400> some<00:43:42.640> of<00:43:42.720> your<00:43:42.880> work 00:43:43.109 --> 00:43:43.119 align:start position:0% has your um throughout some of your work 00:43:43.119 --> 00:43:44.230 align:start position:0% has your um throughout some of your work have<00:43:43.280> you<00:43:43.440> worked<00:43:43.839> up 00:43:44.230 --> 00:43:44.240 align:start position:0% have you worked up 00:43:44.240 --> 00:43:45.990 align:start position:0% have you worked up has<00:43:44.480> it<00:43:44.560> gone<00:43:44.800> towards<00:43:45.200> particular 00:43:45.990 --> 00:43:46.000 align:start position:0% has it gone towards particular 00:43:46.000 --> 00:43:47.670 align:start position:0% has it gone towards particular applications 00:43:47.670 --> 00:43:47.680 align:start position:0% applications 00:43:47.680 --> 00:43:51.589 align:start position:0% applications um<00:43:49.200> well<00:43:50.160> i<00:43:50.240> mean<00:43:50.640> when<00:43:50.800> you<00:43:50.960> do<00:43:51.119> research 00:43:51.589 --> 00:43:51.599 align:start position:0% um well i mean when you do research 00:43:51.599 --> 00:43:52.710 align:start position:0% um well i mean when you do research obviously<00:43:52.079> you<00:43:52.240> want<00:43:52.400> to<00:43:52.480> be 00:43:52.710 --> 00:43:52.720 align:start position:0% obviously you want to be 00:43:52.720 --> 00:43:55.990 align:start position:0% obviously you want to be aware<00:43:53.040> of<00:43:53.200> applications<00:43:55.040> and<00:43:55.200> be<00:43:55.520> guided<00:43:55.839> by 00:43:55.990 --> 00:43:56.000 align:start position:0% aware of applications and be guided by 00:43:56.000 --> 00:43:57.109 align:start position:0% aware of applications and be guided by them<00:43:56.240> but<00:43:56.400> it's<00:43:56.640> it's 00:43:57.109 --> 00:43:57.119 align:start position:0% them but it's it's 00:43:57.119 --> 00:44:00.390 align:start position:0% them but it's it's it's<00:43:57.680> a<00:43:58.240> little<00:43:58.560> dangerous<00:43:58.960> to<00:43:59.119> be<00:43:59.920> obsessed 00:44:00.390 --> 00:44:00.400 align:start position:0% it's a little dangerous to be obsessed 00:44:00.400 --> 00:44:02.550 align:start position:0% it's a little dangerous to be obsessed about<00:44:00.720> applications<00:44:01.359> so<00:44:01.520> we<00:44:01.680> try<00:44:02.000> not<00:44:02.160> to<00:44:02.319> do 00:44:02.550 --> 00:44:02.560 align:start position:0% about applications so we try not to do 00:44:02.560 --> 00:44:03.349 align:start position:0% about applications so we try not to do that 00:44:03.349 --> 00:44:03.359 align:start position:0% that 00:44:03.359 --> 00:44:05.829 align:start position:0% that i<00:44:03.440> mean<00:44:03.680> ultimately<00:44:04.319> the<00:44:05.040> the<00:44:05.200> work<00:44:05.440> that<00:44:05.599> you 00:44:05.829 --> 00:44:05.839 align:start position:0% i mean ultimately the the work that you 00:44:05.839 --> 00:44:07.270 align:start position:0% i mean ultimately the the work that you do 00:44:07.270 --> 00:44:07.280 align:start position:0% do 00:44:07.280 --> 00:44:08.950 align:start position:0% do even<00:44:07.520> though<00:44:07.680> it's<00:44:07.920> an<00:44:08.079> engineering<00:44:08.560> thesis 00:44:08.950 --> 00:44:08.960 align:start position:0% even though it's an engineering thesis 00:44:08.960 --> 00:44:12.630 align:start position:0% even though it's an engineering thesis has<00:44:09.119> to<00:44:09.280> stand<00:44:09.599> on<00:44:09.760> its<00:44:09.920> own 00:44:12.630 --> 00:44:12.640 align:start position:0% 00:44:12.640 --> 00:44:15.109 align:start position:0% so<00:44:12.960> no<00:44:13.200> we<00:44:13.359> don't<00:44:13.680> particularly<00:44:14.319> think<00:44:14.560> about 00:44:15.109 --> 00:44:15.119 align:start position:0% so no we don't particularly think about 00:44:15.119 --> 00:44:17.109 align:start position:0% so no we don't particularly think about real<00:44:15.440> applications 00:44:17.109 --> 00:44:17.119 align:start position:0% real applications 00:44:17.119 --> 00:44:18.950 align:start position:0% real applications although<00:44:17.440> i<00:44:17.520> have<00:44:17.680> to<00:44:17.760> say<00:44:18.079> most<00:44:18.319> recently<00:44:18.800> the 00:44:18.950 --> 00:44:18.960 align:start position:0% although i have to say most recently the 00:44:18.960 --> 00:44:21.589 align:start position:0% although i have to say most recently the project<00:44:19.359> i'm<00:44:19.520> most<00:44:19.760> excited<00:44:20.240> about 00:44:21.589 --> 00:44:21.599 align:start position:0% project i'm most excited about 00:44:21.599 --> 00:44:23.910 align:start position:0% project i'm most excited about is<00:44:21.839> one<00:44:22.079> that<00:44:22.319> is<00:44:22.880> really<00:44:23.200> motivated<00:44:23.760> by 00:44:23.910 --> 00:44:23.920 align:start position:0% is one that is really motivated by 00:44:23.920 --> 00:44:25.270 align:start position:0% is one that is really motivated by applications 00:44:25.270 --> 00:44:25.280 align:start position:0% applications 00:44:25.280 --> 00:44:28.150 align:start position:0% applications um<00:44:25.920> so<00:44:26.560> i'm<00:44:26.720> sure<00:44:26.880> you're<00:44:27.119> all<00:44:27.280> aware<00:44:27.599> of<00:44:27.760> the 00:44:28.150 --> 00:44:28.160 align:start position:0% um so i'm sure you're all aware of the 00:44:28.160 --> 00:44:30.710 align:start position:0% um so i'm sure you're all aware of the the<00:44:28.319> tragedy<00:44:28.800> in<00:44:28.960> fukushima 00:44:30.710 --> 00:44:30.720 align:start position:0% the tragedy in fukushima 00:44:30.720 --> 00:44:34.150 align:start position:0% the tragedy in fukushima and<00:44:31.920> it's<00:44:32.160> ironic<00:44:32.720> that 00:44:34.150 --> 00:44:34.160 align:start position:0% and it's ironic that 00:44:34.160 --> 00:44:37.510 align:start position:0% and it's ironic that that<00:44:34.560> that<00:44:34.880> the<00:44:35.119> tragedy<00:44:35.599> happened<00:44:35.920> in<00:44:36.079> japan 00:44:37.510 --> 00:44:37.520 align:start position:0% that that the tragedy happened in japan 00:44:37.520 --> 00:44:39.829 align:start position:0% that that the tragedy happened in japan a<00:44:37.680> country<00:44:38.079> which<00:44:38.319> is<00:44:38.640> known<00:44:39.040> for<00:44:39.280> its 00:44:39.829 --> 00:44:39.839 align:start position:0% a country which is known for its 00:44:39.839 --> 00:44:40.870 align:start position:0% a country which is known for its robotics<00:44:40.400> work 00:44:40.870 --> 00:44:40.880 align:start position:0% robotics work 00:44:40.880 --> 00:44:43.910 align:start position:0% robotics work and<00:44:41.280> uh<00:44:41.599> yet<00:44:41.839> there<00:44:42.000> was<00:44:42.160> very<00:44:42.400> little<00:44:43.760> that 00:44:43.910 --> 00:44:43.920 align:start position:0% and uh yet there was very little that 00:44:43.920 --> 00:44:44.950 align:start position:0% and uh yet there was very little that the<00:44:44.079> experts 00:44:44.950 --> 00:44:44.960 align:start position:0% the experts 00:44:44.960 --> 00:44:46.550 align:start position:0% the experts uh<00:44:45.280> could<00:44:45.599> could<00:44:45.839> do<00:44:46.079> and<00:44:46.160> there<00:44:46.240> are<00:44:46.319> many 00:44:46.550 --> 00:44:46.560 align:start position:0% uh could could do and there are many 00:44:46.560 --> 00:44:48.069 align:start position:0% uh could could do and there are many reasons<00:44:46.880> for<00:44:47.040> that 00:44:48.069 --> 00:44:48.079 align:start position:0% reasons for that 00:44:48.079 --> 00:44:50.150 align:start position:0% reasons for that um<00:44:48.640> so<00:44:48.880> one<00:44:49.040> of<00:44:49.119> the<00:44:49.280> things<00:44:49.599> we're<00:44:50.000> really 00:44:50.150 --> 00:44:50.160 align:start position:0% um so one of the things we're really 00:44:50.160 --> 00:44:51.990 align:start position:0% um so one of the things we're really interested<00:44:50.560> in<00:44:50.640> doing<00:44:51.040> is<00:44:51.200> to 00:44:51.990 --> 00:44:52.000 align:start position:0% interested in doing is to 00:44:52.000 --> 00:44:57.349 align:start position:0% interested in doing is to bring<00:44:52.880> um<00:44:53.599> aerial<00:44:54.000> robots 00:44:57.349 --> 00:44:57.359 align:start position:0% 00:44:57.359 --> 00:45:00.309 align:start position:0% and<00:44:57.760> apply<00:44:58.000> them<00:44:58.240> to<00:44:58.400> this<00:44:58.960> setting<00:44:59.839> and<00:45:00.160> we 00:45:00.309 --> 00:45:00.319 align:start position:0% and apply them to this setting and we 00:45:00.319 --> 00:45:02.230 align:start position:0% and apply them to this setting and we also<00:45:00.560> want<00:45:00.720> to<00:45:00.800> think<00:45:00.960> about<00:45:01.200> autonomy 00:45:02.230 --> 00:45:02.240 align:start position:0% also want to think about autonomy 00:45:02.240 --> 00:45:04.470 align:start position:0% also want to think about autonomy so<00:45:02.400> one<00:45:02.560> of<00:45:02.640> the<00:45:02.839> difficulties<00:45:04.160> in<00:45:04.240> these 00:45:04.470 --> 00:45:04.480 align:start position:0% so one of the difficulties in these 00:45:04.480 --> 00:45:05.910 align:start position:0% so one of the difficulties in these kinds<00:45:04.720> of<00:45:04.800> settings<00:45:05.200> is<00:45:05.359> you<00:45:05.520> cannot 00:45:05.910 --> 00:45:05.920 align:start position:0% kinds of settings is you cannot 00:45:05.920 --> 00:45:08.550 align:start position:0% kinds of settings is you cannot teleoperate<00:45:06.640> these<00:45:06.880> robots 00:45:08.550 --> 00:45:08.560 align:start position:0% teleoperate these robots 00:45:08.560 --> 00:45:11.270 align:start position:0% teleoperate these robots you're<00:45:08.800> not<00:45:09.040> allowed<00:45:09.359> to<00:45:09.520> come<00:45:09.920> close<00:45:10.880> to<00:45:11.040> the 00:45:11.270 --> 00:45:11.280 align:start position:0% you're not allowed to come close to the 00:45:11.280 --> 00:45:12.550 align:start position:0% you're not allowed to come close to the actual<00:45:11.599> reactor<00:45:12.000> building 00:45:12.550 --> 00:45:12.560 align:start position:0% actual reactor building 00:45:12.560 --> 00:45:14.870 align:start position:0% actual reactor building because<00:45:12.880> of<00:45:13.040> radiation<00:45:14.319> dangers<00:45:14.720> with 00:45:14.870 --> 00:45:14.880 align:start position:0% because of radiation dangers with 00:45:14.880 --> 00:45:16.390 align:start position:0% because of radiation dangers with radiation 00:45:16.390 --> 00:45:16.400 align:start position:0% radiation 00:45:16.400 --> 00:45:19.190 align:start position:0% radiation second<00:45:17.200> even<00:45:17.440> if<00:45:17.599> you<00:45:17.760> come<00:45:18.000> reasonably<00:45:18.560> close 00:45:19.190 --> 00:45:19.200 align:start position:0% second even if you come reasonably close 00:45:19.200 --> 00:45:20.950 align:start position:0% second even if you come reasonably close the<00:45:19.359> communications<00:45:20.160> link<00:45:20.480> is<00:45:20.640> actually 00:45:20.950 --> 00:45:20.960 align:start position:0% the communications link is actually 00:45:20.960 --> 00:45:22.069 align:start position:0% the communications link is actually greatly<00:45:21.359> impaired<00:45:21.680> because<00:45:21.920> of 00:45:22.069 --> 00:45:22.079 align:start position:0% greatly impaired because of 00:45:22.079 --> 00:45:23.910 align:start position:0% greatly impaired because of electromagnetic<00:45:22.800> radiation 00:45:23.910 --> 00:45:23.920 align:start position:0% electromagnetic radiation 00:45:23.920 --> 00:45:25.430 align:start position:0% electromagnetic radiation so<00:45:24.079> what<00:45:24.240> that<00:45:24.400> really<00:45:24.640> means<00:45:24.960> is<00:45:25.119> you<00:45:25.200> want<00:45:25.359> a 00:45:25.430 --> 00:45:25.440 align:start position:0% so what that really means is you want a 00:45:25.440 --> 00:45:27.349 align:start position:0% so what that really means is you want a robot<00:45:25.839> that<00:45:26.000> goes<00:45:26.400> autonomously 00:45:27.349 --> 00:45:27.359 align:start position:0% robot that goes autonomously 00:45:27.359 --> 00:45:29.589 align:start position:0% robot that goes autonomously gathers<00:45:27.839> data<00:45:28.560> comes<00:45:28.960> back<00:45:29.119> to<00:45:29.280> you<00:45:29.440> and 00:45:29.589 --> 00:45:29.599 align:start position:0% gathers data comes back to you and 00:45:29.599 --> 00:45:30.950 align:start position:0% gathers data comes back to you and reports 00:45:30.950 --> 00:45:30.960 align:start position:0% reports 00:45:30.960 --> 00:45:34.309 align:start position:0% reports uh<00:45:31.359> well<00:45:33.040> it<00:45:33.200> may<00:45:33.359> not<00:45:33.520> come<00:45:33.760> back<00:45:33.920> to<00:45:34.079> you 00:45:34.309 --> 00:45:34.319 align:start position:0% uh well it may not come back to you 00:45:34.319 --> 00:45:36.710 align:start position:0% uh well it may not come back to you chances<00:45:34.720> are<00:45:34.800> that<00:45:34.960> robot<00:45:35.359> is<00:45:35.440> lost<00:45:35.680> forever 00:45:36.710 --> 00:45:36.720 align:start position:0% chances are that robot is lost forever 00:45:36.720 --> 00:45:38.390 align:start position:0% chances are that robot is lost forever but<00:45:37.119> it<00:45:37.200> has<00:45:37.440> the<00:45:37.520> data<00:45:37.839> it<00:45:37.920> gives<00:45:38.079> you<00:45:38.240> the 00:45:38.390 --> 00:45:38.400 align:start position:0% but it has the data it gives you the 00:45:38.400 --> 00:45:39.829 align:start position:0% but it has the data it gives you the data<00:45:38.640> and<00:45:38.720> then<00:45:38.960> it<00:45:39.040> dies 00:45:39.829 --> 00:45:39.839 align:start position:0% data and then it dies 00:45:39.839 --> 00:45:42.150 align:start position:0% data and then it dies right<00:45:40.079> so<00:45:40.319> we're<00:45:41.040> trying<00:45:41.359> to<00:45:41.520> explore<00:45:41.920> this 00:45:42.150 --> 00:45:42.160 align:start position:0% right so we're trying to explore this 00:45:42.160 --> 00:45:43.270 align:start position:0% right so we're trying to explore this paradigm 00:45:43.270 --> 00:45:43.280 align:start position:0% paradigm 00:45:43.280 --> 00:45:46.710 align:start position:0% paradigm uh<00:45:43.680> in<00:45:43.839> the<00:45:44.000> setting<00:45:45.200> of<00:45:45.680> you<00:45:45.839> know<00:45:46.079> buildings 00:45:46.710 --> 00:45:46.720 align:start position:0% uh in the setting of you know buildings 00:45:46.720 --> 00:45:48.630 align:start position:0% uh in the setting of you know buildings in<00:45:47.040> the<00:45:47.200> fukushima<00:45:48.000> area<00:45:48.240> we're<00:45:48.400> going<00:45:48.480> to 00:45:48.630 --> 00:45:48.640 align:start position:0% in the fukushima area we're going to 00:45:48.640 --> 00:45:51.109 align:start position:0% in the fukushima area we're going to start<00:45:48.800> with<00:45:49.040> sendai<00:45:49.520> this<00:45:49.680> summer 00:45:51.109 --> 00:45:51.119 align:start position:0% start with sendai this summer 00:45:51.119 --> 00:45:52.390 align:start position:0% start with sendai this summer send<00:45:51.440> our<00:45:51.520> robots<00:45:51.920> to<00:45:52.000> some<00:45:52.160> of<00:45:52.240> these 00:45:52.390 --> 00:45:52.400 align:start position:0% send our robots to some of these 00:45:52.400 --> 00:45:54.470 align:start position:0% send our robots to some of these collapsed<00:45:52.880> buildings<00:45:53.760> and<00:45:53.920> so<00:45:54.079> here's<00:45:54.400> a 00:45:54.470 --> 00:45:54.480 align:start position:0% collapsed buildings and so here's a 00:45:54.480 --> 00:45:56.390 align:start position:0% collapsed buildings and so here's a project<00:45:54.960> where 00:45:56.390 --> 00:45:56.400 align:start position:0% project where 00:45:56.400 --> 00:45:58.950 align:start position:0% project where uh<00:45:57.119> we<00:45:57.280> want<00:45:57.520> we<00:45:57.680> want<00:45:57.839> to<00:45:58.000> solve<00:45:58.319> this<00:45:58.560> problem 00:45:58.950 --> 00:45:58.960 align:start position:0% uh we want we want to solve this problem 00:45:58.960 --> 00:46:00.069 align:start position:0% uh we want we want to solve this problem we<00:45:59.200> want<00:45:59.359> to 00:46:00.069 --> 00:46:00.079 align:start position:0% we want to 00:46:00.079 --> 00:46:02.950 align:start position:0% we want to attack<00:46:00.480> this<00:46:00.720> application<00:46:01.359> area<00:46:02.319> and<00:46:02.800> we 00:46:02.950 --> 00:46:02.960 align:start position:0% attack this application area and we 00:46:02.960 --> 00:46:04.550 align:start position:0% attack this application area and we think<00:46:03.200> there<00:46:03.359> could<00:46:03.520> be<00:46:03.680> obvious<00:46:04.079> benefits 00:46:04.550 --> 00:46:04.560 align:start position:0% think there could be obvious benefits 00:46:04.560 --> 00:46:06.150 align:start position:0% think there could be obvious benefits here 00:46:06.150 --> 00:46:06.160 align:start position:0% here 00:46:06.160 --> 00:46:07.990 align:start position:0% here so<00:46:06.480> we're<00:46:06.880> doing<00:46:07.119> that<00:46:07.280> but<00:46:07.440> in<00:46:07.599> general<00:46:07.839> we 00:46:07.990 --> 00:46:08.000 align:start position:0% so we're doing that but in general we 00:46:08.000 --> 00:46:10.710 align:start position:0% so we're doing that but in general we don't<00:46:08.720> we<00:46:08.880> try<00:46:09.119> not<00:46:09.280> to<00:46:09.440> do<00:46:09.599> things<00:46:09.839> like<00:46:10.079> this 00:46:10.710 --> 00:46:10.720 align:start position:0% don't we try not to do things like this 00:46:10.720 --> 00:46:12.069 align:start position:0% don't we try not to do things like this do<00:46:10.800> you<00:46:10.880> work<00:46:11.119> with<00:46:11.280> any<00:46:11.599> japanese 00:46:12.069 --> 00:46:12.079 align:start position:0% do you work with any japanese 00:46:12.079 --> 00:46:14.309 align:start position:0% do you work with any japanese collaborators<00:46:13.280> yes<00:46:13.520> so<00:46:13.680> we're 00:46:14.309 --> 00:46:14.319 align:start position:0% collaborators yes so we're 00:46:14.319 --> 00:46:16.069 align:start position:0% collaborators yes so we're we've<00:46:14.560> just<00:46:14.800> started<00:46:15.200> this<00:46:15.359> collaboration<00:46:16.000> we 00:46:16.069 --> 00:46:16.079 align:start position:0% we've just started this collaboration we 00:46:16.079 --> 00:46:18.069 align:start position:0% we've just started this collaboration we have<00:46:16.160> a<00:46:16.240> pilot<00:46:16.640> grant<00:46:16.880> from<00:46:17.119> nsf<00:46:17.599> to<00:46:17.760> go 00:46:18.069 --> 00:46:18.079 align:start position:0% have a pilot grant from nsf to go 00:46:18.079 --> 00:46:21.109 align:start position:0% have a pilot grant from nsf to go visit<00:46:18.560> um<00:46:19.359> tohuku<00:46:20.079> university 00:46:21.109 --> 00:46:21.119 align:start position:0% visit um tohuku university 00:46:21.119 --> 00:46:23.430 align:start position:0% visit um tohuku university in<00:46:21.359> sendai<00:46:22.240> and<00:46:22.560> we're<00:46:22.800> going<00:46:22.880> to<00:46:22.960> perform 00:46:23.430 --> 00:46:23.440 align:start position:0% in sendai and we're going to perform 00:46:23.440 --> 00:46:30.390 align:start position:0% in sendai and we're going to perform some<00:46:23.839> preliminary<00:46:24.319> experiments<00:46:24.960> this<00:46:26.839> summer 00:46:30.390 --> 00:46:30.400 align:start position:0% 00:46:30.400 --> 00:46:33.589 align:start position:0% um<00:46:31.040> so<00:46:31.680> besides<00:46:32.240> your<00:46:32.640> own<00:46:32.880> work<00:46:33.119> we 00:46:33.589 --> 00:46:33.599 align:start position:0% um so besides your own work we 00:46:33.599 --> 00:46:35.270 align:start position:0% um so besides your own work we talked<00:46:33.920> a<00:46:34.079> little<00:46:34.240> bit<00:46:34.640> in<00:46:34.800> the<00:46:34.880> beginning 00:46:35.270 --> 00:46:35.280 align:start position:0% talked a little bit in the beginning 00:46:35.280 --> 00:46:37.430 align:start position:0% talked a little bit in the beginning about<00:46:35.440> the<00:46:35.599> grasp<00:46:36.000> lab<00:46:36.400> and<00:46:36.560> you've<00:46:37.040> also 00:46:37.430 --> 00:46:37.440 align:start position:0% about the grasp lab and you've also 00:46:37.440 --> 00:46:39.030 align:start position:0% about the grasp lab and you've also directed<00:46:38.000> the<00:46:38.240> lab 00:46:39.030 --> 00:46:39.040 align:start position:0% directed the lab 00:46:39.040 --> 00:46:41.589 align:start position:0% directed the lab for<00:46:39.599> an<00:46:39.760> extended<00:46:40.480> time<00:46:41.119> and<00:46:41.280> so<00:46:41.440> we<00:46:41.520> were 00:46:41.589 --> 00:46:41.599 align:start position:0% for an extended time and so we were 00:46:41.599 --> 00:46:43.030 align:start position:0% for an extended time and so we were wondering<00:46:41.920> if<00:46:42.079> you<00:46:42.160> could<00:46:42.319> tell<00:46:42.560> us<00:46:42.720> a<00:46:42.800> little 00:46:43.030 --> 00:46:43.040 align:start position:0% wondering if you could tell us a little 00:46:43.040 --> 00:46:44.150 align:start position:0% wondering if you could tell us a little bit<00:46:43.280> about 00:46:44.150 --> 00:46:44.160 align:start position:0% bit about 00:46:44.160 --> 00:46:46.150 align:start position:0% bit about the<00:46:44.319> development<00:46:44.800> of<00:46:44.880> the<00:46:45.040> lab<00:46:45.760> what<00:46:45.920> it<00:46:46.000> was 00:46:46.150 --> 00:46:46.160 align:start position:0% the development of the lab what it was 00:46:46.160 --> 00:46:48.550 align:start position:0% the development of the lab what it was like<00:46:46.480> when<00:46:46.880> you<00:46:46.960> know<00:46:47.119> you<00:46:47.280> got<00:46:47.599> there 00:46:48.550 --> 00:46:48.560 align:start position:0% like when you know you got there 00:46:48.560 --> 00:46:49.750 align:start position:0% like when you know you got there which<00:46:48.800> mentioned<00:46:49.040> a<00:46:49.119> bit<00:46:49.280> what<00:46:49.440> it<00:46:49.520> was<00:46:49.599> like 00:46:49.750 --> 00:46:49.760 align:start position:0% which mentioned a bit what it was like 00:46:49.760 --> 00:46:52.150 align:start position:0% which mentioned a bit what it was like when<00:46:49.920> you<00:46:50.400> took<00:46:50.640> over<00:46:50.880> the<00:46:51.040> director<00:46:51.520> to<00:46:51.760> ship 00:46:52.150 --> 00:46:52.160 align:start position:0% when you took over the director to ship 00:46:52.160 --> 00:46:53.990 align:start position:0% when you took over the director to ship and<00:46:52.720> you<00:46:52.800> know<00:46:52.960> how<00:46:53.200> it's<00:46:53.359> developed<00:46:53.839> through 00:46:53.990 --> 00:46:54.000 align:start position:0% and you know how it's developed through 00:46:54.000 --> 00:46:57.829 align:start position:0% and you know how it's developed through the<00:46:54.160> years<00:46:54.800> robotics<00:46:55.440> is<00:46:55.599> a<00:46:55.680> program 00:46:57.829 --> 00:46:57.839 align:start position:0% the years robotics is a program 00:46:57.839 --> 00:47:00.790 align:start position:0% the years robotics is a program yeah<00:46:58.079> sure<00:46:58.400> i<00:46:58.480> mean<00:46:58.960> i<00:46:59.119> think<00:46:59.440> uh<00:47:00.400> when<00:47:00.640> when 00:47:00.790 --> 00:47:00.800 align:start position:0% yeah sure i mean i think uh when when 00:47:00.800 --> 00:47:02.630 align:start position:0% yeah sure i mean i think uh when when rouge<00:47:01.040> now<00:47:01.280> was<00:47:01.440> there<00:47:01.760> she<00:47:02.000> really<00:47:02.240> had<00:47:02.480> the 00:47:02.630 --> 00:47:02.640 align:start position:0% rouge now was there she really had the 00:47:02.640 --> 00:47:04.630 align:start position:0% rouge now was there she really had the vision<00:47:02.880> to<00:47:03.040> set<00:47:03.280> up<00:47:03.359> the<00:47:03.520> lab 00:47:04.630 --> 00:47:04.640 align:start position:0% vision to set up the lab 00:47:04.640 --> 00:47:08.309 align:start position:0% vision to set up the lab she<00:47:04.960> also<00:47:05.280> acquired<00:47:06.720> space<00:47:07.440> some<00:47:07.680> really<00:47:07.920> good 00:47:08.309 --> 00:47:08.319 align:start position:0% she also acquired space some really good 00:47:08.319 --> 00:47:11.829 align:start position:0% she also acquired space some really good space<00:47:08.800> for<00:47:09.040> us<00:47:10.400> and<00:47:10.640> helped<00:47:10.960> nurture<00:47:11.280> the<00:47:11.440> lab 00:47:11.829 --> 00:47:11.839 align:start position:0% space for us and helped nurture the lab 00:47:11.839 --> 00:47:15.589 align:start position:0% space for us and helped nurture the lab during<00:47:12.160> its<00:47:12.319> early<00:47:12.560> years 00:47:15.589 --> 00:47:15.599 align:start position:0% 00:47:15.599 --> 00:47:19.349 align:start position:0% and<00:47:17.119> but<00:47:17.599> when<00:47:17.839> she<00:47:18.079> left<00:47:18.319> there<00:47:18.480> was<00:47:18.640> a<00:47:18.800> big 00:47:19.349 --> 00:47:19.359 align:start position:0% and but when she left there was a big 00:47:19.359 --> 00:47:23.430 align:start position:0% and but when she left there was a big leadership<00:47:19.839> vacuum<00:47:22.079> and 00:47:23.430 --> 00:47:23.440 align:start position:0% leadership vacuum and 00:47:23.440 --> 00:47:25.270 align:start position:0% leadership vacuum and and<00:47:23.520> that<00:47:23.839> was<00:47:24.000> pretty<00:47:24.240> challenging<00:47:24.880> to<00:47:25.119> sort 00:47:25.270 --> 00:47:25.280 align:start position:0% and that was pretty challenging to sort 00:47:25.280 --> 00:47:26.710 align:start position:0% and that was pretty challenging to sort of<00:47:25.359> step<00:47:25.760> in 00:47:26.710 --> 00:47:26.720 align:start position:0% of step in 00:47:26.720 --> 00:47:29.430 align:start position:0% of step in and<00:47:26.880> as<00:47:27.040> i<00:47:27.119> said<00:47:27.599> you<00:47:27.680> know<00:47:28.559> there<00:47:28.720> were<00:47:29.040> mostly 00:47:29.430 --> 00:47:29.440 align:start position:0% and as i said you know there were mostly 00:47:29.440 --> 00:47:31.589 align:start position:0% and as i said you know there were mostly computer<00:47:29.920> scientists<00:47:30.480> and<00:47:30.720> and<00:47:30.880> i<00:47:30.960> was<00:47:31.200> alone 00:47:31.589 --> 00:47:31.599 align:start position:0% computer scientists and and i was alone 00:47:31.599 --> 00:47:32.870 align:start position:0% computer scientists and and i was alone non-computer<00:47:32.319> scientist 00:47:32.870 --> 00:47:32.880 align:start position:0% non-computer scientist 00:47:32.880 --> 00:47:35.190 align:start position:0% non-computer scientist yet<00:47:33.119> running<00:47:33.440> a<00:47:33.520> lab<00:47:34.240> which<00:47:34.559> really<00:47:34.800> was<00:47:35.040> part 00:47:35.190 --> 00:47:35.200 align:start position:0% yet running a lab which really was part 00:47:35.200 --> 00:47:38.390 align:start position:0% yet running a lab which really was part of<00:47:35.280> the<00:47:35.440> computer<00:47:35.839> science<00:47:36.160> department 00:47:38.390 --> 00:47:38.400 align:start position:0% of the computer science department 00:47:38.400 --> 00:47:41.109 align:start position:0% of the computer science department i<00:47:38.480> mean<00:47:38.640> that's<00:47:38.880> not<00:47:39.119> to<00:47:39.280> say<00:47:40.480> that<00:47:40.880> you<00:47:41.040> know 00:47:41.109 --> 00:47:41.119 align:start position:0% i mean that's not to say that you know 00:47:41.119 --> 00:47:42.790 align:start position:0% i mean that's not to say that you know my<00:47:41.280> colleagues<00:47:41.680> made<00:47:41.920> me<00:47:42.000> feel<00:47:42.240> welcome<00:47:42.640> but 00:47:42.790 --> 00:47:42.800 align:start position:0% my colleagues made me feel welcome but 00:47:42.800 --> 00:47:45.430 align:start position:0% my colleagues made me feel welcome but but<00:47:43.040> still<00:47:43.280> it<00:47:43.359> was<00:47:43.520> a<00:47:43.680> challenge 00:47:45.430 --> 00:47:45.440 align:start position:0% but still it was a challenge 00:47:45.440 --> 00:47:48.230 align:start position:0% but still it was a challenge i<00:47:45.599> think<00:47:45.760> the<00:47:46.000> one<00:47:46.559> big<00:47:46.880> change<00:47:47.680> during<00:47:48.000> my 00:47:48.230 --> 00:47:48.240 align:start position:0% i think the one big change during my 00:47:48.240 --> 00:47:49.030 align:start position:0% i think the one big change during my tenure<00:47:48.720> as 00:47:49.030 --> 00:47:49.040 align:start position:0% tenure as 00:47:49.040 --> 00:47:52.630 align:start position:0% tenure as as<00:47:50.000> as<00:47:50.160> a<00:47:50.240> director<00:47:51.280> was<00:47:51.599> to<00:47:51.760> take<00:47:52.000> the<00:47:52.160> lab 00:47:52.630 --> 00:47:52.640 align:start position:0% as as a director was to take the lab 00:47:52.640 --> 00:47:56.150 align:start position:0% as as a director was to take the lab and<00:47:52.800> to<00:47:53.119> bring<00:47:53.359> in<00:47:54.640> more<00:47:55.200> participation<00:47:56.000> from 00:47:56.150 --> 00:47:56.160 align:start position:0% and to bring in more participation from 00:47:56.160 --> 00:47:58.710 align:start position:0% and to bring in more participation from other<00:47:56.400> departments 00:47:58.710 --> 00:47:58.720 align:start position:0% other departments 00:47:58.720 --> 00:48:01.430 align:start position:0% other departments we<00:47:59.280> recruited<00:47:59.760> some<00:48:00.480> top-notch<00:48:01.040> electrical 00:48:01.430 --> 00:48:01.440 align:start position:0% we recruited some top-notch electrical 00:48:01.440 --> 00:48:02.950 align:start position:0% we recruited some top-notch electrical engineering<00:48:01.839> professors 00:48:02.950 --> 00:48:02.960 align:start position:0% engineering professors 00:48:02.960 --> 00:48:04.630 align:start position:0% engineering professors and<00:48:03.200> so<00:48:03.359> right<00:48:03.520> now<00:48:03.760> you<00:48:03.839> look<00:48:04.000> at<00:48:04.160> the<00:48:04.319> lab 00:48:04.630 --> 00:48:04.640 align:start position:0% and so right now you look at the lab 00:48:04.640 --> 00:48:05.990 align:start position:0% and so right now you look at the lab whether<00:48:04.880> you<00:48:04.960> look<00:48:05.119> at<00:48:05.280> faculty<00:48:05.760> or 00:48:05.990 --> 00:48:06.000 align:start position:0% whether you look at faculty or 00:48:06.000 --> 00:48:08.230 align:start position:0% whether you look at faculty or students<00:48:06.960> or<00:48:07.119> post-docs<00:48:07.760> it's<00:48:07.920> roughly 00:48:08.230 --> 00:48:08.240 align:start position:0% students or post-docs it's roughly 00:48:08.240 --> 00:48:09.589 align:start position:0% students or post-docs it's roughly one-third<00:48:08.720> mechanical<00:48:09.200> engineering 00:48:09.589 --> 00:48:09.599 align:start position:0% one-third mechanical engineering 00:48:09.599 --> 00:48:10.150 align:start position:0% one-third mechanical engineering one-third 00:48:10.150 --> 00:48:10.160 align:start position:0% one-third 00:48:10.160 --> 00:48:11.589 align:start position:0% one-third computer<00:48:10.480> science<00:48:10.720> one-third<00:48:11.119> electrical 00:48:11.589 --> 00:48:11.599 align:start position:0% computer science one-third electrical 00:48:11.599 --> 00:48:13.750 align:start position:0% computer science one-third electrical engineering<00:48:12.400> and<00:48:12.640> really<00:48:12.880> that<00:48:13.119> reflects<00:48:13.599> the 00:48:13.750 --> 00:48:13.760 align:start position:0% engineering and really that reflects the 00:48:13.760 --> 00:48:16.549 align:start position:0% engineering and really that reflects the true<00:48:14.000> nature<00:48:14.319> of<00:48:14.400> the<00:48:14.640> of<00:48:14.720> the<00:48:14.880> discipline 00:48:16.549 --> 00:48:16.559 align:start position:0% true nature of the of the discipline 00:48:16.559 --> 00:48:19.109 align:start position:0% true nature of the of the discipline so<00:48:16.800> i<00:48:16.960> would<00:48:17.119> say<00:48:17.359> that<00:48:17.599> it<00:48:17.839> shifted<00:48:18.319> the<00:48:18.880> the 00:48:19.109 --> 00:48:19.119 align:start position:0% so i would say that it shifted the the 00:48:19.119 --> 00:48:21.109 align:start position:0% so i would say that it shifted the the overall<00:48:19.680> research<00:48:20.079> if<00:48:20.240> you<00:48:20.319> looked<00:48:20.559> at<00:48:20.640> the 00:48:21.109 --> 00:48:21.119 align:start position:0% overall research if you looked at the 00:48:21.119 --> 00:48:23.390 align:start position:0% overall research if you looked at the lab<00:48:21.520> it<00:48:21.839> moved<00:48:22.480> more<00:48:22.880> from<00:48:23.119> the 00:48:23.390 --> 00:48:23.400 align:start position:0% lab it moved more from the 00:48:23.400 --> 00:48:25.109 align:start position:0% lab it moved more from the perception-centric 00:48:25.109 --> 00:48:25.119 align:start position:0% perception-centric 00:48:25.119 --> 00:48:27.750 align:start position:0% perception-centric um<00:48:26.160> programs<00:48:26.880> research<00:48:27.280> programs<00:48:27.599> that 00:48:27.750 --> 00:48:27.760 align:start position:0% um programs research programs that 00:48:27.760 --> 00:48:28.710 align:start position:0% um programs research programs that rougena<00:48:28.160> was 00:48:28.710 --> 00:48:28.720 align:start position:0% rougena was 00:48:28.720 --> 00:48:31.270 align:start position:0% rougena was more<00:48:28.960> interested<00:48:29.359> in<00:48:29.599> obviously<00:48:30.000> she<00:48:30.160> was<00:48:31.040> the 00:48:31.270 --> 00:48:31.280 align:start position:0% more interested in obviously she was the 00:48:31.280 --> 00:48:32.309 align:start position:0% more interested in obviously she was the person<00:48:31.599> in<00:48:31.680> the<00:48:31.839> world 00:48:32.309 --> 00:48:32.319 align:start position:0% person in the world 00:48:32.319 --> 00:48:35.510 align:start position:0% person in the world in<00:48:32.400> that<00:48:32.640> area<00:48:34.000> to<00:48:34.319> i<00:48:34.480> think<00:48:34.800> more 00:48:35.510 --> 00:48:35.520 align:start position:0% in that area to i think more 00:48:35.520 --> 00:48:38.150 align:start position:0% in that area to i think more broad-based<00:48:36.160> programs<00:48:36.640> which<00:48:36.880> brought<00:48:37.200> in 00:48:38.150 --> 00:48:38.160 align:start position:0% broad-based programs which brought in 00:48:38.160 --> 00:48:38.870 align:start position:0% broad-based programs which brought in control 00:48:38.870 --> 00:48:38.880 align:start position:0% control 00:48:38.880 --> 00:48:42.630 align:start position:0% control coordination<00:48:39.920> communication 00:48:42.630 --> 00:48:42.640 align:start position:0% coordination communication 00:48:42.640 --> 00:48:46.950 align:start position:0% coordination communication design<00:48:44.000> and<00:48:44.400> i<00:48:44.480> think<00:48:44.640> that<00:48:44.800> was<00:48:44.960> a<00:48:45.040> big 00:48:46.950 --> 00:48:46.960 align:start position:0% design and i think that was a big 00:48:46.960 --> 00:48:50.150 align:start position:0% design and i think that was a big come<00:48:47.200> to<00:48:47.440> be<00:48:47.599> the shift 00:48:50.150 --> 00:48:50.160 align:start position:0% 00:48:50.160 --> 00:48:53.990 align:start position:0% i<00:48:50.240> don't<00:48:50.400> know<00:48:51.599> so<00:48:52.000> sadly 00:48:53.990 --> 00:48:54.000 align:start position:0% i don't know so sadly 00:48:54.000 --> 00:48:58.710 align:start position:0% i don't know so sadly um<00:48:55.040> i<00:48:56.559> i<00:48:56.960> think<00:48:57.200> it<00:48:57.359> may<00:48:57.599> well<00:48:57.839> have<00:48:58.000> been<00:48:58.319> that 00:48:58.710 --> 00:48:58.720 align:start position:0% um i i think it may well have been that 00:48:58.720 --> 00:49:00.549 align:start position:0% um i i think it may well have been that uh<00:48:59.119> i<00:48:59.280> mean<00:48:59.440> i<00:48:59.520> was<00:48:59.680> pretty<00:48:59.920> junior<00:49:00.240> at<00:49:00.319> that 00:49:00.549 --> 00:49:00.559 align:start position:0% uh i mean i was pretty junior at that 00:49:00.559 --> 00:49:02.549 align:start position:0% uh i mean i was pretty junior at that time<00:49:00.800> but<00:49:01.119> but<00:49:01.359> i<00:49:01.440> was<00:49:01.920> i<00:49:02.079> was 00:49:02.549 --> 00:49:02.559 align:start position:0% time but but i was i was 00:49:02.559 --> 00:49:04.230 align:start position:0% time but but i was i was the<00:49:02.720> next<00:49:03.040> most<00:49:03.200> senior<00:49:03.599> person<00:49:04.000> after 00:49:04.230 --> 00:49:04.240 align:start position:0% the next most senior person after 00:49:04.240 --> 00:49:06.150 align:start position:0% the next most senior person after drizzner 00:49:06.150 --> 00:49:06.160 align:start position:0% drizzner 00:49:06.160 --> 00:49:10.150 align:start position:0% drizzner and<00:49:06.400> i<00:49:06.480> guess<00:49:06.720> it<00:49:06.880> fell<00:49:07.119> into<00:49:07.359> my<00:49:07.599> lap 00:49:10.150 --> 00:49:10.160 align:start position:0% 00:49:10.160 --> 00:49:12.549 align:start position:0% do<00:49:10.319> you<00:49:10.400> have<00:49:10.559> any<00:49:10.880> favorite<00:49:11.280> stories<00:49:11.920> from 00:49:12.549 --> 00:49:12.559 align:start position:0% do you have any favorite stories from 00:49:12.559 --> 00:49:13.910 align:start position:0% do you have any favorite stories from the 00:49:13.910 --> 00:49:13.920 align:start position:0% the 00:49:13.920 --> 00:49:17.270 align:start position:0% the lab<00:49:14.319> or<00:49:14.640> its<00:49:14.880> development 00:49:17.270 --> 00:49:17.280 align:start position:0% lab or its development 00:49:17.280 --> 00:49:20.069 align:start position:0% lab or its development uh<00:49:18.240> you<00:49:18.319> know<00:49:18.559> the<00:49:18.960> the<00:49:19.359> the<00:49:19.520> one<00:49:19.680> thing<00:49:19.920> i 00:49:20.069 --> 00:49:20.079 align:start position:0% uh you know the the the one thing i 00:49:20.079 --> 00:49:21.109 align:start position:0% uh you know the the the one thing i remember<00:49:20.559> is<00:49:20.800> that 00:49:21.109 --> 00:49:21.119 align:start position:0% remember is that 00:49:21.119 --> 00:49:23.670 align:start position:0% remember is that um<00:49:22.240> so<00:49:22.400> from<00:49:22.559> my<00:49:22.720> really<00:49:22.960> early<00:49:23.280> days<00:49:23.520> i 00:49:23.670 --> 00:49:23.680 align:start position:0% um so from my really early days i 00:49:23.680 --> 00:49:24.790 align:start position:0% um so from my really early days i remember 00:49:24.790 --> 00:49:24.800 align:start position:0% remember 00:49:24.800 --> 00:49:28.630 align:start position:0% remember that 00:49:28.630 --> 00:49:28.640 align:start position:0% 00:49:28.640 --> 00:49:31.829 align:start position:0% i<00:49:28.800> used<00:49:29.040> to<00:49:29.119> come<00:49:29.280> in<00:49:29.440> on<00:49:29.599> sundays<00:49:30.960> uh<00:49:31.440> roojina 00:49:31.829 --> 00:49:31.839 align:start position:0% i used to come in on sundays uh roojina 00:49:31.839 --> 00:49:33.190 align:start position:0% i used to come in on sundays uh roojina was<00:49:32.000> there<00:49:32.240> on<00:49:32.400> sundays<00:49:32.880> and 00:49:33.190 --> 00:49:33.200 align:start position:0% was there on sundays and 00:49:33.200 --> 00:49:36.630 align:start position:0% was there on sundays and all<00:49:33.440> her<00:49:33.680> students<00:49:34.000> were<00:49:34.160> there<00:49:34.400> on<00:49:34.559> sunday<00:49:35.680> um 00:49:36.630 --> 00:49:36.640 align:start position:0% all her students were there on sunday um 00:49:36.640 --> 00:49:38.230 align:start position:0% all her students were there on sunday um and<00:49:36.880> they<00:49:37.040> would<00:49:37.280> all<00:49:37.440> have<00:49:37.680> their<00:49:37.839> weekly 00:49:38.230 --> 00:49:38.240 align:start position:0% and they would all have their weekly 00:49:38.240 --> 00:49:40.069 align:start position:0% and they would all have their weekly meetings<00:49:38.559> with<00:49:38.640> her<00:49:38.880> on<00:49:39.040> sunday 00:49:40.069 --> 00:49:40.079 align:start position:0% meetings with her on sunday 00:49:40.079 --> 00:49:42.069 align:start position:0% meetings with her on sunday and<00:49:40.559> if<00:49:40.720> she<00:49:40.880> was<00:49:41.040> there<00:49:41.280> they<00:49:41.440> were<00:49:41.599> all<00:49:41.760> there 00:49:42.069 --> 00:49:42.079 align:start position:0% and if she was there they were all there 00:49:42.079 --> 00:49:43.990 align:start position:0% and if she was there they were all there it<00:49:42.319> was<00:49:42.480> just<00:49:42.720> amazing<00:49:43.200> and<00:49:43.520> i've<00:49:43.680> never 00:49:43.990 --> 00:49:44.000 align:start position:0% it was just amazing and i've never 00:49:44.000 --> 00:49:48.069 align:start position:0% it was just amazing and i've never seen<00:49:44.240> this<00:49:44.480> culture<00:49:44.960> elsewhere<00:49:46.160> um 00:49:48.069 --> 00:49:48.079 align:start position:0% seen this culture elsewhere um 00:49:48.079 --> 00:49:49.270 align:start position:0% seen this culture elsewhere um that<00:49:48.240> was<00:49:48.400> the<00:49:48.480> one<00:49:48.640> thing<00:49:48.800> i<00:49:48.960> could<00:49:49.119> not 00:49:49.270 --> 00:49:49.280 align:start position:0% that was the one thing i could not 00:49:49.280 --> 00:49:51.510 align:start position:0% that was the one thing i could not sustain 00:49:51.510 --> 00:49:51.520 align:start position:0% sustain 00:49:51.520 --> 00:49:53.829 align:start position:0% sustain uh<00:49:51.920> mostly<00:49:52.480> you<00:49:52.559> know<00:49:52.720> because<00:49:52.960> of<00:49:53.119> me<00:49:53.520> once<00:49:53.760> i 00:49:53.829 --> 00:49:53.839 align:start position:0% uh mostly you know because of me once i 00:49:53.839 --> 00:49:55.430 align:start position:0% uh mostly you know because of me once i had<00:49:53.920> a<00:49:54.000> family<00:49:54.400> and<00:49:54.480> so<00:49:54.640> on<00:49:54.800> it's<00:49:54.880> hard<00:49:55.040> to<00:49:55.200> do 00:49:55.430 --> 00:49:55.440 align:start position:0% had a family and so on it's hard to do 00:49:55.440 --> 00:49:56.790 align:start position:0% had a family and so on it's hard to do but 00:49:56.790 --> 00:49:56.800 align:start position:0% but 00:49:56.800 --> 00:49:58.710 align:start position:0% but but<00:49:57.200> that<00:49:57.440> didn't<00:49:57.680> happen<00:49:58.000> so<00:49:58.160> that<00:49:58.319> was<00:49:58.559> that 00:49:58.710 --> 00:49:58.720 align:start position:0% but that didn't happen so that was that 00:49:58.720 --> 00:50:00.150 align:start position:0% but that didn't happen so that was that was 00:50:00.150 --> 00:50:00.160 align:start position:0% was 00:50:00.160 --> 00:50:02.150 align:start position:0% was somewhat<00:50:00.640> funny<00:50:01.040> the<00:50:01.200> other<00:50:01.359> thing<00:50:01.680> uh<00:50:02.000> there 00:50:02.150 --> 00:50:02.160 align:start position:0% somewhat funny the other thing uh there 00:50:02.160 --> 00:50:03.190 align:start position:0% somewhat funny the other thing uh there was<00:50:02.400> actually 00:50:03.190 --> 00:50:03.200 align:start position:0% was actually 00:50:03.200 --> 00:50:06.230 align:start position:0% was actually she<00:50:03.359> had<00:50:03.520> this<00:50:03.760> um<00:50:04.960> this<00:50:05.280> this<00:50:05.599> t-shirt 00:50:06.230 --> 00:50:06.240 align:start position:0% she had this um this this t-shirt 00:50:06.240 --> 00:50:09.589 align:start position:0% she had this um this this t-shirt the<00:50:06.319> sweatshirt<00:50:07.520> which<00:50:07.760> had<00:50:08.160> uh<00:50:08.640> the<00:50:08.800> world 00:50:09.589 --> 00:50:09.599 align:start position:0% the sweatshirt which had uh the world 00:50:09.599 --> 00:50:13.190 align:start position:0% the sweatshirt which had uh the world results<00:50:10.400> printed<00:50:10.800> on<00:50:10.880> the<00:50:11.040> back<00:50:12.160> and<00:50:12.640> uh 00:50:13.190 --> 00:50:13.200 align:start position:0% results printed on the back and uh 00:50:13.200 --> 00:50:15.430 align:start position:0% results printed on the back and uh that's<00:50:13.520> all<00:50:13.680> she<00:50:13.839> wanted<00:50:14.400> i<00:50:14.640> want<00:50:14.880> results<00:50:15.359> and 00:50:15.430 --> 00:50:15.440 align:start position:0% that's all she wanted i want results and 00:50:15.440 --> 00:50:18.309 align:start position:0% that's all she wanted i want results and she<00:50:15.599> would<00:50:15.760> turn<00:50:16.000> her<00:50:16.160> back<00:50:16.400> and<00:50:16.559> walk<00:50:16.880> away 00:50:18.309 --> 00:50:18.319 align:start position:0% she would turn her back and walk away 00:50:18.319 --> 00:50:21.510 align:start position:0% she would turn her back and walk away to<00:50:18.480> our<00:50:18.640> students<00:50:19.200> uh<00:50:19.440> that<00:50:19.680> was<00:50:19.839> funny<00:50:20.480> but<00:50:20.720> uh 00:50:21.510 --> 00:50:21.520 align:start position:0% to our students uh that was funny but uh 00:50:21.520 --> 00:50:26.069 align:start position:0% to our students uh that was funny but uh those<00:50:22.000> those<00:50:24.839> yeah 00:50:26.069 --> 00:50:26.079 align:start position:0% those those yeah 00:50:26.079 --> 00:50:27.829 align:start position:0% those those yeah and<00:50:26.240> you<00:50:26.400> know<00:50:26.480> i<00:50:26.800> still<00:50:27.040> tell<00:50:27.280> my<00:50:27.440> students 00:50:27.829 --> 00:50:27.839 align:start position:0% and you know i still tell my students 00:50:27.839 --> 00:50:29.750 align:start position:0% and you know i still tell my students this<00:50:28.079> so<00:50:28.240> they<00:50:28.400> say<00:50:28.559> well<00:50:28.800> can<00:50:28.960> i<00:50:29.040> take<00:50:29.280> this 00:50:29.750 --> 00:50:29.760 align:start position:0% this so they say well can i take this 00:50:29.760 --> 00:50:31.510 align:start position:0% this so they say well can i take this time<00:50:30.079> off<00:50:30.319> i<00:50:30.480> said<00:50:30.720> i<00:50:30.800> don't<00:50:30.960> care<00:50:31.200> as<00:50:31.280> long<00:50:31.440> as 00:50:31.510 --> 00:50:31.520 align:start position:0% time off i said i don't care as long as 00:50:31.520 --> 00:50:33.750 align:start position:0% time off i said i don't care as long as you<00:50:31.839> deliver<00:50:32.240> the<00:50:32.319> results<00:50:32.880> right 00:50:33.750 --> 00:50:33.760 align:start position:0% you deliver the results right 00:50:33.760 --> 00:50:35.349 align:start position:0% you deliver the results right and<00:50:33.839> that's<00:50:34.079> what<00:50:34.319> it<00:50:34.400> should<00:50:34.640> be<00:50:34.800> about<00:50:35.119> right 00:50:35.349 --> 00:50:35.359 align:start position:0% and that's what it should be about right 00:50:35.359 --> 00:50:36.790 align:start position:0% and that's what it should be about right so 00:50:36.790 --> 00:50:36.800 align:start position:0% so 00:50:36.800 --> 00:50:40.870 align:start position:0% so um<00:50:38.640> yeah<00:50:39.359> how<00:50:39.520> do<00:50:39.599> you<00:50:39.680> see<00:50:39.839> the<00:50:40.079> the<00:50:40.319> strengths 00:50:40.870 --> 00:50:40.880 align:start position:0% um yeah how do you see the the strengths 00:50:40.880 --> 00:50:43.109 align:start position:0% um yeah how do you see the the strengths and<00:50:41.040> aims<00:50:41.520> of<00:50:41.680> the<00:50:41.760> robotics<00:50:42.319> program<00:50:42.800> at 00:50:43.109 --> 00:50:43.119 align:start position:0% and aims of the robotics program at 00:50:43.119 --> 00:50:44.870 align:start position:0% and aims of the robotics program at penn<00:50:43.440> relative<00:50:44.000> to<00:50:44.319> some<00:50:44.480> of<00:50:44.559> the<00:50:44.720> other 00:50:44.870 --> 00:50:44.880 align:start position:0% penn relative to some of the other 00:50:44.880 --> 00:50:47.829 align:start position:0% penn relative to some of the other robotics<00:50:45.440> programs<00:50:45.839> at<00:50:46.079> mit<00:50:46.480> very<00:50:46.800> friendly 00:50:47.829 --> 00:50:47.839 align:start position:0% robotics programs at mit very friendly 00:50:47.839 --> 00:50:51.270 align:start position:0% robotics programs at mit very friendly so<00:50:48.319> uh<00:50:50.240> yeah<00:50:50.400> i<00:50:50.480> mean<00:50:50.720> there 00:50:51.270 --> 00:50:51.280 align:start position:0% so uh yeah i mean there 00:50:51.280 --> 00:50:52.630 align:start position:0% so uh yeah i mean there i<00:50:51.359> think<00:50:51.520> there<00:50:51.680> are<00:50:51.760> many<00:50:52.079> outstanding 00:50:52.630 --> 00:50:52.640 align:start position:0% i think there are many outstanding 00:50:52.640 --> 00:50:54.790 align:start position:0% i think there are many outstanding programs<00:50:53.119> i<00:50:53.280> would<00:50:53.440> say 00:50:54.790 --> 00:50:54.800 align:start position:0% programs i would say 00:50:54.800 --> 00:50:56.870 align:start position:0% programs i would say we're<00:50:55.040> among<00:50:55.280> the<00:50:55.440> top<00:50:55.760> five<00:50:56.079> if<00:50:56.240> not<00:50:56.400> the<00:50:56.559> top 00:50:56.870 --> 00:50:56.880 align:start position:0% we're among the top five if not the top 00:50:56.880 --> 00:50:58.790 align:start position:0% we're among the top five if not the top three<00:50:57.760> um 00:50:58.790 --> 00:50:58.800 align:start position:0% three um 00:50:58.800 --> 00:51:01.670 align:start position:0% three um i<00:50:58.960> think<00:50:59.440> uh<00:51:00.079> in<00:51:00.240> terms<00:51:00.559> of<00:51:00.720> size<00:51:01.280> i<00:51:01.359> think 00:51:01.670 --> 00:51:01.680 align:start position:0% i think uh in terms of size i think 00:51:01.680 --> 00:51:03.589 align:start position:0% i think uh in terms of size i think carnegie<00:51:02.079> mellon<00:51:02.559> is<00:51:02.640> the<00:51:02.800> big<00:51:03.040> outlier 00:51:03.589 --> 00:51:03.599 align:start position:0% carnegie mellon is the big outlier 00:51:03.599 --> 00:51:04.390 align:start position:0% carnegie mellon is the big outlier they're<00:51:03.760> about 00:51:04.390 --> 00:51:04.400 align:start position:0% they're about 00:51:04.400 --> 00:51:07.990 align:start position:0% they're about i<00:51:04.480> would<00:51:04.720> say<00:51:04.960> 10<00:51:05.200> times<00:51:05.599> our<00:51:05.760> size<00:51:06.839> um 00:51:07.990 --> 00:51:08.000 align:start position:0% i would say 10 times our size um 00:51:08.000 --> 00:51:11.750 align:start position:0% i would say 10 times our size um uh<00:51:09.599> but<00:51:10.319> and<00:51:10.400> that's<00:51:10.800> i<00:51:10.880> think<00:51:11.119> in<00:51:11.200> terms<00:51:11.520> of 00:51:11.750 --> 00:51:11.760 align:start position:0% uh but and that's i think in terms of 00:51:11.760 --> 00:51:15.190 align:start position:0% uh but and that's i think in terms of um<00:51:12.720> i<00:51:12.880> think<00:51:13.040> they<00:51:13.280> have<00:51:13.520> a<00:51:14.480> culture<00:51:14.880> of<00:51:14.960> going 00:51:15.190 --> 00:51:15.200 align:start position:0% um i think they have a culture of going 00:51:15.200 --> 00:51:15.910 align:start position:0% um i think they have a culture of going after<00:51:15.520> big 00:51:15.910 --> 00:51:15.920 align:start position:0% after big 00:51:15.920 --> 00:51:18.069 align:start position:0% after big projects<00:51:16.880> like<00:51:17.200> grand<00:51:17.520> challenge<00:51:17.920> for 00:51:18.069 --> 00:51:18.079 align:start position:0% projects like grand challenge for 00:51:18.079 --> 00:51:19.190 align:start position:0% projects like grand challenge for example 00:51:19.190 --> 00:51:19.200 align:start position:0% example 00:51:19.200 --> 00:51:22.950 align:start position:0% example um<00:51:20.400> while<00:51:20.720> we<00:51:20.960> probably<00:51:21.440> don't<00:51:22.000> i<00:51:22.160> think<00:51:22.480> we 00:51:22.950 --> 00:51:22.960 align:start position:0% um while we probably don't i think we 00:51:22.960 --> 00:51:26.230 align:start position:0% um while we probably don't i think we pay<00:51:23.200> a<00:51:23.280> lot<00:51:23.440> more<00:51:24.480> um<00:51:25.359> we're<00:51:25.599> probably<00:51:25.920> a<00:51:26.000> lot 00:51:26.230 --> 00:51:26.240 align:start position:0% pay a lot more um we're probably a lot 00:51:26.240 --> 00:51:27.349 align:start position:0% pay a lot more um we're probably a lot more 00:51:27.349 --> 00:51:27.359 align:start position:0% more 00:51:27.359 --> 00:51:30.710 align:start position:0% more uh<00:51:27.839> academic<00:51:28.480> in<00:51:29.040> in<00:51:29.359> nature<00:51:29.839> i<00:51:29.920> think 00:51:30.710 --> 00:51:30.720 align:start position:0% uh academic in in nature i think 00:51:30.720 --> 00:51:33.030 align:start position:0% uh academic in in nature i think we<00:51:31.680> spend<00:51:31.920> a<00:51:32.000> lot<00:51:32.160> more<00:51:32.400> time<00:51:32.559> thinking<00:51:32.800> about 00:51:33.030 --> 00:51:33.040 align:start position:0% we spend a lot more time thinking about 00:51:33.040 --> 00:51:34.790 align:start position:0% we spend a lot more time thinking about doctoral<00:51:33.440> education 00:51:34.790 --> 00:51:34.800 align:start position:0% doctoral education 00:51:34.800 --> 00:51:37.109 align:start position:0% doctoral education not<00:51:34.960> to<00:51:35.040> say<00:51:35.280> they<00:51:35.440> don't<00:51:36.000> i<00:51:36.319> think<00:51:36.480> that's<00:51:36.720> one 00:51:37.109 --> 00:51:37.119 align:start position:0% not to say they don't i think that's one 00:51:37.119 --> 00:51:39.990 align:start position:0% not to say they don't i think that's one big<00:51:37.440> difference 00:51:39.990 --> 00:51:40.000 align:start position:0% 00:51:40.000 --> 00:51:44.390 align:start position:0% you<00:51:40.079> know<00:51:40.240> mit<00:51:40.720> is<00:51:40.880> great 00:51:44.390 --> 00:51:44.400 align:start position:0% 00:51:44.400 --> 00:51:47.190 align:start position:0% much<00:51:44.640> of<00:51:44.960> mit's<00:51:46.000> program<00:51:46.400> is<00:51:46.559> anchored<00:51:46.960> in<00:51:47.040> the 00:51:47.190 --> 00:51:47.200 align:start position:0% much of mit's program is anchored in the 00:51:47.200 --> 00:51:49.829 align:start position:0% much of mit's program is anchored in the artificial<00:51:47.680> intelligence<00:51:48.240> laboratory 00:51:49.829 --> 00:51:49.839 align:start position:0% artificial intelligence laboratory 00:51:49.839 --> 00:51:51.190 align:start position:0% artificial intelligence laboratory it's<00:51:50.160> sort<00:51:50.319> of<00:51:50.400> computer<00:51:50.720> science<00:51:51.040> and 00:51:51.190 --> 00:51:51.200 align:start position:0% it's sort of computer science and 00:51:51.200 --> 00:51:54.950 align:start position:0% it's sort of computer science and artificial<00:51:51.599> intelligence 00:51:54.950 --> 00:51:54.960 align:start position:0% 00:51:54.960 --> 00:51:56.390 align:start position:0% so<00:51:55.119> i<00:51:55.200> think<00:51:55.359> that's<00:51:55.599> the<00:51:55.680> difference<00:51:56.079> i<00:51:56.160> think 00:51:56.390 --> 00:51:56.400 align:start position:0% so i think that's the difference i think 00:51:56.400 --> 00:51:58.870 align:start position:0% so i think that's the difference i think this<00:51:56.720> this<00:51:56.960> is<00:51:57.440> sort<00:51:57.680> of<00:51:57.920> unique<00:51:58.319> in<00:51:58.400> the<00:51:58.559> sense 00:51:58.870 --> 00:51:58.880 align:start position:0% this this is sort of unique in the sense 00:51:58.880 --> 00:51:59.190 align:start position:0% this this is sort of unique in the sense that 00:51:59.190 --> 00:51:59.200 align:start position:0% that 00:51:59.200 --> 00:52:01.510 align:start position:0% that it<00:51:59.359> is<00:52:00.000> you<00:52:00.079> know<00:52:00.240> common<00:52:00.720> space<00:52:01.200> that's 00:52:01.510 --> 00:52:01.520 align:start position:0% it is you know common space that's 00:52:01.520 --> 00:52:03.109 align:start position:0% it is you know common space that's shared<00:52:01.920> by 00:52:03.109 --> 00:52:03.119 align:start position:0% shared by 00:52:03.119 --> 00:52:06.950 align:start position:0% shared by three<00:52:03.359> different<00:52:04.240> departments 00:52:06.950 --> 00:52:06.960 align:start position:0% 00:52:06.960 --> 00:52:08.950 align:start position:0% and<00:52:07.359> you<00:52:07.520> know<00:52:07.839> to<00:52:08.000> this<00:52:08.160> day<00:52:08.400> you<00:52:08.480> walk<00:52:08.720> into 00:52:08.950 --> 00:52:08.960 align:start position:0% and you know to this day you walk into 00:52:08.960 --> 00:52:10.470 align:start position:0% and you know to this day you walk into the<00:52:09.040> lab<00:52:09.359> and<00:52:09.440> you<00:52:09.599> have<00:52:09.680> no<00:52:09.839> idea 00:52:10.470 --> 00:52:10.480 align:start position:0% the lab and you have no idea 00:52:10.480 --> 00:52:12.309 align:start position:0% the lab and you have no idea which<00:52:10.720> space<00:52:11.040> belongs<00:52:11.440> to<00:52:11.599> who<00:52:11.920> and<00:52:12.000> to<00:52:12.079> what 00:52:12.309 --> 00:52:12.319 align:start position:0% which space belongs to who and to what 00:52:12.319 --> 00:52:14.309 align:start position:0% which space belongs to who and to what department 00:52:14.309 --> 00:52:14.319 align:start position:0% department 00:52:14.319 --> 00:52:15.990 align:start position:0% department you<00:52:14.559> walk<00:52:14.720> into<00:52:14.960> the<00:52:15.040> lab<00:52:15.280> you'll<00:52:15.440> see<00:52:15.599> lots<00:52:15.839> of 00:52:15.990 --> 00:52:16.000 align:start position:0% you walk into the lab you'll see lots of 00:52:16.000 --> 00:52:17.990 align:start position:0% you walk into the lab you'll see lots of students<00:52:16.400> and<00:52:16.960> i<00:52:17.200> guarantee<00:52:17.680> you<00:52:17.760> would<00:52:17.839> not 00:52:17.990 --> 00:52:18.000 align:start position:0% students and i guarantee you would not 00:52:18.000 --> 00:52:19.750 align:start position:0% students and i guarantee you would not be<00:52:18.160> able<00:52:18.319> to<00:52:18.400> identify<00:52:18.960> who's<00:52:19.200> a<00:52:19.280> mechanical 00:52:19.750 --> 00:52:19.760 align:start position:0% be able to identify who's a mechanical 00:52:19.760 --> 00:52:20.470 align:start position:0% be able to identify who's a mechanical engineer 00:52:20.470 --> 00:52:20.480 align:start position:0% engineer 00:52:20.480 --> 00:52:21.750 align:start position:0% engineer who's<00:52:20.720> an<00:52:20.880> electrical<00:52:21.200> engineer<00:52:21.520> who's<00:52:21.680> a 00:52:21.750 --> 00:52:21.760 align:start position:0% who's an electrical engineer who's a 00:52:21.760 --> 00:52:23.750 align:start position:0% who's an electrical engineer who's a computer<00:52:22.079> scientist<00:52:23.040> and<00:52:23.280> i<00:52:23.359> think<00:52:23.520> that's 00:52:23.750 --> 00:52:23.760 align:start position:0% computer scientist and i think that's 00:52:23.760 --> 00:52:24.790 align:start position:0% computer scientist and i think that's that's 00:52:24.790 --> 00:52:24.800 align:start position:0% that's 00:52:24.800 --> 00:52:29.030 align:start position:0% that's very<00:52:25.040> unique<00:52:25.520> of<00:52:25.760> of<00:52:26.400> penn 00:52:29.030 --> 00:52:29.040 align:start position:0% 00:52:29.040 --> 00:52:31.190 align:start position:0% we're<00:52:29.200> also<00:52:29.520> incredibly<00:52:30.480> collaborative<00:52:31.119> i 00:52:31.190 --> 00:52:31.200 align:start position:0% we're also incredibly collaborative i 00:52:31.200 --> 00:52:33.270 align:start position:0% we're also incredibly collaborative i think<00:52:32.000> it's<00:52:32.319> it's<00:52:32.640> uh 00:52:33.270 --> 00:52:33.280 align:start position:0% think it's it's uh 00:52:33.280 --> 00:52:36.549 align:start position:0% think it's it's uh i'm<00:52:33.520> really<00:52:33.760> amazed<00:52:34.160> by<00:52:34.319> how<00:52:35.520> students<00:52:35.920> write 00:52:36.549 --> 00:52:36.559 align:start position:0% i'm really amazed by how students write 00:52:36.559 --> 00:52:39.030 align:start position:0% i'm really amazed by how students write papers<00:52:36.960> together<00:52:37.920> and<00:52:38.160> oftentimes<00:52:38.880> the 00:52:39.030 --> 00:52:39.040 align:start position:0% papers together and oftentimes the 00:52:39.040 --> 00:52:40.470 align:start position:0% papers together and oftentimes the advisors<00:52:39.440> don't<00:52:39.599> even<00:52:39.839> know<00:52:40.079> that<00:52:40.240> they're 00:52:40.470 --> 00:52:40.480 align:start position:0% advisors don't even know that they're 00:52:40.480 --> 00:52:42.710 align:start position:0% advisors don't even know that they're collaborating<00:52:41.040> with<00:52:41.119> other<00:52:41.359> students<00:52:41.920> and 00:52:42.710 --> 00:52:42.720 align:start position:0% collaborating with other students and 00:52:42.720 --> 00:52:45.670 align:start position:0% collaborating with other students and it's<00:52:42.960> great<00:52:43.599> so<00:52:44.000> i<00:52:44.160> think<00:52:44.319> that<00:52:44.559> culture<00:52:44.960> is<00:52:44.960> is 00:52:45.670 --> 00:52:45.680 align:start position:0% it's great so i think that culture is is 00:52:45.680 --> 00:52:46.150 align:start position:0% it's great so i think that culture is is part<00:52:45.920> of 00:52:46.150 --> 00:52:46.160 align:start position:0% part of 00:52:46.160 --> 00:52:49.190 align:start position:0% part of you<00:52:46.240> know<00:52:46.400> who<00:52:46.640> we<00:52:46.880> are 00:52:49.190 --> 00:52:49.200 align:start position:0% 00:52:49.200 --> 00:52:51.910 align:start position:0% how<00:52:49.359> do<00:52:49.520> you<00:52:49.920> think<00:52:50.160> robotics<00:52:51.280> particularly 00:52:51.910 --> 00:52:51.920 align:start position:0% how do you think robotics particularly 00:52:51.920 --> 00:52:53.349 align:start position:0% how do you think robotics particularly the<00:52:52.079> fields<00:52:52.400> that<00:52:52.559> you've<00:52:52.720> been<00:52:52.960> interested 00:52:53.349 --> 00:52:53.359 align:start position:0% the fields that you've been interested 00:52:53.359 --> 00:52:55.030 align:start position:0% the fields that you've been interested in<00:52:53.520> have<00:52:53.760> changed<00:52:54.160> through<00:52:54.319> the<00:52:54.559> years<00:52:54.960> and 00:52:55.030 --> 00:52:55.040 align:start position:0% in have changed through the years and 00:52:55.040 --> 00:52:56.470 align:start position:0% in have changed through the years and what<00:52:55.280> are<00:52:55.440> some<00:52:55.680> of<00:52:55.760> the<00:52:56.000> future 00:52:56.470 --> 00:52:56.480 align:start position:0% what are some of the future 00:52:56.480 --> 00:52:59.589 align:start position:0% what are some of the future challenges<00:52:58.160> um 00:52:59.589 --> 00:52:59.599 align:start position:0% challenges um 00:52:59.599 --> 00:53:01.349 align:start position:0% challenges um let's<00:52:59.760> see<00:53:00.000> so<00:53:00.400> if<00:53:00.559> you<00:53:00.640> look<00:53:00.880> at<00:53:01.119> uh 00:53:01.349 --> 00:53:01.359 align:start position:0% let's see so if you look at uh 00:53:01.359 --> 00:53:03.030 align:start position:0% let's see so if you look at uh cooperative<00:53:01.920> robotics<00:53:02.480> i<00:53:02.559> think 00:53:03.030 --> 00:53:03.040 align:start position:0% cooperative robotics i think 00:53:03.040 --> 00:53:04.630 align:start position:0% cooperative robotics i think you<00:53:03.200> know<00:53:03.359> one<00:53:03.520> thing<00:53:03.760> that<00:53:04.000> has<00:53:04.240> happened 00:53:04.630 --> 00:53:04.640 align:start position:0% you know one thing that has happened 00:53:04.640 --> 00:53:06.790 align:start position:0% you know one thing that has happened over<00:53:04.880> the<00:53:04.960> years<00:53:05.280> so<00:53:05.520> so<00:53:05.760> robotics 00:53:06.790 --> 00:53:06.800 align:start position:0% over the years so so robotics 00:53:06.800 --> 00:53:09.510 align:start position:0% over the years so so robotics like<00:53:07.119> many<00:53:07.760> other<00:53:08.079> sciences<00:53:08.720> i<00:53:08.800> think<00:53:09.040> it<00:53:09.280> has 00:53:09.510 --> 00:53:09.520 align:start position:0% like many other sciences i think it has 00:53:09.520 --> 00:53:11.510 align:start position:0% like many other sciences i think it has been<00:53:09.680> greatly<00:53:10.079> influenced<00:53:10.640> by 00:53:11.510 --> 00:53:11.520 align:start position:0% been greatly influenced by 00:53:11.520 --> 00:53:15.030 align:start position:0% been greatly influenced by technological<00:53:12.319> advances<00:53:14.000> so 00:53:15.030 --> 00:53:15.040 align:start position:0% technological advances so 00:53:15.040 --> 00:53:16.390 align:start position:0% technological advances so i<00:53:15.119> think<00:53:15.280> the<00:53:15.440> biggest<00:53:15.760> technological 00:53:16.390 --> 00:53:16.400 align:start position:0% i think the biggest technological 00:53:16.400 --> 00:53:19.910 align:start position:0% i think the biggest technological advance<00:53:16.960> obviously<00:53:17.359> is<00:53:17.520> processing 00:53:19.910 --> 00:53:19.920 align:start position:0% advance obviously is processing 00:53:19.920 --> 00:53:21.589 align:start position:0% advance obviously is processing right<00:53:20.319> so<00:53:20.559> you<00:53:20.720> know<00:53:20.800> about<00:53:21.040> moore's<00:53:21.359> law<00:53:21.520> and 00:53:21.589 --> 00:53:21.599 align:start position:0% right so you know about moore's law and 00:53:21.599 --> 00:53:23.670 align:start position:0% right so you know about moore's law and all<00:53:21.680> those<00:53:21.920> things<00:53:22.160> i<00:53:22.240> mean 00:53:23.670 --> 00:53:23.680 align:start position:0% all those things i mean 00:53:23.680 --> 00:53:26.470 align:start position:0% all those things i mean i<00:53:23.839> remember<00:53:24.240> when<00:53:24.400> i<00:53:24.480> was<00:53:24.640> a<00:53:25.040> doctoral<00:53:25.520> student 00:53:26.470 --> 00:53:26.480 align:start position:0% i remember when i was a doctoral student 00:53:26.480 --> 00:53:28.150 align:start position:0% i remember when i was a doctoral student when<00:53:26.880> we<00:53:26.960> were<00:53:27.119> implementing<00:53:27.680> code<00:53:28.000> we 00:53:28.150 --> 00:53:28.160 align:start position:0% when we were implementing code we 00:53:28.160 --> 00:53:29.670 align:start position:0% when we were implementing code we actually<00:53:28.480> had<00:53:28.640> to<00:53:28.720> worry<00:53:29.040> about<00:53:29.280> the<00:53:29.440> number 00:53:29.670 --> 00:53:29.680 align:start position:0% actually had to worry about the number 00:53:29.680 --> 00:53:32.150 align:start position:0% actually had to worry about the number of<00:53:29.839> ads<00:53:30.160> and<00:53:30.319> multiplies<00:53:30.960> in<00:53:31.119> our<00:53:31.280> code 00:53:32.150 --> 00:53:32.160 align:start position:0% of ads and multiplies in our code 00:53:32.160 --> 00:53:33.670 align:start position:0% of ads and multiplies in our code to<00:53:32.319> make<00:53:32.480> sure<00:53:32.720> that<00:53:32.880> we<00:53:32.960> weren't<00:53:33.200> overloading 00:53:33.670 --> 00:53:33.680 align:start position:0% to make sure that we weren't overloading 00:53:33.680 --> 00:53:35.430 align:start position:0% to make sure that we weren't overloading the<00:53:33.839> processor<00:53:35.040> um 00:53:35.430 --> 00:53:35.440 align:start position:0% the processor um 00:53:35.440 --> 00:53:37.349 align:start position:0% the processor um again<00:53:35.760> to<00:53:35.839> put<00:53:36.000> things<00:53:36.240> in<00:53:36.319> perspective<00:53:36.880> i 00:53:37.349 --> 00:53:37.359 align:start position:0% again to put things in perspective i 00:53:37.359 --> 00:53:40.390 align:start position:0% again to put things in perspective i back<00:53:37.520> then<00:53:37.760> i<00:53:37.920> programmed<00:53:38.319> with<00:53:38.480> 8086 00:53:40.390 --> 00:53:40.400 align:start position:0% back then i programmed with 8086 00:53:40.400 --> 00:53:42.950 align:start position:0% back then i programmed with 8086 intel<00:53:40.880> processors<00:53:42.319> if<00:53:42.480> you<00:53:42.559> don't<00:53:42.640> know<00:53:42.800> what 00:53:42.950 --> 00:53:42.960 align:start position:0% intel processors if you don't know what 00:53:42.960 --> 00:53:44.390 align:start position:0% intel processors if you don't know what that<00:53:43.200> is<00:53:43.359> you<00:53:43.520> have<00:53:43.599> to<00:53:43.680> go<00:53:43.920> back<00:53:44.079> from<00:53:44.319> a 00:53:44.390 --> 00:53:44.400 align:start position:0% that is you have to go back from a 00:53:44.400 --> 00:53:45.430 align:start position:0% that is you have to go back from a pentium 00:53:45.430 --> 00:53:45.440 align:start position:0% pentium 00:53:45.440 --> 00:53:48.710 align:start position:0% pentium before<00:53:45.760> that<00:53:45.920> came<00:53:46.160> a<00:53:46.319> 486<00:53:47.119> 386<00:53:47.760> 286<00:53:48.480> and<00:53:48.559> then 00:53:48.710 --> 00:53:48.720 align:start position:0% before that came a 486 386 286 and then 00:53:48.720 --> 00:53:50.230 align:start position:0% before that came a 486 386 286 and then an<00:53:48.880> 86<00:53:49.440> so<00:53:49.599> it<00:53:49.680> was<00:53:49.839> that 00:53:50.230 --> 00:53:50.240 align:start position:0% an 86 so it was that 00:53:50.240 --> 00:53:53.349 align:start position:0% an 86 so it was that that<00:53:50.480> long<00:53:50.640> ago<00:53:51.440> um<00:53:51.920> and<00:53:52.319> uh 00:53:53.349 --> 00:53:53.359 align:start position:0% that long ago um and uh 00:53:53.359 --> 00:53:54.870 align:start position:0% that long ago um and uh and<00:53:53.680> uh<00:53:53.839> so<00:53:54.000> now<00:53:54.240> you<00:53:54.319> don't<00:53:54.480> have<00:53:54.559> to<00:53:54.640> worry 00:53:54.870 --> 00:53:54.880 align:start position:0% and uh so now you don't have to worry 00:53:54.880 --> 00:53:57.109 align:start position:0% and uh so now you don't have to worry about<00:53:55.040> that<00:53:55.760> um 00:53:57.109 --> 00:53:57.119 align:start position:0% about that um 00:53:57.119 --> 00:53:58.870 align:start position:0% about that um in<00:53:57.280> some<00:53:57.520> sense<00:53:57.839> i<00:53:57.920> think<00:53:58.079> we're<00:53:58.240> spoiled<00:53:58.720> by 00:53:58.870 --> 00:53:58.880 align:start position:0% in some sense i think we're spoiled by 00:53:58.880 --> 00:54:00.710 align:start position:0% in some sense i think we're spoiled by that<00:53:59.119> largest<00:53:59.599> but<00:53:59.760> in<00:53:59.920> another<00:54:00.240> sense<00:54:00.559> i 00:54:00.710 --> 00:54:00.720 align:start position:0% that largest but in another sense i 00:54:00.720 --> 00:54:01.109 align:start position:0% that largest but in another sense i think 00:54:01.109 --> 00:54:01.119 align:start position:0% think 00:54:01.119 --> 00:54:03.349 align:start position:0% think it's<00:54:01.359> allowed<00:54:01.680> us<00:54:01.839> to<00:54:02.000> dream<00:54:02.400> and<00:54:02.880> you<00:54:02.960> know<00:54:03.119> do 00:54:03.349 --> 00:54:03.359 align:start position:0% it's allowed us to dream and you know do 00:54:03.359 --> 00:54:04.150 align:start position:0% it's allowed us to dream and you know do things 00:54:04.150 --> 00:54:04.160 align:start position:0% things 00:54:04.160 --> 00:54:06.710 align:start position:0% things that<00:54:04.880> we're<00:54:05.280> thought<00:54:05.520> to<00:54:05.680> be<00:54:06.000> completely 00:54:06.710 --> 00:54:06.720 align:start position:0% that we're thought to be completely 00:54:06.720 --> 00:54:09.670 align:start position:0% that we're thought to be completely infeasible<00:54:07.359> back<00:54:07.599> then 00:54:09.670 --> 00:54:09.680 align:start position:0% infeasible back then 00:54:09.680 --> 00:54:11.430 align:start position:0% infeasible back then i<00:54:09.839> think<00:54:10.000> the<00:54:10.160> other<00:54:10.319> technological<00:54:11.119> change 00:54:11.430 --> 00:54:11.440 align:start position:0% i think the other technological change 00:54:11.440 --> 00:54:13.030 align:start position:0% i think the other technological change that<00:54:11.599> has<00:54:11.760> happened<00:54:12.160> is<00:54:12.319> i<00:54:12.400> think<00:54:12.640> if<00:54:12.720> you<00:54:12.880> look 00:54:13.030 --> 00:54:13.040 align:start position:0% that has happened is i think if you look 00:54:13.040 --> 00:54:14.069 align:start position:0% that has happened is i think if you look at<00:54:13.200> the 00:54:14.069 --> 00:54:14.079 align:start position:0% at the 00:54:14.079 --> 00:54:16.790 align:start position:0% at the uh<00:54:14.559> the<00:54:14.800> price<00:54:15.200> to<00:54:15.359> performance<00:54:16.079> ratio<00:54:16.559> of 00:54:16.790 --> 00:54:16.800 align:start position:0% uh the price to performance ratio of 00:54:16.800 --> 00:54:17.750 align:start position:0% uh the price to performance ratio of sensors 00:54:17.750 --> 00:54:17.760 align:start position:0% sensors 00:54:17.760 --> 00:54:20.470 align:start position:0% sensors that's<00:54:18.079> fallen<00:54:18.559> dramatically<00:54:19.680> so<00:54:20.000> we<00:54:20.240> now 00:54:20.470 --> 00:54:20.480 align:start position:0% that's fallen dramatically so we now 00:54:20.480 --> 00:54:22.069 align:start position:0% that's fallen dramatically so we now have<00:54:20.720> a<00:54:20.800> lot<00:54:21.040> more<00:54:21.200> data<00:54:21.520> than<00:54:21.680> we<00:54:21.760> could<00:54:22.000> have 00:54:22.069 --> 00:54:22.079 align:start position:0% have a lot more data than we could have 00:54:22.079 --> 00:54:23.750 align:start position:0% have a lot more data than we could have hoped<00:54:22.400> for 00:54:23.750 --> 00:54:23.760 align:start position:0% hoped for 00:54:23.760 --> 00:54:25.670 align:start position:0% hoped for and<00:54:23.920> again<00:54:24.240> that<00:54:24.480> has<00:54:24.720> influenced<00:54:25.280> how<00:54:25.520> you 00:54:25.670 --> 00:54:25.680 align:start position:0% and again that has influenced how you 00:54:25.680 --> 00:54:27.670 align:start position:0% and again that has influenced how you think<00:54:25.920> about<00:54:26.240> problems 00:54:27.670 --> 00:54:27.680 align:start position:0% think about problems 00:54:27.680 --> 00:54:31.030 align:start position:0% think about problems um<00:54:29.280> i<00:54:29.359> think<00:54:29.520> the<00:54:29.680> third<00:54:30.000> thing<00:54:30.400> that<00:54:30.640> i<00:54:30.800> would 00:54:31.030 --> 00:54:31.040 align:start position:0% um i think the third thing that i would 00:54:31.040 --> 00:54:31.510 align:start position:0% um i think the third thing that i would i<00:54:31.200> would 00:54:31.510 --> 00:54:31.520 align:start position:0% i would 00:54:31.520 --> 00:54:33.750 align:start position:0% i would i<00:54:31.680> would<00:54:31.839> say<00:54:32.160> is<00:54:32.319> that<00:54:32.640> you<00:54:32.720> know<00:54:33.119> again<00:54:33.440> going 00:54:33.750 --> 00:54:33.760 align:start position:0% i would say is that you know again going 00:54:33.760 --> 00:54:35.510 align:start position:0% i would say is that you know again going back 00:54:35.510 --> 00:54:35.520 align:start position:0% back 00:54:35.520 --> 00:54:37.349 align:start position:0% back we<00:54:35.680> just<00:54:35.839> did<00:54:36.000> not<00:54:36.160> have<00:54:36.400> a<00:54:36.480> critical<00:54:36.880> mass<00:54:37.200> of 00:54:37.349 --> 00:54:37.359 align:start position:0% we just did not have a critical mass of 00:54:37.359 --> 00:54:38.870 align:start position:0% we just did not have a critical mass of roboticists 00:54:38.870 --> 00:54:38.880 align:start position:0% roboticists 00:54:38.880 --> 00:54:44.150 align:start position:0% roboticists creating<00:54:39.359> robots<00:54:40.240> now<00:54:41.839> it's<00:54:42.079> relatively<00:54:42.720> easy 00:54:44.150 --> 00:54:44.160 align:start position:0% creating robots now it's relatively easy 00:54:44.160 --> 00:54:47.190 align:start position:0% creating robots now it's relatively easy if<00:54:44.319> i<00:54:44.480> want<00:54:44.720> to<00:54:44.880> make<00:54:45.280> a<00:54:46.319> particular<00:54:46.720> robot 00:54:47.190 --> 00:54:47.200 align:start position:0% if i want to make a particular robot 00:54:47.200 --> 00:54:47.589 align:start position:0% if i want to make a particular robot with 00:54:47.589 --> 00:54:47.599 align:start position:0% with 00:54:47.599 --> 00:54:49.510 align:start position:0% with some<00:54:47.839> sort<00:54:48.000> of<00:54:48.160> a<00:54:48.240> specification<00:54:49.280> unique 00:54:49.510 --> 00:54:49.520 align:start position:0% some sort of a specification unique 00:54:49.520 --> 00:54:51.589 align:start position:0% some sort of a specification unique specification<00:54:50.240> for<00:54:50.400> a<00:54:50.480> particular<00:54:50.880> task 00:54:51.589 --> 00:54:51.599 align:start position:0% specification for a particular task 00:54:51.599 --> 00:54:54.870 align:start position:0% specification for a particular task it's<00:54:51.760> not<00:54:51.920> a<00:54:52.000> big<00:54:52.160> deal<00:54:52.400> i<00:54:52.480> can<00:54:52.640> do<00:54:52.799> it 00:54:54.870 --> 00:54:54.880 align:start position:0% it's not a big deal i can do it 00:54:54.880 --> 00:54:57.030 align:start position:0% it's not a big deal i can do it or<00:54:55.359> if<00:54:55.520> i'm<00:54:55.680> too<00:54:55.839> lazy<00:54:56.240> or<00:54:56.480> if<00:54:56.559> i<00:54:56.640> don't<00:54:56.799> want<00:54:56.880> to 00:54:57.030 --> 00:54:57.040 align:start position:0% or if i'm too lazy or if i don't want to 00:54:57.040 --> 00:55:00.630 align:start position:0% or if i'm too lazy or if i don't want to spend<00:54:57.200> my<00:54:57.359> energy<00:54:57.680> doing<00:54:57.839> it<00:54:58.000> i<00:54:58.079> can<00:54:58.160> go<00:54:58.319> buy<00:54:58.559> it 00:55:00.630 --> 00:55:00.640 align:start position:0% spend my energy doing it i can go buy it 00:55:00.640 --> 00:55:03.190 align:start position:0% spend my energy doing it i can go buy it that<00:55:00.799> was<00:55:00.960> not<00:55:01.200> the<00:55:01.359> case<00:55:02.000> before<00:55:02.480> right<00:55:03.040> so 00:55:03.190 --> 00:55:03.200 align:start position:0% that was not the case before right so 00:55:03.200 --> 00:55:04.870 align:start position:0% that was not the case before right so when<00:55:03.440> you<00:55:03.520> think<00:55:03.680> about<00:55:03.920> the<00:55:04.000> work<00:55:04.319> that<00:55:04.480> we<00:55:04.640> do 00:55:04.870 --> 00:55:04.880 align:start position:0% when you think about the work that we do 00:55:04.880 --> 00:55:07.589 align:start position:0% when you think about the work that we do here 00:55:07.589 --> 00:55:07.599 align:start position:0% here 00:55:07.599 --> 00:55:09.750 align:start position:0% here so<00:55:07.839> for<00:55:08.000> example<00:55:08.400> one<00:55:08.559> of<00:55:08.640> my<00:55:08.960> most<00:55:09.119> successful 00:55:09.750 --> 00:55:09.760 align:start position:0% so for example one of my most successful 00:55:09.760 --> 00:55:11.349 align:start position:0% so for example one of my most successful students<00:55:10.160> nathan 00:55:11.349 --> 00:55:11.359 align:start position:0% students nathan 00:55:11.359 --> 00:55:14.309 align:start position:0% students nathan michael<00:55:12.000> who<00:55:12.160> was<00:55:12.880> who<00:55:13.040> is<00:55:13.200> now<00:55:13.440> a<00:55:13.839> research 00:55:14.309 --> 00:55:14.319 align:start position:0% michael who was who is now a research 00:55:14.319 --> 00:55:17.190 align:start position:0% michael who was who is now a research assistant<00:55:14.720> professor<00:55:15.200> here 00:55:17.190 --> 00:55:17.200 align:start position:0% assistant professor here 00:55:17.200 --> 00:55:20.549 align:start position:0% assistant professor here he<00:55:17.440> decided<00:55:18.000> that<00:55:18.160> he<00:55:18.400> wanted<00:55:18.839> to<00:55:20.160> build<00:55:20.400> his 00:55:20.549 --> 00:55:20.559 align:start position:0% he decided that he wanted to build his 00:55:20.559 --> 00:55:21.990 align:start position:0% he decided that he wanted to build his own<00:55:20.640> robots 00:55:21.990 --> 00:55:22.000 align:start position:0% own robots 00:55:22.000 --> 00:55:25.270 align:start position:0% own robots and<00:55:23.359> and<00:55:23.680> he<00:55:23.920> took<00:55:24.240> a<00:55:24.480> combination<00:55:25.119> of 00:55:25.270 --> 00:55:25.280 align:start position:0% and and he took a combination of 00:55:25.280 --> 00:55:25.910 align:start position:0% and and he took a combination of off-the-shelf 00:55:25.910 --> 00:55:25.920 align:start position:0% off-the-shelf 00:55:25.920 --> 00:55:29.910 align:start position:0% off-the-shelf parts<00:55:27.440> and<00:55:27.680> fabricated<00:55:28.640> other<00:55:28.960> parts<00:55:29.359> and<00:55:29.599> he 00:55:29.910 --> 00:55:29.920 align:start position:0% parts and fabricated other parts and he 00:55:29.920 --> 00:55:30.309 align:start position:0% parts and fabricated other parts and he built 00:55:30.309 --> 00:55:30.319 align:start position:0% built 00:55:30.319 --> 00:55:34.069 align:start position:0% built his<00:55:30.559> own<00:55:30.960> multi-robot<00:55:31.680> system<00:55:32.839> um 00:55:34.069 --> 00:55:34.079 align:start position:0% his own multi-robot system um 00:55:34.079 --> 00:55:36.069 align:start position:0% his own multi-robot system um i<00:55:34.160> mean<00:55:34.400> not<00:55:34.559> to<00:55:34.640> take<00:55:34.880> away<00:55:35.200> from<00:55:35.440> his<00:55:35.760> uh 00:55:36.069 --> 00:55:36.079 align:start position:0% i mean not to take away from his uh 00:55:36.079 --> 00:55:37.270 align:start position:0% i mean not to take away from his uh creativity<00:55:36.799> and<00:55:36.960> his 00:55:37.270 --> 00:55:37.280 align:start position:0% creativity and his 00:55:37.280 --> 00:55:40.549 align:start position:0% creativity and his and<00:55:37.440> his<00:55:37.680> uh<00:55:38.960> and<00:55:39.119> his<00:55:39.280> novel<00:55:39.599> designs<00:55:40.160> but 00:55:40.549 --> 00:55:40.559 align:start position:0% and his uh and his novel designs but 00:55:40.559 --> 00:55:42.950 align:start position:0% and his uh and his novel designs but you<00:55:40.720> know<00:55:40.799> this<00:55:40.960> was<00:55:41.119> much<00:55:41.280> harder<00:55:41.680> to<00:55:41.760> do<00:55:42.640> a 00:55:42.950 --> 00:55:42.960 align:start position:0% you know this was much harder to do a 00:55:42.960 --> 00:55:44.309 align:start position:0% you know this was much harder to do a while<00:55:43.200> back 00:55:44.309 --> 00:55:44.319 align:start position:0% while back 00:55:44.319 --> 00:55:47.910 align:start position:0% while back um<00:55:45.839> so<00:55:46.000> i<00:55:46.079> think<00:55:46.240> the<00:55:46.559> these<00:55:47.200> technological 00:55:47.910 --> 00:55:47.920 align:start position:0% um so i think the these technological 00:55:47.920 --> 00:55:48.549 align:start position:0% um so i think the these technological changes 00:55:48.549 --> 00:55:48.559 align:start position:0% changes 00:55:48.559 --> 00:55:50.150 align:start position:0% changes have<00:55:48.799> influenced<00:55:49.280> the<00:55:49.359> way<00:55:49.520> we<00:55:49.680> think<00:55:49.839> about 00:55:50.150 --> 00:55:50.160 align:start position:0% have influenced the way we think about 00:55:50.160 --> 00:55:51.670 align:start position:0% have influenced the way we think about problems<00:55:50.559> and<00:55:50.640> the<00:55:50.799> problems<00:55:51.119> we<00:55:51.200> think<00:55:51.440> about 00:55:51.670 --> 00:55:51.680 align:start position:0% problems and the problems we think about 00:55:51.680 --> 00:55:53.270 align:start position:0% problems and the problems we think about solving 00:55:53.270 --> 00:55:53.280 align:start position:0% solving 00:55:53.280 --> 00:55:56.470 align:start position:0% solving um<00:55:54.400> and<00:55:54.640> so<00:55:54.960> so<00:55:55.119> what<00:55:55.280> are<00:55:55.440> some<00:55:55.599> of<00:55:55.760> the 00:55:56.470 --> 00:55:56.480 align:start position:0% um and so so what are some of the 00:55:56.480 --> 00:55:58.069 align:start position:0% um and so so what are some of the kind<00:55:56.720> of<00:55:56.799> new<00:55:57.119> problems<00:55:57.520> that<00:55:57.599> you<00:55:57.680> can<00:55:57.839> now 00:55:58.069 --> 00:55:58.079 align:start position:0% kind of new problems that you can now 00:55:58.079 --> 00:55:59.349 align:start position:0% kind of new problems that you can now think<00:55:58.240> about<00:55:58.559> solving<00:55:58.960> that<00:55:59.040> you<00:55:59.119> wouldn't 00:55:59.349 --> 00:55:59.359 align:start position:0% think about solving that you wouldn't 00:55:59.359 --> 00:56:00.150 align:start position:0% think about solving that you wouldn't have<00:55:59.520> thought<00:55:59.680> about 00:56:00.150 --> 00:56:00.160 align:start position:0% have thought about 00:56:00.160 --> 00:56:02.870 align:start position:0% have thought about right<00:56:00.319> so<00:56:00.480> for<00:56:00.640> instance<00:56:01.119> now<00:56:01.760> uh<00:56:02.640> you<00:56:02.720> know 00:56:02.870 --> 00:56:02.880 align:start position:0% right so for instance now uh you know 00:56:02.880 --> 00:56:03.990 align:start position:0% right so for instance now uh you know we're<00:56:03.119> thinking<00:56:03.359> about 00:56:03.990 --> 00:56:04.000 align:start position:0% we're thinking about 00:56:04.000 --> 00:56:07.109 align:start position:0% we're thinking about deploying<00:56:04.559> tens<00:56:04.880> of<00:56:06.240> robots 00:56:07.109 --> 00:56:07.119 align:start position:0% deploying tens of robots 00:56:07.119 --> 00:56:10.470 align:start position:0% deploying tens of robots in<00:56:07.359> in<00:56:07.760> you<00:56:07.839> know<00:56:08.079> in<00:56:08.240> a<00:56:08.319> building<00:56:09.440> in<00:56:09.920> in 00:56:10.470 --> 00:56:10.480 align:start position:0% in in you know in a building in in 00:56:10.480 --> 00:56:12.630 align:start position:0% in in you know in a building in in in<00:56:10.559> this<00:56:10.880> in<00:56:10.960> this<00:56:11.200> engineering<00:56:11.680> complex<00:56:12.480> so 00:56:12.630 --> 00:56:12.640 align:start position:0% in this in this engineering complex so 00:56:12.640 --> 00:56:14.230 align:start position:0% in this in this engineering complex so for<00:56:12.799> instance<00:56:13.280> last<00:56:13.520> year<00:56:13.839> we 00:56:14.230 --> 00:56:14.240 align:start position:0% for instance last year we 00:56:14.240 --> 00:56:16.390 align:start position:0% for instance last year we uh<00:56:14.799> so<00:56:14.960> i<00:56:15.040> talked<00:56:15.359> i<00:56:15.440> told<00:56:15.680> you<00:56:15.760> about<00:56:16.000> nathan 00:56:16.390 --> 00:56:16.400 align:start position:0% uh so i talked i told you about nathan 00:56:16.400 --> 00:56:18.390 align:start position:0% uh so i talked i told you about nathan he<00:56:16.559> was<00:56:16.720> involved<00:56:17.119> in<00:56:17.200> this<00:56:17.359> too 00:56:18.390 --> 00:56:18.400 align:start position:0% he was involved in this too 00:56:18.400 --> 00:56:22.309 align:start position:0% he was involved in this too we<00:56:18.559> did<00:56:18.799> an<00:56:18.880> experiment<00:56:19.599> where<00:56:20.640> we<00:56:20.960> had 00:56:22.309 --> 00:56:22.319 align:start position:0% we did an experiment where we had 00:56:22.319 --> 00:56:25.750 align:start position:0% we did an experiment where we had we<00:56:22.480> told<00:56:22.720> a<00:56:22.799> robot<00:56:23.680> to<00:56:23.920> go 00:56:25.750 --> 00:56:25.760 align:start position:0% we told a robot to go 00:56:25.760 --> 00:56:27.589 align:start position:0% we told a robot to go not<00:56:26.000> just<00:56:26.240> into<00:56:26.400> the<00:56:26.559> next<00:56:26.799> building<00:56:27.280> but<00:56:27.440> the 00:56:27.589 --> 00:56:27.599 align:start position:0% not just into the next building but the 00:56:27.599 --> 00:56:29.990 align:start position:0% not just into the next building but the building<00:56:27.920> adjacent<00:56:28.480> to<00:56:28.839> that 00:56:29.990 --> 00:56:30.000 align:start position:0% building adjacent to that 00:56:30.000 --> 00:56:32.950 align:start position:0% building adjacent to that into<00:56:30.319> a<00:56:30.480> corner<00:56:30.799> of<00:56:30.880> that<00:56:31.119> building<00:56:32.640> and<00:56:32.799> to 00:56:32.950 --> 00:56:32.960 align:start position:0% into a corner of that building and to 00:56:32.960 --> 00:56:35.030 align:start position:0% into a corner of that building and to get<00:56:33.200> there<00:56:33.440> and<00:56:33.520> tell<00:56:33.680> us<00:56:33.839> what<00:56:34.000> was<00:56:34.160> happening 00:56:35.030 --> 00:56:35.040 align:start position:0% get there and tell us what was happening 00:56:35.040 --> 00:56:37.030 align:start position:0% get there and tell us what was happening and<00:56:35.200> so<00:56:35.359> this<00:56:35.599> robot<00:56:36.000> was<00:56:36.240> able<00:56:36.400> to<00:56:36.559> recruit 00:56:37.030 --> 00:56:37.040 align:start position:0% and so this robot was able to recruit 00:56:37.040 --> 00:56:38.150 align:start position:0% and so this robot was able to recruit other<00:56:37.280> robots 00:56:38.150 --> 00:56:38.160 align:start position:0% other robots 00:56:38.160 --> 00:56:40.470 align:start position:0% other robots that<00:56:38.400> acted<00:56:38.720> as<00:56:38.960> relays<00:56:39.599> and<00:56:39.920> they<00:56:40.160> set<00:56:40.400> up 00:56:40.470 --> 00:56:40.480 align:start position:0% that acted as relays and they set up 00:56:40.480 --> 00:56:42.710 align:start position:0% that acted as relays and they set up their<00:56:40.720> own<00:56:40.880> wireless<00:56:41.359> ad<00:56:41.599> hoc<00:56:41.839> network 00:56:42.710 --> 00:56:42.720 align:start position:0% their own wireless ad hoc network 00:56:42.720 --> 00:56:44.309 align:start position:0% their own wireless ad hoc network and<00:56:42.880> so<00:56:43.119> i'm<00:56:43.280> sitting<00:56:43.599> here<00:56:43.839> and<00:56:44.000> i<00:56:44.079> could 00:56:44.309 --> 00:56:44.319 align:start position:0% and so i'm sitting here and i could 00:56:44.319 --> 00:56:45.990 align:start position:0% and so i'm sitting here and i could actually<00:56:44.720> in<00:56:44.880> principle<00:56:45.280> observe<00:56:45.680> what<00:56:45.839> was 00:56:45.990 --> 00:56:46.000 align:start position:0% actually in principle observe what was 00:56:46.000 --> 00:56:47.430 align:start position:0% actually in principle observe what was going<00:56:46.240> on 00:56:47.430 --> 00:56:47.440 align:start position:0% going on 00:56:47.440 --> 00:56:50.230 align:start position:0% going on in<00:56:47.520> a<00:56:47.680> corner<00:56:48.000> of<00:56:48.160> the<00:56:48.319> town<00:56:48.640> building<00:56:49.920> so<00:56:50.079> you 00:56:50.230 --> 00:56:50.240 align:start position:0% in a corner of the town building so you 00:56:50.240 --> 00:56:51.670 align:start position:0% in a corner of the town building so you need<00:56:50.400> lots<00:56:50.559> of<00:56:50.640> robots<00:56:51.040> to<00:56:51.119> do<00:56:51.280> things<00:56:51.520> like 00:56:51.670 --> 00:56:51.680 align:start position:0% need lots of robots to do things like 00:56:51.680 --> 00:56:53.910 align:start position:0% need lots of robots to do things like this 00:56:53.910 --> 00:56:53.920 align:start position:0% this 00:56:53.920 --> 00:56:57.109 align:start position:0% this and<00:56:54.160> again<00:56:55.119> oftentimes<00:56:56.319> we<00:56:56.480> don't<00:56:56.720> attack 00:56:57.109 --> 00:56:57.119 align:start position:0% and again oftentimes we don't attack 00:56:57.119 --> 00:56:58.950 align:start position:0% and again oftentimes we don't attack these<00:56:57.280> kinds<00:56:57.520> of<00:56:57.680> problems<00:56:58.160> unless<00:56:58.559> we<00:56:58.720> know 00:56:58.950 --> 00:56:58.960 align:start position:0% these kinds of problems unless we know 00:56:58.960 --> 00:57:01.829 align:start position:0% these kinds of problems unless we know that<00:56:59.119> these<00:56:59.359> problems<00:56:59.760> are<00:56:59.839> doable 00:57:01.829 --> 00:57:01.839 align:start position:0% that these problems are doable 00:57:01.839 --> 00:57:03.990 align:start position:0% that these problems are doable in<00:57:02.160> the<00:57:02.240> real<00:57:02.559> world<00:57:03.119> so<00:57:03.280> that's<00:57:03.440> an<00:57:03.599> example 00:57:03.990 --> 00:57:04.000 align:start position:0% in the real world so that's an example 00:57:04.000 --> 00:57:05.430 align:start position:0% in the real world so that's an example of<00:57:04.160> something<00:57:04.480> we<00:57:04.559> would<00:57:04.720> not<00:57:04.880> have<00:57:05.040> attempted 00:57:05.430 --> 00:57:05.440 align:start position:0% of something we would not have attempted 00:57:05.440 --> 00:57:07.910 align:start position:0% of something we would not have attempted 10<00:57:05.680> years<00:57:05.920> ago 00:57:07.910 --> 00:57:07.920 align:start position:0% 10 years ago 00:57:07.920 --> 00:57:09.589 align:start position:0% 10 years ago what<00:57:08.079> do<00:57:08.160> you<00:57:08.319> think<00:57:08.559> are<00:57:08.720> some<00:57:08.880> of<00:57:09.040> the<00:57:09.119> coming 00:57:09.589 --> 00:57:09.599 align:start position:0% what do you think are some of the coming 00:57:09.599 --> 00:57:13.270 align:start position:0% what do you think are some of the coming challenges<00:57:10.240> in<00:57:10.400> robotics 00:57:13.270 --> 00:57:13.280 align:start position:0% 00:57:13.280 --> 00:57:16.870 align:start position:0% i<00:57:13.440> think<00:57:14.240> i<00:57:14.400> think<00:57:14.640> one<00:57:15.200> huge<00:57:16.160> change<00:57:16.480> i<00:57:16.640> think 00:57:16.870 --> 00:57:16.880 align:start position:0% i think i think one huge change i think 00:57:16.880 --> 00:57:18.950 align:start position:0% i think i think one huge change i think is<00:57:17.119> our<00:57:17.359> ability<00:57:17.839> to<00:57:18.079> really 00:57:18.950 --> 00:57:18.960 align:start position:0% is our ability to really 00:57:18.960 --> 00:57:22.150 align:start position:0% is our ability to really develop<00:57:20.559> three-dimensional<00:57:21.520> autonomous 00:57:22.150 --> 00:57:22.160 align:start position:0% develop three-dimensional autonomous 00:57:22.160 --> 00:57:27.190 align:start position:0% develop three-dimensional autonomous flying<00:57:22.559> robots<00:57:25.119> the<00:57:25.280> uav<00:57:25.920> industry<00:57:26.319> is<00:57:26.559> huge 00:57:27.190 --> 00:57:27.200 align:start position:0% flying robots the uav industry is huge 00:57:27.200 --> 00:57:29.109 align:start position:0% flying robots the uav industry is huge mostly<00:57:27.599> because<00:57:27.920> of<00:57:28.000> these<00:57:28.319> big<00:57:28.720> drone 00:57:29.109 --> 00:57:29.119 align:start position:0% mostly because of these big drone 00:57:29.119 --> 00:57:31.270 align:start position:0% mostly because of these big drone aircrafts<00:57:29.599> that 00:57:31.270 --> 00:57:31.280 align:start position:0% aircrafts that 00:57:31.280 --> 00:57:34.470 align:start position:0% aircrafts that fly<00:57:32.640> at<00:57:32.880> really<00:57:33.200> high<00:57:33.359> altitudes<00:57:33.920> and<00:57:34.000> do<00:57:34.240> bad 00:57:34.470 --> 00:57:34.480 align:start position:0% fly at really high altitudes and do bad 00:57:34.480 --> 00:57:35.750 align:start position:0% fly at really high altitudes and do bad things<00:57:34.799> that 00:57:35.750 --> 00:57:35.760 align:start position:0% things that 00:57:35.760 --> 00:57:38.870 align:start position:0% things that i<00:57:35.839> don't<00:57:36.079> care<00:57:36.319> about<00:57:37.280> but<00:57:37.520> i<00:57:37.599> think<00:57:38.640> and 00:57:38.870 --> 00:57:38.880 align:start position:0% i don't care about but i think and 00:57:38.880 --> 00:57:40.789 align:start position:0% i don't care about but i think and they're<00:57:39.040> very<00:57:39.280> expensive 00:57:40.789 --> 00:57:40.799 align:start position:0% they're very expensive 00:57:40.799 --> 00:57:42.549 align:start position:0% they're very expensive but<00:57:41.040> i<00:57:41.119> think<00:57:41.440> the<00:57:41.599> time<00:57:41.920> has<00:57:42.000> sort<00:57:42.160> of<00:57:42.319> come 00:57:42.549 --> 00:57:42.559 align:start position:0% but i think the time has sort of come 00:57:42.559 --> 00:57:44.549 align:start position:0% but i think the time has sort of come that<00:57:42.720> you<00:57:42.799> can<00:57:42.960> take<00:57:43.200> those<00:57:43.520> big<00:57:43.920> objects<00:57:44.400> and 00:57:44.549 --> 00:57:44.559 align:start position:0% that you can take those big objects and 00:57:44.559 --> 00:57:47.030 align:start position:0% that you can take those big objects and scale<00:57:44.880> them<00:57:45.040> down<00:57:45.280> to<00:57:45.440> really<00:57:45.760> small<00:57:46.160> objects 00:57:47.030 --> 00:57:47.040 align:start position:0% scale them down to really small objects 00:57:47.040 --> 00:57:49.430 align:start position:0% scale them down to really small objects and<00:57:47.119> then<00:57:47.359> make<00:57:47.520> them<00:57:47.680> completely<00:57:48.079> autonomous 00:57:49.430 --> 00:57:49.440 align:start position:0% and then make them completely autonomous 00:57:49.440 --> 00:57:51.430 align:start position:0% and then make them completely autonomous so<00:57:49.839> if<00:57:50.000> you<00:57:50.160> do<00:57:50.319> that<00:57:50.640> i<00:57:50.799> think<00:57:51.040> the<00:57:51.200> third 00:57:51.430 --> 00:57:51.440 align:start position:0% so if you do that i think the third 00:57:51.440 --> 00:57:55.349 align:start position:0% so if you do that i think the third dimension<00:57:52.000> adds<00:57:52.319> so<00:57:52.559> much<00:57:52.799> to<00:57:53.040> robotics<00:57:53.680> and 00:57:55.349 --> 00:57:55.359 align:start position:0% dimension adds so much to robotics and 00:57:55.359 --> 00:57:57.750 align:start position:0% dimension adds so much to robotics and if<00:57:56.079> you<00:57:56.160> know<00:57:56.319> i<00:57:56.799> if<00:57:56.960> you<00:57:57.040> look<00:57:57.200> at<00:57:57.359> the<00:57:57.520> number 00:57:57.750 --> 00:57:57.760 align:start position:0% if you know i if you look at the number 00:57:57.760 --> 00:57:59.030 align:start position:0% if you know i if you look at the number of<00:57:58.000> aerial<00:57:58.400> robot 00:57:59.030 --> 00:57:59.040 align:start position:0% of aerial robot 00:57:59.040 --> 00:58:03.190 align:start position:0% of aerial robot sessions<00:57:59.440> and<00:57:59.599> conferences<00:58:01.359> it's<00:58:01.599> exploding 00:58:03.190 --> 00:58:03.200 align:start position:0% sessions and conferences it's exploding 00:58:03.200 --> 00:58:05.430 align:start position:0% sessions and conferences it's exploding um<00:58:03.520> i<00:58:03.680> think<00:58:04.000> so<00:58:04.160> that<00:58:04.400> that's<00:58:04.720> a<00:58:04.799> big<00:58:05.119> change 00:58:05.430 --> 00:58:05.440 align:start position:0% um i think so that that's a big change 00:58:05.440 --> 00:58:07.190 align:start position:0% um i think so that that's a big change in<00:58:05.520> the<00:58:05.599> next<00:58:06.079> four<00:58:06.319> or<00:58:06.400> five<00:58:06.640> years<00:58:07.040> that 00:58:07.190 --> 00:58:07.200 align:start position:0% in the next four or five years that 00:58:07.200 --> 00:58:10.710 align:start position:0% in the next four or five years that you'll<00:58:07.440> see<00:58:07.680> coming 00:58:10.710 --> 00:58:10.720 align:start position:0% 00:58:10.720 --> 00:58:13.910 align:start position:0% do<00:58:10.880> you<00:58:10.960> what<00:58:11.119> do<00:58:11.200> you<00:58:11.440> see<00:58:11.680> is<00:58:11.839> the<00:58:13.119> social<00:58:13.680> or 00:58:13.910 --> 00:58:13.920 align:start position:0% do you what do you see is the social or 00:58:13.920 --> 00:58:14.789 align:start position:0% do you what do you see is the social or societal 00:58:14.789 --> 00:58:14.799 align:start position:0% societal 00:58:14.799 --> 00:58:18.309 align:start position:0% societal role<00:58:15.040> of<00:58:15.200> robotics<00:58:15.760> if<00:58:15.920> any<00:58:16.960> um 00:58:18.309 --> 00:58:18.319 align:start position:0% role of robotics if any um 00:58:18.319 --> 00:58:20.230 align:start position:0% role of robotics if any um you<00:58:18.480> mean<00:58:18.720> what<00:58:18.960> role<00:58:19.280> society<00:58:19.760> has<00:58:19.920> to<00:58:20.079> play 00:58:20.230 --> 00:58:20.240 align:start position:0% you mean what role society has to play 00:58:20.240 --> 00:58:21.990 align:start position:0% you mean what role society has to play or<00:58:20.400> the<00:58:20.480> other<00:58:20.640> way<00:58:20.799> around<00:58:21.119> you<00:58:21.359> both<00:58:21.680> but<00:58:21.920> if 00:58:21.990 --> 00:58:22.000 align:start position:0% or the other way around you both but if 00:58:22.000 --> 00:58:24.630 align:start position:0% or the other way around you both but if you<00:58:22.079> could<00:58:22.240> answer<00:58:22.559> both<00:58:22.799> it<00:58:22.880> would<00:58:23.040> be<00:58:23.200> great 00:58:24.630 --> 00:58:24.640 align:start position:0% you could answer both it would be great 00:58:24.640 --> 00:58:28.230 align:start position:0% you could answer both it would be great so<00:58:24.880> i<00:58:25.040> think<00:58:25.359> uh<00:58:26.480> the<00:58:26.640> one<00:58:26.880> thing<00:58:27.359> so 00:58:28.230 --> 00:58:28.240 align:start position:0% so i think uh the one thing so 00:58:28.240 --> 00:58:29.750 align:start position:0% so i think uh the one thing so you<00:58:28.400> may<00:58:28.559> or<00:58:28.720> may<00:58:28.880> not<00:58:29.040> know<00:58:29.200> about<00:58:29.440> this<00:58:29.599> but 00:58:29.750 --> 00:58:29.760 align:start position:0% you may or may not know about this but 00:58:29.760 --> 00:58:31.829 align:start position:0% you may or may not know about this but there's<00:58:30.079> a<00:58:30.160> new<00:58:30.559> robotics<00:58:31.119> initiative<00:58:31.680> that 00:58:31.829 --> 00:58:31.839 align:start position:0% there's a new robotics initiative that 00:58:31.839 --> 00:58:33.030 align:start position:0% there's a new robotics initiative that we're<00:58:32.079> helping 00:58:33.030 --> 00:58:33.040 align:start position:0% we're helping 00:58:33.040 --> 00:58:36.950 align:start position:0% we're helping push<00:58:33.440> through<00:58:34.960> washington<00:58:35.760> and 00:58:36.950 --> 00:58:36.960 align:start position:0% push through washington and 00:58:36.960 --> 00:58:38.870 align:start position:0% push through washington and we<00:58:37.200> hope<00:58:37.440> there<00:58:37.599> will<00:58:37.680> be<00:58:38.160> funding<00:58:38.559> for<00:58:38.720> all 00:58:38.870 --> 00:58:38.880 align:start position:0% we hope there will be funding for all 00:58:38.880 --> 00:58:40.870 align:start position:0% we hope there will be funding for all kinds<00:58:39.119> of<00:58:39.520> new<00:58:39.839> interesting<00:58:40.319> projects 00:58:40.870 --> 00:58:40.880 align:start position:0% kinds of new interesting projects 00:58:40.880 --> 00:58:43.990 align:start position:0% kinds of new interesting projects both<00:58:41.280> in<00:58:41.440> academia<00:58:42.160> and<00:58:42.400> also<00:58:42.640> in<00:58:42.799> industry<00:58:43.839> so 00:58:43.990 --> 00:58:44.000 align:start position:0% both in academia and also in industry so 00:58:44.000 --> 00:58:47.109 align:start position:0% both in academia and also in industry so this<00:58:44.240> is<00:58:44.480> called<00:58:44.799> robotics<00:58:45.359> 2.0 00:58:47.109 --> 00:58:47.119 align:start position:0% this is called robotics 2.0 00:58:47.119 --> 00:58:51.829 align:start position:0% this is called robotics 2.0 so<00:58:47.520> as<00:58:47.680> opposed<00:58:48.000> to<00:58:48.160> 1.0<00:58:48.880> 2.0<00:58:49.599> now 00:58:51.829 --> 00:58:51.839 align:start position:0% so as opposed to 1.0 2.0 now 00:58:51.839 --> 00:58:55.030 align:start position:0% so as opposed to 1.0 2.0 now acknowledges<00:58:53.200> and<00:58:53.359> emphasizes<00:58:54.160> the<00:58:54.319> role 00:58:55.030 --> 00:58:55.040 align:start position:0% acknowledges and emphasizes the role 00:58:55.040 --> 00:58:58.710 align:start position:0% acknowledges and emphasizes the role that<00:58:55.280> humans<00:58:55.760> play<00:58:57.280> in<00:58:57.440> a<00:58:57.520> robotic<00:58:58.000> society<00:58:58.559> or 00:58:58.710 --> 00:58:58.720 align:start position:0% that humans play in a robotic society or 00:58:58.720 --> 00:59:00.069 align:start position:0% that humans play in a robotic society or the<00:58:58.799> other<00:58:58.960> way<00:58:59.119> around<00:58:59.359> robots<00:58:59.760> play<00:58:59.920> in<00:59:00.000> a 00:59:00.069 --> 00:59:00.079 align:start position:0% the other way around robots play in a 00:59:00.079 --> 00:59:02.870 align:start position:0% the other way around robots play in a human<00:59:00.400> society 00:59:02.870 --> 00:59:02.880 align:start position:0% human society 00:59:02.880 --> 00:59:04.630 align:start position:0% human society and<00:59:03.040> so<00:59:03.200> the<00:59:03.520> the<00:59:03.920> increasing<00:59:04.480> the 00:59:04.630 --> 00:59:04.640 align:start position:0% and so the the increasing the 00:59:04.640 --> 00:59:06.309 align:start position:0% and so the the increasing the realization<00:59:05.359> is<00:59:05.520> that<00:59:05.760> no<00:59:05.920> matter 00:59:06.309 --> 00:59:06.319 align:start position:0% realization is that no matter 00:59:06.319 --> 00:59:09.270 align:start position:0% realization is that no matter what<00:59:07.280> uh<00:59:08.000> the<00:59:08.240> the<00:59:08.400> application<00:59:08.960> you<00:59:09.119> want 00:59:09.270 --> 00:59:09.280 align:start position:0% what uh the the application you want 00:59:09.280 --> 00:59:10.870 align:start position:0% what uh the the application you want humans<00:59:09.599> and<00:59:09.760> robots<00:59:10.160> to<00:59:10.319> work 00:59:10.870 --> 00:59:10.880 align:start position:0% humans and robots to work 00:59:10.880 --> 00:59:14.230 align:start position:0% humans and robots to work together<00:59:12.160> um<00:59:13.359> and<00:59:13.520> i<00:59:13.599> think<00:59:13.839> that 00:59:14.230 --> 00:59:14.240 align:start position:0% together um and i think that 00:59:14.240 --> 00:59:15.829 align:start position:0% together um and i think that is<00:59:14.400> gonna<00:59:14.720> you're<00:59:14.799> gonna<00:59:15.040> see<00:59:15.280> more<00:59:15.440> and<00:59:15.599> more 00:59:15.829 --> 00:59:15.839 align:start position:0% is gonna you're gonna see more and more 00:59:15.839 --> 00:59:18.069 align:start position:0% is gonna you're gonna see more and more of<00:59:15.920> that<00:59:16.559> already<00:59:16.960> it<00:59:17.119> happens 00:59:18.069 --> 00:59:18.079 align:start position:0% of that already it happens 00:59:18.079 --> 00:59:20.549 align:start position:0% of that already it happens in<00:59:18.480> uh<00:59:18.799> for<00:59:18.960> example<00:59:19.599> in<00:59:19.839> in<00:59:20.000> the<00:59:20.079> operating 00:59:20.549 --> 00:59:20.559 align:start position:0% in uh for example in in the operating 00:59:20.559 --> 00:59:21.510 align:start position:0% in uh for example in in the operating theater<00:59:20.880> where 00:59:21.510 --> 00:59:21.520 align:start position:0% theater where 00:59:21.520 --> 00:59:24.630 align:start position:0% theater where surgical<00:59:22.000> robots<00:59:23.200> are<00:59:23.359> operated<00:59:23.839> by<00:59:24.000> surgeons 00:59:24.630 --> 00:59:24.640 align:start position:0% surgical robots are operated by surgeons 00:59:24.640 --> 00:59:26.870 align:start position:0% surgical robots are operated by surgeons and<00:59:24.799> there's<00:59:25.520> there's<00:59:26.160> things<00:59:26.480> happening 00:59:26.870 --> 00:59:26.880 align:start position:0% and there's there's things happening 00:59:26.880 --> 00:59:28.470 align:start position:0% and there's there's things happening together 00:59:28.470 --> 00:59:28.480 align:start position:0% together 00:59:28.480 --> 00:59:29.829 align:start position:0% together i<00:59:28.559> think<00:59:28.799> it<00:59:28.880> happens<00:59:29.280> a<00:59:29.359> little<00:59:29.520> bit<00:59:29.680> in 00:59:29.829 --> 00:59:29.839 align:start position:0% i think it happens a little bit in 00:59:29.839 --> 00:59:31.750 align:start position:0% i think it happens a little bit in factories<00:59:30.400> where<00:59:30.559> you<00:59:30.720> have<00:59:31.040> humans<00:59:31.440> working 00:59:31.750 --> 00:59:31.760 align:start position:0% factories where you have humans working 00:59:31.760 --> 00:59:33.510 align:start position:0% factories where you have humans working next<00:59:32.000> to<00:59:32.160> robots 00:59:33.510 --> 00:59:33.520 align:start position:0% next to robots 00:59:33.520 --> 00:59:34.950 align:start position:0% next to robots in<00:59:33.680> the<00:59:33.839> kinds<00:59:34.079> of<00:59:34.240> missions<00:59:34.640> that<00:59:34.720> i<00:59:34.799> was 00:59:34.950 --> 00:59:34.960 align:start position:0% in the kinds of missions that i was 00:59:34.960 --> 00:59:36.710 align:start position:0% in the kinds of missions that i was talking<00:59:35.200> about<00:59:35.520> in<00:59:35.680> fukushima<00:59:36.400> it's 00:59:36.710 --> 00:59:36.720 align:start position:0% talking about in fukushima it's 00:59:36.720 --> 00:59:39.190 align:start position:0% talking about in fukushima it's it's<00:59:37.200> uh<00:59:37.599> it's<00:59:38.000> hard<00:59:38.240> for<00:59:38.480> humans<00:59:38.799> to<00:59:38.880> do<00:59:39.040> it 00:59:39.190 --> 00:59:39.200 align:start position:0% it's uh it's hard for humans to do it 00:59:39.200 --> 00:59:39.829 align:start position:0% it's uh it's hard for humans to do it alone 00:59:39.829 --> 00:59:39.839 align:start position:0% alone 00:59:39.839 --> 00:59:41.349 align:start position:0% alone so<00:59:40.000> they'll<00:59:40.240> need<00:59:40.400> robots<00:59:40.799> on<00:59:40.960> the<00:59:41.040> other<00:59:41.200> hand 00:59:41.349 --> 00:59:41.359 align:start position:0% so they'll need robots on the other hand 00:59:41.359 --> 00:59:43.030 align:start position:0% so they'll need robots on the other hand robots<00:59:41.760> will<00:59:41.920> need<00:59:42.079> to 00:59:43.030 --> 00:59:43.040 align:start position:0% robots will need to 00:59:43.040 --> 00:59:45.829 align:start position:0% robots will need to complement<00:59:43.599> humans<00:59:44.400> and<00:59:44.559> i<00:59:44.640> think<00:59:44.880> that<00:59:45.119> that 00:59:45.829 --> 00:59:45.839 align:start position:0% complement humans and i think that that 00:59:45.839 --> 00:59:46.470 align:start position:0% complement humans and i think that that is<00:59:46.000> going<00:59:46.160> to 00:59:46.470 --> 00:59:46.480 align:start position:0% is going to 00:59:46.480 --> 00:59:47.750 align:start position:0% is going to you're<00:59:46.640> going<00:59:46.799> to<00:59:46.880> see<00:59:47.040> more<00:59:47.200> and<00:59:47.359> more<00:59:47.599> of 00:59:47.750 --> 00:59:47.760 align:start position:0% you're going to see more and more of 00:59:47.760 --> 00:59:50.710 align:start position:0% you're going to see more and more of that<00:59:48.640> and 00:59:50.710 --> 00:59:50.720 align:start position:0% that and 00:59:50.720 --> 00:59:52.549 align:start position:0% that and right<00:59:50.960> now<00:59:51.119> the<00:59:51.280> only<00:59:51.599> robots<00:59:52.000> we<00:59:52.160> have<00:59:52.319> in<00:59:52.400> our 00:59:52.549 --> 00:59:52.559 align:start position:0% right now the only robots we have in our 00:59:52.559 --> 00:59:57.109 align:start position:0% right now the only robots we have in our homes<00:59:53.680> are<00:59:53.920> vacuum<00:59:54.319> cleaning<00:59:54.720> robots 00:59:57.109 --> 00:59:57.119 align:start position:0% homes are vacuum cleaning robots 00:59:57.119 --> 00:59:58.710 align:start position:0% homes are vacuum cleaning robots you<00:59:57.280> know<00:59:57.359> partially<00:59:57.760> because<00:59:57.920> of<00:59:58.160> economics 00:59:58.710 --> 00:59:58.720 align:start position:0% you know partially because of economics 00:59:58.720 --> 01:00:00.470 align:start position:0% you know partially because of economics partially<00:59:59.119> because<00:59:59.359> of<00:59:59.520> what<00:59:59.839> society<01:00:00.400> is 01:00:00.470 --> 01:00:00.480 align:start position:0% partially because of what society is 01:00:00.480 --> 01:00:01.510 align:start position:0% partially because of what society is willing<01:00:00.720> to<01:00:00.880> accept 01:00:01.510 --> 01:00:01.520 align:start position:0% willing to accept 01:00:01.520 --> 01:00:02.950 align:start position:0% willing to accept but<01:00:01.680> i<01:00:01.760> think<01:00:01.920> you'll<01:00:02.160> see<01:00:02.319> a<01:00:02.400> lot<01:00:02.640> more<01:00:02.880> of 01:00:02.950 --> 01:00:02.960 align:start position:0% but i think you'll see a lot more of 01:00:02.960 --> 01:00:05.589 align:start position:0% but i think you'll see a lot more of these<01:00:03.280> kinds<01:00:03.520> of<01:00:03.680> robots<01:00:04.319> in<01:00:04.720> homes 01:00:05.589 --> 01:00:05.599 align:start position:0% these kinds of robots in homes 01:00:05.599 --> 01:00:07.270 align:start position:0% these kinds of robots in homes and<01:00:05.839> and<01:00:06.000> i<01:00:06.079> think<01:00:06.240> it'll<01:00:06.559> bridge<01:00:06.799> the<01:00:06.960> gap 01:00:07.270 --> 01:00:07.280 align:start position:0% and and i think it'll bridge the gap 01:00:07.280 --> 01:00:08.789 align:start position:0% and and i think it'll bridge the gap between<01:00:07.680> humans<01:00:08.160> and 01:00:08.789 --> 01:00:08.799 align:start position:0% between humans and 01:00:08.799 --> 01:00:10.870 align:start position:0% between humans and and<01:00:09.359> and<01:00:09.520> robots<01:00:10.000> and<01:00:10.240> i<01:00:10.319> think<01:00:10.480> you'll<01:00:10.640> see<01:00:10.799> a 01:00:10.870 --> 01:00:10.880 align:start position:0% and and robots and i think you'll see a 01:00:10.880 --> 01:00:12.950 align:start position:0% and and robots and i think you'll see a lot<01:00:11.119> more<01:00:11.680> of<01:00:11.839> robots 01:00:12.950 --> 01:00:12.960 align:start position:0% lot more of robots 01:00:12.960 --> 01:00:16.309 align:start position:0% lot more of robots everywhere<01:00:14.319> um<01:00:15.280> let<01:00:15.440> me<01:00:15.520> just<01:00:15.839> uh 01:00:16.309 --> 01:00:16.319 align:start position:0% everywhere um let me just uh 01:00:16.319 --> 01:00:18.390 align:start position:0% everywhere um let me just uh do<01:00:16.400> you<01:00:16.480> want<01:00:16.720> me<01:00:17.119> somebody<01:00:17.599> not<01:00:17.760> yeah<01:00:18.000> yeah<01:00:18.319> i 01:00:18.390 --> 01:00:18.400 align:start position:0% do you want me somebody not yeah yeah i 01:00:18.400 --> 01:00:20.710 align:start position:0% do you want me somebody not yeah yeah i just<01:00:18.559> wanna<01:00:19.119> we<01:00:19.280> can<01:00:19.440> have<01:00:19.599> just<01:00:19.839> one 01:00:20.710 --> 01:00:20.720 align:start position:0% just wanna we can have just one 01:00:20.720 --> 01:00:23.750 align:start position:0% just wanna we can have just one yeah<01:00:20.960> and<01:00:21.119> i<01:00:21.280> think<01:00:22.319> yeah<01:00:23.200> yeah<01:00:23.440> you<01:00:23.520> have<01:00:23.599> to 01:00:23.750 --> 01:00:23.760 align:start position:0% yeah and i think yeah yeah you have to 01:00:23.760 --> 01:00:25.109 align:start position:0% yeah and i think yeah yeah you have to pack<01:00:24.000> up<01:00:24.240> stuff<01:00:24.559> and 01:00:25.109 --> 01:00:25.119 align:start position:0% pack up stuff and 01:00:25.119 --> 01:00:31.270 align:start position:0% pack up stuff and that's<01:00:25.359> it<01:00:25.760> it's<01:00:26.000> all<01:00:26.839> yeah 01:00:31.270 --> 01:00:31.280 align:start position:0% 01:00:31.280 --> 01:00:32.870 align:start position:0% but<01:00:31.520> our<01:00:31.680> final<01:00:32.079> the<01:00:32.240> question<01:00:32.559> that<01:00:32.720> we 01:00:32.870 --> 01:00:32.880 align:start position:0% but our final the question that we 01:00:32.880 --> 01:00:34.549 align:start position:0% but our final the question that we usually<01:00:33.680> finish<01:00:34.079> with 01:00:34.549 --> 01:00:34.559 align:start position:0% usually finish with 01:00:34.559 --> 01:00:38.069 align:start position:0% usually finish with um<01:00:35.440> is<01:00:35.920> if<01:00:36.559> could<01:00:36.799> you<01:00:36.960> give<01:00:37.200> some<01:00:37.440> advice<01:00:37.920> to 01:00:38.069 --> 01:00:38.079 align:start position:0% um is if could you give some advice to 01:00:38.079 --> 01:00:39.829 align:start position:0% um is if could you give some advice to young<01:00:38.319> people<01:00:38.720> who<01:00:38.880> are<01:00:39.119> interested 01:00:39.829 --> 01:00:39.839 align:start position:0% young people who are interested 01:00:39.839 --> 01:00:44.630 align:start position:0% young people who are interested in<01:00:40.839> robotics 01:00:44.630 --> 01:00:44.640 align:start position:0% 01:00:44.640 --> 01:00:47.510 align:start position:0% how<01:00:44.880> young<01:00:45.280> are<01:00:45.440> these<01:00:45.680> people<01:00:46.640> it<01:00:46.799> doesn't<01:00:47.280> it 01:00:47.510 --> 01:00:47.520 align:start position:0% how young are these people it doesn't it 01:00:47.520 --> 01:00:48.309 align:start position:0% how young are these people it doesn't it can<01:00:47.760> be 01:00:48.309 --> 01:00:48.319 align:start position:0% can be 01:00:48.319 --> 01:00:51.030 align:start position:0% can be any<01:00:48.720> any<01:00:49.040> age<01:00:49.440> that<01:00:49.599> you<01:00:49.839> think<01:00:50.240> of<01:00:50.400> course<01:00:50.720> now 01:00:51.030 --> 01:00:51.040 align:start position:0% any any age that you think of course now 01:00:51.040 --> 01:00:51.990 align:start position:0% any any age that you think of course now it's<01:00:51.200> from<01:00:51.520> pro 01:00:51.990 --> 01:00:52.000 align:start position:0% it's from pro 01:00:52.000 --> 01:00:55.030 align:start position:0% it's from pro from<01:00:52.319> k<01:00:52.720> to<01:00:53.680> yeah<01:00:54.000> well<01:00:54.319> okay<01:00:54.640> so<01:00:54.799> i<01:00:54.880> mean 01:00:55.030 --> 01:00:55.040 align:start position:0% from k to yeah well okay so i mean 01:00:55.040 --> 01:00:56.150 align:start position:0% from k to yeah well okay so i mean here's<01:00:55.359> my 01:00:56.150 --> 01:00:56.160 align:start position:0% here's my 01:00:56.160 --> 01:00:58.870 align:start position:0% here's my um<01:00:56.960> so<01:00:57.119> from<01:00:57.280> the<01:00:57.440> standpoint<01:00:57.920> of<01:00:58.079> education<01:00:58.720> i 01:00:58.870 --> 01:00:58.880 align:start position:0% um so from the standpoint of education i 01:00:58.880 --> 01:00:59.670 align:start position:0% um so from the standpoint of education i think 01:00:59.670 --> 01:00:59.680 align:start position:0% think 01:00:59.680 --> 01:01:02.470 align:start position:0% think i<01:01:00.079> often<01:01:00.559> call<01:01:00.960> robotics<01:01:01.599> the<01:01:01.760> canonical 01:01:02.470 --> 01:01:02.480 align:start position:0% i often call robotics the canonical 01:01:02.480 --> 01:01:03.990 align:start position:0% i often call robotics the canonical engineering<01:01:02.960> discipline 01:01:03.990 --> 01:01:04.000 align:start position:0% engineering discipline 01:01:04.000 --> 01:01:06.549 align:start position:0% engineering discipline and<01:01:04.240> the<01:01:04.319> reason<01:01:04.720> is<01:01:04.960> it's<01:01:05.839> it's<01:01:06.079> a<01:01:06.319> it's 01:01:06.549 --> 01:01:06.559 align:start position:0% and the reason is it's it's a it's 01:01:06.559 --> 01:01:08.309 align:start position:0% and the reason is it's it's a it's synthetic 01:01:08.309 --> 01:01:08.319 align:start position:0% synthetic 01:01:08.319 --> 01:01:09.910 align:start position:0% synthetic unlike<01:01:08.720> many<01:01:08.960> engineering<01:01:09.359> disciplines 01:01:09.910 --> 01:01:09.920 align:start position:0% unlike many engineering disciplines 01:01:09.920 --> 01:01:12.150 align:start position:0% unlike many engineering disciplines where<01:01:10.079> you<01:01:10.319> analyze<01:01:10.799> things<01:01:11.200> here 01:01:12.150 --> 01:01:12.160 align:start position:0% where you analyze things here 01:01:12.160 --> 01:01:14.069 align:start position:0% where you analyze things here the<01:01:12.319> whole<01:01:12.559> goal<01:01:12.799> of<01:01:12.960> robotics<01:01:13.520> is<01:01:13.599> to<01:01:13.760> build 01:01:14.069 --> 01:01:14.079 align:start position:0% the whole goal of robotics is to build 01:01:14.079 --> 01:01:15.589 align:start position:0% the whole goal of robotics is to build things 01:01:15.589 --> 01:01:15.599 align:start position:0% things 01:01:15.599 --> 01:01:18.069 align:start position:0% things and<01:01:15.760> it<01:01:16.000> forces<01:01:16.400> you<01:01:16.799> to<01:01:17.040> learn<01:01:17.440> the<01:01:17.680> science 01:01:18.069 --> 01:01:18.079 align:start position:0% and it forces you to learn the science 01:01:18.079 --> 01:01:18.870 align:start position:0% and it forces you to learn the science that<01:01:18.240> you<01:01:18.480> need 01:01:18.870 --> 01:01:18.880 align:start position:0% that you need 01:01:18.880 --> 01:01:21.670 align:start position:0% that you need to<01:01:19.119> build<01:01:19.359> these<01:01:19.599> things<01:01:20.799> so<01:01:21.119> if<01:01:21.280> i<01:01:21.359> were<01:01:21.520> to 01:01:21.670 --> 01:01:21.680 align:start position:0% to build these things so if i were to 01:01:21.680 --> 01:01:23.750 align:start position:0% to build these things so if i were to restructure<01:01:22.400> engineering<01:01:22.960> programs 01:01:23.750 --> 01:01:23.760 align:start position:0% restructure engineering programs 01:01:23.760 --> 01:01:25.670 align:start position:0% restructure engineering programs i<01:01:23.920> would<01:01:24.160> simply<01:01:24.559> have<01:01:24.799> the<01:01:25.119> very<01:01:25.359> first 01:01:25.670 --> 01:01:25.680 align:start position:0% i would simply have the very first 01:01:25.680 --> 01:01:27.510 align:start position:0% i would simply have the very first course<01:01:26.000> be<01:01:26.160> a<01:01:26.240> robotics<01:01:26.880> course 01:01:27.510 --> 01:01:27.520 align:start position:0% course be a robotics course 01:01:27.520 --> 01:01:31.030 align:start position:0% course be a robotics course and<01:01:27.760> from<01:01:28.000> that<01:01:29.520> build 01:01:31.030 --> 01:01:31.040 align:start position:0% and from that build 01:01:31.040 --> 01:01:32.950 align:start position:0% and from that build engineering<01:01:31.599> science<01:01:32.000> courses<01:01:32.559> that<01:01:32.720> could 01:01:32.950 --> 01:01:32.960 align:start position:0% engineering science courses that could 01:01:32.960 --> 01:01:36.549 align:start position:0% engineering science courses that could help<01:01:33.920> students<01:01:34.400> build<01:01:34.640> better<01:01:34.880> robots 01:01:36.549 --> 01:01:36.559 align:start position:0% help students build better robots 01:01:36.559 --> 01:01:38.230 align:start position:0% help students build better robots so<01:01:36.720> this<01:01:36.799> is<01:01:36.880> sort<01:01:37.040> of<01:01:37.200> a<01:01:37.280> top-down<01:01:37.839> way<01:01:38.000> of 01:01:38.230 --> 01:01:38.240 align:start position:0% so this is sort of a top-down way of 01:01:38.240 --> 01:01:39.670 align:start position:0% so this is sort of a top-down way of doing<01:01:38.480> robotics 01:01:39.670 --> 01:01:39.680 align:start position:0% doing robotics 01:01:39.680 --> 01:01:41.270 align:start position:0% doing robotics but<01:01:39.839> getting<01:01:40.160> off<01:01:40.319> that<01:01:40.480> soapbox<01:01:41.040> i<01:01:41.119> would 01:01:41.270 --> 01:01:41.280 align:start position:0% but getting off that soapbox i would 01:01:41.280 --> 01:01:43.670 align:start position:0% but getting off that soapbox i would tell<01:01:41.520> students<01:01:41.920> that<01:01:42.000> this<01:01:42.240> is<01:01:42.400> a<01:01:42.640> good<01:01:42.880> way 01:01:43.670 --> 01:01:43.680 align:start position:0% tell students that this is a good way 01:01:43.680 --> 01:01:46.150 align:start position:0% tell students that this is a good way to<01:01:43.920> learn<01:01:44.319> a<01:01:44.480> wide<01:01:44.880> variety<01:01:45.359> of<01:01:45.520> techniques 01:01:46.150 --> 01:01:46.160 align:start position:0% to learn a wide variety of techniques 01:01:46.160 --> 01:01:48.710 align:start position:0% to learn a wide variety of techniques that<01:01:46.400> are<01:01:46.480> used<01:01:46.799> in<01:01:46.960> engineering 01:01:48.710 --> 01:01:48.720 align:start position:0% that are used in engineering 01:01:48.720 --> 01:01:51.190 align:start position:0% that are used in engineering well<01:01:48.960> today<01:01:49.359> robotics<01:01:49.839> doesn't<01:01:50.160> include 01:01:51.190 --> 01:01:51.200 align:start position:0% well today robotics doesn't include 01:01:51.200 --> 01:01:52.789 align:start position:0% well today robotics doesn't include biology<01:01:51.760> as<01:01:51.839> much<01:01:52.079> as<01:01:52.240> it<01:01:52.400> could<01:01:52.640> so 01:01:52.789 --> 01:01:52.799 align:start position:0% biology as much as it could so 01:01:52.799 --> 01:01:54.309 align:start position:0% biology as much as it could so bioengineering<01:01:53.599> and<01:01:53.680> biomedical 01:01:54.309 --> 01:01:54.319 align:start position:0% bioengineering and biomedical 01:01:54.319 --> 01:01:55.750 align:start position:0% bioengineering and biomedical engineering<01:01:54.799> is<01:01:54.880> not 01:01:55.750 --> 01:01:55.760 align:start position:0% engineering is not 01:01:55.760 --> 01:01:57.670 align:start position:0% engineering is not really<01:01:56.240> a<01:01:56.400> central<01:01:56.799> part<01:01:56.960> of<01:01:57.039> robotics<01:01:57.520> but 01:01:57.670 --> 01:01:57.680 align:start position:0% really a central part of robotics but 01:01:57.680 --> 01:01:58.950 align:start position:0% really a central part of robotics but that's<01:01:57.839> just<01:01:58.000> a<01:01:58.079> question<01:01:58.400> of<01:01:58.480> time<01:01:58.720> i<01:01:58.799> think 01:01:58.950 --> 01:01:58.960 align:start position:0% that's just a question of time i think 01:01:58.960 --> 01:01:59.510 align:start position:0% that's just a question of time i think that'll 01:01:59.510 --> 01:01:59.520 align:start position:0% that'll 01:01:59.520 --> 01:02:02.150 align:start position:0% that'll that'll<01:01:59.839> also<01:02:00.160> creep<01:02:00.559> in<01:02:01.440> likewise<01:02:01.920> it<01:02:02.000> may 01:02:02.150 --> 01:02:02.160 align:start position:0% that'll also creep in likewise it may 01:02:02.160 --> 01:02:03.990 align:start position:0% that'll also creep in likewise it may not<01:02:02.480> include<01:02:02.799> chemical<01:02:03.280> engineering<01:02:03.839> or 01:02:03.990 --> 01:02:04.000 align:start position:0% not include chemical engineering or 01:02:04.000 --> 01:02:05.430 align:start position:0% not include chemical engineering or material<01:02:04.559> science 01:02:05.43/c> 01:02:11.910 --> 01:02:11.920 align:start position:0% and so it is really the best way to 01:02:11.920 --> 01:02:13.430 align:start position:0% and so it is really the best way to learn<01:02:12.160> about<01:02:12.480> engineering 01:02:13.430 --> 01:02:13.440 align:start position:0% learn about engineering 01:02:13.440 --> 01:02:15.349 align:start position:0% learn about engineering so<01:02:13.599> if<01:02:13.760> you're<01:02:13.839> interested<01:02:14.160> in<01:02:14.319> creating 01:02:15.349 --> 01:02:15.359 align:start position:0% so if you're interested in creating 01:02:15.359 --> 01:02:16.950 align:start position:0% so if you're interested in creating anything 01:02:16.950 --> 01:02:16.960 align:start position:0% anything 01:02:16.960 --> 01:02:20.230 align:start position:0% anything in<01:02:17.520> an<01:02:17.680> engineering<01:02:18.240> type<01:02:18.839> setting 01:02:20.230 --> 01:02:20.240 align:start position:0% in an engineering type setting 01:02:20.240 --> 01:02:22.390 align:start position:0% in an engineering type setting building<01:02:20.720> physical<01:02:21.119> devices<01:02:21.680> robotics<01:02:22.240> is 01:02:22.390 --> 01:02:22.400 align:start position:0% building physical devices robotics is 01:02:22.400 --> 01:02:25.910 align:start position:0% building physical devices robotics is deep<01:02:23.119> discipline<01:02:23.599> to<01:02:23.680> get<01:02:23.839> interested<01:02:24.400> in 01:02:25.910 --> 01:02:25.920 align:start position:0% deep discipline to get interested in 01:02:25.920 --> 01:02:28.870 align:start position:0% deep discipline to get interested in i<01:02:26.079> would<01:02:26.240> also<01:02:26.559> say<01:02:26.799> that<01:02:27.839> it<01:02:28.000> really<01:02:28.319> has<01:02:28.640> a 01:02:28.870 --> 01:02:28.880 align:start position:0% i would also say that it really has a 01:02:28.880 --> 01:02:31.270 align:start position:0% i would also say that it really has a truly<01:02:29.359> transformational 01:02:31.270 --> 01:02:31.280 align:start position:0% truly transformational 01:02:31.280 --> 01:02:33.990 align:start position:0% truly transformational ability<01:02:31.839> here<01:02:32.160> or<01:02:32.319> potential<01:02:32.799> here<01:02:33.440> so<01:02:33.920> you 01:02:33.990 --> 01:02:34.000 align:start position:0% ability here or potential here so you 01:02:34.000 --> 01:02:34.789 align:start position:0% ability here or potential here so you know<01:02:34.160> if<01:02:34.240> you<01:02:34.319> look<01:02:34.559> at 01:02:34.789 --> 01:02:34.799 align:start position:0% know if you look at 01:02:34.799 --> 01:02:37.510 align:start position:0% know if you look at um<01:02:35.359> so<01:02:35.520> the<01:02:35.680> us<01:02:36.000> is<01:02:36.160> not<01:02:36.400> yet<01:02:36.640> doing<01:02:36.960> this<01:02:37.200> but 01:02:37.510 --> 01:02:37.520 align:start position:0% um so the us is not yet doing this but 01:02:37.520 --> 01:02:38.870 align:start position:0% um so the us is not yet doing this but if<01:02:37.680> you<01:02:37.839> look<01:02:38.000> at<01:02:38.240> uh 01:02:38.870 --> 01:02:38.880 align:start position:0% if you look at uh 01:02:38.880 --> 01:02:41.910 align:start position:0% if you look at uh for<01:02:39.039> example<01:02:39.440> japan<01:02:40.079> korea<01:02:41.119> europe 01:02:41.910 --> 01:02:41.920 align:start position:0% for example japan korea europe 01:02:41.920 --> 01:02:45.990 align:start position:0% for example japan korea europe many<01:02:42.160> countries<01:02:42.480> in<01:02:42.640> europe<01:02:44.880> in<01:02:45.039> a<01:02:45.119> handful<01:02:45.520> of 01:02:45.990 --> 01:02:46.000 align:start position:0% many countries in europe in a handful of 01:02:46.000 --> 01:02:47.589 align:start position:0% many countries in europe in a handful of if<01:02:46.079> you<01:02:46.240> were<01:02:46.400> to<01:02:46.480> single<01:02:46.799> out<01:02:46.960> a<01:02:47.039> handful<01:02:47.440> of 01:02:47.589 --> 01:02:47.599 align:start position:0% if you were to single out a handful of 01:02:47.599 --> 01:02:49.670 align:start position:0% if you were to single out a handful of technologies<01:02:48.720> that<01:02:48.880> they're<01:02:49.119> sort<01:02:49.359> of 01:02:49.670 --> 01:02:49.680 align:start position:0% technologies that they're sort of 01:02:49.680 --> 01:02:52.470 align:start position:0% technologies that they're sort of emphasizing<01:02:50.400> robotics<01:02:50.960> is<01:02:51.039> one<01:02:51.200> of<01:02:51.280> them<01:02:52.400> i 01:02:52.470 --> 01:02:52.480 align:start position:0% emphasizing robotics is one of them i 01:02:52.480 --> 01:02:53.589 align:start position:0% emphasizing robotics is one of them i think<01:02:52.720> we're<01:02:52.960> a<01:02:53.039> little<01:02:53.200> bi 01:02:53.589 --> 01:02:53.599 align:start position:0% think we're a little bi 01:02:53.599 --> 01:02:55.829 align:start position:0% think we're a little bi behind<01:02:54.000> the<01:02:54.079> curve<01:02:54.480> but<01:02:54.720> i<01:02:54.799> would<01:02:54.960> tell<01:02:55.520> people 01:02:55.829 --> 01:02:55.839 align:start position:0% behind the curve but i would tell people 01:02:55.839 --> 01:02:57.510 align:start position:0% behind the curve but i would tell people this<01:02:56.079> is<01:02:56.160> where<01:02:56.319> the<01:02:56.480> action<01:02:56.880> is 01:02:57.510 --> 01:02:57.520 align:start position:0% this is where the action is 01:02:57.520 --> 01:03:00.829 align:start position:0% this is where the action is this<01:02:57.680> is<01:02:57.839> where<01:02:58.000> you<01:02:58.160> need<01:02:58.319> to<01:02:58.480> be<01:02:59.359> why<01:02:59.520> do<01:02:59.599> you 01:03:00.829 --> 01:03:00.839 align:start position:0% this is where you need to be why do you 01:03:00.839 --> 01:03:02.150 align:start position:0% this is where you need to be why do you think 01:03:02.150 --> 01:03:02.160 align:start position:0% think 01:03:02.160 --> 01:03:05.750 align:start position:0% think i<01:03:02.319> think<01:03:03.440> we<01:03:04.400> are<01:03:04.799> a<01:03:04.960> lot<01:03:05.280> more 01:03:05.750 --> 01:03:05.760 align:start position:0% i think we are a lot more 01:03:05.760 --> 01:03:08.950 align:start position:0% i think we are a lot more careful<01:03:06.319> about<01:03:06.720> adopting<01:03:08.160> new 01:03:08.950 --> 01:03:08.960 align:start position:0% careful about adopting new 01:03:08.960 --> 01:03:13.990 align:start position:0% careful about adopting new uh<01:03:10.319> top-down<01:03:10.960> initiatives 01:03:13.990 --> 01:03:14.000 align:start position:0% 01:03:14.000 --> 01:03:16.230 align:start position:0% i<01:03:14.160> think<01:03:14.799> we're<01:03:14.960> a<01:03:15.039> lot<01:03:15.280> more<01:03:15.520> free-spirited 01:03:16.230 --> 01:03:16.240 align:start position:0% i think we're a lot more free-spirited 01:03:16.240 --> 01:03:17.670 align:start position:0% i think we're a lot more free-spirited and<01:03:16.400> i<01:03:16.480> think<01:03:16.640> that's<01:03:16.880> good<01:03:17.200> that's<01:03:17.440> why<01:03:17.599> i 01:03:17.670 --> 01:03:17.680 align:start position:0% and i think that's good that's why i 01:03:17.680 --> 01:03:20.230 align:start position:0% and i think that's good that's why i think<01:03:17.839> we<01:03:18.000> attract<01:03:18.319> the<01:03:18.400> best<01:03:18.720> talent 01:03:20.230 --> 01:03:20.240 align:start position:0% think we attract the best talent 01:03:20.240 --> 01:03:25.510 align:start position:0% think we attract the best talent but<01:03:21.280> if<01:03:21.520> robotics<01:03:22.000> were<01:03:22.240> a<01:03:22.319> social<01:03:22.799> movement 01:03:25.510 --> 01:03:25.520 align:start position:0% 01:03:25.520 --> 01:03:27.029 align:start position:0% then<01:03:25.760> i<01:03:25.839> think<01:03:26.000> everybody<01:03:26.319> would<01:03:26.480> buy<01:03:26.720> into<01:03:26.880> it 01:03:27.029 --> 01:03:27.039 align:start position:0% then i think everybody would buy into it 01:03:27.039 --> 01:03:29.270 align:start position:0% then i think everybody would buy into it in<01:03:27.119> a<01:03:27.200> heartbeat 01:03:29.270 --> 01:03:29.280 align:start position:0% in a heartbeat 01:03:29.280 --> 01:03:31.029 align:start position:0% in a heartbeat but<01:03:29.440> i<01:03:29.520> just<01:03:29.760> got<01:03:29.920> off<01:03:30.079> my<01:03:30.240> soapbox<01:03:30.640> but<01:03:30.799> when<01:03:30.960> i 01:03:31.029 --> 01:03:31.039 align:start position:0% but i just got off my soapbox but when i 01:03:31.039 --> 01:03:32.789 align:start position:0% but i just got off my soapbox but when i was<01:03:31.119> in<01:03:31.200> my<01:03:31.359> soapbox<01:03:31.839> i'm<01:03:32.000> preaching<01:03:32.319> to<01:03:32.480> you 01:03:32.789 --> 01:03:32.799 align:start position:0% was in my soapbox i'm preaching to you 01:03:32.799 --> 01:03:34.630 align:start position:0% was in my soapbox i'm preaching to you and<01:03:33.280> you're<01:03:33.520> not<01:03:33.680> gonna<01:03:33.839> accept<01:03:34.160> that<01:03:34.400> right 01:03:34.630 --> 01:03:34.640 align:start position:0% and you're not gonna accept that right 01:03:34.640 --> 01:03:35.990 align:start position:0% and you're not gonna accept that right so<01:03:34.720> you<01:03:34.799> gotta<01:03:35.119> believe<01:03:35.440> it 01:03:35.990 --> 01:03:36.000 align:start position:0% so you gotta believe it 01:03:36.000 --> 01:03:38.150 align:start position:0% so you gotta believe it so<01:03:36.160> i<01:03:36.319> think<01:03:36.720> today<01:03:37.039> the<01:03:37.280> kids<01:03:37.599> are<01:03:37.760> believing 01:03:38.150 --> 01:03:38.160 align:start position:0% so i think today the kids are believing 01:03:38.160 --> 01:03:39.510 align:start position:0% so i think today the kids are believing it<01:03:38.319> i<01:03:38.400> mean<01:03:38.559> you<01:03:38.799> see 01:03:39.510 --> 01:03:39.520 align:start position:0% it i mean you see 01:03:39.520 --> 01:03:41.910 align:start position:0% it i mean you see um<01:03:40.160> you<01:03:40.240> know<01:03:40.400> we<01:03:40.640> run<01:03:40.880> the<01:03:41.039> first<01:03:41.359> lego<01:03:41.680> league 01:03:41.910 --> 01:03:41.920 align:start position:0% um you know we run the first lego league 01:03:41.920 --> 01:03:42.950 align:start position:0% um you know we run the first lego league competition 01:03:42.950 --> 01:03:42.960 align:start position:0% competition 01:03:42.960 --> 01:03:46.470 align:start position:0% competition out<01:03:43.119> of<01:03:43.520> at<01:03:43.760> penn<01:03:44.960> and<01:03:45.200> i<01:03:45.359> was<01:03:45.599> the<01:03:45.760> head<01:03:46.000> of<01:03:46.160> all 01:03:46.470 --> 01:03:46.480 align:start position:0% out of at penn and i was the head of all 01:03:46.480 --> 01:03:47.109 align:start position:0% out of at penn and i was the head of all judges 01:03:47.109 --> 01:03:47.119 align:start position:0% judges 01:03:47.119 --> 01:03:48.630 align:start position:0% judges so<01:03:47.280> i'm<01:03:47.440> looking<01:03:47.760> at<01:03:47.839> these<01:03:48.079> third<01:03:48.319> graders 01:03:48.630 --> 01:03:48.640 align:start position:0% so i'm looking at these third graders 01:03:48.640 --> 01:03:50.150 align:start position:0% so i'm looking at these third graders these<01:03:48.880> fourth<01:03:49.119> graders<01:03:49.440> the<01:03:49.599> fifth<01:03:49.839> graders 01:03:50.150 --> 01:03:50.160 align:start position:0% these fourth graders the fifth graders 01:03:50.160 --> 01:03:52.069 align:start position:0% these fourth graders the fifth graders and<01:03:50.240> they<01:03:50.400> are<01:03:50.480> trying<01:03:50.640> to<01:03:50.799> explain<01:03:51.200> to<01:03:51.359> me 01:03:52.069 --> 01:03:52.079 align:start position:0% and they are trying to explain to me 01:03:52.079 --> 01:03:55.029 align:start position:0% and they are trying to explain to me the<01:03:52.240> basics<01:03:52.799> of<01:03:53.039> control<01:03:53.680> as<01:03:53.839> they<01:03:54.079> see<01:03:54.240> it<01:03:54.880> in 01:03:55.029 --> 01:03:55.039 align:start position:0% the basics of control as they see it in 01:03:55.039 --> 01:03:56.150 align:start position:0% the basics of control as they see it in their<01:03:55.200> robots 01:03:56.150 --> 01:03:56.160 align:start position:0% their robots 01:03:56.160 --> 01:03:57.430 align:start position:0% their robots and<01:03:56.319> you<01:03:56.480> know<01:03:56.720> that<01:03:57.039> you<01:03:57.119> know<01:03:57.280> we're 01:03:57.430 --> 01:03:57.440 align:start position:0% and you know that you know we're 01:03:57.440 --> 01:04:00.150 align:start position:0% and you know that you know we're connecting<01:03:57.920> with<01:03:58.079> them<01:03:59.039> indirectly<01:03:59.680> so<01:03:59.839> i 01:04:00.150 --> 01:04:00.160 align:start position:0% connecting with them indirectly so i 01:04:00.160 --> 01:04:01.750 align:start position:0% connecting with them indirectly so i think<01:04:00.319> this<01:04:00.480> is<01:04:00.640> really<01:04:00.880> the<01:04:01.119> discipline<01:04:01.599> to 01:04:01.750 --> 01:04:01.760 align:start position:0% think this is really the discipline to 01:04:01.760 --> 01:04:03.029 align:start position:0% think this is really the discipline to be<01:04:01.920> in<01:04:02.000> that<01:04:02.240> sense 01:04:03.029 --> 01:04:03.039 align:start position:0% be in that sense 01:04:03.039 --> 01:04:04.549 align:start position:0% be in that sense uh<01:04:03.440> and<01:04:03.599> so<01:04:03.760> i<01:04:03.839> think<01:04:03.920> it's<01:04:04.079> a<01:04:04.160> question<01:04:04.480> of 01:04:04.549 --> 01:04:04.559 align:start position:0% uh and so i think it's a question of 01:04:04.559 --> 01:04:07.349 align:start position:0% uh and so i think it's a question of time<01:04:04.880> before<01:04:05.119> we<01:04:05.359> buy<01:04:05.599> into<01:04:05.920> it 01:04:07.349 --> 01:04:07.359 align:start position:0% time before we buy into it 01:04:07.359 --> 01:04:09.750 align:start position:0% time before we buy into it at<01:04:07.599> the<01:04:08.400> at<01:04:08.480> the<01:04:08.640> level<01:04:08.880> of<01:04:09.039> washington<01:04:09.599> and 01:04:09.750 --> 01:04:09.760 align:start position:0% at the at the level of washington and 01:04:09.760 --> 01:04:10.870 align:start position:0% at the at the level of washington and below 01:04:10.870 --> 01:04:10.880 align:start position:0% below 01:04:10.880 --> 01:04:14.309 align:start position:0% below um<01:04:11.599> and<01:04:11.920> the<01:04:12.079> new<01:04:12.799> robotics<01:04:13.280> 2.0<01:04:13.839> initiative 01:04:14.309 --> 01:04:14.319 align:start position:0% um and the new robotics 2.0 initiative 01:04:14.319 --> 01:04:15.029 align:start position:0% um and the new robotics 2.0 initiative hopefully<01:04:14.720> will 01:04:15.029 --> 01:04:15.039 align:start position:0% hopefully will 01:04:15.039 --> 01:04:18.309 align:start position:0% hopefully will reinforce<01:04:15.599> that 01:04:18.309 --> 01:04:18.319 align:start position:0% 01:04:18.319 --> 01:04:21.029 align:start position:0% thank<01:04:18.559> you<01:04:19.119> thank<01:04:19.280> you<01:04:20.400> thank<01:04:20.559> you<01:04:20.720> so<01:04:20.880> much 01:04:21.029 --> 01:04:21.039 align:start position:0% thank you thank you thank you so much 01:04:21.039 --> 01:04:25.599 align:start position:0% thank you thank you thank you so much yes<01:04:21.280> no<01:04:21.440> that's<01:04:22.599> great