WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.399 --> 00:00:01.910 align:start position:0% your<00:00:00.560> name<00:00:00.880> where<00:00:01.040> you<00:00:01.199> were<00:00:01.360> born<00:00:01.680> and<00:00:01.760> where 00:00:01.910 --> 00:00:01.920 align:start position:0% your name where you were born and where 00:00:01.920 --> 00:00:04.070 align:start position:0% your name where you were born and where you<00:00:02.000> grew<00:00:02.240> up<00:00:02.399> and<00:00:02.480> went<00:00:02.639> to<00:00:02.800> school 00:00:04.070 --> 00:00:04.080 align:start position:0% you grew up and went to school 00:00:04.080 --> 00:00:07.909 align:start position:0% you grew up and went to school okay<00:00:04.960> my<00:00:05.120> name<00:00:05.520> is<00:00:05.759> nils<00:00:06.160> nelson<00:00:07.040> i<00:00:07.200> was<00:00:07.440> born 00:00:07.909 --> 00:00:07.919 align:start position:0% okay my name is nils nelson i was born 00:00:07.919 --> 00:00:09.910 align:start position:0% okay my name is nils nelson i was born in<00:00:08.080> michigan<00:00:08.720> a<00:00:08.800> town<00:00:09.120> called<00:00:09.440> saginaw 00:00:09.910 --> 00:00:09.920 align:start position:0% in michigan a town called saginaw 00:00:09.920 --> 00:00:11.270 align:start position:0% in michigan a town called saginaw michigan 00:00:11.270 --> 00:00:11.280 align:start position:0% michigan 00:00:11.280 --> 00:00:13.509 align:start position:0% michigan lived<00:00:11.599> in<00:00:11.679> michigan<00:00:12.240> until<00:00:12.559> i<00:00:12.639> was<00:00:12.799> 11<00:00:13.200> years 00:00:13.509 --> 00:00:13.519 align:start position:0% lived in michigan until i was 11 years 00:00:13.519 --> 00:00:14.470 align:start position:0% lived in michigan until i was 11 years old 00:00:14.470 --> 00:00:14.480 align:start position:0% old 00:00:14.480 --> 00:00:17.910 align:start position:0% old when<00:00:14.719> my<00:00:14.880> parents<00:00:15.360> moved<00:00:15.599> to<00:00:15.679> california<00:00:17.199> we 00:00:17.910 --> 00:00:17.920 align:start position:0% when my parents moved to california we 00:00:17.920 --> 00:00:20.390 align:start position:0% when my parents moved to california we i<00:00:18.080> went<00:00:18.320> to<00:00:18.480> high<00:00:18.640> school<00:00:18.960> then<00:00:19.279> in<00:00:20.080> southern 00:00:20.390 --> 00:00:20.400 align:start position:0% i went to high school then in southern 00:00:20.400 --> 00:00:22.310 align:start position:0% i went to high school then in southern california<00:00:20.960> in<00:00:21.039> glendale 00:00:22.310 --> 00:00:22.320 align:start position:0% california in glendale 00:00:22.320 --> 00:00:25.589 align:start position:0% california in glendale and<00:00:22.400> then<00:00:22.720> on<00:00:23.039> to<00:00:23.199> stanford<00:00:24.720> so<00:00:24.960> i<00:00:25.119> did<00:00:25.359> all<00:00:25.519> of 00:00:25.589 --> 00:00:25.599 align:start position:0% and then on to stanford so i did all of 00:00:25.599 --> 00:00:27.029 align:start position:0% and then on to stanford so i did all of my<00:00:25.760> work<00:00:26.000> at<00:00:26.160> stanford 00:00:27.029 --> 00:00:27.039 align:start position:0% my work at stanford 00:00:27.039 --> 00:00:30.630 align:start position:0% my work at stanford both<00:00:27.359> my<00:00:28.320> undergraduate<00:00:28.880> work<00:00:29.760> and<00:00:29.920> my<00:00:30.160> ph.d 00:00:30.630 --> 00:00:30.640 align:start position:0% both my undergraduate work and my ph.d 00:00:30.640 --> 00:00:32.310 align:start position:0% both my undergraduate work and my ph.d work 00:00:32.310 --> 00:00:32.320 align:start position:0% work 00:00:32.320 --> 00:00:33.270 align:start position:0% work and<00:00:32.399> what<00:00:32.559> did<00:00:32.640> you<00:00:32.800> study<00:00:33.120> as<00:00:33.200> an 00:00:33.270 --> 00:00:33.280 align:start position:0% and what did you study as an 00:00:33.280 --> 00:00:35.430 align:start position:0% and what did you study as an undergraduate<00:00:34.399> as<00:00:34.640> an<00:00:34.719> undergraduate<00:00:35.280> i 00:00:35.430 --> 00:00:35.440 align:start position:0% undergraduate as an undergraduate i 00:00:35.440 --> 00:00:35.990 align:start position:0% undergraduate as an undergraduate i majored 00:00:35.990 --> 00:00:36.000 align:start position:0% majored 00:00:36.000 --> 00:00:39.270 align:start position:0% majored in<00:00:36.160> electrical<00:00:36.640> engineering<00:00:38.800> and 00:00:39.270 --> 00:00:39.280 align:start position:0% in electrical engineering and 00:00:39.280 --> 00:00:42.709 align:start position:0% in electrical engineering and was<00:00:39.520> especially<00:00:40.239> on<00:00:40.640> information<00:00:41.120> theory<00:00:42.239> so 00:00:42.709 --> 00:00:42.719 align:start position:0% was especially on information theory so 00:00:42.719 --> 00:00:45.110 align:start position:0% was especially on information theory so information<00:00:43.280> theory<00:00:43.520> was<00:00:43.680> rather<00:00:44.000> new<00:00:44.239> then<00:00:45.039> i 00:00:45.110 --> 00:00:45.120 align:start position:0% information theory was rather new then i 00:00:45.120 --> 00:00:47.190 align:start position:0% information theory was rather new then i think<00:00:45.440> shannon's<00:00:46.000> book<00:00:46.239> came<00:00:46.480> out<00:00:46.719> in<00:00:46.879> the 00:00:47.190 --> 00:00:47.200 align:start position:0% think shannon's book came out in the 00:00:47.200 --> 00:00:50.229 align:start position:0% think shannon's book came out in the early<00:00:47.520> 50s<00:00:49.200> i<00:00:49.440> started 00:00:50.229 --> 00:00:50.239 align:start position:0% early 50s i started 00:00:50.239 --> 00:00:52.150 align:start position:0% early 50s i started thinking<00:00:50.640> about<00:00:50.879> or<00:00:51.039> maybe<00:00:51.280> late<00:00:51.520> 40s<00:00:52.000> i 00:00:52.150 --> 00:00:52.160 align:start position:0% thinking about or maybe late 40s i 00:00:52.160 --> 00:00:53.510 align:start position:0% thinking about or maybe late 40s i started<00:00:52.480> thinking<00:00:52.719> about<00:00:52.960> information 00:00:53.510 --> 00:00:53.520 align:start position:0% started thinking about information 00:00:53.520 --> 00:00:54.310 align:start position:0% started thinking about information theory 00:00:54.310 --> 00:00:54.320 align:start position:0% theory 00:00:54.320 --> 00:00:57.590 align:start position:0% theory as<00:00:54.640> a<00:00:55.280> first<00:00:55.520> year<00:00:55.840> graduate<00:00:56.239> student 00:00:57.590 --> 00:00:57.600 align:start position:0% as a first year graduate student 00:00:57.600 --> 00:01:00.709 align:start position:0% as a first year graduate student in<00:00:58.520> 1956 00:01:00.709 --> 00:01:00.719 align:start position:0% in 1956 00:01:00.719 --> 00:01:03.990 align:start position:0% in 1956 and<00:01:01.280> finally<00:01:01.680> did<00:01:01.840> a<00:01:02.000> dissertation<00:01:03.680> not<00:01:03.840> so 00:01:03.990 --> 00:01:04.000 align:start position:0% and finally did a dissertation not so 00:01:04.000 --> 00:01:05.750 align:start position:0% and finally did a dissertation not so much<00:01:04.159> on<00:01:04.400> information<00:01:04.879> theory<00:01:05.280> but 00:01:05.750 --> 00:01:05.760 align:start position:0% much on information theory but 00:01:05.760 --> 00:01:07.750 align:start position:0% much on information theory but one<00:01:05.920> that<00:01:06.159> involved<00:01:06.640> statistical<00:01:07.280> detection 00:01:07.750 --> 00:01:07.760 align:start position:0% one that involved statistical detection 00:01:07.760 --> 00:01:11.429 align:start position:0% one that involved statistical detection theory<00:01:08.400> which<00:01:08.640> is<00:01:08.799> related 00:01:11.429 --> 00:01:11.439 align:start position:0% 00:01:11.439 --> 00:01:14.630 align:start position:0% and<00:01:11.680> that<00:01:11.920> work<00:01:12.560> involved<00:01:13.920> looking<00:01:14.320> at<00:01:14.479> the 00:01:14.630 --> 00:01:14.640 align:start position:0% and that work involved looking at the 00:01:14.640 --> 00:01:17.670 align:start position:0% and that work involved looking at the theory<00:01:14.960> of<00:01:15.200> games<00:01:15.680> and<00:01:15.840> how<00:01:16.080> it<00:01:16.159> could<00:01:16.320> be<00:01:16.560> used 00:01:17.670 --> 00:01:17.680 align:start position:0% theory of games and how it could be used 00:01:17.680 --> 00:01:21.270 align:start position:0% theory of games and how it could be used to<00:01:18.080> design<00:01:19.360> optimum<00:01:19.920> strategies 00:01:21.270 --> 00:01:21.280 align:start position:0% to design optimum strategies 00:01:21.280 --> 00:01:24.550 align:start position:0% to design optimum strategies both<00:01:21.600> for<00:01:22.000> radar<00:01:22.479> operator<00:01:23.759> and<00:01:24.080> someone<00:01:24.400> who 00:01:24.550 --> 00:01:24.560 align:start position:0% both for radar operator and someone who 00:01:24.560 --> 00:01:25.590 align:start position:0% both for radar operator and someone who wanted<00:01:24.880> to<00:01:25.040> jam 00:01:25.590 --> 00:01:25.600 align:start position:0% wanted to jam 00:01:25.600 --> 00:01:28.310 align:start position:0% wanted to jam the<00:01:25.759> radar<00:01:27.119> the<00:01:27.280> optimum<00:01:27.680> strategies 00:01:28.310 --> 00:01:28.320 align:start position:0% the radar the optimum strategies 00:01:28.320 --> 00:01:29.190 align:start position:0% the radar the optimum strategies involving 00:01:29.190 --> 00:01:29.200 align:start position:0% involving 00:01:29.200 --> 00:01:31.990 align:start position:0% involving the<00:01:29.680> way<00:01:29.920> to<00:01:30.079> spread<00:01:30.479> the<00:01:30.720> bandwidth<00:01:31.680> around 00:01:31.990 --> 00:01:32.000 align:start position:0% the way to spread the bandwidth around 00:01:32.000 --> 00:01:34.069 align:start position:0% the way to spread the bandwidth around how<00:01:32.159> to<00:01:32.320> spread<00:01:32.720> bandwidth 00:01:34.069 --> 00:01:34.079 align:start position:0% how to spread bandwidth 00:01:34.079 --> 00:01:36.149 align:start position:0% how to spread bandwidth so<00:01:34.240> that<00:01:34.320> was<00:01:34.479> my<00:01:34.640> thesis<00:01:35.600> who<00:01:35.840> was<00:01:35.920> your 00:01:36.149 --> 00:01:36.159 align:start position:0% so that was my thesis who was your 00:01:36.159 --> 00:01:37.109 align:start position:0% so that was my thesis who was your advisor 00:01:37.109 --> 00:01:37.119 align:start position:0% advisor 00:01:37.119 --> 00:01:40.550 align:start position:0% advisor willis<00:01:37.520> harmon<00:01:38.079> he's<00:01:38.479> passed<00:01:38.840> away<00:01:39.920> but 00:01:40.550 --> 00:01:40.560 align:start position:0% willis harmon he's passed away but 00:01:40.560 --> 00:01:42.789 align:start position:0% willis harmon he's passed away but willis<00:01:40.880> harmon<00:01:41.200> as<00:01:41.280> a<00:01:41.360> matter<00:01:41.520> of<00:01:41.680> fact<00:01:42.640> did<00:01:42.799> a 00:01:42.789 --> 00:01:42.799 align:start position:0% willis harmon as a matter of fact did a 00:01:42.799 --> 00:01:44.149 align:start position:0% willis harmon as a matter of fact did a lot<00:01:42.960> of<00:01:43.119> interesting<00:01:43.600> work<00:01:43.840> there<00:01:44.079> at 00:01:44.149 --> 00:01:44.159 align:start position:0% lot of interesting work there at 00:01:44.159 --> 00:01:45.270 align:start position:0% lot of interesting work there at stanford 00:01:45.270 --> 00:01:45.280 align:start position:0% stanford 00:01:45.280 --> 00:01:46.870 align:start position:0% stanford some<00:01:45.439> of<00:01:45.600> it<00:01:45.759> not<00:01:45.920> related<00:01:46.399> at<00:01:46.560> all<00:01:46.720> to 00:01:46.870 --> 00:01:46.880 align:start position:0% some of it not related at all to 00:01:46.880 --> 00:01:49.590 align:start position:0% some of it not related at all to technology<00:01:47.840> he<00:01:48.000> was<00:01:48.079> one<00:01:48.240> of<00:01:48.320> the<00:01:48.399> very<00:01:48.720> early 00:01:49.590 --> 00:01:49.600 align:start position:0% technology he was one of the very early 00:01:49.600 --> 00:01:52.550 align:start position:0% technology he was one of the very early people<00:01:50.000> who<00:01:50.880> was<00:01:51.200> intrigued<00:01:51.759> with<00:01:52.240> what<00:01:52.479> the 00:01:52.550 --> 00:01:52.560 align:start position:0% people who was intrigued with what the 00:01:52.560 --> 00:01:54.710 align:start position:0% people who was intrigued with what the effects<00:01:52.880> of<00:01:53.040> lsd<00:01:53.600> might<00:01:53.759> be 00:01:54.710 --> 00:01:54.720 align:start position:0% effects of lsd might be 00:01:54.720 --> 00:01:57.030 align:start position:0% effects of lsd might be and<00:01:55.119> he<00:01:55.360> thought<00:01:55.600> it<00:01:55.680> could<00:01:55.840> be<00:01:56.000> used<00:01:56.560> as<00:01:56.880> a 00:01:57.030 --> 00:01:57.040 align:start position:0% and he thought it could be used as a 00:01:57.040 --> 00:01:59.270 align:start position:0% and he thought it could be used as a sort<00:01:57.280> of<00:01:57.439> curative<00:01:58.000> agent 00:01:59.270 --> 00:01:59.280 align:start position:0% sort of curative agent 00:01:59.280 --> 00:02:03.270 align:start position:0% sort of curative agent for<00:01:59.920> alcoholics<00:02:00.719> and<00:02:01.520> people<00:02:01.840> with<00:02:02.079> various 00:02:03.270 --> 00:02:03.280 align:start position:0% for alcoholics and people with various 00:02:03.280 --> 00:02:06.310 align:start position:0% for alcoholics and people with various psychological<00:02:04.000> problems<00:02:05.600> that<00:02:05.759> was<00:02:05.920> before 00:02:06.310 --> 00:02:06.320 align:start position:0% psychological problems that was before 00:02:06.320 --> 00:02:08.710 align:start position:0% psychological problems that was before lsd<00:02:06.719> was<00:02:06.880> outlawed 00:02:08.710 --> 00:02:08.720 align:start position:0% lsd was outlawed 00:02:08.720 --> 00:02:10.949 align:start position:0% lsd was outlawed was<00:02:08.959> he<00:02:09.119> in<00:02:09.200> the<00:02:09.920> psychology<00:02:10.479> department<00:02:10.720> no 00:02:10.949 --> 00:02:10.959 align:start position:0% was he in the psychology department no 00:02:10.959 --> 00:02:11.750 align:start position:0% was he in the psychology department no he<00:02:11.039> was 00:02:11.750 --> 00:02:11.760 align:start position:0% he was 00:02:11.760 --> 00:02:14.390 align:start position:0% he was willis<00:02:12.080> harmon<00:02:12.480> was<00:02:12.640> an<00:02:12.800> electrical<00:02:13.200> engineer 00:02:14.390 --> 00:02:14.400 align:start position:0% willis harmon was an electrical engineer 00:02:14.400 --> 00:02:15.110 align:start position:0% willis harmon was an electrical engineer and 00:02:15.110 --> 00:02:15.120 align:start position:0% and 00:02:15.120 --> 00:02:16.790 align:start position:0% and he<00:02:15.360> had<00:02:15.440> learned<00:02:15.760> about<00:02:16.000> information<00:02:16.480> theory 00:02:16.790 --> 00:02:16.800 align:start position:0% he had learned about information theory 00:02:16.800 --> 00:02:19.510 align:start position:0% he had learned about information theory himself<00:02:18.080> in<00:02:18.319> florida<00:02:18.800> i<00:02:18.879> think<00:02:19.120> where<00:02:19.280> he<00:02:19.360> got 00:02:19.510 --> 00:02:19.520 align:start position:0% himself in florida i think where he got 00:02:19.520 --> 00:02:20.550 align:start position:0% himself in florida i think where he got his<00:02:19.760> degree 00:02:20.550 --> 00:02:20.560 align:start position:0% his degree 00:02:20.560 --> 00:02:23.030 align:start position:0% his degree and<00:02:20.640> then<00:02:20.800> he<00:02:20.879> came<00:02:21.120> to<00:02:21.280> stanford<00:02:22.480> and<00:02:22.720> taught 00:02:23.030 --> 00:02:23.040 align:start position:0% and then he came to stanford and taught 00:02:23.040 --> 00:02:23.830 align:start position:0% and then he came to stanford and taught courses<00:02:23.440> in<00:02:23.599> it 00:02:23.830 --> 00:02:23.840 align:start position:0% courses in it 00:02:23.840 --> 00:02:25.430 align:start position:0% courses in it and<00:02:24.000> i<00:02:24.160> thought<00:02:24.400> gee<00:02:24.640> this<00:02:24.800> is<00:02:24.879> all<00:02:25.120> pretty 00:02:25.430 --> 00:02:25.440 align:start position:0% and i thought gee this is all pretty 00:02:25.440 --> 00:02:27.430 align:start position:0% and i thought gee this is all pretty exciting<00:02:25.840> stuff<00:02:26.640> i<00:02:26.800> was<00:02:26.959> never 00:02:27.430 --> 00:02:27.440 align:start position:0% exciting stuff i was never 00:02:27.440 --> 00:02:30.309 align:start position:0% exciting stuff i was never very<00:02:27.760> good<00:02:28.160> at<00:02:28.800> experimental<00:02:29.760> electrical 00:02:30.309 --> 00:02:30.319 align:start position:0% very good at experimental electrical 00:02:30.319 --> 00:02:31.110 align:start position:0% very good at experimental electrical engineering 00:02:31.110 --> 00:02:31.120 align:start position:0% engineering 00:02:31.120 --> 00:02:32.550 align:start position:0% engineering although<00:02:31.440> i<00:02:31.519> had<00:02:31.680> several<00:02:32.080> experimental 00:02:32.550 --> 00:02:32.560 align:start position:0% although i had several experimental 00:02:32.560 --> 00:02:35.110 align:start position:0% although i had several experimental laboratories<00:02:34.000> i<00:02:34.160> always<00:02:34.400> had<00:02:34.640> problems 00:02:35.110 --> 00:02:35.120 align:start position:0% laboratories i always had problems 00:02:35.120 --> 00:02:36.070 align:start position:0% laboratories i always had problems getting<00:02:35.519> the 00:02:36.070 --> 00:02:36.080 align:start position:0% getting the 00:02:36.080 --> 00:02:38.390 align:start position:0% getting the laboratory<00:02:37.200> results<00:02:37.680> to<00:02:37.840> work<00:02:38.080> out<00:02:38.160> the<00:02:38.319> way 00:02:38.390 --> 00:02:38.400 align:start position:0% laboratory results to work out the way 00:02:38.400 --> 00:02:39.670 align:start position:0% laboratory results to work out the way they<00:02:38.560> were<00:02:38.640> supposed<00:02:39.040> to 00:02:39.670 --> 00:02:39.680 align:start position:0% they were supposed to 00:02:39.680 --> 00:02:41.350 align:start position:0% they were supposed to they're<00:02:39.920> always<00:02:40.160> these<00:02:40.400> hidden<00:02:40.720> ground<00:02:41.040> loops 00:02:41.350 --> 00:02:41.360 align:start position:0% they're always these hidden ground loops 00:02:41.360 --> 00:02:43.270 align:start position:0% they're always these hidden ground loops and<00:02:41.519> things<00:02:41.760> like<00:02:41.920> that<00:02:42.560> so<00:02:42.720> when<00:02:42.879> i<00:02:43.040> ran 00:02:43.270 --> 00:02:43.280 align:start position:0% and things like that so when i ran 00:02:43.280 --> 00:02:43.750 align:start position:0% and things like that so when i ran across 00:02:43.750 --> 00:02:43.760 align:start position:0% across 00:02:43.760 --> 00:02:45.990 align:start position:0% across theoretical<00:02:44.319> things<00:02:44.640> i<00:02:44.720> thought<00:02:44.959> well<00:02:45.120> that's 00:02:45.990 --> 00:02:46.000 align:start position:0% theoretical things i thought well that's 00:02:46.000 --> 00:02:48.309 align:start position:0% theoretical things i thought well that's that's<00:02:46.239> a<00:02:46.319> lot<00:02:46.640> cleaner 00:02:48.309 --> 00:02:48.319 align:start position:0% that's a lot cleaner 00:02:48.319 --> 00:02:51.670 align:start position:0% that's a lot cleaner and<00:02:48.800> it<00:02:48.959> appealed<00:02:49.360> more<00:02:49.599> to<00:02:49.760> me 00:02:51.670 --> 00:02:51.680 align:start position:0% and it appealed more to me 00:02:51.680 --> 00:02:55.030 align:start position:0% and it appealed more to me so<00:02:52.080> um<00:02:54.000> uh<00:02:54.560> what<00:02:54.720> you 00:02:55.030 --> 00:02:55.040 align:start position:0% so um uh what you 00:02:55.040 --> 00:02:58.630 align:start position:0% so um uh what you uh<00:02:56.480> so<00:02:57.440> then<00:02:57.680> you<00:02:57.760> did<00:02:57.920> your<00:02:58.239> that<00:02:58.400> was<00:02:58.560> your 00:02:58.630 --> 00:02:58.640 align:start position:0% uh so then you did your that was your 00:02:58.640 --> 00:02:59.509 align:start position:0% uh so then you did your that was your masters 00:02:59.509 --> 00:02:59.519 align:start position:0% masters 00:02:59.519 --> 00:03:02.869 align:start position:0% masters no<00:03:00.000> actually<00:03:00.480> i<00:03:00.640> got<00:03:01.440> a<00:03:01.920> funny<00:03:02.239> situation<00:03:02.720> at 00:03:02.869 --> 00:03:02.879 align:start position:0% no actually i got a funny situation at 00:03:02.879 --> 00:03:06.390 align:start position:0% no actually i got a funny situation at stanford<00:03:03.840> i<00:03:04.000> never<00:03:04.239> got<00:03:04.480> a<00:03:04.560> bachelor's<00:03:05.120> degree 00:03:06.390 --> 00:03:06.400 align:start position:0% stanford i never got a bachelor's degree 00:03:06.400 --> 00:03:08.550 align:start position:0% stanford i never got a bachelor's degree they<00:03:06.640> had<00:03:06.800> a<00:03:06.879> special<00:03:07.280> program<00:03:07.920> at<00:03:08.080> stanford 00:03:08.550 --> 00:03:08.560 align:start position:0% they had a special program at stanford 00:03:08.560 --> 00:03:09.430 align:start position:0% they had a special program at stanford to<00:03:08.720> go<00:03:08.959> straight 00:03:09.430 --> 00:03:09.440 align:start position:0% to go straight 00:03:09.440 --> 00:03:12.550 align:start position:0% to go straight for<00:03:09.599> a<00:03:09.760> master's<00:03:10.879> in<00:03:11.040> five<00:03:11.360> years 00:03:12.550 --> 00:03:12.560 align:start position:0% for a master's in five years 00:03:12.560 --> 00:03:15.270 align:start position:0% for a master's in five years and<00:03:12.720> the<00:03:12.879> reason<00:03:13.200> for<00:03:13.360> that<00:03:13.680> was<00:03:14.480> that<00:03:14.720> without 00:03:15.270 --> 00:03:15.280 align:start position:0% and the reason for that was that without 00:03:15.280 --> 00:03:17.430 align:start position:0% and the reason for that was that without having<00:03:15.519> a<00:03:15.680> bachelor's<00:03:16.239> degree 00:03:17.430 --> 00:03:17.440 align:start position:0% having a bachelor's degree 00:03:17.440 --> 00:03:20.470 align:start position:0% having a bachelor's degree the<00:03:17.840> uh<00:03:18.560> server<00:03:18.959> the<00:03:19.599> i<00:03:19.680> was<00:03:19.840> in<00:03:19.920> the<00:03:20.000> air<00:03:20.159> force 00:03:20.470 --> 00:03:20.480 align:start position:0% the uh server the i was in the air force 00:03:20.480 --> 00:03:21.589 align:start position:0% the uh server the i was in the air force rotc 00:03:21.589 --> 00:03:21.599 align:start position:0% rotc 00:03:21.599 --> 00:03:23.670 align:start position:0% rotc and<00:03:21.760> you<00:03:21.840> can't<00:03:22.080> really<00:03:22.319> get<00:03:22.560> your<00:03:22.720> commission 00:03:23.670 --> 00:03:23.680 align:start position:0% and you can't really get your commission 00:03:23.680 --> 00:03:25.270 align:start position:0% and you can't really get your commission and<00:03:23.920> finally<00:03:24.319> get<00:03:24.560> out 00:03:25.270 --> 00:03:25.280 align:start position:0% and finally get out 00:03:25.280 --> 00:03:27.350 align:start position:0% and finally get out until<00:03:25.519> you<00:03:25.599> have<00:03:25.760> a<00:03:25.840> degree<00:03:26.799> so<00:03:26.959> i<00:03:27.040> didn't<00:03:27.200> have 00:03:27.350 --> 00:03:27.360 align:start position:0% until you have a degree so i didn't have 00:03:27.360 --> 00:03:29.910 align:start position:0% until you have a degree so i didn't have a<00:03:27.440> degree<00:03:27.760> until<00:03:28.000> i<00:03:28.080> got<00:03:28.239> a<00:03:28.319> master's<00:03:28.720> degree 00:03:29.910 --> 00:03:29.920 align:start position:0% a degree until i got a master's degree 00:03:29.920 --> 00:03:33.030 align:start position:0% a degree until i got a master's degree and<00:03:30.239> so<00:03:30.400> then<00:03:30.560> i<00:03:30.720> got<00:03:31.040> a<00:03:31.280> commission<00:03:32.640> but<00:03:32.879> then 00:03:33.030 --> 00:03:33.040 align:start position:0% and so then i got a commission but then 00:03:33.040 --> 00:03:35.830 align:start position:0% and so then i got a commission but then the<00:03:33.200> air<00:03:33.360> force<00:03:33.760> gave<00:03:34.000> me<00:03:34.159> a<00:03:34.400> delay 00:03:35.830 --> 00:03:35.840 align:start position:0% the air force gave me a delay 00:03:35.840 --> 00:03:37.910 align:start position:0% the air force gave me a delay so<00:03:36.080> that<00:03:36.239> i<00:03:36.319> could<00:03:36.560> continue<00:03:37.040> on<00:03:37.200> for<00:03:37.360> a<00:03:37.440> phd 00:03:37.910 --> 00:03:37.920 align:start position:0% so that i could continue on for a phd 00:03:37.920 --> 00:03:38.869 align:start position:0% so that i could continue on for a phd which<00:03:38.080> i<00:03:38.159> did 00:03:38.869 --> 00:03:38.879 align:start position:0% which i did 00:03:38.879 --> 00:03:42.789 align:start position:0% which i did so<00:03:39.120> i<00:03:39.200> ended<00:03:39.440> up<00:03:39.920> getting<00:03:40.239> a<00:03:40.319> phd<00:03:40.720> in<00:03:40.799> 1958 00:03:42.789 --> 00:03:42.799 align:start position:0% so i ended up getting a phd in 1958 00:03:42.799 --> 00:03:44.390 align:start position:0% so i ended up getting a phd in 1958 and<00:03:42.879> that<00:03:43.040> was<00:03:43.200> also<00:03:43.440> an<00:03:43.599> electrical<00:03:44.000> engineer 00:03:44.390 --> 00:03:44.400 align:start position:0% and that was also an electrical engineer 00:03:44.400 --> 00:03:45.990 align:start position:0% and that was also an electrical engineer that<00:03:44.560> was<00:03:44.720> in<00:03:44.879> electrical<00:03:45.360> engineering<00:03:45.840> but 00:03:45.990 --> 00:03:46.000 align:start position:0% that was in electrical engineering but 00:03:46.000 --> 00:03:47.350 align:start position:0% that was in electrical engineering but it<00:03:46.080> was<00:03:46.319> on<00:03:46.480> this<00:03:46.799> business 00:03:47.350 --> 00:03:47.360 align:start position:0% it was on this business 00:03:47.360 --> 00:03:50.470 align:start position:0% it was on this business of<00:03:48.000> using<00:03:48.400> game<00:03:48.640> theory<00:03:49.680> to 00:03:50.470 --> 00:03:50.480 align:start position:0% of using game theory to 00:03:50.480 --> 00:03:54.309 align:start position:0% of using game theory to work<00:03:50.720> on<00:03:50.879> radar<00:03:51.280> reception<00:03:51.840> problems 00:03:54.309 --> 00:03:54.319 align:start position:0% 00:03:54.319 --> 00:03:56.869 align:start position:0% was<00:03:54.959> cybernetics<00:03:55.920> or<00:03:56.000> the<00:03:56.159> segmentations 00:03:56.869 --> 00:03:56.879 align:start position:0% was cybernetics or the segmentations 00:03:56.879 --> 00:03:57.509 align:start position:0% was cybernetics or the segmentations influential 00:03:57.509 --> 00:03:57.519 align:start position:0% influential 00:03:57.519 --> 00:04:00.949 align:start position:0% influential yes<00:03:58.080> well<00:03:58.799> i<00:03:59.040> read<00:03:59.680> weiner's<00:04:00.239> book 00:04:00.949 --> 00:04:00.959 align:start position:0% yes well i read weiner's book 00:04:00.959 --> 00:04:03.509 align:start position:0% yes well i read weiner's book on<00:04:01.200> cybernetics<00:04:02.480> although<00:04:03.120> i<00:04:03.280> didn't 00:04:03.509 --> 00:04:03.519 align:start position:0% on cybernetics although i didn't 00:04:03.519 --> 00:04:05.030 align:start position:0% on cybernetics although i didn't understand<00:04:03.920> all<00:04:04.000> the<00:04:04.159> mathematics<00:04:04.720> of<00:04:04.879> it<00:04:04.959> at 00:04:05.030 --> 00:04:05.040 align:start position:0% understand all the mathematics of it at 00:04:05.040 --> 00:04:06.309 align:start position:0% understand all the mathematics of it at the<00:04:05.200> time 00:04:06.309 --> 00:04:06.319 align:start position:0% the time 00:04:06.319 --> 00:04:09.270 align:start position:0% the time and<00:04:06.560> i<00:04:06.799> thought<00:04:07.599> control<00:04:08.000> mechanisms<00:04:08.720> were 00:04:09.270 --> 00:04:09.280 align:start position:0% and i thought control mechanisms were 00:04:09.280 --> 00:04:10.630 align:start position:0% and i thought control mechanisms were were<00:04:09.599> interesting 00:04:10.630 --> 00:04:10.640 align:start position:0% were interesting 00:04:10.640 --> 00:04:13.910 align:start position:0% were interesting and<00:04:12.000> as<00:04:12.159> a<00:04:12.239> matter<00:04:12.400> of<00:04:12.480> fact<00:04:12.720> it<00:04:13.360> these<00:04:13.599> kinds 00:04:13.910 --> 00:04:13.920 align:start position:0% and as a matter of fact it these kinds 00:04:13.920 --> 00:04:16.229 align:start position:0% and as a matter of fact it these kinds of<00:04:14.080> ideas<00:04:14.480> about<00:04:14.799> control<00:04:15.200> and<00:04:15.360> feedback 00:04:16.229 --> 00:04:16.239 align:start position:0% of ideas about control and feedback 00:04:16.239 --> 00:04:18.469 align:start position:0% of ideas about control and feedback played<00:04:16.560> a<00:04:16.639> role<00:04:16.959> in<00:04:17.040> some<00:04:17.280> later<00:04:17.519> work<00:04:17.840> i<00:04:17.919> did 00:04:18.469 --> 00:04:18.479 align:start position:0% played a role in some later work i did 00:04:18.479 --> 00:04:19.270 align:start position:0% played a role in some later work i did um 00:04:19.270 --> 00:04:19.280 align:start position:0% um 00:04:19.280 --> 00:04:21.349 align:start position:0% um after<00:04:19.600> i<00:04:19.759> was<00:04:20.560> after<00:04:20.799> i<00:04:20.880> finished<00:04:21.199> being 00:04:21.349 --> 00:04:21.359 align:start position:0% after i was after i finished being 00:04:21.359 --> 00:04:23.110 align:start position:0% after i was after i finished being department<00:04:21.759> chairman<00:04:22.079> of<00:04:22.240> stanford 00:04:23.110 --> 00:04:23.120 align:start position:0% department chairman of stanford 00:04:23.120 --> 00:04:26.550 align:start position:0% department chairman of stanford maybe<00:04:23.440> we'll<00:04:23.600> get<00:04:23.759> to<00:04:23.919> that<00:04:24.479> yeah<00:04:25.520> um<00:04:26.000> so 00:04:26.550 --> 00:04:26.560 align:start position:0% maybe we'll get to that yeah um so 00:04:26.560 --> 00:04:28.710 align:start position:0% maybe we'll get to that yeah um so then<00:04:26.720> you<00:04:26.880> wound<00:04:27.120> up<00:04:27.280> at<00:04:27.520> sri<00:04:28.160> lanka<00:04:28.400> no<00:04:28.639> i 00:04:28.710 --> 00:04:28.720 align:start position:0% then you wound up at sri lanka no i 00:04:28.720 --> 00:04:30.310 align:start position:0% then you wound up at sri lanka no i wound<00:04:28.960> up<00:04:29.120> first<00:04:29.360> in<00:04:29.440> the<00:04:29.600> air<00:04:29.759> force 00:04:30.310 --> 00:04:30.320 align:start position:0% wound up first in the air force 00:04:30.320 --> 00:04:32.150 align:start position:0% wound up first in the air force because<00:04:30.560> here<00:04:30.800> i<00:04:30.880> was<00:04:31.040> at<00:04:31.199> stanford<00:04:31.840> in<00:04:32.000> the 00:04:32.150 --> 00:04:32.160 align:start position:0% because here i was at stanford in the 00:04:32.160 --> 00:04:33.670 align:start position:0% because here i was at stanford in the rotc 00:04:33.670 --> 00:04:33.680 align:start position:0% rotc 00:04:33.680 --> 00:04:36.230 align:start position:0% rotc joined<00:04:33.919> the<00:04:34.080> rotc<00:04:34.800> because<00:04:35.360> the<00:04:35.520> korean<00:04:36.000> war 00:04:36.230 --> 00:04:36.240 align:start position:0% joined the rotc because the korean war 00:04:36.240 --> 00:04:37.990 align:start position:0% joined the rotc because the korean war was<00:04:36.479> going<00:04:36.639> on<00:04:36.800> at<00:04:36.880> that<00:04:37.120> time 00:04:37.990 --> 00:04:38.000 align:start position:0% was going on at that time 00:04:38.000 --> 00:04:41.030 align:start position:0% was going on at that time and<00:04:38.400> if<00:04:38.639> you<00:04:38.800> were<00:04:39.199> in<00:04:39.280> an<00:04:39.440> rotc<00:04:40.080> unit<00:04:40.960> you 00:04:41.030 --> 00:04:41.040 align:start position:0% and if you were in an rotc unit you 00:04:41.040 --> 00:04:43.189 align:start position:0% and if you were in an rotc unit you wouldn't<00:04:41.280> get<00:04:41.440> drafted 00:04:43.189 --> 00:04:43.199 align:start position:0% wouldn't get drafted 00:04:43.199 --> 00:04:46.150 align:start position:0% wouldn't get drafted so<00:04:43.759> i<00:04:43.919> had<00:04:44.160> to<00:04:44.639> finally<00:04:45.040> after<00:04:45.280> getting<00:04:45.520> my<00:04:45.680> phd 00:04:46.150 --> 00:04:46.160 align:start position:0% so i had to finally after getting my phd 00:04:46.160 --> 00:04:47.749 align:start position:0% so i had to finally after getting my phd i<00:04:46.240> had<00:04:46.400> to<00:04:46.479> actually<00:04:46.720> go<00:04:46.880> in<00:04:46.960> the<00:04:47.120> air<00:04:47.280> force 00:04:47.749 --> 00:04:47.759 align:start position:0% i had to actually go in the air force 00:04:47.759 --> 00:04:49.909 align:start position:0% i had to actually go in the air force for<00:04:47.919> three<00:04:48.160> years<00:04:48.960> and<00:04:49.040> i<00:04:49.199> was<00:04:49.360> at<00:04:49.520> a<00:04:49.600> place 00:04:49.909 --> 00:04:49.919 align:start position:0% for three years and i was at a place 00:04:49.919 --> 00:04:51.749 align:start position:0% for three years and i was at a place that<00:04:50.240> was<00:04:50.400> then<00:04:50.720> called<00:04:50.960> the<00:04:51.199> rome<00:04:51.520> air 00:04:51.749 --> 00:04:51.759 align:start position:0% that was then called the rome air 00:04:51.759 --> 00:04:53.510 align:start position:0% that was then called the rome air development<00:04:52.240> center 00:04:53.510 --> 00:04:53.520 align:start position:0% development center 00:04:53.520 --> 00:04:57.350 align:start position:0% development center in<00:04:53.759> rome<00:04:54.080> new<00:04:54.240> york<00:04:55.600> it<00:04:55.919> was<00:04:56.320> part<00:04:56.639> of<00:04:56.880> an<00:04:57.199> air 00:04:57.350 --> 00:04:57.360 align:start position:0% in rome new york it was part of an air 00:04:57.360 --> 00:04:59.189 align:start position:0% in rome new york it was part of an air force<00:04:57.680> base<00:04:58.080> called<00:04:58.320> griffis 00:04:59.189 --> 00:04:59.199 align:start position:0% force base called griffis 00:04:59.199 --> 00:05:02.230 align:start position:0% force base called griffis air<00:04:59.360> force<00:04:59.680> base<00:05:00.880> i<00:05:00.960> think<00:05:01.440> later<00:05:01.759> it<00:05:01.840> became 00:05:02.230 --> 00:05:02.240 align:start position:0% air force base i think later it became 00:05:02.240 --> 00:05:04.710 align:start position:0% air force base i think later it became rome<00:05:02.639> labs<00:05:03.199> and<00:05:03.520> i'm<00:05:03.680> not<00:05:04.000> so<00:05:04.240> sure 00:05:04.710 --> 00:05:04.720 align:start position:0% rome labs and i'm not so sure 00:05:04.720 --> 00:05:07.430 align:start position:0% rome labs and i'm not so sure not<00:05:04.960> sure<00:05:05.120> whether<00:05:05.360> it<00:05:05.520> even<00:05:05.759> exists<00:05:06.160> anymore 00:05:07.430 --> 00:05:07.440 align:start position:0% not sure whether it even exists anymore 00:05:07.440 --> 00:05:08.950 align:start position:0% not sure whether it even exists anymore but<00:05:07.680> here<00:05:07.919> i<00:05:08.000> was 00:05:08.950 --> 00:05:08.960 align:start position:0% but here i was 00:05:08.960 --> 00:05:12.070 align:start position:0% but here i was as<00:05:09.199> a<00:05:09.280> lieutenant<00:05:10.479> doing<00:05:10.880> work<00:05:11.280> on 00:05:12.070 --> 00:05:12.080 align:start position:0% as a lieutenant doing work on 00:05:12.080 --> 00:05:15.029 align:start position:0% as a lieutenant doing work on monitoring<00:05:12.800> the<00:05:12.960> various<00:05:13.520> projects<00:05:14.240> that 00:05:15.029 --> 00:05:15.039 align:start position:0% monitoring the various projects that 00:05:15.039 --> 00:05:16.950 align:start position:0% monitoring the various projects that rome<00:05:15.440> air<00:05:15.680> development<00:05:16.080> center 00:05:16.950 --> 00:05:16.960 align:start position:0% rome air development center 00:05:16.960 --> 00:05:19.350 align:start position:0% rome air development center was<00:05:17.199> supporting<00:05:18.240> with<00:05:18.479> researchers<00:05:19.039> around 00:05:19.350 --> 00:05:19.360 align:start position:0% was supporting with researchers around 00:05:19.360 --> 00:05:20.629 align:start position:0% was supporting with researchers around the<00:05:19.440> country 00:05:20.629 --> 00:05:20.639 align:start position:0% the country 00:05:20.639 --> 00:05:22.870 align:start position:0% the country so<00:05:21.440> one<00:05:21.600> of<00:05:21.680> the<00:05:21.840> interesting<00:05:22.240> things<00:05:22.560> was 00:05:22.870 --> 00:05:22.880 align:start position:0% so one of the interesting things was 00:05:22.880 --> 00:05:25.350 align:start position:0% so one of the interesting things was that<00:05:23.360> among<00:05:23.680> the<00:05:23.840> projects<00:05:24.320> i<00:05:24.479> had<00:05:24.639> to 00:05:25.350 --> 00:05:25.360 align:start position:0% that among the projects i had to 00:05:25.360 --> 00:05:27.909 align:start position:0% that among the projects i had to monitor<00:05:26.320> were<00:05:26.560> projects<00:05:27.039> headed<00:05:27.360> by<00:05:27.600> people 00:05:27.909 --> 00:05:27.919 align:start position:0% monitor were projects headed by people 00:05:27.919 --> 00:05:28.390 align:start position:0% monitor were projects headed by people whose 00:05:28.390 --> 00:05:28.400 align:start position:0% whose 00:05:28.400 --> 00:05:31.350 align:start position:0% whose papers<00:05:28.880> i<00:05:29.039> read<00:05:29.280> as<00:05:29.520> a<00:05:29.680> student<00:05:30.080> at<00:05:30.160> stanford 00:05:31.350 --> 00:05:31.360 align:start position:0% papers i read as a student at stanford 00:05:31.360 --> 00:05:31.990 align:start position:0% papers i read as a student at stanford and 00:05:31.990 --> 00:05:32.000 align:start position:0% and 00:05:32.000 --> 00:05:33.830 align:start position:0% and so<00:05:32.240> here<00:05:32.479> they<00:05:32.639> were<00:05:32.960> big<00:05:33.280> wheels<00:05:33.680> of<00:05:33.759> the 00:05:33.830 --> 00:05:33.840 align:start position:0% so here they were big wheels of the 00:05:33.840 --> 00:05:35.430 align:start position:0% so here they were big wheels of the field<00:05:34.800> and<00:05:35.039> i 00:05:35.430 --> 00:05:35.440 align:start position:0% field and i 00:05:35.440 --> 00:05:37.909 align:start position:0% field and i a<00:05:35.600> green<00:05:36.000> second<00:05:36.320> lieutenant<00:05:37.360> going<00:05:37.600> to<00:05:37.680> see 00:05:37.909 --> 00:05:37.919 align:start position:0% a green second lieutenant going to see 00:05:37.919 --> 00:05:40.870 align:start position:0% a green second lieutenant going to see if<00:05:38.000> their<00:05:38.160> work<00:05:38.479> was<00:05:38.720> up<00:05:38.880> to<00:05:39.039> standard 00:05:40.870 --> 00:05:40.880 align:start position:0% if their work was up to standard 00:05:40.880 --> 00:05:43.110 align:start position:0% if their work was up to standard what<00:05:41.199> were<00:05:41.280> some<00:05:41.440> of<00:05:41.520> those<00:05:41.759> projects<00:05:42.880> well 00:05:43.110 --> 00:05:43.120 align:start position:0% what were some of those projects well 00:05:43.120 --> 00:05:45.590 align:start position:0% what were some of those projects well they<00:05:43.360> all<00:05:43.680> involved<00:05:44.240> radar 00:05:45.590 --> 00:05:45.600 align:start position:0% they all involved radar 00:05:45.600 --> 00:05:48.469 align:start position:0% they all involved radar work<00:05:46.560> and<00:05:46.720> there<00:05:46.880> was<00:05:47.120> a<00:05:47.199> special<00:05:47.919> technique 00:05:48.469 --> 00:05:48.479 align:start position:0% work and there was a special technique 00:05:48.479 --> 00:05:49.430 align:start position:0% work and there was a special technique that<00:05:48.720> was 00:05:49.430 --> 00:05:49.440 align:start position:0% that was 00:05:49.440 --> 00:05:52.469 align:start position:0% that was being<00:05:49.759> explored<00:05:50.880> in<00:05:51.199> radar<00:05:52.080> signal 00:05:52.469 --> 00:05:52.479 align:start position:0% being explored in radar signal 00:05:52.479 --> 00:05:54.150 align:start position:0% being explored in radar signal processing<00:05:53.039> those<00:05:53.280> days 00:05:54.150 --> 00:05:54.160 align:start position:0% processing those days 00:05:54.160 --> 00:05:57.110 align:start position:0% processing those days and<00:05:54.400> it<00:05:54.479> was<00:05:54.639> called<00:05:54.960> pulse<00:05:55.440> compression<00:05:56.960> the 00:05:57.110 --> 00:05:57.120 align:start position:0% and it was called pulse compression the 00:05:57.120 --> 00:05:58.710 align:start position:0% and it was called pulse compression the idea<00:05:57.440> was<00:05:57.759> this 00:05:58.710 --> 00:05:58.720 align:start position:0% idea was this 00:05:58.720 --> 00:06:00.870 align:start position:0% idea was this that<00:05:58.960> the<00:05:59.120> amount<00:05:59.600> of<00:06:00.080> energy<00:06:00.479> that<00:06:00.639> you<00:06:00.800> can 00:06:00.870 --> 00:06:00.880 align:start position:0% that the amount of energy that you can 00:06:00.880 --> 00:06:03.350 align:start position:0% that the amount of energy that you can get<00:06:01.199> back<00:06:01.520> from<00:06:01.759> a<00:06:01.840> radar<00:06:02.240> reflection 00:06:03.350 --> 00:06:03.360 align:start position:0% get back from a radar reflection 00:06:03.360 --> 00:06:06.230 align:start position:0% get back from a radar reflection depended<00:06:03.840> upon<00:06:04.960> basically<00:06:05.440> the<00:06:05.680> length<00:06:06.080> of 00:06:06.230 --> 00:06:06.240 align:start position:0% depended upon basically the length of 00:06:06.240 --> 00:06:06.950 align:start position:0% depended upon basically the length of the<00:06:06.400> pulse 00:06:06.950 --> 00:06:06.960 align:start position:0% the pulse 00:06:06.960 --> 00:06:09.110 align:start position:0% the pulse that<00:06:07.120> you<00:06:07.280> could<00:06:07.440> send<00:06:07.680> out<00:06:08.400> but<00:06:08.560> the<00:06:08.720> problem 00:06:09.110 --> 00:06:09.120 align:start position:0% that you could send out but the problem 00:06:09.120 --> 00:06:11.029 align:start position:0% that you could send out but the problem with<00:06:09.360> having<00:06:09.680> a<00:06:09.840> pulse<00:06:10.160> of<00:06:10.319> a<00:06:10.400> certain<00:06:10.720> long 00:06:11.029 --> 00:06:11.039 align:start position:0% with having a pulse of a certain long 00:06:11.039 --> 00:06:11.909 align:start position:0% with having a pulse of a certain long length 00:06:11.909 --> 00:06:11.919 align:start position:0% length 00:06:11.919 --> 00:06:15.430 align:start position:0% length was<00:06:12.319> that<00:06:13.360> then<00:06:14.000> it<00:06:14.160> was<00:06:14.560> a<00:06:14.960> little<00:06:15.199> more 00:06:15.430 --> 00:06:15.440 align:start position:0% was that then it was a little more 00:06:15.440 --> 00:06:16.950 align:start position:0% was that then it was a little more difficult<00:06:15.759> to<00:06:15.919> tell<00:06:16.160> exactly<00:06:16.639> where<00:06:16.800> the 00:06:16.950 --> 00:06:16.960 align:start position:0% difficult to tell exactly where the 00:06:16.960 --> 00:06:18.070 align:start position:0% difficult to tell exactly where the airplane<00:06:17.360> was 00:06:18.070 --> 00:06:18.080 align:start position:0% airplane was 00:06:18.080 --> 00:06:20.150 align:start position:0% airplane was you'd<00:06:18.319> want<00:06:18.560> a<00:06:18.639> very<00:06:18.880> short<00:06:19.120> pulse<00:06:19.440> for<00:06:19.520> that 00:06:20.150 --> 00:06:20.160 align:start position:0% you'd want a very short pulse for that 00:06:20.160 --> 00:06:21.430 align:start position:0% you'd want a very short pulse for that more<00:06:20.639> more<00:06:21.039> uh 00:06:21.430 --> 00:06:21.440 align:start position:0% more more uh 00:06:21.440 --> 00:06:23.189 align:start position:0% more more uh importantly<00:06:22.240> it<00:06:22.400> would<00:06:22.479> be<00:06:22.639> difficult<00:06:23.039> to 00:06:23.189 --> 00:06:23.199 align:start position:0% importantly it would be difficult to 00:06:23.199 --> 00:06:25.029 align:start position:0% importantly it would be difficult to separate<00:06:23.840> two<00:06:24.080> objects 00:06:25.029 --> 00:06:25.039 align:start position:0% separate two objects 00:06:25.039 --> 00:06:26.870 align:start position:0% separate two objects so<00:06:25.280> if<00:06:25.440> the<00:06:25.600> pulses<00:06:26.080> from<00:06:26.240> their<00:06:26.479> echoes 00:06:26.870 --> 00:06:26.880 align:start position:0% so if the pulses from their echoes 00:06:26.880 --> 00:06:28.710 align:start position:0% so if the pulses from their echoes overlapped<00:06:27.680> which<00:06:27.919> they<00:06:28.080> would 00:06:28.710 --> 00:06:28.720 align:start position:0% overlapped which they would 00:06:28.720 --> 00:06:30.790 align:start position:0% overlapped which they would happen<00:06:29.039> to<00:06:29.199> do<00:06:29.759> uh<00:06:30.000> more<00:06:30.319> it<00:06:30.400> would<00:06:30.479> be<00:06:30.639> more 00:06:30.790 --> 00:06:30.800 align:start position:0% happen to do uh more it would be more 00:06:30.800 --> 00:06:32.390 align:start position:0% happen to do uh more it would be more likely<00:06:31.120> to<00:06:31.199> overlap<00:06:31.759> if 00:06:32.390 --> 00:06:32.400 align:start position:0% likely to overlap if 00:06:32.400 --> 00:06:34.950 align:start position:0% likely to overlap if they<00:06:32.560> were<00:06:32.720> long<00:06:33.039> pulses<00:06:34.160> and<00:06:34.319> if<00:06:34.479> the<00:06:34.639> objects 00:06:34.950 --> 00:06:34.960 align:start position:0% they were long pulses and if the objects 00:06:34.960 --> 00:06:36.150 align:start position:0% they were long pulses and if the objects were<00:06:35.120> close 00:06:36.150 --> 00:06:36.160 align:start position:0% were close 00:06:36.160 --> 00:06:37.590 align:start position:0% were close then<00:06:36.319> you<00:06:36.400> wouldn't<00:06:36.639> be<00:06:36.800> able<00:06:36.960> to<00:06:37.039> distinguish 00:06:37.590 --> 00:06:37.600 align:start position:0% then you wouldn't be able to distinguish 00:06:37.600 --> 00:06:39.270 align:start position:0% then you wouldn't be able to distinguish there<00:06:37.680> were<00:06:37.840> really<00:06:38.000> two<00:06:38.240> objects<00:06:38.960> but<00:06:39.120> if<00:06:39.199> you 00:06:39.270 --> 00:06:39.280 align:start position:0% there were really two objects but if you 00:06:39.280 --> 00:06:40.710 align:start position:0% there were really two objects but if you had<00:06:39.440> very<00:06:39.600> short<00:06:39.919> pulses 00:06:40.710 --> 00:06:40.720 align:start position:0% had very short pulses 00:06:40.720 --> 00:06:42.469 align:start position:0% had very short pulses they<00:06:41.120> would<00:06:41.280> tend<00:06:41.520> not<00:06:41.680> to<00:06:41.759> overlap<00:06:42.160> you'd<00:06:42.400> be 00:06:42.469 --> 00:06:42.479 align:start position:0% they would tend not to overlap you'd be 00:06:42.479 --> 00:06:45.029 align:start position:0% they would tend not to overlap you'd be able<00:06:42.639> to<00:06:42.720> tell<00:06:43.680> that<00:06:43.759> there<00:06:43.919> were<00:06:44.080> two<00:06:44.319> objects 00:06:45.029 --> 00:06:45.039 align:start position:0% able to tell that there were two objects 00:06:45.039 --> 00:06:46.710 align:start position:0% able to tell that there were two objects so<00:06:45.440> the<00:06:45.600> question<00:06:45.919> is<00:06:46.000> how<00:06:46.160> do<00:06:46.240> you<00:06:46.319> get<00:06:46.479> a<00:06:46.560> lot 00:06:46.710 --> 00:06:46.720 align:start position:0% so the question is how do you get a lot 00:06:46.720 --> 00:06:49.029 align:start position:0% so the question is how do you get a lot of<00:06:46.800> energy<00:06:47.759> into<00:06:48.000> a<00:06:48.080> pulse 00:06:49.029 --> 00:06:49.039 align:start position:0% of energy into a pulse 00:06:49.039 --> 00:06:52.390 align:start position:0% of energy into a pulse and<00:06:49.360> also<00:06:50.800> get<00:06:51.120> good<00:06:51.599> resolution 00:06:52.390 --> 00:06:52.400 align:start position:0% and also get good resolution 00:06:52.400 --> 00:06:55.589 align:start position:0% and also get good resolution in<00:06:52.639> space<00:06:53.120> of<00:06:53.280> the<00:06:53.440> distance<00:06:54.880> so<00:06:55.199> the<00:06:55.360> thing 00:06:55.589 --> 00:06:55.599 align:start position:0% in space of the distance so the thing 00:06:55.599 --> 00:06:57.510 align:start position:0% in space of the distance so the thing about<00:06:55.840> the<00:06:56.000> short<00:06:56.319> pulse<00:06:56.720> that<00:06:56.880> makes<00:06:57.199> it 00:06:57.510 --> 00:06:57.520 align:start position:0% about the short pulse that makes it 00:06:57.520 --> 00:07:00.469 align:start position:0% about the short pulse that makes it good<00:06:57.840> for<00:06:59.039> resolution<00:06:59.680> was<00:06:59.840> that<00:07:00.080> a<00:07:00.240> short 00:07:00.469 --> 00:07:00.479 align:start position:0% good for resolution was that a short 00:07:00.479 --> 00:07:02.390 align:start position:0% good for resolution was that a short pulse<00:07:00.800> has<00:07:00.960> very<00:07:01.120> high<00:07:01.280> bandwidth 00:07:02.390 --> 00:07:02.400 align:start position:0% pulse has very high bandwidth 00:07:02.400 --> 00:07:03.749 align:start position:0% pulse has very high bandwidth so<00:07:02.639> then<00:07:02.800> there<00:07:02.960> were<00:07:03.120> people<00:07:03.280> who<00:07:03.440> said<00:07:03.599> well 00:07:03.749 --> 00:07:03.759 align:start position:0% so then there were people who said well 00:07:03.759 --> 00:07:05.510 align:start position:0% so then there were people who said well we<00:07:03.919> can<00:07:04.000> get<00:07:04.160> high<00:07:04.400> bandwidth<00:07:04.800> into<00:07:05.039> a<00:07:05.199> long 00:07:05.510 --> 00:07:05.520 align:start position:0% we can get high bandwidth into a long 00:07:05.520 --> 00:07:06.550 align:start position:0% we can get high bandwidth into a long pulse 00:07:06.550 --> 00:07:06.560 align:start position:0% pulse 00:07:06.560 --> 00:07:08.390 align:start position:0% pulse if<00:07:06.720> we<00:07:06.880> just<00:07:07.120> sweep<00:07:07.599> the<00:07:07.759> frequency<00:07:08.240> the 00:07:08.390 --> 00:07:08.400 align:start position:0% if we just sweep the frequency the 00:07:08.400 --> 00:07:10.710 align:start position:0% if we just sweep the frequency the carrier<00:07:08.800> frequency<00:07:09.199> of<00:07:09.360> the<00:07:09.440> pulse 00:07:10.710 --> 00:07:10.720 align:start position:0% carrier frequency of the pulse 00:07:10.720 --> 00:07:13.909 align:start position:0% carrier frequency of the pulse as<00:07:10.960> it<00:07:11.360> as<00:07:11.520> the<00:07:11.680> pulse<00:07:13.280> throughout<00:07:13.599> the<00:07:13.680> length 00:07:13.909 --> 00:07:13.919 align:start position:0% as it as the pulse throughout the length 00:07:13.919 --> 00:07:15.110 align:start position:0% as it as the pulse throughout the length of<00:07:14.000> the<00:07:14.160> pulse 00:07:15.110 --> 00:07:15.120 align:start position:0% of the pulse 00:07:15.120 --> 00:07:17.430 align:start position:0% of the pulse and<00:07:15.199> then<00:07:15.440> we<00:07:15.599> can<00:07:15.919> invert<00:07:16.319> that<00:07:16.560> process<00:07:17.360> in 00:07:17.430 --> 00:07:17.440 align:start position:0% and then we can invert that process in 00:07:17.440 --> 00:07:18.469 align:start position:0% and then we can invert that process in the<00:07:17.599> receiver 00:07:18.469 --> 00:07:18.479 align:start position:0% the receiver 00:07:18.479 --> 00:07:21.510 align:start position:0% the receiver and<00:07:18.639> make<00:07:18.880> those<00:07:19.120> pulses<00:07:19.520> short<00:07:19.759> again<00:07:21.039> and<00:07:21.360> so 00:07:21.510 --> 00:07:21.520 align:start position:0% and make those pulses short again and so 00:07:21.520 --> 00:07:24.230 align:start position:0% and make those pulses short again and so these<00:07:21.680> things<00:07:21.919> were<00:07:22.080> called<00:07:22.240> matched<00:07:22.639> filters 00:07:24.230 --> 00:07:24.240 align:start position:0% these things were called matched filters 00:07:24.240 --> 00:07:27.029 align:start position:0% these things were called matched filters excuse<00:07:24.560> me<00:07:24.639> and<00:07:24.720> that<00:07:24.880> was<00:07:26.400> most<00:07:26.639> of<00:07:26.720> the<00:07:26.800> work 00:07:27.029 --> 00:07:27.039 align:start position:0% excuse me and that was most of the work 00:07:27.039 --> 00:07:29.909 align:start position:0% excuse me and that was most of the work that<00:07:27.120> i<00:07:27.199> was<00:07:27.360> monitoring<00:07:27.840> at<00:07:27.919> that<00:07:28.840> time 00:07:29.909 --> 00:07:29.919 align:start position:0% that i was monitoring at that time 00:07:29.919 --> 00:07:31.270 align:start position:0% that i was monitoring at that time people<00:07:30.240> were<00:07:30.400> interested<00:07:30.720> in<00:07:30.800> very<00:07:31.039> short 00:07:31.270 --> 00:07:31.280 align:start position:0% people were interested in very short 00:07:31.280 --> 00:07:32.790 align:start position:0% people were interested in very short pulses<00:07:31.680> because<00:07:31.919> they<00:07:32.080> wanted<00:07:32.319> to<00:07:32.400> be<00:07:32.560> able<00:07:32.639> to 00:07:32.790 --> 00:07:32.800 align:start position:0% pulses because they wanted to be able to 00:07:32.800 --> 00:07:34.469 align:start position:0% pulses because they wanted to be able to detect<00:07:33.199> different<00:07:33.520> objects 00:07:34.469 --> 00:07:34.479 align:start position:0% detect different objects 00:07:34.479 --> 00:07:37.110 align:start position:0% detect different objects in<00:07:34.720> the<00:07:34.880> re-entrant<00:07:35.599> of<00:07:35.680> ballistic<00:07:36.160> missiles 00:07:37.110 --> 00:07:37.120 align:start position:0% in the re-entrant of ballistic missiles 00:07:37.120 --> 00:07:39.029 align:start position:0% in the re-entrant of ballistic missiles so<00:07:37.360> for<00:07:37.520> example<00:07:37.919> if<00:07:38.080> an<00:07:38.240> enemy<00:07:38.560> were<00:07:38.720> sending 00:07:39.029 --> 00:07:39.039 align:start position:0% so for example if an enemy were sending 00:07:39.039 --> 00:07:40.309 align:start position:0% so for example if an enemy were sending a<00:07:39.120> ballistic<00:07:39.520> missile<00:07:39.919> in 00:07:40.309 --> 00:07:40.319 align:start position:0% a ballistic missile in 00:07:40.319 --> 00:07:42.629 align:start position:0% a ballistic missile in and<00:07:40.560> it<00:07:40.639> split<00:07:40.960> into<00:07:41.199> several<00:07:42.400> different 00:07:42.629 --> 00:07:42.639 align:start position:0% and it split into several different 00:07:42.639 --> 00:07:43.510 align:start position:0% and it split into several different components 00:07:43.510 --> 00:07:43.520 align:start position:0% components 00:07:43.520 --> 00:07:45.029 align:start position:0% components you'd<00:07:43.759> want<00:07:43.919> to<00:07:44.000> be<00:07:44.160> able<00:07:44.319> to<00:07:44.400> pick<00:07:44.639> up<00:07:44.800> all<00:07:44.879> of 00:07:45.029 --> 00:07:45.039 align:start position:0% you'd want to be able to pick up all of 00:07:45.039 --> 00:07:46.550 align:start position:0% you'd want to be able to pick up all of them<00:07:45.680> so<00:07:45.840> you<00:07:46.000> want 00:07:46.550 --> 00:07:46.560 align:start position:0% them so you want 00:07:46.560 --> 00:07:48.230 align:start position:0% them so you want a<00:07:46.720> very<00:07:46.960> high<00:07:47.120> bandwidth<00:07:47.520> pulses<00:07:47.919> which<00:07:48.160> you 00:07:48.230 --> 00:07:48.240 align:start position:0% a very high bandwidth pulses which you 00:07:48.240 --> 00:07:50.309 align:start position:0% a very high bandwidth pulses which you could<00:07:48.400> get<00:07:48.639> with<00:07:48.879> these<00:07:49.520> long 00:07:50.309 --> 00:07:50.319 align:start position:0% could get with these long 00:07:50.319 --> 00:07:53.510 align:start position:0% could get with these long frequency<00:07:50.879> modulated<00:07:51.520> pulses<00:07:52.960> doesn't<00:07:53.360> any 00:07:53.510 --> 00:07:53.520 align:start position:0% frequency modulated pulses doesn't any 00:07:53.520 --> 00:07:54.230 align:start position:0% frequency modulated pulses doesn't any of<00:07:53.599> that<00:07:53.759> work 00:07:54.230 --> 00:07:54.240 align:start position:0% of that work 00:07:54.240 --> 00:07:56.830 align:start position:0% of that work end<00:07:54.479> up<00:07:54.639> being<00:07:54.800> helpful<00:07:55.360> for<00:07:55.680> thinking<00:07:56.000> about 00:07:56.830 --> 00:07:56.840 align:start position:0% end up being helpful for thinking about 00:07:56.840 --> 00:07:58.230 align:start position:0% end up being helpful for thinking about robotics 00:07:58.230 --> 00:07:58.240 align:start position:0% robotics 00:07:58.240 --> 00:08:01.749 align:start position:0% robotics uh<00:07:59.759> i<00:07:59.840> don't<00:08:00.000> think<00:08:00.160> so 00:08:01.749 --> 00:08:01.759 align:start position:0% uh i don't think so 00:08:01.759 --> 00:08:05.110 align:start position:0% uh i don't think so i<00:08:01.919> don't<00:08:02.080> think<00:08:02.319> so<00:08:03.199> um<00:08:03.680> and<00:08:04.000> uh<00:08:04.479> so 00:08:05.110 --> 00:08:05.120 align:start position:0% i don't think so um and uh so 00:08:05.120 --> 00:08:06.710 align:start position:0% i don't think so um and uh so were<00:08:05.360> there<00:08:05.520> any<00:08:05.759> other<00:08:06.240> interesting 00:08:06.710 --> 00:08:06.720 align:start position:0% were there any other interesting 00:08:06.720 --> 00:08:08.950 align:start position:0% were there any other interesting projects<00:08:07.120> in<00:08:07.280> the<00:08:07.440> three<00:08:07.599> years<00:08:07.919> of<00:08:08.080> the<00:08:08.800> air 00:08:08.950 --> 00:08:08.960 align:start position:0% projects in the three years of the air 00:08:08.960 --> 00:08:09.589 align:start position:0% projects in the three years of the air force 00:08:09.589 --> 00:08:09.599 align:start position:0% force 00:08:09.599 --> 00:08:11.749 align:start position:0% force well<00:08:09.840> there<00:08:10.080> was<00:08:10.240> very<00:08:10.720> a<00:08:10.800> lot<00:08:10.960> of<00:08:11.120> interest<00:08:11.520> in 00:08:11.749 --> 00:08:11.759 align:start position:0% well there was very a lot of interest in 00:08:11.759 --> 00:08:15.189 align:start position:0% well there was very a lot of interest in pattern<00:08:12.319> recognition 00:08:15.189 --> 00:08:15.199 align:start position:0% 00:08:15.199 --> 00:08:17.589 align:start position:0% in<00:08:15.440> terms<00:08:15.840> of<00:08:16.000> being<00:08:16.240> able<00:08:16.479> to<00:08:16.800> tell<00:08:17.120> what<00:08:17.360> kind 00:08:17.589 --> 00:08:17.599 align:start position:0% in terms of being able to tell what kind 00:08:17.599 --> 00:08:19.270 align:start position:0% in terms of being able to tell what kind of<00:08:17.680> radar 00:08:19.270 --> 00:08:19.280 align:start position:0% of radar 00:08:19.280 --> 00:08:22.869 align:start position:0% of radar you<00:08:19.520> might<00:08:19.759> be<00:08:21.039> receiving<00:08:21.520> signals<00:08:22.080> from 00:08:22.869 --> 00:08:22.879 align:start position:0% you might be receiving signals from 00:08:22.879 --> 00:08:27.350 align:start position:0% you might be receiving signals from and<00:08:23.360> that<00:08:25.199> work<00:08:25.520> on<00:08:25.759> pattern<00:08:26.080> recognition 00:08:27.350 --> 00:08:27.360 align:start position:0% and that work on pattern recognition 00:08:27.360 --> 00:08:29.990 align:start position:0% and that work on pattern recognition actually<00:08:27.840> used<00:08:28.240> some<00:08:28.479> of<00:08:28.639> the<00:08:29.280> ideas<00:08:29.680> that<00:08:29.840> i 00:08:29.990 --> 00:08:30.000 align:start position:0% actually used some of the ideas that i 00:08:30.000 --> 00:08:31.830 align:start position:0% actually used some of the ideas that i had<00:08:30.160> explored<00:08:30.720> and<00:08:30.879> studied<00:08:31.280> during<00:08:31.520> my 00:08:31.830 --> 00:08:31.840 align:start position:0% had explored and studied during my 00:08:31.840 --> 00:08:33.029 align:start position:0% had explored and studied during my thesis<00:08:32.240> work 00:08:33.029 --> 00:08:33.039 align:start position:0% thesis work 00:08:33.039 --> 00:08:36.550 align:start position:0% thesis work on<00:08:33.360> statistical<00:08:33.919> detection<00:08:34.399> theory<00:08:35.839> and 00:08:36.550 --> 00:08:36.560 align:start position:0% on statistical detection theory and 00:08:36.560 --> 00:08:40.469 align:start position:0% on statistical detection theory and and<00:08:36.800> so<00:08:38.240> one<00:08:38.399> of<00:08:38.560> the<00:08:38.640> things<00:08:38.880> that<00:08:39.279> happened 00:08:40.469 --> 00:08:40.479 align:start position:0% and so one of the things that happened 00:08:40.479 --> 00:08:43.670 align:start position:0% and so one of the things that happened in<00:08:40.880> pattern<00:08:41.279> recognition<00:08:43.039> and 00:08:43.670 --> 00:08:43.680 align:start position:0% in pattern recognition and 00:08:43.680 --> 00:08:45.750 align:start position:0% in pattern recognition and increasingly<00:08:44.399> so<00:08:44.720> in<00:08:44.959> the<00:08:45.040> later<00:08:45.360> years<00:08:45.600> of 00:08:45.750 --> 00:08:45.760 align:start position:0% increasingly so in the later years of 00:08:45.760 --> 00:08:47.590 align:start position:0% increasingly so in the later years of artificial<00:08:46.240> intelligence<00:08:46.720> research 00:08:47.590 --> 00:08:47.600 align:start position:0% artificial intelligence research 00:08:47.600 --> 00:08:49.269 align:start position:0% artificial intelligence research is<00:08:47.760> just<00:08:48.000> how<00:08:48.160> important<00:08:48.640> statistical 00:08:49.269 --> 00:08:49.279 align:start position:0% is just how important statistical 00:08:49.279 --> 00:08:51.190 align:start position:0% is just how important statistical methods<00:08:50.160> were 00:08:51.190 --> 00:08:51.200 align:start position:0% methods were 00:08:51.200 --> 00:08:54.710 align:start position:0% methods were various<00:08:51.600> bayesian<00:08:52.160> techniques<00:08:53.680> and<00:08:54.000> so 00:08:54.710 --> 00:08:54.720 align:start position:0% various bayesian techniques and so 00:08:54.720 --> 00:08:57.750 align:start position:0% various bayesian techniques and so that<00:08:54.959> background<00:08:56.080> that<00:08:56.320> i<00:08:56.480> had<00:08:57.360> mainly 00:08:57.750 --> 00:08:57.760 align:start position:0% that background that i had mainly 00:08:57.760 --> 00:08:59.190 align:start position:0% that background that i had mainly applied<00:08:58.000> to<00:08:58.160> radar 00:08:59.190 --> 00:08:59.200 align:start position:0% applied to radar 00:08:59.200 --> 00:09:01.910 align:start position:0% applied to radar in<00:08:59.279> my<00:08:59.440> days<00:08:59.760> when<00:08:59.920> i<00:09:00.000> was<00:09:00.399> in<00:09:00.480> the<00:09:00.560> air<00:09:00.800> force 00:09:01.910 --> 00:09:01.920 align:start position:0% in my days when i was in the air force 00:09:01.920 --> 00:09:03.030 align:start position:0% in my days when i was in the air force came<00:09:02.160> back<00:09:02.480> to 00:09:03.030 --> 00:09:03.040 align:start position:0% came back to 00:09:03.040 --> 00:09:05.430 align:start position:0% came back to help<00:09:03.279> me<00:09:03.440> later<00:09:03.760> when<00:09:04.000> i<00:09:04.080> was<00:09:04.240> doing<00:09:04.480> work<00:09:04.800> in 00:09:05.430 --> 00:09:05.440 align:start position:0% help me later when i was doing work in 00:09:05.440 --> 00:09:08.550 align:start position:0% help me later when i was doing work in pattern<00:09:06.839> recognition 00:09:08.550 --> 00:09:08.560 align:start position:0% pattern recognition 00:09:08.560 --> 00:09:11.350 align:start position:0% pattern recognition so<00:09:08.880> how<00:09:09.040> did<00:09:09.120> you<00:09:09.279> wind<00:09:09.519> up<00:09:09.680> at<00:09:09.920> sro<00:09:10.800> well<00:09:11.040> i<00:09:11.200> was 00:09:11.350 --> 00:09:11.360 align:start position:0% so how did you wind up at sro well i was 00:09:11.360 --> 00:09:12.870 align:start position:0% so how did you wind up at sro well i was looking<00:09:11.600> around<00:09:11.839> i<00:09:12.000> knew<00:09:12.240> i<00:09:12.320> wanted<00:09:12.560> to<00:09:12.640> be<00:09:12.800> on 00:09:12.870 --> 00:09:12.880 align:start position:0% looking around i knew i wanted to be on 00:09:12.880 --> 00:09:14.790 align:start position:0% looking around i knew i wanted to be on the<00:09:12.959> west<00:09:13.200> coast 00:09:14.790 --> 00:09:14.800 align:start position:0% the west coast 00:09:14.800 --> 00:09:18.230 align:start position:0% the west coast and<00:09:15.200> i'd<00:09:15.839> earlier<00:09:16.320> accepted<00:09:16.800> a<00:09:16.880> job<00:09:17.680> before 00:09:18.230 --> 00:09:18.240 align:start position:0% and i'd earlier accepted a job before 00:09:18.240 --> 00:09:19.910 align:start position:0% and i'd earlier accepted a job before going<00:09:18.480> to<00:09:18.640> the<00:09:18.720> romero<00:09:19.200> development<00:09:19.600> center 00:09:19.910 --> 00:09:19.920 align:start position:0% going to the romero development center 00:09:19.920 --> 00:09:22.150 align:start position:0% going to the romero development center at<00:09:20.000> the<00:09:20.160> rand<00:09:20.839> corporation<00:09:21.760> the<00:09:21.920> rand 00:09:22.150 --> 00:09:22.160 align:start position:0% at the rand corporation the rand 00:09:22.160 --> 00:09:24.070 align:start position:0% at the rand corporation the rand corporation<00:09:22.800> thought<00:09:23.120> well<00:09:23.440> we<00:09:23.600> can<00:09:23.839> probably 00:09:24.070 --> 00:09:24.080 align:start position:0% corporation thought well we can probably 00:09:24.080 --> 00:09:26.070 align:start position:0% corporation thought well we can probably get<00:09:24.240> you<00:09:24.480> stationed<00:09:24.800> here<00:09:24.959> in<00:09:25.040> santa<00:09:25.360> monica 00:09:26.070 --> 00:09:26.080 align:start position:0% get you stationed here in santa monica 00:09:26.080 --> 00:09:29.990 align:start position:0% get you stationed here in santa monica for<00:09:26.240> your<00:09:26.399> air<00:09:26.560> force<00:09:26.880> tour<00:09:28.399> but<00:09:28.640> in<00:09:28.720> the<00:09:28.880> event 00:09:29.990 --> 00:09:30.000 align:start position:0% for your air force tour but in the event 00:09:30.000 --> 00:09:31.910 align:start position:0% for your air force tour but in the event as<00:09:30.160> it<00:09:30.240> happened<00:09:30.560> they<00:09:30.880> they<00:09:31.040> didn't<00:09:31.600> and<00:09:31.839> i 00:09:31.910 --> 00:09:31.920 align:start position:0% as it happened they they didn't and i 00:09:31.920 --> 00:09:34.150 align:start position:0% as it happened they they didn't and i was<00:09:32.160> assigned<00:09:32.560> to<00:09:32.640> rome<00:09:32.959> so 00:09:34.150 --> 00:09:34.160 align:start position:0% was assigned to rome so 00:09:34.160 --> 00:09:36.070 align:start position:0% was assigned to rome so when<00:09:34.320> i<00:09:34.480> came<00:09:34.640> back<00:09:34.959> i<00:09:35.440> talked<00:09:35.680> to<00:09:35.760> the<00:09:35.839> rand 00:09:36.070 --> 00:09:36.080 align:start position:0% when i came back i talked to the rand 00:09:36.080 --> 00:09:39.030 align:start position:0% when i came back i talked to the rand corporation<00:09:36.640> again<00:09:36.959> and<00:09:37.120> i<00:09:37.200> talked<00:09:37.440> to<00:09:37.600> sri 00:09:39.030 --> 00:09:39.040 align:start position:0% corporation again and i talked to sri 00:09:39.040 --> 00:09:42.790 align:start position:0% corporation again and i talked to sri um<00:09:40.480> and<00:09:41.279> also<00:09:41.600> to<00:09:41.760> stanford 00:09:42.790 --> 00:09:42.800 align:start position:0% um and also to stanford 00:09:42.800 --> 00:09:46.070 align:start position:0% um and also to stanford sri<00:09:43.279> made<00:09:43.519> me<00:09:43.839> a<00:09:44.000> nice<00:09:44.240> offer<00:09:45.360> and 00:09:46.070 --> 00:09:46.080 align:start position:0% sri made me a nice offer and 00:09:46.080 --> 00:09:48.310 align:start position:0% sri made me a nice offer and it<00:09:46.160> was<00:09:46.399> more<00:09:46.640> exciting<00:09:47.120> because<00:09:47.600> although 00:09:48.310 --> 00:09:48.320 align:start position:0% it was more exciting because although 00:09:48.320 --> 00:09:50.230 align:start position:0% it was more exciting because although when<00:09:48.480> i<00:09:48.560> went<00:09:48.720> to<00:09:48.880> sri<00:09:49.360> i<00:09:49.600> thought<00:09:49.839> gee<00:09:50.080> it 00:09:50.230 --> 00:09:50.240 align:start position:0% when i went to sri i thought gee it 00:09:50.240 --> 00:09:51.829 align:start position:0% when i went to sri i thought gee it would<00:09:50.320> be<00:09:50.480> interesting<00:09:50.959> if<00:09:51.120> we<00:09:51.200> could<00:09:51.440> get<00:09:51.680> the 00:09:51.829 --> 00:09:51.839 align:start position:0% would be interesting if we could get the 00:09:51.839 --> 00:09:54.870 align:start position:0% would be interesting if we could get the sri<00:09:52.240> people<00:09:52.560> to<00:09:52.720> do<00:09:52.880> research<00:09:53.279> and<00:09:53.360> radars 00:09:54.870 --> 00:09:54.880 align:start position:0% sri people to do research and radars 00:09:54.880 --> 00:09:57.910 align:start position:0% sri people to do research and radars i<00:09:55.040> talked<00:09:55.279> to<00:09:55.440> a<00:09:55.600> very<00:09:56.080> charismatic<00:09:56.800> person<00:09:57.760> at 00:09:57.910 --> 00:09:57.920 align:start position:0% i talked to a very charismatic person at 00:09:57.920 --> 00:09:58.470 align:start position:0% i talked to a very charismatic person at sri 00:09:58.470 --> 00:09:58.480 align:start position:0% sri 00:09:58.480 --> 00:10:00.710 align:start position:0% sri who<00:09:58.640> turned<00:09:58.880> out<00:09:59.040> to<00:09:59.120> be<00:09:59.279> my<00:09:59.440> boss<00:10:00.320> charles 00:10:00.710 --> 00:10:00.720 align:start position:0% who turned out to be my boss charles 00:10:00.720 --> 00:10:03.670 align:start position:0% who turned out to be my boss charles rosen<00:10:01.440> charlie<00:10:01.839> rosen 00:10:03.670 --> 00:10:03.680 align:start position:0% rosen charlie rosen 00:10:03.680 --> 00:10:06.550 align:start position:0% rosen charlie rosen and<00:10:04.240> he<00:10:04.399> said<00:10:04.880> radar<00:10:05.920> that's<00:10:06.160> kind<00:10:06.320> of<00:10:06.399> like 00:10:06.550 --> 00:10:06.560 align:start position:0% and he said radar that's kind of like 00:10:06.560 --> 00:10:07.430 align:start position:0% and he said radar that's kind of like light<00:10:06.880> bulbs 00:10:07.430 --> 00:10:07.440 align:start position:0% light bulbs 00:10:07.440 --> 00:10:09.750 align:start position:0% light bulbs i<00:10:07.519> mean<00:10:07.839> isn't<00:10:08.000> that<00:10:08.240> a<00:10:08.320> solved<00:10:08.640> problem<00:10:09.600> let 00:10:09.750 --> 00:10:09.760 align:start position:0% i mean isn't that a solved problem let 00:10:09.760 --> 00:10:10.790 align:start position:0% i mean isn't that a solved problem let me<00:10:09.920> show<00:10:10.079> you<00:10:10.320> something 00:10:10.790 --> 00:10:10.800 align:start position:0% me show you something 00:10:10.800 --> 00:10:12.069 align:start position:0% me show you something very<00:10:11.120> interesting<00:10:11.519> that<00:10:11.600> we're<00:10:11.760> doing<00:10:11.920> here 00:10:12.069 --> 00:10:12.079 align:start position:0% very interesting that we're doing here 00:10:12.079 --> 00:10:13.829 align:start position:0% very interesting that we're doing here in<00:10:12.160> the<00:10:12.240> back<00:10:12.480> room<00:10:12.720> we're<00:10:12.959> building<00:10:13.279> a<00:10:13.440> giant 00:10:13.829 --> 00:10:13.839 align:start position:0% in the back room we're building a giant 00:10:13.839 --> 00:10:14.949 align:start position:0% in the back room we're building a giant brain 00:10:14.949 --> 00:10:14.959 align:start position:0% brain 00:10:14.959 --> 00:10:17.110 align:start position:0% brain oh<00:10:15.279> really<00:10:15.519> is<00:10:15.680> that<00:10:15.839> right<00:10:16.560> well<00:10:16.800> they<00:10:16.959> were 00:10:17.110 --> 00:10:17.120 align:start position:0% oh really is that right well they were 00:10:17.120 --> 00:10:18.230 align:start position:0% oh really is that right well they were building<00:10:17.600> a 00:10:18.230 --> 00:10:18.240 align:start position:0% building a 00:10:18.240 --> 00:10:21.110 align:start position:0% building a very<00:10:18.480> early<00:10:18.880> version<00:10:19.200> of<00:10:19.360> a<00:10:19.440> neural<00:10:19.760> network 00:10:21.110 --> 00:10:21.120 align:start position:0% very early version of a neural network 00:10:21.120 --> 00:10:22.550 align:start position:0% very early version of a neural network and<00:10:21.279> they<00:10:21.440> had<00:10:21.680> done 00:10:22.550 --> 00:10:22.560 align:start position:0% and they had done 00:10:22.560 --> 00:10:25.509 align:start position:0% and they had done some<00:10:23.440> consulting<00:10:24.640> with<00:10:24.880> a<00:10:24.959> professor<00:10:25.360> from 00:10:25.509 --> 00:10:25.519 align:start position:0% some consulting with a professor from 00:10:25.519 --> 00:10:27.590 align:start position:0% some consulting with a professor from cornell<00:10:26.000> university<00:10:26.480> frank<00:10:26.720> rosenblatt<00:10:27.360> who 00:10:27.590 --> 00:10:27.600 align:start position:0% cornell university frank rosenblatt who 00:10:27.600 --> 00:10:28.550 align:start position:0% cornell university frank rosenblatt who is<00:10:27.680> one<00:10:27.839> of<00:10:27.920> the 00:10:28.550 --> 00:10:28.560 align:start position:0% is one of the 00:10:28.560 --> 00:10:30.230 align:start position:0% is one of the founders<00:10:29.120> of<00:10:29.200> some<00:10:29.360> of<00:10:29.440> the<00:10:29.519> neural<00:10:29.760> network 00:10:30.230 --> 00:10:30.240 align:start position:0% founders of some of the neural network 00:10:30.240 --> 00:10:32.230 align:start position:0% founders of some of the neural network research<00:10:31.279> and<00:10:31.440> so<00:10:31.600> i've<00:10:31.760> met 00:10:32.230 --> 00:10:32.240 align:start position:0% research and so i've met 00:10:32.240 --> 00:10:35.269 align:start position:0% research and so i've met frank<00:10:33.279> and<00:10:33.519> i<00:10:33.760> ended<00:10:34.000> up<00:10:34.160> going<00:10:34.320> to<00:10:34.480> work<00:10:34.959> for 00:10:35.269 --> 00:10:35.279 align:start position:0% frank and i ended up going to work for 00:10:35.279 --> 00:10:38.389 align:start position:0% frank and i ended up going to work for sri<00:10:35.839> in<00:10:36.000> charlie<00:10:36.320> rose's<00:10:36.800> department<00:10:38.079> doing 00:10:38.389 --> 00:10:38.399 align:start position:0% sri in charlie rose's department doing 00:10:38.399 --> 00:10:40.310 align:start position:0% sri in charlie rose's department doing work<00:10:38.640> on<00:10:38.800> these<00:10:39.040> neural<00:10:39.279> networks 00:10:40.310 --> 00:10:40.320 align:start position:0% work on these neural networks 00:10:40.320 --> 00:10:41.829 align:start position:0% work on these neural networks so<00:10:40.480> was<00:10:40.720> it<00:10:40.880> a<00:10:40.959> direct<00:10:41.279> copy<00:10:41.680> of<00:10:41.760> the 00:10:41.829 --> 00:10:41.839 align:start position:0% so was it a direct copy of the 00:10:41.839 --> 00:10:43.990 align:start position:0% so was it a direct copy of the perceptron<00:10:42.560> that<00:10:42.959> went<00:10:43.200> out<00:10:43.440> or<00:10:43.680> was<00:10:43.839> it<00:10:43.920> a 00:10:43.990 --> 00:10:44.000 align:start position:0% perceptron that went out or was it a 00:10:44.000 --> 00:10:44.870 align:start position:0% perceptron that went out or was it a very<00:10:44.240> issue 00:10:44.870 --> 00:10:44.880 align:start position:0% very issue 00:10:44.880 --> 00:10:46.710 align:start position:0% very issue well<00:10:45.120> it<00:10:45.200> was<00:10:45.360> a<00:10:45.440> variation<00:10:46.079> in<00:10:46.160> the<00:10:46.240> following 00:10:46.710 --> 00:10:46.720 align:start position:0% well it was a variation in the following 00:10:46.720 --> 00:10:49.509 align:start position:0% well it was a variation in the following way<00:10:47.120> mainly<00:10:47.519> in<00:10:47.680> details 00:10:49.509 --> 00:10:49.519 align:start position:0% way mainly in details 00:10:49.519 --> 00:10:52.790 align:start position:0% way mainly in details most<00:10:49.839> of<00:10:50.000> it<00:10:50.240> in<00:10:50.320> terms<00:10:50.720> of<00:10:50.880> its 00:10:52.790 --> 00:10:52.800 align:start position:0% most of it in terms of its 00:10:52.800 --> 00:10:55.829 align:start position:0% most of it in terms of its of<00:10:52.959> its<00:10:53.279> design<00:10:54.640> schematic<00:10:55.200> design 00:10:55.829 --> 00:10:55.839 align:start position:0% of its design schematic design 00:10:55.839 --> 00:10:59.030 align:start position:0% of its design schematic design was<00:10:56.079> a<00:10:56.160> direct<00:10:56.480> copy<00:10:58.160> but<00:10:58.320> the<00:10:58.480> details<00:10:58.880> were 00:10:59.030 --> 00:10:59.040 align:start position:0% was a direct copy but the details were 00:10:59.040 --> 00:10:59.590 align:start position:0% was a direct copy but the details were different 00:10:59.590 --> 00:10:59.600 align:start position:0% different 00:10:59.600 --> 00:11:01.670 align:start position:0% different i<00:10:59.760> think<00:11:00.000> frank<00:11:00.320> rosenblatt<00:11:00.959> in<00:11:01.120> his<00:11:01.360> very 00:11:01.670 --> 00:11:01.680 align:start position:0% i think frank rosenblatt in his very 00:11:01.680 --> 00:11:03.269 align:start position:0% i think frank rosenblatt in his very early<00:11:01.920> perceptron 00:11:03.269 --> 00:11:03.279 align:start position:0% early perceptron 00:11:03.279 --> 00:11:06.310 align:start position:0% early perceptron to<00:11:03.839> make<00:11:04.240> the<00:11:04.480> weights<00:11:04.880> adjustable<00:11:06.079> these 00:11:06.310 --> 00:11:06.320 align:start position:0% to make the weights adjustable these 00:11:06.320 --> 00:11:07.829 align:start position:0% to make the weights adjustable these weights<00:11:06.640> are<00:11:06.720> important 00:11:07.829 --> 00:11:07.839 align:start position:0% weights are important 00:11:07.839 --> 00:11:11.750 align:start position:0% weights are important connection<00:11:08.560> units<00:11:09.440> uh<00:11:09.920> in<00:11:10.079> the<00:11:10.560> neural 00:11:11.750 --> 00:11:11.760 align:start position:0% connection units uh in the neural 00:11:11.760 --> 00:11:13.910 align:start position:0% connection units uh in the neural in<00:11:12.079> the<00:11:12.240> units<00:11:12.560> that<00:11:12.640> simulated<00:11:13.440> so-called 00:11:13.910 --> 00:11:13.920 align:start position:0% in the units that simulated so-called 00:11:13.920 --> 00:11:15.750 align:start position:0% in the units that simulated so-called simulated<00:11:14.480> neuron 00:11:15.750 --> 00:11:15.760 align:start position:0% simulated neuron 00:11:15.760 --> 00:11:19.350 align:start position:0% simulated neuron those<00:11:16.079> weights<00:11:16.399> were<00:11:16.640> adjustable<00:11:17.760> by<00:11:18.640> having 00:11:19.350 --> 00:11:19.360 align:start position:0% those weights were adjustable by having 00:11:19.360 --> 00:11:22.389 align:start position:0% those weights were adjustable by having potentiometers<00:11:20.399> motor<00:11:20.800> driven<00:11:21.760> so<00:11:22.000> he<00:11:22.160> could 00:11:22.389 --> 00:11:22.399 align:start position:0% potentiometers motor driven so he could 00:11:22.399 --> 00:11:23.350 align:start position:0% potentiometers motor driven so he could send<00:11:22.640> a<00:11:22.800> current 00:11:23.350 --> 00:11:23.360 align:start position:0% send a current 00:11:23.360 --> 00:11:26.150 align:start position:0% send a current to<00:11:23.600> the<00:11:23.760> motors<00:11:24.720> that<00:11:24.959> would<00:11:25.200> then<00:11:25.519> change<00:11:25.920> the 00:11:26.150 --> 00:11:26.160 align:start position:0% to the motors that would then change the 00:11:26.160 --> 00:11:28.790 align:start position:0% to the motors that would then change the potentiometer<00:11:27.040> setting<00:11:27.839> and<00:11:28.079> thereby<00:11:28.480> adjust 00:11:28.790 --> 00:11:28.800 align:start position:0% potentiometer setting and thereby adjust 00:11:28.800 --> 00:11:29.590 align:start position:0% potentiometer setting and thereby adjust the<00:11:28.880> weights 00:11:29.590 --> 00:11:29.600 align:start position:0% the weights 00:11:29.600 --> 00:11:32.310 align:start position:0% the weights we<00:11:29.839> had<00:11:30.160> an<00:11:30.320> sri<00:11:31.200> somewhat<00:11:31.519> different 00:11:32.310 --> 00:11:32.320 align:start position:0% we had an sri somewhat different 00:11:32.320 --> 00:11:32.870 align:start position:0% we had an sri somewhat different technique 00:11:32.870 --> 00:11:32.880 align:start position:0% technique 00:11:32.880 --> 00:11:36.389 align:start position:0% technique developed<00:11:33.279> by<00:11:33.519> a<00:11:33.839> physicist<00:11:34.320> named<00:11:34.640> ted<00:11:34.880> brain 00:11:36.389 --> 00:11:36.399 align:start position:0% developed by a physicist named ted brain 00:11:36.399 --> 00:11:37.990 align:start position:0% developed by a physicist named ted brain and<00:11:36.560> that<00:11:36.720> was<00:11:36.880> kind<00:11:37.040> of<00:11:37.200> interesting<00:11:37.600> also 00:11:37.990 --> 00:11:38.000 align:start position:0% and that was kind of interesting also 00:11:38.000 --> 00:11:40.389 align:start position:0% and that was kind of interesting also brain 00:11:40.389 --> 00:11:40.399 align:start position:0% 00:11:40.399 --> 00:11:42.870 align:start position:0% that<00:11:40.800> involved<00:11:41.200> magnetic<00:11:42.160> multi-aperture 00:11:42.870 --> 00:11:42.880 align:start position:0% that involved magnetic multi-aperture 00:11:42.880 --> 00:11:44.389 align:start position:0% that involved magnetic multi-aperture magnetic<00:11:43.440> cores 00:11:44.389 --> 00:11:44.399 align:start position:0% magnetic cores 00:11:44.399 --> 00:11:46.710 align:start position:0% magnetic cores so<00:11:44.720> the<00:11:44.880> amount<00:11:45.200> of<00:11:45.360> weight<00:11:45.760> was<00:11:46.000> stored<00:11:46.480> as 00:11:46.710 --> 00:11:46.720 align:start position:0% so the amount of weight was stored as 00:11:46.720 --> 00:11:47.990 align:start position:0% so the amount of weight was stored as the<00:11:46.800> amount<00:11:47.120> of<00:11:47.200> flux 00:11:47.990 --> 00:11:48.000 align:start position:0% the amount of flux 00:11:48.000 --> 00:11:49.990 align:start position:0% the amount of flux in<00:11:48.079> this<00:11:48.320> magnetic<00:11:48.800> core<00:11:49.440> and<00:11:49.600> it<00:11:49.680> could<00:11:49.839> be 00:11:49.990 --> 00:11:50.000 align:start position:0% in this magnetic core and it could be 00:11:50.000 --> 00:11:53.030 align:start position:0% in this magnetic core and it could be adjusted<00:11:50.800> and<00:11:50.959> it<00:11:51.040> could<00:11:51.200> be<00:11:51.360> read<00:11:51.600> out 00:11:53.030 --> 00:11:53.040 align:start position:0% adjusted and it could be read out 00:11:53.040 --> 00:11:56.069 align:start position:0% adjusted and it could be read out and<00:11:53.600> were<00:11:53.839> you<00:11:54.480> at<00:11:54.639> all<00:11:54.880> aware<00:11:55.200> of<00:11:55.440> ashby's 00:11:56.069 --> 00:11:56.079 align:start position:0% and were you at all aware of ashby's 00:11:56.079 --> 00:11:57.750 align:start position:0% and were you at all aware of ashby's work<00:11:56.320> on<00:11:56.480> homies<00:11:57.040> yes 00:11:57.750 --> 00:11:57.760 align:start position:0% work on homies yes 00:11:57.760 --> 00:11:58.949 align:start position:0% work on homies yes knew<00:11:58.000> about<00:11:58.160> ashby<00:11:58.560> you<00:11:58.639> knew<00:11:58.800> about 00:11:58.949 --> 00:11:58.959 align:start position:0% knew about ashby you knew about 00:11:58.959 --> 00:12:00.870 align:start position:0% knew about ashby you knew about homeostats<00:11:59.920> knew<00:12:00.160> about<00:12:00.320> some<00:12:00.480> other<00:12:00.639> people 00:12:00.870 --> 00:12:00.880 align:start position:0% homeostats knew about some other people 00:12:00.880 --> 00:12:04.230 align:start position:0% homeostats knew about some other people in<00:12:01.040> britain 00:12:04.230 --> 00:12:04.240 align:start position:0% 00:12:04.240 --> 00:12:07.269 align:start position:0% maybe<00:12:04.399> we<00:12:04.560> just<00:12:04.720> let<00:12:04.880> that<00:12:05.040> go<00:12:06.720> well<00:12:06.959> maybe<00:12:07.200> i 00:12:07.269 --> 00:12:07.279 align:start position:0% maybe we just let that go well maybe i 00:12:07.279 --> 00:12:08.389 align:start position:0% maybe we just let that go well maybe i ought<00:12:07.440> to<00:12:07.519> get<00:12:07.680> it 00:12:08.389 --> 00:12:08.399 align:start position:0% ought to get it 00:12:08.399 --> 00:12:11.350 align:start position:0% ought to get it fine<00:12:08.720> because<00:12:08.959> it<00:12:09.040> might<00:12:09.200> be<00:12:09.680> a<00:12:09.920> step<00:12:10.160> son 00:12:11.350 --> 00:12:11.360 align:start position:0% fine because it might be a step son 00:12:11.360 --> 00:12:12.069 align:start position:0% fine because it might be a step son hello 00:12:12.069 --> 00:12:12.079 align:start position:0% hello 00:12:12.079 --> 00:12:14.150 align:start position:0% hello where<00:12:12.240> were<00:12:12.480> we<00:12:12.720> we<00:12:12.880> were<00:12:13.200> oh<00:12:13.680> we<00:12:13.760> had<00:12:13.920> these 00:12:14.150 --> 00:12:14.160 align:start position:0% where were we we were oh we had these 00:12:14.160 --> 00:12:15.990 align:start position:0% where were we we were oh we had these magnetic<00:12:14.959> aperture 00:12:15.990 --> 00:12:16.000 align:start position:0% magnetic aperture 00:12:16.000 --> 00:12:16.949 align:start position:0% magnetic aperture and<00:12:16.160> you<00:12:16.240> were<00:12:16.320> talking<00:12:16.480> about<00:12:16.639> some<00:12:16.800> of<00:12:16.880> the 00:12:16.949 --> 00:12:16.959 align:start position:0% and you were talking about some of the 00:12:16.959 --> 00:12:19.910 align:start position:0% and you were talking about some of the british<00:12:18.000> oh<00:12:18.160> there<00:12:18.320> are<00:12:18.399> other<00:12:18.560> british<00:12:18.880> guys 00:12:19.910 --> 00:12:19.920 align:start position:0% british oh there are other british guys 00:12:19.920 --> 00:12:23.829 align:start position:0% british oh there are other british guys there<00:12:20.240> was<00:12:20.560> um<00:12:22.639> oh<00:12:22.800> there<00:12:22.959> was<00:12:23.040> an<00:12:23.200> italian<00:12:23.600> guy 00:12:23.829 --> 00:12:23.839 align:start position:0% there was um oh there was an italian guy 00:12:23.839 --> 00:12:25.629 align:start position:0% there was um oh there was an italian guy named<00:12:24.160> gamba 00:12:25.629 --> 00:12:25.639 align:start position:0% named gamba 00:12:25.639 --> 00:12:29.150 align:start position:0% named gamba g-a-m-b-a<00:12:27.839> who<00:12:28.240> had<00:12:28.560> some<00:12:28.800> kind<00:12:29.040> of 00:12:29.150 --> 00:12:29.160 align:start position:0% g-a-m-b-a who had some kind of 00:12:29.160 --> 00:12:32.230 align:start position:0% g-a-m-b-a who had some kind of perceptron-like<00:12:30.240> device 00:12:32.230 --> 00:12:32.240 align:start position:0% perceptron-like device 00:12:32.240 --> 00:12:34.629 align:start position:0% perceptron-like device um<00:12:33.200> maybe<00:12:33.600> some<00:12:33.760> other<00:12:34.000> british<00:12:34.240> names<00:12:34.560> have 00:12:34.629 --> 00:12:34.639 align:start position:0% um maybe some other british names have 00:12:34.639 --> 00:12:37.509 align:start position:0% um maybe some other british names have come<00:12:34.880> up 00:12:37.509 --> 00:12:37.519 align:start position:0% 00:12:37.519 --> 00:12:40.870 align:start position:0% well<00:12:37.680> there<00:12:37.839> was<00:12:38.160> um<00:12:39.279> gray<00:12:39.600> walters<00:12:40.079> tortoise 00:12:40.870 --> 00:12:40.880 align:start position:0% well there was um gray walters tortoise 00:12:40.880 --> 00:12:43.430 align:start position:0% well there was um gray walters tortoise gray<00:12:41.120> walters<00:12:41.600> tortoises<00:12:42.639> however<00:12:43.040> at<00:12:43.120> that 00:12:43.430 --> 00:12:43.440 align:start position:0% gray walters tortoises however at that 00:12:43.440 --> 00:12:45.350 align:start position:0% gray walters tortoises however at that time<00:12:43.839> in<00:12:43.920> the<00:12:44.079> earliest<00:12:44.639> days 00:12:45.350 --> 00:12:45.360 align:start position:0% time in the earliest days 00:12:45.360 --> 00:12:48.069 align:start position:0% time in the earliest days of<00:12:45.680> my<00:12:45.839> work<00:12:46.079> at<00:12:46.240> sri<00:12:47.200> we<00:12:47.360> weren't<00:12:47.600> too 00:12:48.069 --> 00:12:48.079 align:start position:0% of my work at sri we weren't too 00:12:48.079 --> 00:12:49.750 align:start position:0% of my work at sri we weren't too interested<00:12:48.399> in<00:12:48.560> robots<00:12:49.040> we<00:12:49.200> were 00:12:49.750 --> 00:12:49.760 align:start position:0% interested in robots we were 00:12:49.760 --> 00:12:52.710 align:start position:0% interested in robots we were building<00:12:50.160> a<00:12:50.399> pattern<00:12:50.800> recognizing<00:12:51.519> device 00:12:52.710 --> 00:12:52.720 align:start position:0% building a pattern recognizing device 00:12:52.720 --> 00:12:54.629 align:start position:0% building a pattern recognizing device something<00:12:53.120> that<00:12:53.440> well<00:12:53.680> the<00:12:53.839> army<00:12:54.079> signal<00:12:54.399> core 00:12:54.629 --> 00:12:54.639 align:start position:0% something that well the army signal core 00:12:54.639 --> 00:12:56.069 align:start position:0% something that well the army signal core was<00:12:54.800> supporting<00:12:55.200> the<00:12:55.279> work 00:12:56.069 --> 00:12:56.079 align:start position:0% was supporting the work 00:12:56.079 --> 00:12:57.590 align:start position:0% was supporting the work now<00:12:56.320> i<00:12:56.399> think<00:12:56.560> it's<00:12:56.720> called<00:12:56.959> the<00:12:57.040> us<00:12:57.360> army 00:12:57.590 --> 00:12:57.600 align:start position:0% now i think it's called the us army 00:12:57.600 --> 00:12:59.269 align:start position:0% now i think it's called the us army electronics<00:12:58.160> command 00:12:59.269 --> 00:12:59.279 align:start position:0% electronics command 00:12:59.279 --> 00:13:01.590 align:start position:0% electronics command something<00:12:59.600> like<00:12:59.760> that<00:13:00.560> the<00:13:00.959> signal<00:13:01.279> core<00:13:01.440> was 00:13:01.590 --> 00:13:01.600 align:start position:0% something like that the signal core was 00:13:01.600 --> 00:13:02.629 align:start position:0% something like that the signal core was supporting<00:13:02.160> it 00:13:02.629 --> 00:13:02.639 align:start position:0% supporting it 00:13:02.639 --> 00:13:06.069 align:start position:0% supporting it and<00:13:03.279> the<00:13:03.680> rationale<00:13:05.360> we<00:13:05.519> didn't<00:13:05.760> particularly 00:13:06.069 --> 00:13:06.079 align:start position:0% and the rationale we didn't particularly 00:13:06.079 --> 00:13:07.670 align:start position:0% and the rationale we didn't particularly care<00:13:06.399> what<00:13:06.560> the<00:13:06.639> rationale<00:13:07.200> was<00:13:07.440> we<00:13:07.519> just 00:13:07.670 --> 00:13:07.680 align:start position:0% care what the rationale was we just 00:13:07.680 --> 00:13:09.990 align:start position:0% care what the rationale was we just wanted<00:13:07.920> to<00:13:08.000> do<00:13:08.240> pattern<00:13:08.639> recognition<00:13:09.279> work 00:13:09.990 --> 00:13:10.000 align:start position:0% wanted to do pattern recognition work 00:13:10.000 --> 00:13:12.949 align:start position:0% wanted to do pattern recognition work the<00:13:10.160> rationale<00:13:11.360> was<00:13:11.680> to<00:13:11.839> recognize<00:13:12.480> symbols 00:13:12.949 --> 00:13:12.959 align:start position:0% the rationale was to recognize symbols 00:13:12.959 --> 00:13:14.790 align:start position:0% the rationale was to recognize symbols that<00:13:13.120> were<00:13:13.360> maybe<00:13:13.680> hand<00:13:14.000> printed<00:13:14.320> on<00:13:14.480> army 00:13:14.790 --> 00:13:14.800 align:start position:0% that were maybe hand printed on army 00:13:14.800 --> 00:13:17.910 align:start position:0% that were maybe hand printed on army maps 00:13:17.910 --> 00:13:17.920 align:start position:0% 00:13:17.920 --> 00:13:19.990 align:start position:0% we<00:13:18.160> actually<00:13:18.639> ended<00:13:18.959> up<00:13:19.200> doing<00:13:19.519> quite<00:13:19.760> a<00:13:19.839> bit 00:13:19.990 --> 00:13:20.000 align:start position:0% we actually ended up doing quite a bit 00:13:20.000 --> 00:13:22.629 align:start position:0% we actually ended up doing quite a bit of<00:13:20.079> work<00:13:20.480> on<00:13:20.800> hand<00:13:21.120> printed<00:13:21.600> fortran<00:13:22.240> coding 00:13:22.629 --> 00:13:22.639 align:start position:0% of work on hand printed fortran coding 00:13:22.639 --> 00:13:23.910 align:start position:0% of work on hand printed fortran coding sheets 00:13:23.910 --> 00:13:23.920 align:start position:0% sheets 00:13:23.920 --> 00:13:26.470 align:start position:0% sheets so<00:13:24.079> we<00:13:24.240> wanted<00:13:24.480> to<00:13:24.720> recognize<00:13:25.680> in<00:13:25.839> those<00:13:26.079> days 00:13:26.470 --> 00:13:26.480 align:start position:0% so we wanted to recognize in those days 00:13:26.480 --> 00:13:28.230 align:start position:0% so we wanted to recognize in those days computer<00:13:26.880> programs<00:13:27.360> were<00:13:27.600> written<00:13:27.920> out<00:13:28.079> on 00:13:28.230 --> 00:13:28.240 align:start position:0% computer programs were written out on 00:13:28.240 --> 00:13:29.350 align:start position:0% computer programs were written out on coding<00:13:28.560> sheets 00:13:29.350 --> 00:13:29.360 align:start position:0% coding sheets 00:13:29.360 --> 00:13:33.030 align:start position:0% coding sheets and<00:13:29.440> then<00:13:30.560> key<00:13:30.800> punch<00:13:31.120> operators<00:13:32.320> read<00:13:32.560> the 00:13:33.030 --> 00:13:33.040 align:start position:0% and then key punch operators read the 00:13:33.040 --> 00:13:35.590 align:start position:0% and then key punch operators read the coding<00:13:33.360> sheets<00:13:33.680> and<00:13:33.920> punched<00:13:34.800> uh<00:13:35.120> what<00:13:35.360> they 00:13:35.590 --> 00:13:35.600 align:start position:0% coding sheets and punched uh what they 00:13:35.600 --> 00:13:36.389 align:start position:0% coding sheets and punched uh what they saw<00:13:35.760> in<00:13:35.839> the 00:13:36.389 --> 00:13:36.399 align:start position:0% saw in the 00:13:36.399 --> 00:13:40.389 align:start position:0% saw in the coding<00:13:36.639> sheets<00:13:36.880> how<00:13:37.040> to<00:13:37.120> punch<00:13:37.440> cards<00:13:39.199> and<00:13:39.600> um 00:13:40.389 --> 00:13:40.399 align:start position:0% coding sheets how to punch cards and um 00:13:40.399 --> 00:13:43.910 align:start position:0% coding sheets how to punch cards and um so<00:13:40.560> we<00:13:40.720> wanted<00:13:41.040> to<00:13:41.839> to<00:13:42.399> eliminate<00:13:42.880> that<00:13:43.120> step 00:13:43.910 --> 00:13:43.920 align:start position:0% so we wanted to to eliminate that step 00:13:43.920 --> 00:13:46.870 align:start position:0% so we wanted to to eliminate that step by<00:13:44.160> having<00:13:44.399> that<00:13:44.639> done<00:13:44.880> automatically<00:13:46.160> so<00:13:46.399> we 00:13:46.870 --> 00:13:46.880 align:start position:0% by having that done automatically so we 00:13:46.880 --> 00:13:48.550 align:start position:0% by having that done automatically so we actually<00:13:47.199> got<00:13:47.360> pretty<00:13:47.519> good<00:13:47.760> results 00:13:48.550 --> 00:13:48.560 align:start position:0% actually got pretty good results 00:13:48.560 --> 00:13:49.910 align:start position:0% actually got pretty good results and<00:13:48.720> one<00:13:48.880> of<00:13:48.959> the<00:13:49.040> reasons<00:13:49.440> we<00:13:49.519> were<00:13:49.680> able<00:13:49.839> to 00:13:49.910 --> 00:13:49.920 align:start position:0% and one of the reasons we were able to 00:13:49.920 --> 00:13:52.230 align:start position:0% and one of the reasons we were able to get<00:13:50.079> good<00:13:50.240> results<00:13:50.800> was<00:13:51.199> that 00:13:52.230 --> 00:13:52.240 align:start position:0% get good results was that 00:13:52.240 --> 00:13:54.389 align:start position:0% get good results was that not<00:13:52.480> only<00:13:52.880> did<00:13:53.120> we<00:13:53.279> try<00:13:53.440> to<00:13:53.600> recognize<00:13:54.240> each 00:13:54.389 --> 00:13:54.399 align:start position:0% not only did we try to recognize each 00:13:54.399 --> 00:13:55.670 align:start position:0% not only did we try to recognize each character 00:13:55.670 --> 00:13:55.680 align:start position:0% character 00:13:55.680 --> 00:13:58.150 align:start position:0% character but<00:13:56.079> before<00:13:56.399> we<00:13:56.560> would<00:13:56.800> accept<00:13:57.279> a<00:13:57.440> line<00:13:58.000> of 00:13:58.150 --> 00:13:58.160 align:start position:0% but before we would accept a line of 00:13:58.160 --> 00:13:59.829 align:start position:0% but before we would accept a line of fortran<00:13:58.800> code 00:13:59.829 --> 00:13:59.839 align:start position:0% fortran code 00:13:59.839 --> 00:14:03.189 align:start position:0% fortran code as<00:14:01.120> recognized<00:14:02.320> it<00:14:02.399> would<00:14:02.639> have<00:14:02.880> to<00:14:03.040> be 00:14:03.189 --> 00:14:03.199 align:start position:0% as recognized it would have to be 00:14:03.199 --> 00:14:04.949 align:start position:0% as recognized it would have to be something<00:14:03.519> that<00:14:03.680> could<00:14:03.839> be<00:14:04.000> compiled 00:14:04.949 --> 00:14:04.959 align:start position:0% something that could be compiled 00:14:04.959 --> 00:14:07.509 align:start position:0% something that could be compiled so<00:14:05.120> we<00:14:05.279> had<00:14:05.519> access<00:14:05.839> to<00:14:06.000> the<00:14:06.079> fortran<00:14:06.560> compiler 00:14:07.509 --> 00:14:07.519 align:start position:0% so we had access to the fortran compiler 00:14:07.519 --> 00:14:08.069 align:start position:0% so we had access to the fortran compiler and<00:14:07.680> we 00:14:08.069 --> 00:14:08.079 align:start position:0% and we 00:14:08.079 --> 00:14:10.230 align:start position:0% and we had<00:14:08.240> to<00:14:08.320> have<00:14:08.480> a<00:14:08.639> legal<00:14:08.959> fortran<00:14:09.440> statement 00:14:10.230 --> 00:14:10.240 align:start position:0% had to have a legal fortran statement 00:14:10.240 --> 00:14:12.069 align:start position:0% had to have a legal fortran statement before<00:14:10.560> we'd<00:14:10.800> claim<00:14:11.040> was<00:14:11.199> recognized 00:14:12.069 --> 00:14:12.079 align:start position:0% before we'd claim was recognized 00:14:12.079 --> 00:14:13.829 align:start position:0% before we'd claim was recognized and<00:14:12.240> to<00:14:12.320> get<00:14:12.480> a<00:14:12.560> legal<00:14:12.880> fortran<00:14:13.360> statement<00:14:13.680> we 00:14:13.829 --> 00:14:13.839 align:start position:0% and to get a legal fortran statement we 00:14:13.839 --> 00:14:15.590 align:start position:0% and to get a legal fortran statement we might<00:14:14.079> have<00:14:14.160> to<00:14:14.240> go<00:14:14.480> back<00:14:14.959> and 00:14:15.590 --> 00:14:15.600 align:start position:0% might have to go back and 00:14:15.600 --> 00:14:18.949 align:start position:0% might have to go back and accept<00:14:16.079> maybe<00:14:16.399> the<00:14:16.560> second<00:14:16.880> best<00:14:18.000> uh<00:14:18.399> guess 00:14:18.949 --> 00:14:18.959 align:start position:0% accept maybe the second best uh guess 00:14:18.959 --> 00:14:21.670 align:start position:0% accept maybe the second best uh guess on<00:14:19.199> an<00:14:19.360> individual<00:14:19.920> character<00:14:20.720> we<00:14:20.880> could<00:14:21.519> we 00:14:21.670 --> 00:14:21.680 align:start position:0% on an individual character we could we 00:14:21.680 --> 00:14:22.150 align:start position:0% on an individual character we could we could 00:14:22.150 --> 00:14:22.160 align:start position:0% could 00:14:22.160 --> 00:14:24.710 align:start position:0% could uh<00:14:22.560> we<00:14:22.720> had<00:14:22.959> a<00:14:23.040> ranking<00:14:24.000> uh<00:14:24.320> when<00:14:24.480> we 00:14:24.710 --> 00:14:24.720 align:start position:0% uh we had a ranking uh when we 00:14:24.720 --> 00:14:26.069 align:start position:0% uh we had a ranking uh when we recognized<00:14:25.360> each<00:14:25.600> character 00:14:26.069 --> 00:14:26.079 align:start position:0% recognized each character 00:14:26.079 --> 00:14:30.629 align:start position:0% recognized each character as<00:14:26.480> well<00:14:26.720> it<00:14:26.800> might<00:14:26.959> be<00:14:27.199> 95<00:14:28.320> an<00:14:28.560> a<00:14:28.880> or<00:14:29.199> might<00:14:29.440> be 00:14:30.629 --> 00:14:30.639 align:start position:0% as well it might be 95 an a or might be 00:14:30.639 --> 00:14:33.750 align:start position:0% as well it might be 95 an a or might be an<00:14:31.440> 80<00:14:31.760> percent<00:14:32.160> of<00:14:32.399> b<00:14:32.800> and<00:14:33.040> so<00:14:33.199> on<00:14:33.360> so 00:14:33.750 --> 00:14:33.760 align:start position:0% an 80 percent of b and so on so 00:14:33.760 --> 00:14:35.910 align:start position:0% an 80 percent of b and so on so so<00:14:33.920> forth<00:14:34.720> and<00:14:34.880> so<00:14:35.040> we<00:14:35.199> would<00:14:35.360> go<00:14:35.519> down<00:14:35.760> the 00:14:35.910 --> 00:14:35.920 align:start position:0% so forth and so we would go down the 00:14:35.920 --> 00:14:37.430 align:start position:0% so forth and so we would go down the line<00:14:36.240> until<00:14:36.560> we<00:14:36.720> could 00:14:37.430 --> 00:14:37.440 align:start position:0% line until we could 00:14:37.440 --> 00:14:41.110 align:start position:0% line until we could get<00:14:37.839> the<00:14:38.720> most<00:14:39.279> probable<00:14:40.320> going<00:14:40.639> across<00:14:40.959> the 00:14:41.110 --> 00:14:41.120 align:start position:0% get the most probable going across the 00:14:41.120 --> 00:14:41.990 align:start position:0% get the most probable going across the whole 00:14:41.990 --> 00:14:42.000 align:start position:0% whole 00:14:42.000 --> 00:14:45.829 align:start position:0% whole sequence<00:14:43.199> of<00:14:43.360> characters<00:14:44.399> uh<00:14:44.959> recognition 00:14:45.829 --> 00:14:45.839 align:start position:0% sequence of characters uh recognition 00:14:45.839 --> 00:14:48.870 align:start position:0% sequence of characters uh recognition of<00:14:46.000> the<00:14:46.079> whole<00:14:46.320> line<00:14:48.000> did<00:14:48.160> you<00:14:48.320> come<00:14:48.480> across 00:14:48.870 --> 00:14:48.880 align:start position:0% of the whole line did you come across 00:14:48.880 --> 00:14:49.910 align:start position:0% of the whole line did you come across the<00:14:48.959> work<00:14:49.199> of<00:14:49.360> the 00:14:49.910 --> 00:14:49.920 align:start position:0% the work of the 00:14:49.920 --> 00:14:51.910 align:start position:0% the work of the hansfun<00:14:50.560> forester<00:14:51.120> on<00:14:51.199> the<00:14:51.279> biological 00:14:51.910 --> 00:14:51.920 align:start position:0% hansfun forester on the biological 00:14:51.920 --> 00:14:53.590 align:start position:0% hansfun forester on the biological computer<00:14:52.320> lab 00:14:53.590 --> 00:14:53.600 align:start position:0% computer lab 00:14:53.600 --> 00:14:55.110 align:start position:0% computer lab yeah<00:14:54.000> now<00:14:54.160> he<00:14:54.320> was<00:14:54.480> at<00:14:54.560> the<00:14:54.639> university<00:14:55.040> of 00:14:55.110 --> 00:14:55.120 align:start position:0% yeah now he was at the university of 00:14:55.120 --> 00:14:57.430 align:start position:0% yeah now he was at the university of illinois<00:14:56.240> as<00:14:56.399> a<00:14:56.480> matter<00:14:56.639> of<00:14:56.720> fact<00:14:56.959> i<00:14:57.120> think 00:14:57.430 --> 00:14:57.440 align:start position:0% illinois as a matter of fact i think 00:14:57.440 --> 00:14:58.230 align:start position:0% illinois as a matter of fact i think when 00:14:58.230 --> 00:14:58.240 align:start position:0% when 00:14:58.240 --> 00:15:01.110 align:start position:0% when we<00:14:58.480> came<00:14:58.720> across<00:14:59.120> his<00:14:59.440> work<00:15:00.399> uh<00:15:00.639> he<00:15:00.800> might<00:15:01.040> have 00:15:01.110 --> 00:15:01.120 align:start position:0% we came across his work uh he might have 00:15:01.120 --> 00:15:03.350 align:start position:0% we came across his work uh he might have been<00:15:01.279> retired<00:15:01.680> at<00:15:01.839> that<00:15:02.000> time<00:15:02.240> and<00:15:02.399> living 00:15:03.350 --> 00:15:03.360 align:start position:0% been retired at that time and living 00:15:03.360 --> 00:15:05.910 align:start position:0% been retired at that time and living on<00:15:03.519> the<00:15:03.680> west<00:15:03.920> coast<00:15:04.240> in<00:15:04.320> half<00:15:04.560> moon<00:15:04.800> bay<00:15:05.279> yeah 00:15:05.910 --> 00:15:05.920 align:start position:0% on the west coast in half moon bay yeah 00:15:05.920 --> 00:15:07.509 align:start position:0% on the west coast in half moon bay yeah yeah 00:15:07.509 --> 00:15:07.519 align:start position:0% yeah 00:15:07.519 --> 00:15:08.629 align:start position:0% yeah there<00:15:07.680> was<00:15:07.839> this<00:15:08.000> whole<00:15:08.240> field<00:15:08.560> of 00:15:08.629 --> 00:15:08.639 align:start position:0% there was this whole field of 00:15:08.639 --> 00:15:12.310 align:start position:0% there was this whole field of cybernetics<00:15:09.440> that<00:15:10.320> had<00:15:10.560> had<00:15:10.800> sprung<00:15:11.199> up 00:15:12.310 --> 00:15:12.320 align:start position:0% cybernetics that had had sprung up 00:15:12.320 --> 00:15:16.949 align:start position:0% cybernetics that had had sprung up after<00:15:12.959> weiner<00:15:14.560> and<00:15:14.800> a<00:15:14.959> lot<00:15:15.120> of<00:15:15.279> it<00:15:15.519> was<00:15:16.079> kind<00:15:16.480> of 00:15:16.949 --> 00:15:16.959 align:start position:0% after weiner and a lot of it was kind of 00:15:16.959 --> 00:15:20.310 align:start position:0% after weiner and a lot of it was kind of um<00:15:18.959> you<00:15:19.120> might<00:15:19.440> say 00:15:20.310 --> 00:15:20.320 align:start position:0% um you might say 00:15:20.320 --> 00:15:22.150 align:start position:0% um you might say uh<00:15:20.560> there<00:15:20.720> are<00:15:20.800> all<00:15:20.959> kinds<00:15:21.199> of<00:15:21.279> strange<00:15:21.680> ideas 00:15:22.150 --> 00:15:22.160 align:start position:0% uh there are all kinds of strange ideas 00:15:22.160 --> 00:15:23.670 align:start position:0% uh there are all kinds of strange ideas self-organizing<00:15:23.040> systems<00:15:23.440> there<00:15:23.600> are 00:15:23.670 --> 00:15:23.680 align:start position:0% self-organizing systems there are 00:15:23.680 --> 00:15:24.710 align:start position:0% self-organizing systems there are conferences 00:15:24.710 --> 00:15:24.720 align:start position:0% conferences 00:15:24.720 --> 00:15:26.949 align:start position:0% conferences on<00:15:24.959> self-organizing<00:15:25.920> systems<00:15:26.560> and<00:15:26.800> on 00:15:26.949 --> 00:15:26.959 align:start position:0% on self-organizing systems and on 00:15:26.959 --> 00:15:28.150 align:start position:0% on self-organizing systems and on cybernetics 00:15:28.150 --> 00:15:28.160 align:start position:0% cybernetics 00:15:28.160 --> 00:15:30.949 align:start position:0% cybernetics some<00:15:28.320> of<00:15:28.480> it<00:15:28.560> was<00:15:28.800> extremely<00:15:30.079> speculative<00:15:30.800> and 00:15:30.949 --> 00:15:30.959 align:start position:0% some of it was extremely speculative and 00:15:30.959 --> 00:15:31.350 align:start position:0% some of it was extremely speculative and not 00:15:31.350 --> 00:15:31.360 align:start position:0% not 00:15:31.360 --> 00:15:33.829 align:start position:0% not terribly<00:15:31.839> well<00:15:32.079> grounded<00:15:33.040> but<00:15:33.440> that<00:15:33.600> didn't 00:15:33.829 --> 00:15:33.839 align:start position:0% terribly well grounded but that didn't 00:15:33.839 --> 00:15:35.430 align:start position:0% terribly well grounded but that didn't bother<00:15:34.240> us<00:15:34.320> too<00:15:34.480> much<00:15:34.720> because<00:15:34.959> what<00:15:35.120> we<00:15:35.279> were 00:15:35.430 --> 00:15:35.440 align:start position:0% bother us too much because what we were 00:15:35.440 --> 00:15:37.350 align:start position:0% bother us too much because what we were doing<00:15:35.680> is<00:15:35.759> pretty<00:15:36.000> speculative<00:15:36.639> also 00:15:37.350 --> 00:15:37.360 align:start position:0% doing is pretty speculative also 00:15:37.360 --> 00:15:38.550 align:start position:0% doing is pretty speculative also a<00:15:37.440> lot<00:15:37.600> of<00:15:37.680> people<00:15:37.920> didn't<00:15:38.079> believe<00:15:38.240> in<00:15:38.399> neural 00:15:38.550 --> 00:15:38.560 align:start position:0% a lot of people didn't believe in neural 00:15:38.560 --> 00:15:40.949 align:start position:0% a lot of people didn't believe in neural networks<00:15:38.959> at<00:15:39.120> the<00:15:39.199> time<00:15:40.000> a<00:15:40.079> lot<00:15:40.320> of<00:15:40.399> the<00:15:40.560> early 00:15:40.949 --> 00:15:40.959 align:start position:0% networks at the time a lot of the early 00:15:40.959 --> 00:15:42.790 align:start position:0% networks at the time a lot of the early self-organizing<00:15:41.680> systems<00:15:42.079> conferences<00:15:42.560> were 00:15:42.790 --> 00:15:42.800 align:start position:0% self-organizing systems conferences were 00:15:42.800 --> 00:15:43.509 align:start position:0% self-organizing systems conferences were really 00:15:43.509 --> 00:15:43.519 align:start position:0% really 00:15:43.519 --> 00:15:47.110 align:start position:0% really talking<00:15:43.759> about<00:15:43.920> pattern<00:15:44.320> recognition 00:15:47.110 --> 00:15:47.120 align:start position:0% 00:15:47.120 --> 00:15:49.030 align:start position:0% did<00:15:47.279> you<00:15:47.440> go<00:15:47.600> to<00:15:47.759> any<00:15:47.920> of<00:15:48.000> those<00:15:48.639> i<00:15:48.800> went<00:15:48.959> to 00:15:49.030 --> 00:15:49.040 align:start position:0% did you go to any of those i went to 00:15:49.040 --> 00:15:50.790 align:start position:0% did you go to any of those i went to some<00:15:49.199> of<00:15:49.279> those<00:15:49.440> conferences<00:15:50.079> as<00:15:50.320> did<00:15:50.560> charlie 00:15:50.790 --> 00:15:50.800 align:start position:0% some of those conferences as did charlie 00:15:50.800 --> 00:15:51.990 align:start position:0% some of those conferences as did charlie rosen 00:15:51.990 --> 00:15:52.000 align:start position:0% rosen 00:15:52.000 --> 00:15:53.509 align:start position:0% rosen as<00:15:52.240> a<00:15:52.320> matter<00:15:52.480> of<00:15:52.560> fact<00:15:52.800> at<00:15:52.959> one<00:15:53.120> of<00:15:53.199> them<00:15:53.440> i 00:15:53.509 --> 00:15:53.519 align:start position:0% as a matter of fact at one of them i 00:15:53.519 --> 00:15:55.189 align:start position:0% as a matter of fact at one of them i think<00:15:53.680> it<00:15:53.759> was<00:15:53.920> in<00:15:54.079> las<00:15:54.320> vegas 00:15:55.189 --> 00:15:55.199 align:start position:0% think it was in las vegas 00:15:55.199 --> 00:15:58.389 align:start position:0% think it was in las vegas i<00:15:55.440> met<00:15:55.680> warren<00:15:56.000> mccullough<00:15:57.920> and 00:15:58.389 --> 00:15:58.399 align:start position:0% i met warren mccullough and 00:15:58.399 --> 00:16:01.670 align:start position:0% i met warren mccullough and seymour<00:15:59.279> pappert<00:16:01.120> and 00:16:01.670 --> 00:16:01.680 align:start position:0% seymour pappert and 00:16:01.680 --> 00:16:04.790 align:start position:0% seymour pappert and um<00:16:03.199> mccullough<00:16:04.480> uh 00:16:04.790 --> 00:16:04.800 align:start position:0% um mccullough uh 00:16:04.800 --> 00:16:07.990 align:start position:0% um mccullough uh had<00:16:05.040> all<00:16:05.120> kinds<00:16:05.360> of<00:16:05.519> interesting<00:16:05.920> ideas<00:16:06.240> about 00:16:07.990 --> 00:16:08.000 align:start position:0% had all kinds of interesting ideas about 00:16:08.000 --> 00:16:09.990 align:start position:0% had all kinds of interesting ideas about perceptrons<00:16:09.120> and<00:16:09.279> how<00:16:09.440> they<00:16:09.600> ought<00:16:09.759> to<00:16:09.839> be 00:16:09.990 --> 00:16:10.000 align:start position:0% perceptrons and how they ought to be 00:16:10.000 --> 00:16:12.310 align:start position:0% perceptrons and how they ought to be built 00:16:12.310 --> 00:16:12.320 align:start position:0% 00:16:12.320 --> 00:16:13.749 align:start position:0% a<00:16:12.399> lot<00:16:12.560> of<00:16:12.720> those<00:16:12.959> conferences<00:16:13.519> frank 00:16:13.749 --> 00:16:13.759 align:start position:0% a lot of those conferences frank 00:16:13.759 --> 00:16:15.430 align:start position:0% a lot of those conferences frank rosenblatt<00:16:14.399> attended 00:16:15.430 --> 00:16:15.440 align:start position:0% rosenblatt attended 00:16:15.440 --> 00:16:17.430 align:start position:0% rosenblatt attended and<00:16:15.680> marvin<00:16:16.000> minsky<00:16:16.880> they<00:16:17.040> used<00:16:17.199> to<00:16:17.279> have 00:16:17.430 --> 00:16:17.440 align:start position:0% and marvin minsky they used to have 00:16:17.440 --> 00:16:18.790 align:start position:0% and marvin minsky they used to have fierce<00:16:17.759> arguments 00:16:18.790 --> 00:16:18.800 align:start position:0% fierce arguments 00:16:18.800 --> 00:16:20.150 align:start position:0% fierce arguments because<00:16:18.959> i<00:16:19.040> think<00:16:19.279> minsky<00:16:19.680> thought<00:16:19.920> that 00:16:20.150 --> 00:16:20.160 align:start position:0% because i think minsky thought that 00:16:20.160 --> 00:16:22.629 align:start position:0% because i think minsky thought that perceptrons 00:16:22.629 --> 00:16:22.639 align:start position:0% perceptrons 00:16:22.639 --> 00:16:26.389 align:start position:0% perceptrons probably<00:16:22.959> were<00:16:23.199> quite<00:16:23.600> suspect<00:16:24.320> not<00:16:24.639> very 00:16:26.389 --> 00:16:26.399 align:start position:0% probably were quite suspect not very 00:16:26.399 --> 00:16:29.590 align:start position:0% probably were quite suspect not very scientific<00:16:28.079> and<00:16:29.279> well 00:16:29.590 --> 00:16:29.600 align:start position:0% scientific and well 00:16:29.600 --> 00:16:31.670 align:start position:0% scientific and well he<00:16:29.759> published<00:16:30.160> that<00:16:30.399> book<00:16:30.959> at<00:16:31.120> the<00:16:31.279> time<00:16:31.600> as 00:16:31.670 --> 00:16:31.680 align:start position:0% he published that book at the time as 00:16:31.680 --> 00:16:32.629 align:start position:0% he published that book at the time as well 00:16:32.629 --> 00:16:32.639 align:start position:0% well 00:16:32.639 --> 00:16:34.310 align:start position:0% well there's<00:16:32.959> a<00:16:32.959> lot<00:16:33.120> of<00:16:33.279> misunderstanding<00:16:34.079> about 00:16:34.310 --> 00:16:34.320 align:start position:0% there's a lot of misunderstanding about 00:16:34.320 --> 00:16:38.629 align:start position:0% there's a lot of misunderstanding about that<00:16:34.560> book<00:16:34.880> i<00:16:35.040> think 00:16:38.629 --> 00:16:38.639 align:start position:0% 00:16:38.639 --> 00:16:44.150 align:start position:0% just<00:16:38.880> in<00:16:39.040> case 00:16:44.150 --> 00:16:44.160 align:start position:0% 00:16:44.160 --> 00:16:46.389 align:start position:0% some<00:16:44.399> people<00:16:44.720> think<00:16:44.959> that<00:16:45.680> the<00:16:45.839> result<00:16:46.240> of 00:16:46.389 --> 00:16:46.399 align:start position:0% some people think that the result of 00:16:46.399 --> 00:16:48.069 align:start position:0% some people think that the result of that<00:16:46.639> book<00:16:46.959> was 00:16:48.069 --> 00:16:48.079 align:start position:0% that book was 00:16:48.079 --> 00:16:51.509 align:start position:0% that book was a<00:16:48.160> diminution<00:16:49.279> in<00:16:49.440> the<00:16:50.480> uh<00:16:50.880> amount<00:16:51.120> of 00:16:51.509 --> 00:16:51.519 align:start position:0% a diminution in the uh amount of 00:16:51.519 --> 00:16:54.870 align:start position:0% a diminution in the uh amount of research<00:16:51.920> on<00:16:52.079> perceptrons<00:16:53.759> and<00:16:54.160> uh 00:16:54.870 --> 00:16:54.880 align:start position:0% research on perceptrons and uh 00:16:54.880 --> 00:16:56.949 align:start position:0% research on perceptrons and uh it<00:16:55.040> was<00:16:55.199> even<00:16:55.519> felt<00:16:55.759> that<00:16:56.000> frank<00:16:56.240> rosenblatt 00:16:56.949 --> 00:16:56.959 align:start position:0% it was even felt that frank rosenblatt 00:16:56.959 --> 00:16:58.710 align:start position:0% it was even felt that frank rosenblatt quit<00:16:57.199> his<00:16:57.440> work<00:16:57.680> on<00:16:57.839> perceptrons<00:16:58.480> after 00:16:58.710 --> 00:16:58.720 align:start position:0% quit his work on perceptrons after 00:16:58.720 --> 00:16:59.269 align:start position:0% quit his work on perceptrons after minsky 00:16:59.269 --> 00:16:59.279 align:start position:0% minsky 00:16:59.279 --> 00:17:01.189 align:start position:0% minsky and<00:16:59.440> papper<00:16:59.759> published<00:17:00.079> that<00:17:00.320> book<00:17:00.880> i<00:17:01.040> don't 00:17:01.189 --> 00:17:01.199 align:start position:0% and papper published that book i don't 00:17:01.199 --> 00:17:02.550 align:start position:0% and papper published that book i don't think<00:17:01.360> that<00:17:01.519> was<00:17:01.680> true 00:17:02.550 --> 00:17:02.560 align:start position:0% think that was true 00:17:02.560 --> 00:17:04.789 align:start position:0% think that was true uh<00:17:03.120> actually<00:17:03.759> rosenblatt<00:17:04.319> got<00:17:04.559> very 00:17:04.789 --> 00:17:04.799 align:start position:0% uh actually rosenblatt got very 00:17:04.799 --> 00:17:06.949 align:start position:0% uh actually rosenblatt got very interested<00:17:05.039> in<00:17:05.199> something<00:17:05.600> quite<00:17:05.919> different 00:17:06.949 --> 00:17:06.959 align:start position:0% interested in something quite different 00:17:06.959 --> 00:17:09.750 align:start position:0% interested in something quite different from<00:17:07.120> perceptrons<00:17:08.480> he<00:17:08.640> was<00:17:08.880> very<00:17:09.199> uh<00:17:09.439> he<00:17:09.600> got 00:17:09.750 --> 00:17:09.760 align:start position:0% from perceptrons he was very uh he got 00:17:09.760 --> 00:17:10.390 align:start position:0% from perceptrons he was very uh he got interested 00:17:10.390 --> 00:17:10.400 align:start position:0% interested 00:17:10.400 --> 00:17:13.750 align:start position:0% interested in<00:17:11.520> uh<00:17:11.919> transfer<00:17:12.480> of<00:17:12.640> memory 00:17:13.750 --> 00:17:13.760 align:start position:0% in uh transfer of memory 00:17:13.760 --> 00:17:17.029 align:start position:0% in uh transfer of memory in<00:17:13.919> flatworms<00:17:15.600> and<00:17:15.760> so<00:17:16.160> he<00:17:16.319> would<00:17:16.559> train 00:17:17.029 --> 00:17:17.039 align:start position:0% in flatworms and so he would train 00:17:17.039 --> 00:17:19.990 align:start position:0% in flatworms and so he would train flatworms<00:17:18.480> to<00:17:18.640> go<00:17:18.799> to<00:17:18.959> a<00:17:19.039> maze<00:17:19.679> where<00:17:19.839> they 00:17:19.990 --> 00:17:20.000 align:start position:0% flatworms to go to a maze where they 00:17:20.000 --> 00:17:22.150 align:start position:0% flatworms to go to a maze where they would<00:17:20.160> turn<00:17:20.400> left<00:17:20.640> or<00:17:20.720> turn<00:17:20.959> right 00:17:22.150 --> 00:17:22.160 align:start position:0% would turn left or turn right 00:17:22.160 --> 00:17:23.669 align:start position:0% would turn left or turn right and<00:17:22.319> i<00:17:22.400> guess<00:17:22.640> they<00:17:22.799> could<00:17:22.959> be<00:17:23.120> trained<00:17:23.439> to<00:17:23.520> do 00:17:23.669 --> 00:17:23.679 align:start position:0% and i guess they could be trained to do 00:17:23.679 --> 00:17:26.150 align:start position:0% and i guess they could be trained to do that<00:17:24.720> and<00:17:24.880> they<00:17:24.959> would<00:17:25.199> more<00:17:25.439> often<00:17:25.760> go<00:17:25.919> left 00:17:26.150 --> 00:17:26.160 align:start position:0% that and they would more often go left 00:17:26.160 --> 00:17:27.510 align:start position:0% that and they would more often go left and<00:17:26.319> right<00:17:26.640> if<00:17:26.720> that's<00:17:27.039> how<00:17:27.199> they<00:17:27.360> were 00:17:27.510 --> 00:17:27.520 align:start position:0% and right if that's how they were 00:17:27.520 --> 00:17:28.390 align:start position:0% and right if that's how they were trained 00:17:28.390 --> 00:17:28.400 align:start position:0% trained 00:17:28.400 --> 00:17:30.230 align:start position:0% trained then<00:17:28.559> he'd<00:17:28.799> grind<00:17:29.039> them<00:17:29.200> up<00:17:29.440> and<00:17:29.600> extract<00:17:30.000> some 00:17:30.230 --> 00:17:30.240 align:start position:0% then he'd grind them up and extract some 00:17:30.240 --> 00:17:31.430 align:start position:0% then he'd grind them up and extract some polypeptides 00:17:31.430 --> 00:17:31.440 align:start position:0% polypeptides 00:17:31.440 --> 00:17:33.669 align:start position:0% polypeptides that<00:17:31.679> he<00:17:31.840> thought<00:17:32.480> were<00:17:32.799> some<00:17:33.039> kind<00:17:33.200> of<00:17:33.280> marker 00:17:33.669 --> 00:17:33.679 align:start position:0% that he thought were some kind of marker 00:17:33.679 --> 00:17:34.549 align:start position:0% that he thought were some kind of marker of<00:17:33.840> memory 00:17:34.549 --> 00:17:34.559 align:start position:0% of memory 00:17:34.559 --> 00:17:37.110 align:start position:0% of memory feed<00:17:34.880> them<00:17:35.120> to<00:17:35.360> naive<00:17:35.760> worms<00:17:36.720> and<00:17:36.799> then 00:17:37.110 --> 00:17:37.120 align:start position:0% feed them to naive worms and then 00:17:37.120 --> 00:17:38.870 align:start position:0% feed them to naive worms and then checked<00:17:37.360> to<00:17:37.440> see<00:17:37.679> whether<00:17:37.919> these<00:17:38.160> naive<00:17:38.559> worms 00:17:38.870 --> 00:17:38.880 align:start position:0% checked to see whether these naive worms 00:17:38.880 --> 00:17:40.230 align:start position:0% checked to see whether these naive worms without<00:17:39.120> any<00:17:39.360> training 00:17:40.230 --> 00:17:40.240 align:start position:0% without any training 00:17:40.240 --> 00:17:42.150 align:start position:0% without any training would<00:17:40.480> go<00:17:40.640> off<00:17:41.039> go<00:17:41.280> left<00:17:41.520> more<00:17:41.679> often<00:17:41.919> to<00:17:42.000> write 00:17:42.150 --> 00:17:42.160 align:start position:0% would go off go left more often to write 00:17:42.160 --> 00:17:43.669 align:start position:0% would go off go left more often to write well<00:17:42.480> he<00:17:42.640> had 00:17:43.669 --> 00:17:43.679 align:start position:0% well he had 00:17:43.679 --> 00:17:45.830 align:start position:0% well he had a<00:17:43.919> slight<00:17:44.720> tendency<00:17:45.280> but<00:17:45.440> most<00:17:45.600> people 00:17:45.830 --> 00:17:45.840 align:start position:0% a slight tendency but most people 00:17:45.840 --> 00:17:47.190 align:start position:0% a slight tendency but most people thought<00:17:46.080> it<00:17:46.160> wasn't<00:17:46.559> statistically 00:17:47.190 --> 00:17:47.200 align:start position:0% thought it wasn't statistically 00:17:47.200 --> 00:17:48.630 align:start position:0% thought it wasn't statistically significant 00:17:48.630 --> 00:17:48.640 align:start position:0% significant 00:17:48.640 --> 00:17:51.270 align:start position:0% significant and<00:17:48.880> so<00:17:49.039> he<00:17:49.200> was<00:17:49.280> doing<00:17:49.520> that<00:17:49.760> work<00:17:50.640> unaware 00:17:51.270 --> 00:17:51.280 align:start position:0% and so he was doing that work unaware 00:17:51.280 --> 00:17:53.110 align:start position:0% and so he was doing that work unaware that<00:17:51.520> minsky<00:17:51.919> was<00:17:52.080> writing<00:17:52.320> this<00:17:52.480> perceptron 00:17:53.110 --> 00:17:53.120 align:start position:0% that minsky was writing this perceptron 00:17:53.120 --> 00:17:54.630 align:start position:0% that minsky was writing this perceptron book 00:17:54.630 --> 00:17:54.640 align:start position:0% book 00:17:54.640 --> 00:17:57.510 align:start position:0% book what<00:17:54.799> was<00:17:55.200> roosevelt<00:17:55.760> like<00:17:55.919> to<00:17:56.080> work<00:17:56.320> with<00:17:57.280> he 00:17:57.510 --> 00:17:57.520 align:start position:0% what was roosevelt like to work with he 00:17:57.520 --> 00:18:00.230 align:start position:0% what was roosevelt like to work with he was<00:17:57.760> a<00:17:58.240> very<00:17:58.480> smart<00:17:58.840> guy 00:18:00.230 --> 00:18:00.240 align:start position:0% was a very smart guy 00:18:00.240 --> 00:18:03.590 align:start position:0% was a very smart guy and<00:18:00.640> uh<00:18:01.679> very<00:18:01.919> intuitive<00:18:02.559> he<00:18:02.720> had<00:18:02.799> a<00:18:02.880> lot<00:18:03.039> of 00:18:03.590 --> 00:18:03.600 align:start position:0% and uh very intuitive he had a lot of 00:18:03.600 --> 00:18:06.070 align:start position:0% and uh very intuitive he had a lot of he<00:18:03.760> wasn't<00:18:04.559> terribly<00:18:05.360> although<00:18:05.679> he<00:18:05.760> had<00:18:05.919> a<00:18:05.919> lot 00:18:06.070 --> 00:18:06.080 align:start position:0% he wasn't terribly although he had a lot 00:18:06.080 --> 00:18:07.510 align:start position:0% he wasn't terribly although he had a lot of<00:18:06.160> mathematics<00:18:06.799> in<00:18:06.880> his<00:18:07.039> book<00:18:07.280> called 00:18:07.510 --> 00:18:07.520 align:start position:0% of mathematics in his book called 00:18:07.520 --> 00:18:09.350 align:start position:0% of mathematics in his book called principles<00:18:08.000> of<00:18:08.080> neurodynamics 00:18:09.350 --> 00:18:09.360 align:start position:0% principles of neurodynamics 00:18:09.360 --> 00:18:12.470 align:start position:0% principles of neurodynamics a<00:18:09.679> lot<00:18:09.919> of<00:18:10.000> the<00:18:10.080> mathematics<00:18:10.799> was<00:18:11.200> um 00:18:12.470 --> 00:18:12.480 align:start position:0% a lot of the mathematics was um 00:18:12.480 --> 00:18:15.990 align:start position:0% a lot of the mathematics was um i<00:18:12.640> don't<00:18:12.720> know<00:18:12.960> maybe<00:18:13.280> not<00:18:13.600> quite<00:18:14.080> as<00:18:14.799> as 00:18:15.990 --> 00:18:16.000 align:start position:0% i don't know maybe not quite as as 00:18:16.000 --> 00:18:19.590 align:start position:0% i don't know maybe not quite as as rigorous<00:18:16.480> as<00:18:16.720> it<00:18:16.960> might<00:18:17.120> have<00:18:17.280> been<00:18:18.400> uh 00:18:19.590 --> 00:18:19.600 align:start position:0% rigorous as it might have been uh 00:18:19.600 --> 00:18:21.430 align:start position:0% rigorous as it might have been uh very<00:18:19.840> early<00:18:20.240> had<00:18:20.480> this<00:18:20.640> scheme<00:18:21.039> for<00:18:21.200> how<00:18:21.360> to 00:18:21.430 --> 00:18:21.440 align:start position:0% very early had this scheme for how to 00:18:21.440 --> 00:18:23.029 align:start position:0% very early had this scheme for how to train<00:18:21.760> a<00:18:21.840> perceptron 00:18:23.029 --> 00:18:23.039 align:start position:0% train a perceptron 00:18:23.039 --> 00:18:25.430 align:start position:0% train a perceptron and<00:18:23.280> it<00:18:23.360> was<00:18:23.600> thought<00:18:24.480> and<00:18:24.720> he<00:18:24.880> thought<00:18:25.120> he<00:18:25.280> had 00:18:25.430 --> 00:18:25.440 align:start position:0% and it was thought and he thought he had 00:18:25.440 --> 00:18:26.310 align:start position:0% and it was thought and he thought he had proved 00:18:26.310 --> 00:18:26.320 align:start position:0% proved 00:18:26.320 --> 00:18:29.350 align:start position:0% proved a<00:18:26.799> um<00:18:28.160> that<00:18:28.720> if 00:18:29.350 --> 00:18:29.360 align:start position:0% a um that if 00:18:29.360 --> 00:18:31.510 align:start position:0% a um that if you<00:18:29.520> could<00:18:29.760> train<00:18:30.000> a<00:18:30.080> perceptron<00:18:30.640> directly<00:18:31.360> to 00:18:31.510 --> 00:18:31.520 align:start position:0% you could train a perceptron directly to 00:18:31.520 --> 00:18:33.590 align:start position:0% you could train a perceptron directly to distinguish<00:18:32.160> dichotomous<00:18:32.880> say 00:18:33.590 --> 00:18:33.600 align:start position:0% distinguish dichotomous say 00:18:33.600 --> 00:18:36.150 align:start position:0% distinguish dichotomous say uh<00:18:33.919> between<00:18:34.400> some<00:18:34.799> characters<00:18:35.760> that<00:18:35.919> this 00:18:36.150 --> 00:18:36.160 align:start position:0% uh between some characters that this 00:18:36.160 --> 00:18:37.590 align:start position:0% uh between some characters that this training<00:18:36.400> procedure<00:18:36.880> of<00:18:36.960> his<00:18:37.200> which<00:18:37.360> you<00:18:37.440> call 00:18:37.590 --> 00:18:37.600 align:start position:0% training procedure of his which you call 00:18:37.600 --> 00:18:39.430 align:start position:0% training procedure of his which you call the<00:18:37.679> error<00:18:37.919> correction<00:18:38.320> procedure 00:18:39.430 --> 00:18:39.440 align:start position:0% the error correction procedure 00:18:39.440 --> 00:18:41.510 align:start position:0% the error correction procedure would<00:18:39.840> uh<00:18:40.480> lead<00:18:40.720> to<00:18:40.880> a<00:18:41.120> correct 00:18:41.510 --> 00:18:41.520 align:start position:0% would uh lead to a correct 00:18:41.520 --> 00:18:43.270 align:start position:0% would uh lead to a correct dichotomization 00:18:43.270 --> 00:18:43.280 align:start position:0% dichotomization 00:18:43.280 --> 00:18:46.310 align:start position:0% dichotomization uh<00:18:44.240> his<00:18:44.480> proof<00:18:44.720> was<00:18:45.120> wasn't<00:18:45.440> too<00:18:45.600> good<00:18:45.840> and<00:18:46.160> a 00:18:46.310 --> 00:18:46.320 align:start position:0% uh his proof was wasn't too good and a 00:18:46.320 --> 00:18:48.470 align:start position:0% uh his proof was wasn't too good and a colleague<00:18:46.720> of<00:18:46.799> his<00:18:47.120> h<00:18:47.360> david<00:18:47.760> block 00:18:48.470 --> 00:18:48.480 align:start position:0% colleague of his h david block 00:18:48.480 --> 00:18:50.549 align:start position:0% colleague of his h david block was<00:18:48.640> also<00:18:48.880> a<00:18:48.960> very<00:18:49.120> smart<00:18:49.440> guy<00:18:49.600> at<00:18:49.679> cornell 00:18:50.549 --> 00:18:50.559 align:start position:0% was also a very smart guy at cornell 00:18:50.559 --> 00:18:51.990 align:start position:0% was also a very smart guy at cornell ended<00:18:50.799> up<00:18:50.880> with<00:18:51.039> the<00:18:51.120> proof<00:18:51.440> as<00:18:51.600> did<00:18:51.840> some 00:18:51.990 --> 00:18:52.000 align:start position:0% ended up with the proof as did some 00:18:52.000 --> 00:18:54.710 align:start position:0% ended up with the proof as did some colleagues<00:18:52.480> of<00:18:52.559> mine<00:18:52.799> at<00:18:52.960> sri 00:18:54.710 --> 00:18:54.720 align:start position:0% colleagues of mine at sri 00:18:54.720 --> 00:18:59.110 align:start position:0% colleagues of mine at sri on<00:18:55.360> on<00:18:55.520> that<00:18:56.720> matter<00:18:56.960> of<00:18:57.039> fact<00:18:57.600> um 00:18:59.110 --> 00:18:59.120 align:start position:0% on on that matter of fact um 00:18:59.120 --> 00:19:02.549 align:start position:0% on on that matter of fact um it<00:18:59.280> isn't<00:18:59.600> difficult<00:19:00.160> to<00:19:01.600> to<00:19:01.840> know<00:19:02.160> that<00:19:02.320> there 00:19:02.549 --> 00:19:02.559 align:start position:0% it isn't difficult to to know that there 00:19:02.559 --> 00:19:04.789 align:start position:0% it isn't difficult to to know that there is<00:19:02.720> a<00:19:02.960> procedure<00:19:03.520> which<00:19:03.760> would<00:19:04.000> lead<00:19:04.320> to<00:19:04.559> a 00:19:04.789 --> 00:19:04.799 align:start position:0% is a procedure which would lead to a 00:19:04.799 --> 00:19:05.350 align:start position:0% is a procedure which would lead to a correct 00:19:05.350 --> 00:19:05.360 align:start position:0% correct 00:19:05.360 --> 00:19:07.830 align:start position:0% correct set<00:19:05.600> of<00:19:05.760> weights<00:19:06.160> that<00:19:06.400> would<00:19:07.039> lead<00:19:07.280> to<00:19:07.679> to 00:19:07.830 --> 00:19:07.840 align:start position:0% set of weights that would lead to to 00:19:07.840 --> 00:19:09.590 align:start position:0% set of weights that would lead to to correct<00:19:08.160> classification<00:19:09.039> if<00:19:09.200> it<00:19:09.280> could<00:19:09.440> be 00:19:09.590 --> 00:19:09.600 align:start position:0% correct classification if it could be 00:19:09.600 --> 00:19:10.630 align:start position:0% correct classification if it could be done 00:19:10.630 --> 00:19:10.640 align:start position:0% done 00:19:10.640 --> 00:19:12.390 align:start position:0% done one<00:19:10.880> could<00:19:11.039> just<00:19:11.280> try<00:19:11.520> all<00:19:11.679> possible<00:19:12.080> values 00:19:12.390 --> 00:19:12.400 align:start position:0% one could just try all possible values 00:19:12.400 --> 00:19:15.270 align:start position:0% one could just try all possible values of<00:19:12.480> weights<00:19:13.440> you<00:19:13.600> know<00:19:13.840> until<00:19:14.160> you 00:19:15.270 --> 00:19:15.280 align:start position:0% of weights you know until you 00:19:15.280 --> 00:19:17.190 align:start position:0% of weights you know until you got<00:19:15.520> one<00:19:16.080> this<00:19:16.240> was<00:19:16.400> a<00:19:16.480> little<00:19:16.640> more<00:19:16.799> direct 00:19:17.190 --> 00:19:17.200 align:start position:0% got one this was a little more direct 00:19:17.200 --> 00:19:18.789 align:start position:0% got one this was a little more direct this<00:19:17.440> particular<00:19:18.160> error<00:19:18.400> correction 00:19:18.789 --> 00:19:18.799 align:start position:0% this particular error correction 00:19:18.799 --> 00:19:20.950 align:start position:0% this particular error correction procedure 00:19:20.950 --> 00:19:20.960 align:start position:0% procedure 00:19:20.960 --> 00:19:23.990 align:start position:0% procedure okay<00:19:21.679> what<00:19:21.840> was<00:19:22.080> uh<00:19:23.679> charlie 00:19:23.990 --> 00:19:24.000 align:start position:0% okay what was uh charlie 00:19:24.000 --> 00:19:27.029 align:start position:0% okay what was uh charlie rosen<00:19:24.400> like<00:19:24.559> to<00:19:24.720> work<00:19:24.880> with 00:19:27.029 --> 00:19:27.039 align:start position:0% rosen like to work with 00:19:27.039 --> 00:19:29.430 align:start position:0% rosen like to work with charlie<00:19:27.360> rosen<00:19:27.760> was<00:19:27.919> extremely<00:19:28.400> intuitive 00:19:29.430 --> 00:19:29.440 align:start position:0% charlie rosen was extremely intuitive 00:19:29.440 --> 00:19:30.150 align:start position:0% charlie rosen was extremely intuitive and 00:19:30.150 --> 00:19:30.160 align:start position:0% and 00:19:30.160 --> 00:19:32.230 align:start position:0% and quite<00:19:30.400> bright<00:19:31.120> he<00:19:31.280> was<00:19:31.520> willing<00:19:31.760> to<00:19:31.919> try<00:19:32.160> all 00:19:32.230 --> 00:19:32.240 align:start position:0% quite bright he was willing to try all 00:19:32.240 --> 00:19:35.270 align:start position:0% quite bright he was willing to try all kinds<00:19:32.480> of<00:19:32.640> things<00:19:32.880> i<00:19:32.960> remember<00:19:33.360> charlie<00:19:33.679> rosen 00:19:35.270 --> 00:19:35.280 align:start position:0% kinds of things i remember charlie rosen 00:19:35.280 --> 00:19:38.870 align:start position:0% kinds of things i remember charlie rosen looking<00:19:35.679> at<00:19:36.000> various<00:19:36.400> ways<00:19:36.880> for<00:19:37.919> controlling 00:19:38.870 --> 00:19:38.880 align:start position:0% looking at various ways for controlling 00:19:38.880 --> 00:19:40.710 align:start position:0% looking at various ways for controlling or<00:19:39.039> for<00:19:39.280> adapting<00:19:39.760> multiple<00:19:40.160> layers<00:19:40.559> of 00:19:40.710 --> 00:19:40.720 align:start position:0% or for adapting multiple layers of 00:19:40.720 --> 00:19:43.669 align:start position:0% or for adapting multiple layers of weights<00:19:41.280> the<00:19:41.360> perceptrons<00:19:42.080> at<00:19:42.160> the<00:19:42.320> time 00:19:43.669 --> 00:19:43.679 align:start position:0% weights the perceptrons at the time 00:19:43.679 --> 00:19:45.590 align:start position:0% weights the perceptrons at the time only<00:19:44.080> adjusted<00:19:44.480> the<00:19:44.640> weights<00:19:44.960> in<00:19:45.200> one<00:19:45.360> of<00:19:45.440> the 00:19:45.590 --> 00:19:45.600 align:start position:0% only adjusted the weights in one of the 00:19:45.600 --> 00:19:47.350 align:start position:0% only adjusted the weights in one of the so-called<00:19:46.080> layers 00:19:47.350 --> 00:19:47.360 align:start position:0% so-called layers 00:19:47.360 --> 00:19:50.390 align:start position:0% so-called layers between<00:19:48.160> neural<00:19:48.559> elements<00:19:49.600> and<00:19:49.840> we<00:19:50.080> thought 00:19:50.390 --> 00:19:50.400 align:start position:0% between neural elements and we thought 00:19:50.400 --> 00:19:52.549 align:start position:0% between neural elements and we thought that<00:19:50.799> as<00:19:51.120> did<00:19:51.280> a<00:19:51.360> lot<00:19:51.520> of<00:19:51.600> other<00:19:51.760> people 00:19:52.549 --> 00:19:52.559 align:start position:0% that as did a lot of other people 00:19:52.559 --> 00:19:54.950 align:start position:0% that as did a lot of other people that<00:19:53.200> if<00:19:53.360> you<00:19:53.520> had<00:19:53.679> perceptrons<00:19:54.400> with<00:19:54.559> several 00:19:54.950 --> 00:19:54.960 align:start position:0% that if you had perceptrons with several 00:19:54.960 --> 00:19:56.390 align:start position:0% that if you had perceptrons with several layers 00:19:56.390 --> 00:19:56.400 align:start position:0% layers 00:19:56.400 --> 00:19:59.110 align:start position:0% layers that<00:19:56.640> they<00:19:56.799> would<00:19:56.960> be<00:19:57.120> more<00:19:57.360> powerful<00:19:58.480> and<00:19:58.880> but 00:19:59.110 --> 00:19:59.120 align:start position:0% that they would be more powerful and but 00:19:59.120 --> 00:19:59.750 align:start position:0% that they would be more powerful and but the 00:19:59.750 --> 00:19:59.760 align:start position:0% the 00:19:59.760 --> 00:20:01.669 align:start position:0% the key<00:20:00.000> problem<00:20:00.400> was<00:20:00.640> how<00:20:00.799> did<00:20:01.039> you<00:20:01.280> how<00:20:01.440> do<00:20:01.520> you 00:20:01.669 --> 00:20:01.679 align:start position:0% key problem was how did you how do you 00:20:01.679 --> 00:20:03.510 align:start position:0% key problem was how did you how do you adjust<00:20:02.080> all<00:20:02.240> the<00:20:02.320> layers 00:20:03.510 --> 00:20:03.520 align:start position:0% adjust all the layers 00:20:03.520 --> 00:20:05.750 align:start position:0% adjust all the layers and<00:20:04.000> so<00:20:04.400> charlie<00:20:04.799> had<00:20:05.039> various<00:20:05.360> schemes<00:20:05.679> he 00:20:05.750 --> 00:20:05.760 align:start position:0% and so charlie had various schemes he 00:20:05.760 --> 00:20:07.590 align:start position:0% and so charlie had various schemes he was<00:20:05.919> cooking<00:20:06.159> up<00:20:06.400> as<00:20:06.559> did<00:20:06.720> we<00:20:06.960> all 00:20:07.590 --> 00:20:07.600 align:start position:0% was cooking up as did we all 00:20:07.600 --> 00:20:10.950 align:start position:0% was cooking up as did we all and<00:20:07.760> he<00:20:07.840> would<00:20:08.080> sit<00:20:08.320> with<00:20:08.480> quadrille<00:20:09.200> paper<00:20:10.080> uh 00:20:10.950 --> 00:20:10.960 align:start position:0% and he would sit with quadrille paper uh 00:20:10.960 --> 00:20:13.190 align:start position:0% and he would sit with quadrille paper uh hand<00:20:11.280> simulating<00:20:12.559> different<00:20:12.880> kinds<00:20:13.120> of 00:20:13.190 --> 00:20:13.200 align:start position:0% hand simulating different kinds of 00:20:13.200 --> 00:20:15.110 align:start position:0% hand simulating different kinds of pattern<00:20:13.520> recognition<00:20:14.159> problems 00:20:15.110 --> 00:20:15.120 align:start position:0% pattern recognition problems 00:20:15.120 --> 00:20:16.950 align:start position:0% pattern recognition problems seeing<00:20:15.440> if<00:20:15.600> his<00:20:15.840> schemes<00:20:16.320> for<00:20:16.559> adjusting 00:20:16.950 --> 00:20:16.960 align:start position:0% seeing if his schemes for adjusting 00:20:16.960 --> 00:20:18.230 align:start position:0% seeing if his schemes for adjusting multiple<00:20:17.280> layers<00:20:17.600> of<00:20:17.679> weights 00:20:18.230 --> 00:20:18.240 align:start position:0% multiple layers of weights 00:20:18.240 --> 00:20:21.909 align:start position:0% multiple layers of weights might<00:20:18.840> work<00:20:20.080> actually<00:20:20.720> later 00:20:21.909 --> 00:20:21.919 align:start position:0% might work actually later 00:20:21.919 --> 00:20:25.590 align:start position:0% might work actually later um<00:20:22.799> david<00:20:23.120> romelhart<00:20:23.919> and<00:20:24.080> others 00:20:25.590 --> 00:20:25.600 align:start position:0% um david romelhart and others 00:20:25.600 --> 00:20:27.270 align:start position:0% um david romelhart and others probably<00:20:26.080> working<00:20:26.480> on<00:20:26.640> some<00:20:26.799> work<00:20:27.039> that 00:20:27.270 --> 00:20:27.280 align:start position:0% probably working on some work that 00:20:27.280 --> 00:20:28.789 align:start position:0% probably working on some work that someone<00:20:27.520> named<00:20:27.760> paul<00:20:28.000> werble<00:20:28.400> said<00:20:28.559> done 00:20:28.789 --> 00:20:28.799 align:start position:0% someone named paul werble said done 00:20:28.799 --> 00:20:30.230 align:start position:0% someone named paul werble said done earlier 00:20:30.230 --> 00:20:30.240 align:start position:0% earlier 00:20:30.240 --> 00:20:32.710 align:start position:0% earlier had<00:20:30.480> come<00:20:30.720> up<00:20:30.880> with<00:20:31.120> a<00:20:31.919> some<00:20:32.159> essentially<00:20:32.640> a 00:20:32.710 --> 00:20:32.720 align:start position:0% had come up with a some essentially a 00:20:32.720 --> 00:20:34.310 align:start position:0% had come up with a some essentially a steepest<00:20:33.120> descent<00:20:33.440> method 00:20:34.310 --> 00:20:34.320 align:start position:0% steepest descent method 00:20:34.320 --> 00:20:37.190 align:start position:0% steepest descent method for<00:20:34.559> changing<00:20:34.960> weights<00:20:36.000> and<00:20:36.240> we<00:20:36.480> didn't<00:20:36.799> do<00:20:36.960> it 00:20:37.190 --> 00:20:37.200 align:start position:0% for changing weights and we didn't do it 00:20:37.200 --> 00:20:37.750 align:start position:0% for changing weights and we didn't do it because 00:20:37.750 --> 00:20:37.760 align:start position:0% because 00:20:37.760 --> 00:20:39.430 align:start position:0% because we<00:20:37.919> didn't<00:20:38.240> think<00:20:38.480> you<00:20:38.640> could<00:20:38.799> do<00:20:38.960> steep 00:20:39.430 --> 00:20:39.440 align:start position:0% we didn't think you could do steep 00:20:39.440 --> 00:20:41.430 align:start position:0% we didn't think you could do steep steepest<00:20:39.919> descent 00:20:41.430 --> 00:20:41.440 align:start position:0% steepest descent 00:20:41.440 --> 00:20:44.470 align:start position:0% steepest descent backward<00:20:42.000> through<00:20:42.240> a<00:20:42.320> threshold<00:20:42.799> element 00:20:44.470 --> 00:20:44.480 align:start position:0% backward through a threshold element 00:20:44.480 --> 00:20:46.789 align:start position:0% backward through a threshold element and<00:20:45.120> their<00:20:45.360> trick<00:20:45.679> was<00:20:46.000> well<00:20:46.240> you<00:20:46.320> don't<00:20:46.480> need 00:20:46.789 --> 00:20:46.799 align:start position:0% and their trick was well you don't need 00:20:46.799 --> 00:20:48.070 align:start position:0% and their trick was well you don't need necessarily<00:20:47.280> have<00:20:47.360> to<00:20:47.440> have<00:20:47.520> a<00:20:47.679> threshold 00:20:48.070 --> 00:20:48.080 align:start position:0% necessarily have to have a threshold 00:20:48.080 --> 00:20:50.390 align:start position:0% necessarily have to have a threshold element<00:20:48.320> just<00:20:48.559> have<00:20:48.720> some<00:20:48.960> differentiable 00:20:50.390 --> 00:20:50.400 align:start position:0% element just have some differentiable 00:20:50.400 --> 00:20:52.710 align:start position:0% element just have some differentiable uh<00:20:50.799> function<00:20:51.200> that<00:20:51.440> looks<00:20:51.840> sort<00:20:52.080> of<00:20:52.240> threshold 00:20:52.710 --> 00:20:52.720 align:start position:0% uh function that looks sort of threshold 00:20:52.720 --> 00:20:54.149 align:start position:0% uh function that looks sort of threshold like<00:20:53.360> the<00:20:53.520> so-called 00:20:54.149 --> 00:20:54.159 align:start position:0% like the so-called 00:20:54.159 --> 00:20:56.630 align:start position:0% like the so-called sigmoid<00:20:54.799> or<00:20:54.960> s-curve<00:20:56.000> and<00:20:56.240> you<00:20:56.320> could<00:20:56.480> back 00:20:56.630 --> 00:20:56.640 align:start position:0% sigmoid or s-curve and you could back 00:20:56.640 --> 00:20:58.149 align:start position:0% sigmoid or s-curve and you could back differentiate<00:20:57.360> through<00:20:57.520> that<00:20:57.840> and<00:20:57.919> that's 00:20:58.149 --> 00:20:58.159 align:start position:0% differentiate through that and that's 00:20:58.159 --> 00:20:58.630 align:start position:0% differentiate through that and that's what 00:20:58.630 --> 00:20:58.640 align:start position:0% what 00:20:58.640 --> 00:21:00.870 align:start position:0% what rumble<00:20:58.880> heart<00:20:59.120> and<00:20:59.200> colleagues<00:20:59.679> did<00:21:00.480> and<00:21:00.640> they 00:21:00.870 --> 00:21:00.880 align:start position:0% rumble heart and colleagues did and they 00:21:00.880 --> 00:21:01.990 align:start position:0% rumble heart and colleagues did and they came<00:21:01.120> up<00:21:01.280> with<00:21:01.520> the 00:21:01.990 --> 00:21:02.000 align:start position:0% came up with the 00:21:02.000 --> 00:21:04.070 align:start position:0% came up with the methods<00:21:02.400> although<00:21:02.640> they<00:21:02.720> were<00:21:02.880> quite<00:21:03.120> slow 00:21:04.070 --> 00:21:04.080 align:start position:0% methods although they were quite slow 00:21:04.080 --> 00:21:05.750 align:start position:0% methods although they were quite slow for<00:21:04.240> being<00:21:04.559> able<00:21:04.799> to<00:21:04.960> adjust<00:21:05.280> the<00:21:05.360> weights<00:21:05.679> in 00:21:05.750 --> 00:21:05.760 align:start position:0% for being able to adjust the weights in 00:21:05.760 --> 00:21:07.430 align:start position:0% for being able to adjust the weights in several<00:21:06.080> layers 00:21:07.430 --> 00:21:07.440 align:start position:0% several layers 00:21:07.440 --> 00:21:09.190 align:start position:0% several layers which<00:21:07.679> did<00:21:07.919> in<00:21:08.000> fact<00:21:08.240> lead<00:21:08.400> to<00:21:08.640> more<00:21:08.799> powerful 00:21:09.190 --> 00:21:09.200 align:start position:0% which did in fact lead to more powerful 00:21:09.200 --> 00:21:11.029 align:start position:0% which did in fact lead to more powerful machines<00:21:10.400> actually 00:21:11.029 --> 00:21:11.039 align:start position:0% machines actually 00:21:11.039 --> 00:21:14.230 align:start position:0% machines actually uh<00:21:11.679> if<00:21:11.840> the<00:21:11.919> first<00:21:12.159> layer<00:21:12.559> doesn't<00:21:13.520> properly 00:21:14.230 --> 00:21:14.240 align:start position:0% uh if the first layer doesn't properly 00:21:14.240 --> 00:21:17.909 align:start position:0% uh if the first layer doesn't properly separate<00:21:14.640> or<00:21:14.840> partition<00:21:16.000> the 00:21:17.909 --> 00:21:17.919 align:start position:0% separate or partition the 00:21:17.919 --> 00:21:21.669 align:start position:0% separate or partition the the<00:21:19.440> inputs<00:21:19.840> of<00:21:20.000> different<00:21:20.240> categories 00:21:21.669 --> 00:21:21.679 align:start position:0% the inputs of different categories 00:21:21.679 --> 00:21:24.630 align:start position:0% the inputs of different categories no<00:21:22.640> work<00:21:22.880> by<00:21:23.200> future<00:21:23.520> layers<00:21:23.919> is<00:21:24.080> going<00:21:24.159> to<00:21:24.480> be 00:21:24.630 --> 00:21:24.640 align:start position:0% no work by future layers is going to be 00:21:24.640 --> 00:21:26.230 align:start position:0% no work by future layers is going to be able<00:21:24.799> to<00:21:24.960> partition<00:21:25.360> them<00:21:25.600> the<00:21:25.679> future<00:21:25.919> layers 00:21:26.230 --> 00:21:26.240 align:start position:0% able to partition them the future layers 00:21:26.240 --> 00:21:27.510 align:start position:0% able to partition them the future layers all<00:21:26.400> they<00:21:26.640> can<00:21:26.880> do 00:21:27.510 --> 00:21:27.520 align:start position:0% all they can do 00:21:27.520 --> 00:21:30.310 align:start position:0% all they can do is<00:21:27.760> then<00:21:28.000> properly<00:21:28.559> aggregate<00:21:29.760> different 00:21:30.310 --> 00:21:30.320 align:start position:0% is then properly aggregate different 00:21:30.320 --> 00:21:31.270 align:start position:0% is then properly aggregate different parts<00:21:30.720> of<00:21:30.799> the 00:21:31.270 --> 00:21:31.280 align:start position:0% parts of the 00:21:31.280 --> 00:21:33.510 align:start position:0% parts of the partition<00:21:31.919> space<00:21:32.640> so<00:21:32.799> they'll<00:21:33.039> go<00:21:33.200> into<00:21:33.440> the 00:21:33.510 --> 00:21:33.520 align:start position:0% partition space so they'll go into the 00:21:33.520 --> 00:21:35.430 align:start position:0% partition space so they'll go into the same<00:21:33.760> category 00:21:35.430 --> 00:21:35.440 align:start position:0% same category 00:21:35.440 --> 00:21:38.310 align:start position:0% same category so<00:21:35.679> but<00:21:36.159> the<00:21:36.240> first<00:21:36.400> layer<00:21:36.720> has<00:21:36.880> to<00:21:36.960> do<00:21:37.120> its<00:21:37.360> job 00:21:38.310 --> 00:21:38.320 align:start position:0% so but the first layer has to do its job 00:21:38.320 --> 00:21:39.750 align:start position:0% so but the first layer has to do its job okay 00:21:39.750 --> 00:21:39.760 align:start position:0% okay 00:21:39.760 --> 00:21:43.510 align:start position:0% okay okay<00:21:40.400> um<00:21:41.440> what<00:21:42.240> when<00:21:42.400> you<00:21:42.480> got<00:21:42.640> to<00:21:42.880> sri 00:21:43.510 --> 00:21:43.520 align:start position:0% okay um what when you got to sri 00:21:43.520 --> 00:21:45.190 align:start position:0% okay um what when you got to sri where<00:21:43.840> was<00:21:44.080> it<00:21:44.159> a<00:21:44.240> large<00:21:44.559> group<00:21:44.799> working<00:21:45.120> in 00:21:45.190 --> 00:21:45.200 align:start position:0% where was it a large group working in 00:21:45.200 --> 00:21:46.870 align:start position:0% where was it a large group working in this<00:21:45.440> area<00:21:45.840> or<00:21:45.919> was<00:21:46.080> it<00:21:46.159> well<00:21:46.400> probably<00:21:46.640> when<00:21:46.799> i 00:21:46.870 --> 00:21:46.880 align:start position:0% this area or was it well probably when i 00:21:46.880 --> 00:21:48.310 align:start position:0% this area or was it well probably when i got<00:21:47.120> there<00:21:47.280> there<00:21:47.440> were<00:21:47.600> probably<00:21:48.000> eight<00:21:48.240> or 00:21:48.310 --> 00:21:48.320 align:start position:0% got there there were probably eight or 00:21:48.320 --> 00:21:48.950 align:start position:0% got there there were probably eight or nine 00:21:48.950 --> 00:21:48.960 align:start position:0% nine 00:21:48.960 --> 00:21:51.510 align:start position:0% nine people<00:21:49.600> uh<00:21:49.919> in<00:21:50.080> a<00:21:50.159> little<00:21:50.480> group<00:21:50.960> called<00:21:51.280> the 00:21:51.510 --> 00:21:51.520 align:start position:0% people uh in a little group called the 00:21:51.520 --> 00:21:53.990 align:start position:0% people uh in a little group called the learning<00:21:51.919> machines<00:21:52.480> group 00:21:53.990 --> 00:21:54.000 align:start position:0% learning machines group 00:21:54.000 --> 00:21:57.270 align:start position:0% learning machines group uh<00:21:54.400> the<00:21:54.559> laboratory<00:21:55.120> that<00:21:55.360> charlie<00:21:56.000> rosen<00:21:56.559> ran 00:21:57.270 --> 00:21:57.280 align:start position:0% uh the laboratory that charlie rosen ran 00:21:57.280 --> 00:21:58.710 align:start position:0% uh the laboratory that charlie rosen ran the<00:21:57.440> laboratory<00:21:57.919> itself<00:21:58.240> was<00:21:58.400> called<00:21:58.559> the 00:21:58.710 --> 00:21:58.720 align:start position:0% the laboratory itself was called the 00:21:58.720 --> 00:22:00.870 align:start position:0% the laboratory itself was called the applied<00:21:59.039> physics<00:21:59.360> laboratory 00:22:00.870 --> 00:22:00.880 align:start position:0% applied physics laboratory 00:22:00.880 --> 00:22:03.190 align:start position:0% applied physics laboratory and<00:22:01.679> the<00:22:01.919> other<00:22:02.080> group<00:22:02.320> in<00:22:02.480> the<00:22:02.559> laboratory 00:22:03.190 --> 00:22:03.200 align:start position:0% and the other group in the laboratory 00:22:03.200 --> 00:22:04.870 align:start position:0% and the other group in the laboratory was<00:22:03.440> working<00:22:03.840> on 00:22:04.870 --> 00:22:04.880 align:start position:0% was working on 00:22:04.880 --> 00:22:07.270 align:start position:0% was working on something<00:22:05.200> quite<00:22:05.440> different<00:22:06.720> but<00:22:06.880> something 00:22:07.270 --> 00:22:07.280 align:start position:0% something quite different but something 00:22:07.280 --> 00:22:09.270 align:start position:0% something quite different but something that<00:22:07.520> actually<00:22:07.919> motivated<00:22:08.559> charlie<00:22:08.960> to<00:22:09.120> get 00:22:09.270 --> 00:22:09.280 align:start position:0% that actually motivated charlie to get 00:22:09.280 --> 00:22:11.590 align:start position:0% that actually motivated charlie to get interested<00:22:09.760> in<00:22:09.840> neural<00:22:10.080> networks 00:22:11.590 --> 00:22:11.600 align:start position:0% interested in neural networks 00:22:11.600 --> 00:22:13.750 align:start position:0% interested in neural networks the<00:22:11.840> other<00:22:12.159> thing<00:22:12.480> was<00:22:13.280> the<00:22:13.440> other<00:22:13.600> part<00:22:13.760> of 00:22:13.750 --> 00:22:13.760 align:start position:0% the other thing was the other part of 00:22:13.760 --> 00:22:15.350 align:start position:0% the other thing was the other part of the<00:22:13.840> laboratory<00:22:14.320> was<00:22:14.559> headed<00:22:14.880> by<00:22:15.120> someone 00:22:15.350 --> 00:22:15.360 align:start position:0% the laboratory was headed by someone 00:22:15.360 --> 00:22:17.190 align:start position:0% the laboratory was headed by someone named<00:22:15.600> ken<00:22:15.919> shoulders 00:22:17.190 --> 00:22:17.200 align:start position:0% named ken shoulders 00:22:17.200 --> 00:22:19.029 align:start position:0% named ken shoulders kids<00:22:17.440> shoulders<00:22:17.840> had<00:22:18.000> this<00:22:18.159> idea<00:22:18.559> that<00:22:18.720> if<00:22:18.880> you 00:22:19.029 --> 00:22:19.039 align:start position:0% kids shoulders had this idea that if you 00:22:19.039 --> 00:22:21.510 align:start position:0% kids shoulders had this idea that if you could<00:22:19.440> shrink<00:22:19.840> a<00:22:20.000> triode 00:22:21.510 --> 00:22:21.520 align:start position:0% could shrink a triode 00:22:21.520 --> 00:22:25.590 align:start position:0% could shrink a triode down<00:22:21.840> to<00:22:22.720> microscopic<00:22:23.760> size 00:22:25.590 --> 00:22:25.600 align:start position:0% down to microscopic size 00:22:25.600 --> 00:22:28.630 align:start position:0% down to microscopic size the<00:22:25.919> field<00:22:26.320> effect<00:22:27.679> would 00:22:28.630 --> 00:22:28.640 align:start position:0% the field effect would 00:22:28.640 --> 00:22:30.950 align:start position:0% the field effect would diminish<00:22:29.280> would<00:22:29.520> eliminate<00:22:30.000> the<00:22:30.159> need<00:22:30.400> for<00:22:30.640> a 00:22:30.950 --> 00:22:30.960 align:start position:0% diminish would eliminate the need for a 00:22:30.960 --> 00:22:31.750 align:start position:0% diminish would eliminate the need for a uh 00:22:31.750 --> 00:22:31.760 align:start position:0% uh 00:22:31.760 --> 00:22:34.870 align:start position:0% uh a<00:22:31.919> heater<00:22:32.320> on<00:22:32.400> the<00:22:32.559> cathode<00:22:34.000> so<00:22:34.559> you<00:22:34.720> could 00:22:34.870 --> 00:22:34.880 align:start position:0% a heater on the cathode so you could 00:22:34.880 --> 00:22:37.510 align:start position:0% a heater on the cathode so you could just<00:22:35.120> get<00:22:35.360> such<00:22:35.600> intense<00:22:36.159> fields 00:22:37.510 --> 00:22:37.520 align:start position:0% just get such intense fields 00:22:37.520 --> 00:22:40.070 align:start position:0% just get such intense fields with<00:22:38.000> reasonable<00:22:38.480> voltages<00:22:39.520> across<00:22:39.919> very 00:22:40.070 --> 00:22:40.080 align:start position:0% with reasonable voltages across very 00:22:40.080 --> 00:22:41.590 align:start position:0% with reasonable voltages across very very<00:22:40.320> short<00:22:40.559> distances 00:22:41.590 --> 00:22:41.600 align:start position:0% very short distances 00:22:41.600 --> 00:22:44.390 align:start position:0% very short distances and<00:22:41.760> then<00:22:42.000> electrons<00:22:42.559> would<00:22:42.720> just<00:22:43.039> boil<00:22:43.520> off 00:22:44.390 --> 00:22:44.400 align:start position:0% and then electrons would just boil off 00:22:44.400 --> 00:22:46.230 align:start position:0% and then electrons would just boil off the<00:22:44.559> cathode<00:22:45.039> on<00:22:45.200> their<00:22:45.360> own 00:22:46.230 --> 00:22:46.240 align:start position:0% the cathode on their own 00:22:46.240 --> 00:22:48.149 align:start position:0% the cathode on their own and<00:22:46.480> you<00:22:46.640> could<00:22:46.880> stick<00:22:47.200> a<00:22:47.280> grid<00:22:47.600> in<00:22:47.679> there<00:22:48.000> so 00:22:48.149 --> 00:22:48.159 align:start position:0% and you could stick a grid in there so 00:22:48.159 --> 00:22:49.350 align:start position:0% and you could stick a grid in there so he<00:22:48.320> was<00:22:48.559> interested<00:22:48.880> in 00:22:49.350 --> 00:22:49.360 align:start position:0% he was interested in 00:22:49.360 --> 00:22:52.630 align:start position:0% he was interested in micro<00:22:49.760> machining<00:22:50.240> techniques<00:22:51.360> for<00:22:51.520> making 00:22:52.630 --> 00:22:52.640 align:start position:0% micro machining techniques for making 00:22:52.640 --> 00:22:56.549 align:start position:0% micro machining techniques for making thousands<00:22:53.200> and<00:22:53.360> millions<00:22:54.159> of<00:22:54.400> triodes 00:22:56.549 --> 00:22:56.559 align:start position:0% thousands and millions of triodes 00:22:56.559 --> 00:22:58.390 align:start position:0% thousands and millions of triodes uh<00:22:56.960> charlie<00:22:57.360> thought<00:22:57.600> well<00:22:57.919> it's<00:22:58.080> going<00:22:58.159> to<00:22:58.240> be 00:22:58.390 --> 00:22:58.400 align:start position:0% uh charlie thought well it's going to be 00:22:58.400 --> 00:23:00.950 align:start position:0% uh charlie thought well it's going to be difficult<00:22:58.720> to<00:22:58.960> wire<00:22:59.280> all<00:22:59.360> these<00:22:59.600> things<00:22:59.919> up 00:23:00.950 --> 00:23:00.960 align:start position:0% difficult to wire all these things up 00:23:00.960 --> 00:23:02.470 align:start position:0% difficult to wire all these things up maybe<00:23:01.280> we<00:23:01.440> can<00:23:01.600> develop<00:23:02.000> some<00:23:02.159> sort<00:23:02.320> of 00:23:02.470 --> 00:23:02.480 align:start position:0% maybe we can develop some sort of 00:23:02.480 --> 00:23:04.549 align:start position:0% maybe we can develop some sort of self-organizing<00:23:03.440> idea<00:23:03.840> he<00:23:04.000> had<00:23:04.080> gone<00:23:04.320> to<00:23:04.400> some 00:23:04.549 --> 00:23:04.559 align:start position:0% self-organizing idea he had gone to some 00:23:04.559 --> 00:23:06.710 align:start position:0% self-organizing idea he had gone to some of<00:23:04.640> these<00:23:04.720> self-organizing<00:23:05.520> conferences 00:23:06.710 --> 00:23:06.720 align:start position:0% of these self-organizing conferences 00:23:06.720 --> 00:23:10.230 align:start position:0% of these self-organizing conferences that<00:23:06.960> would<00:23:07.200> allow<00:23:07.520> us<00:23:07.760> to<00:23:08.720> uh<00:23:09.520> get<00:23:09.760> them<00:23:09.919> to<00:23:10.000> do 00:23:10.230 --> 00:23:10.240 align:start position:0% that would allow us to uh get them to do 00:23:10.240 --> 00:23:11.669 align:start position:0% that would allow us to uh get them to do something<00:23:10.480> useful 00:23:11.669 --> 00:23:11.679 align:start position:0% something useful 00:23:11.679 --> 00:23:13.830 align:start position:0% something useful so<00:23:11.840> that's<00:23:12.159> when<00:23:12.320> he<00:23:12.960> started<00:23:13.360> talking<00:23:13.679> to 00:23:13.830 --> 00:23:13.840 align:start position:0% so that's when he started talking to 00:23:13.840 --> 00:23:16.710 align:start position:0% so that's when he started talking to frank<00:23:14.080> rosenblatt<00:23:14.799> before<00:23:15.200> i<00:23:15.280> came<00:23:15.520> to<00:23:15.600> sri 00:23:16.710 --> 00:23:16.720 align:start position:0% frank rosenblatt before i came to sri 00:23:16.720 --> 00:23:19.190 align:start position:0% frank rosenblatt before i came to sri and<00:23:16.960> got<00:23:17.200> interested<00:23:17.600> in<00:23:17.679> neural<00:23:17.919> networks 00:23:19.190 --> 00:23:19.200 align:start position:0% and got interested in neural networks 00:23:19.200 --> 00:23:20.149 align:start position:0% and got interested in neural networks originally 00:23:20.149 --> 00:23:20.159 align:start position:0% originally 00:23:20.159 --> 00:23:22.470 align:start position:0% originally his<00:23:20.480> idea<00:23:20.720> was<00:23:21.039> that<00:23:21.120> they<00:23:21.280> would<00:23:21.440> be<00:23:21.600> the<00:23:22.320> that 00:23:22.470 --> 00:23:22.480 align:start position:0% his idea was that they would be the that 00:23:22.480 --> 00:23:23.830 align:start position:0% his idea was that they would be the that would<00:23:22.640> be<00:23:22.720> the<00:23:22.880> technique<00:23:23.280> that<00:23:23.360> would<00:23:23.520> wire 00:23:23.830 --> 00:23:23.840 align:start position:0% would be the technique that would wire 00:23:23.840 --> 00:23:25.510 align:start position:0% would be the technique that would wire up<00:23:23.919> these<00:23:24.159> triodes 00:23:25.510 --> 00:23:25.520 align:start position:0% up these triodes 00:23:25.520 --> 00:23:28.470 align:start position:0% up these triodes of<00:23:25.600> course<00:23:26.400> the<00:23:26.559> transistor<00:23:27.120> came<00:23:27.360> along 00:23:28.470 --> 00:23:28.480 align:start position:0% of course the transistor came along 00:23:28.480 --> 00:23:30.310 align:start position:0% of course the transistor came along making<00:23:28.880> it<00:23:29.120> uh 00:23:30.310 --> 00:23:30.320 align:start position:0% making it uh 00:23:30.320 --> 00:23:33.669 align:start position:0% making it uh making<00:23:31.120> tiny<00:23:31.440> triodes<00:23:32.480> uh<00:23:32.799> not<00:23:33.039> the<00:23:33.280> best<00:23:33.520> way 00:23:33.669 --> 00:23:33.679 align:start position:0% making tiny triodes uh not the best way 00:23:33.679 --> 00:23:35.110 align:start position:0% making tiny triodes uh not the best way to<00:23:33.840> go 00:23:35.110 --> 00:23:35.120 align:start position:0% to go 00:23:35.120 --> 00:23:37.909 align:start position:0% to go now<00:23:35.280> we<00:23:35.440> can<00:23:35.520> do<00:23:35.760> billions<00:23:36.159> of<00:23:36.400> transistors 00:23:37.909 --> 00:23:37.919 align:start position:0% now we can do billions of transistors 00:23:37.919 --> 00:23:38.630 align:start position:0% now we can do billions of transistors and<00:23:38.240> i 00:23:38.630 --> 00:23:38.640 align:start position:0% and i 00:23:38.640 --> 00:23:39.990 align:start position:0% and i you<00:23:38.799> don't<00:23:38.960> have<00:23:39.039> any<00:23:39.200> problem<00:23:39.440> wiring<00:23:39.840> them 00:23:39.990 --> 00:23:40.000 align:start position:0% you don't have any problem wiring them 00:23:40.000 --> 00:23:42.070 align:start position:0% you don't have any problem wiring them up<00:23:40.159> you<00:23:40.320> just<00:23:40.559> use<00:23:40.799> a<00:23:40.880> photo<00:23:41.120> mask<00:23:41.520> and 00:23:42.070 --> 00:23:42.080 align:start position:0% up you just use a photo mask and 00:23:42.080 --> 00:23:43.430 align:start position:0% up you just use a photo mask and lay<00:23:42.240> down<00:23:42.480> the<00:23:42.559> wires<00:23:42.880> wherever<00:23:43.200> you<00:23:43.279> think 00:23:43.430 --> 00:23:43.440 align:start position:0% lay down the wires wherever you think 00:23:43.440 --> 00:23:45.510 align:start position:0% lay down the wires wherever you think they<00:23:43.600> ought<00:23:43.679> to<00:23:43.760> go<00:23:44.640> to<00:23:44.880> do<00:23:45.039> the<00:23:45.200> logic 00:23:45.510 --> 00:23:45.520 align:start position:0% they ought to go to do the logic 00:23:45.520 --> 00:23:47.909 align:start position:0% they ought to go to do the logic circuits<00:23:45.919> and<00:23:46.000> so<00:23:46.159> on 00:23:47.909 --> 00:23:47.919 align:start position:0% circuits and so on 00:23:47.919 --> 00:23:50.070 align:start position:0% circuits and so on so<00:23:48.080> who<00:23:48.320> are<00:23:48.400> some<00:23:48.559> of<00:23:48.640> the<00:23:48.799> other<00:23:49.520> researchers 00:23:50.070 --> 00:23:50.080 align:start position:0% so who are some of the other researchers 00:23:50.080 --> 00:23:50.950 align:start position:0% so who are some of the other researchers that<00:23:50.240> were<00:23:50.400> working 00:23:50.950 --> 00:23:50.960 align:start position:0% that were working 00:23:50.960 --> 00:23:53.510 align:start position:0% that were working in<00:23:51.039> your<00:23:51.200> lab<00:23:51.440> at<00:23:51.600> the<00:23:51.679> time<00:23:52.799> there<00:23:52.960> was<00:23:53.120> a<00:23:53.200> man 00:23:53.510 --> 00:23:53.520 align:start position:0% in your lab at the time there was a man 00:23:53.520 --> 00:23:53.990 align:start position:0% in your lab at the time there was a man named 00:23:53.990 --> 00:23:54.000 align:start position:0% named 00:23:54.000 --> 00:23:57.350 align:start position:0% named george<00:23:54.480> forson<00:23:56.240> he<00:23:56.400> was<00:23:56.640> primarily<00:23:57.200> the 00:23:57.350 --> 00:23:57.360 align:start position:0% george forson he was primarily the 00:23:57.360 --> 00:23:59.590 align:start position:0% george forson he was primarily the engineer<00:23:57.760> involved<00:23:58.159> in<00:23:58.320> building 00:23:59.590 --> 00:23:59.600 align:start position:0% engineer involved in building 00:23:59.600 --> 00:24:02.789 align:start position:0% engineer involved in building minos<00:24:01.120> there<00:24:01.440> was 00:24:02.789 --> 00:24:02.799 align:start position:0% minos there was 00:24:02.799 --> 00:24:06.630 align:start position:0% minos there was as<00:24:02.960> i<00:24:03.120> mentioned<00:24:04.799> uh<00:24:05.120> ted<00:24:05.360> brain 00:24:06.630 --> 00:24:06.640 align:start position:0% as i mentioned uh ted brain 00:24:06.640 --> 00:24:10.070 align:start position:0% as i mentioned uh ted brain who<00:24:06.880> was<00:24:07.360> originally<00:24:07.760> from<00:24:08.000> england<00:24:09.600> and 00:24:10.070 --> 00:24:10.080 align:start position:0% who was originally from england and 00:24:10.080 --> 00:24:12.789 align:start position:0% who was originally from england and it<00:24:10.159> was<00:24:10.400> ted<00:24:10.799> who<00:24:10.960> told<00:24:11.279> us<00:24:11.360> about<00:24:11.600> utley<00:24:12.080> and 00:24:12.789 --> 00:24:12.799 align:start position:0% it was ted who told us about utley and 00:24:12.799 --> 00:24:14.630 align:start position:0% it was ted who told us about utley and some<00:24:13.039> of<00:24:13.120> the<00:24:13.279> others<00:24:13.600> who<00:24:13.840> had<00:24:14.000> done<00:24:14.240> work<00:24:14.480> in 00:24:14.630 --> 00:24:14.640 align:start position:0% some of the others who had done work in 00:24:14.640 --> 00:24:16.710 align:start position:0% some of the others who had done work in england 00:24:16.710 --> 00:24:16.720 align:start position:0% england 00:24:16.720 --> 00:24:19.350 align:start position:0% england soon<00:24:17.039> after<00:24:17.279> i<00:24:17.520> came<00:24:17.760> we<00:24:18.000> hired<00:24:18.960> a<00:24:19.039> couple<00:24:19.279> of 00:24:19.350 --> 00:24:19.360 align:start position:0% soon after i came we hired a couple of 00:24:19.360 --> 00:24:20.149 align:start position:0% soon after i came we hired a couple of very<00:24:19.600> smart 00:24:20.149 --> 00:24:20.159 align:start position:0% very smart 00:24:20.159 --> 00:24:21.750 align:start position:0% very smart additional<00:24:20.640> people<00:24:20.880> one<00:24:21.120> was<00:24:21.279> named<00:24:21.440> peter 00:24:21.750 --> 00:24:21.760 align:start position:0% additional people one was named peter 00:24:21.760 --> 00:24:24.070 align:start position:0% additional people one was named peter hart<00:24:23.039> peter<00:24:23.279> hart 00:24:24.070 --> 00:24:24.080 align:start position:0% hart peter hart 00:24:24.080 --> 00:24:26.789 align:start position:0% hart peter hart uh<00:24:24.960> eventually<00:24:25.440> became<00:24:25.760> my<00:24:25.919> boss<00:24:26.240> at<00:24:26.400> sri 00:24:26.789 --> 00:24:26.799 align:start position:0% uh eventually became my boss at sri 00:24:26.799 --> 00:24:27.909 align:start position:0% uh eventually became my boss at sri because<00:24:27.039> i<00:24:27.120> wasn't<00:24:27.360> too<00:24:27.520> interested<00:24:27.840> in 00:24:27.909 --> 00:24:27.919 align:start position:0% because i wasn't too interested in 00:24:27.919 --> 00:24:29.510 align:start position:0% because i wasn't too interested in management 00:24:29.510 --> 00:24:29.520 align:start position:0% management 00:24:29.520 --> 00:24:33.430 align:start position:0% management and<00:24:31.039> he<00:24:31.200> went<00:24:31.440> on<00:24:31.679> to<00:24:32.400> found<00:24:32.720> a<00:24:32.799> laboratory<00:24:33.360> at 00:24:33.430 --> 00:24:33.440 align:start position:0% and he went on to found a laboratory at 00:24:33.440 --> 00:24:34.710 align:start position:0% and he went on to found a laboratory at schlumberger 00:24:34.710 --> 00:24:34.720 align:start position:0% schlumberger 00:24:34.720 --> 00:24:38.710 align:start position:0% schlumberger a<00:24:34.880> company<00:24:36.159> and<00:24:37.440> also 00:24:38.710 --> 00:24:38.720 align:start position:0% a company and also 00:24:38.720 --> 00:24:42.470 align:start position:0% a company and also more<00:24:38.960> recently<00:24:39.600> was<00:24:40.559> chief 00:24:42.470 --> 00:24:42.480 align:start position:0% more recently was chief 00:24:42.480 --> 00:24:46.390 align:start position:0% more recently was chief of<00:24:44.240> a<00:24:44.799> laboratory<00:24:45.360> that<00:24:45.520> rico<00:24:45.919> started 00:24:46.390 --> 00:24:46.400 align:start position:0% of a laboratory that rico started 00:24:46.400 --> 00:24:50.630 align:start position:0% of a laboratory that rico started in<00:24:47.360> menlo<00:24:47.760> park<00:24:49.120> rinco<00:24:49.520> the<00:24:49.600> camera<00:24:49.919> company 00:24:50.630 --> 00:24:50.640 align:start position:0% in menlo park rinco the camera company 00:24:50.640 --> 00:24:52.310 align:start position:0% in menlo park rinco the camera company and<00:24:50.799> we<00:24:50.960> also<00:24:51.200> hired<00:24:51.520> a<00:24:51.600> man<00:24:51.760> named<00:24:52.000> richard 00:24:52.310 --> 00:24:52.320 align:start position:0% and we also hired a man named richard 00:24:52.320 --> 00:24:54.549 align:start position:0% and we also hired a man named richard duda<00:24:52.799> dick<00:24:53.120> duda 00:24:54.549 --> 00:24:54.559 align:start position:0% duda dick duda 00:24:54.559 --> 00:24:57.669 align:start position:0% duda dick duda and<00:24:54.960> uh<00:24:55.200> dick<00:24:55.440> dude<00:24:56.240> was<00:24:56.640> a 00:24:57.669 --> 00:24:57.679 align:start position:0% and uh dick dude was a 00:24:57.679 --> 00:25:00.070 align:start position:0% and uh dick dude was a very<00:24:57.840> bright<00:24:58.799> mathematically<00:24:59.600> inclined 00:25:00.070 --> 00:25:00.080 align:start position:0% very bright mathematically inclined 00:25:00.080 --> 00:25:01.110 align:start position:0% very bright mathematically inclined person 00:25:01.110 --> 00:25:01.120 align:start position:0% person 00:25:01.120 --> 00:25:03.669 align:start position:0% person who<00:25:01.600> uh<00:25:02.240> made<00:25:02.400> sure<00:25:02.720> the<00:25:02.799> mathematics<00:25:03.440> of<00:25:03.600> all 00:25:03.669 --> 00:25:03.679 align:start position:0% who uh made sure the mathematics of all 00:25:03.679 --> 00:25:05.350 align:start position:0% who uh made sure the mathematics of all the<00:25:03.840> things<00:25:04.080> that<00:25:04.159> we<00:25:04.320> were<00:25:04.480> doing 00:25:05.350 --> 00:25:05.360 align:start position:0% the things that we were doing 00:25:05.360 --> 00:25:07.750 align:start position:0% the things that we were doing that<00:25:05.679> involved<00:25:06.240> work<00:25:06.559> even<00:25:07.039> in<00:25:07.200> the<00:25:07.440> neural 00:25:07.750 --> 00:25:07.760 align:start position:0% that involved work even in the neural 00:25:07.760 --> 00:25:08.950 align:start position:0% that involved work even in the neural network<00:25:08.080> days 00:25:08.950 --> 00:25:08.960 align:start position:0% network days 00:25:08.960 --> 00:25:10.710 align:start position:0% network days through<00:25:09.360> some<00:25:09.520> expert<00:25:09.919> system<00:25:10.240> work<00:25:10.480> that<00:25:10.559> we 00:25:10.710 --> 00:25:10.720 align:start position:0% through some expert system work that we 00:25:10.720 --> 00:25:12.149 align:start position:0% through some expert system work that we did 00:25:12.149 --> 00:25:12.159 align:start position:0% did 00:25:12.159 --> 00:25:15.190 align:start position:0% did was<00:25:12.480> well-founded<00:25:13.200> and<00:25:13.919> um 00:25:15.190 --> 00:25:15.200 align:start position:0% was well-founded and um 00:25:15.200 --> 00:25:17.750 align:start position:0% was well-founded and um and<00:25:15.520> he's<00:25:15.760> published<00:25:16.080> a<00:25:16.159> lot<00:25:16.320> of<00:25:16.400> papers<00:25:17.600> well 00:25:17.750 --> 00:25:17.760 align:start position:0% and he's published a lot of papers well 00:25:17.760 --> 00:25:19.909 align:start position:0% and he's published a lot of papers well their<00:25:18.000> textbook<00:25:18.480> and<00:25:18.720> pattern<00:25:19.039> recognition 00:25:19.909 --> 00:25:19.919 align:start position:0% their textbook and pattern recognition 00:25:19.919 --> 00:25:23.750 align:start position:0% their textbook and pattern recognition who<00:25:20.080> done<00:25:20.320> heart<00:25:20.880> yeah<00:25:21.760> now<00:25:22.320> uh 00:25:23.750 --> 00:25:23.760 align:start position:0% who done heart yeah now uh 00:25:23.760 --> 00:25:26.789 align:start position:0% who done heart yeah now uh then<00:25:24.159> the<00:25:25.120> guy<00:25:25.360> that<00:25:25.760> peter<00:25:26.000> hart<00:25:26.240> hired<00:25:26.640> at 00:25:26.789 --> 00:25:26.799 align:start position:0% then the guy that peter hart hired at 00:25:26.799 --> 00:25:28.390 align:start position:0% then the guy that peter hart hired at rico<00:25:27.200> david 00:25:28.390 --> 00:25:28.400 align:start position:0% rico david 00:25:28.400 --> 00:25:32.070 align:start position:0% rico david stewart<00:25:30.080> wrote<00:25:30.400> the<00:25:30.640> second<00:25:30.960> edition 00:25:32.070 --> 00:25:32.080 align:start position:0% stewart wrote the second edition 00:25:32.080 --> 00:25:34.870 align:start position:0% stewart wrote the second edition due<00:25:32.240> to<00:25:32.400> starting<00:25:33.039> duda<00:25:33.840> heart<00:25:34.240> and<00:25:34.400> stork 00:25:34.870 --> 00:25:34.880 align:start position:0% due to starting duda heart and stork 00:25:34.880 --> 00:25:38.149 align:start position:0% due to starting duda heart and stork although<00:25:35.120> stork<00:25:35.440> did<00:25:35.600> the<00:25:35.760> writing 00:25:38.149 --> 00:25:38.159 align:start position:0% 00:25:38.159 --> 00:25:42.390 align:start position:0% um<00:25:40.000> so<00:25:40.240> at<00:25:40.320> what<00:25:40.559> point<00:25:41.120> uh<00:25:40.840> did<00:25:41.840> the<00:25:42.000> idea<00:25:42.320> of 00:25:42.390 --> 00:25:42.400 align:start position:0% um so at what point uh did the idea of 00:25:42.400 --> 00:25:43.909 align:start position:0% um so at what point uh did the idea of making<00:25:42.799> a<00:25:43.039> a<00:25:43.200> robot 00:25:43.909 --> 00:25:43.919 align:start position:0% making a a robot 00:25:43.919 --> 00:25:45.590 align:start position:0% making a a robot or<00:25:44.159> a<00:25:44.240> show<00:25:44.480> are<00:25:44.559> we<00:25:44.640> still<00:25:44.799> in<00:25:44.960> particular 00:25:45.590 --> 00:25:45.600 align:start position:0% or a show are we still in particular 00:25:45.600 --> 00:25:47.350 align:start position:0% or a show are we still in particular yeah 00:25:47.350 --> 00:25:47.360 align:start position:0% yeah 00:25:47.360 --> 00:25:49.190 align:start position:0% yeah uh<00:25:47.600> when<00:25:47.760> did<00:25:47.919> that<00:25:48.080> start<00:25:48.320> to<00:25:48.480> take<00:25:48.799> shape<00:25:49.039> and 00:25:49.190 --> 00:25:49.200 align:start position:0% uh when did that start to take shape and 00:25:49.200 --> 00:25:50.710 align:start position:0% uh when did that start to take shape and how<00:25:49.360> did<00:25:49.440> that<00:25:49.600> take<00:25:49.840> shape 00:25:50.710 --> 00:25:50.720 align:start position:0% how did that take shape 00:25:50.720 --> 00:25:53.990 align:start position:0% how did that take shape well<00:25:50.960> charlie<00:25:51.279> rosen<00:25:51.760> had<00:25:51.919> this<00:25:52.720> idea<00:25:53.520> well 00:25:53.990 --> 00:25:54.000 align:start position:0% well charlie rosen had this idea well 00:25:54.000 --> 00:25:56.710 align:start position:0% well charlie rosen had this idea well let's<00:25:54.240> see<00:25:54.480> first<00:25:54.720> of<00:25:54.880> all<00:25:55.120> charlie<00:25:56.159> attended 00:25:56.710 --> 00:25:56.720 align:start position:0% let's see first of all charlie attended 00:25:56.720 --> 00:25:58.070 align:start position:0% let's see first of all charlie attended a<00:25:56.880> class 00:25:58.070 --> 00:25:58.080 align:start position:0% a class 00:25:58.080 --> 00:26:01.110 align:start position:0% a class on<00:25:58.480> programming<00:25:59.039> in<00:25:59.200> lisp 00:26:01.110 --> 00:26:01.120 align:start position:0% on programming in lisp 00:26:01.120 --> 00:26:05.190 align:start position:0% on programming in lisp we<00:26:01.360> knew<00:26:02.080> through<00:26:02.720> going<00:26:02.960> to<00:26:03.120> conferences 00:26:05.190 --> 00:26:05.200 align:start position:0% we knew through going to conferences 00:26:05.200 --> 00:26:07.909 align:start position:0% we knew through going to conferences and<00:26:05.919> being<00:26:06.159> close<00:26:06.400> to<00:26:06.559> stanford<00:26:07.440> that<00:26:07.679> there 00:26:07.909 --> 00:26:07.919 align:start position:0% and being close to stanford that there 00:26:07.919 --> 00:26:08.710 align:start position:0% and being close to stanford that there was<00:26:08.159> this 00:26:08.710 --> 00:26:08.720 align:start position:0% was this 00:26:08.720 --> 00:26:10.549 align:start position:0% was this subject<00:26:09.120> called<00:26:09.360> artificial<00:26:10.000> intelligence 00:26:10.549 --> 00:26:10.559 align:start position:0% subject called artificial intelligence 00:26:10.559 --> 00:26:11.909 align:start position:0% subject called artificial intelligence that<00:26:10.640> we<00:26:10.880> vaguely<00:26:11.279> thought 00:26:11.909 --> 00:26:11.919 align:start position:0% that we vaguely thought 00:26:11.919 --> 00:26:14.390 align:start position:0% that we vaguely thought neural<00:26:12.240> networks<00:26:12.640> probably<00:26:12.960> were<00:26:13.120> part<00:26:13.360> of 00:26:14.390 --> 00:26:14.400 align:start position:0% neural networks probably were part of 00:26:14.400 --> 00:26:15.190 align:start position:0% neural networks probably were part of and 00:26:15.190 --> 00:26:15.200 align:start position:0% and 00:26:15.200 --> 00:26:17.830 align:start position:0% and pattern<00:26:15.520> regulation<00:26:16.000> was<00:26:16.159> part<00:26:16.400> of<00:26:17.679> but 00:26:17.830 --> 00:26:17.840 align:start position:0% pattern regulation was part of but 00:26:17.840 --> 00:26:19.110 align:start position:0% pattern regulation was part of but what's<00:26:18.080> it<00:26:18.240> all<00:26:18.400> about 00:26:19.110 --> 00:26:19.120 align:start position:0% what's it all about 00:26:19.120 --> 00:26:20.470 align:start position:0% what's it all about well<00:26:19.360> charlie<00:26:19.679> thought<00:26:19.840> we<00:26:20.000> ought<00:26:20.159> to<00:26:20.240> find 00:26:20.470 --> 00:26:20.480 align:start position:0% well charlie thought we ought to find 00:26:20.480 --> 00:26:23.110 align:start position:0% well charlie thought we ought to find out<00:26:21.120> so<00:26:21.360> he<00:26:21.520> went<00:26:21.679> to<00:26:21.919> a 00:26:23.110 --> 00:26:23.120 align:start position:0% out so he went to a 00:26:23.120 --> 00:26:26.390 align:start position:0% out so he went to a class<00:26:24.960> given<00:26:25.279> by<00:26:25.520> a 00:26:26.390 --> 00:26:26.400 align:start position:0% class given by a 00:26:26.400 --> 00:26:29.190 align:start position:0% class given by a recent<00:26:26.799> graduate<00:26:27.200> from<00:26:27.360> mit<00:26:28.480> phd<00:26:28.960> student 00:26:29.190 --> 00:26:29.200 align:start position:0% recent graduate from mit phd student 00:26:29.200 --> 00:26:30.710 align:start position:0% recent graduate from mit phd student from<00:26:29.360> mit 00:26:30.710 --> 00:26:30.720 align:start position:0% from mit 00:26:30.720 --> 00:26:33.430 align:start position:0% from mit student<00:26:31.039> of<00:26:31.360> marvin<00:26:31.679> minsky's<00:26:32.960> name<00:26:33.200> bert 00:26:33.430 --> 00:26:33.440 align:start position:0% student of marvin minsky's name bert 00:26:33.440 --> 00:26:34.870 align:start position:0% student of marvin minsky's name bert raffell 00:26:34.870 --> 00:26:34.880 align:start position:0% raffell 00:26:34.880 --> 00:26:37.269 align:start position:0% raffell verberfeld<00:26:35.520> taught<00:26:35.760> at<00:26:35.919> course<00:26:36.320> on<00:26:36.480> lisp 00:26:37.269 --> 00:26:37.279 align:start position:0% verberfeld taught at course on lisp 00:26:37.279 --> 00:26:37.990 align:start position:0% verberfeld taught at course on lisp charlie<00:26:37.520> came<00:26:37.760> back 00:26:37.990 --> 00:26:38.000 align:start position:0% charlie came back 00:26:38.000 --> 00:26:39.430 align:start position:0% charlie came back all<00:26:38.159> excited<00:26:38.640> thinking<00:26:38.880> we've<00:26:39.039> got<00:26:39.200> to<00:26:39.279> do 00:26:39.430 --> 00:26:39.440 align:start position:0% all excited thinking we've got to do 00:26:39.440 --> 00:26:41.990 align:start position:0% all excited thinking we've got to do something<00:26:40.400> about<00:26:40.720> ai<00:26:41.039> we've<00:26:41.200> got<00:26:41.360> to<00:26:41.520> write 00:26:41.990 --> 00:26:42.000 align:start position:0% something about ai we've got to write 00:26:42.000 --> 00:26:44.710 align:start position:0% something about ai we've got to write programs<00:26:42.720> and<00:26:43.840> there's<00:26:44.159> all<00:26:44.240> this<00:26:44.480> stuff 00:26:44.710 --> 00:26:44.720 align:start position:0% programs and there's all this stuff 00:26:44.720 --> 00:26:47.590 align:start position:0% programs and there's all this stuff going<00:26:44.960> on<00:26:45.200> and<00:26:45.279> we<00:26:45.440> should<00:26:45.600> be<00:26:45.760> part<00:26:46.000> of<00:26:46.159> it 00:26:47.590 --> 00:26:47.600 align:start position:0% going on and we should be part of it 00:26:47.600 --> 00:26:50.470 align:start position:0% going on and we should be part of it and<00:26:48.480> later<00:26:48.799> by<00:26:49.039> the<00:26:49.120> way<00:26:49.279> we<00:26:49.520> ended<00:26:49.760> up<00:26:49.840> hiring 00:26:50.470 --> 00:26:50.480 align:start position:0% and later by the way we ended up hiring 00:26:50.480 --> 00:26:51.990 align:start position:0% and later by the way we ended up hiring verb<00:26:50.840> raphael 00:26:51.990 --> 00:26:52.000 align:start position:0% verb raphael 00:26:52.000 --> 00:26:55.830 align:start position:0% verb raphael he<00:26:52.720> had<00:26:52.960> a<00:26:53.039> job<00:26:53.360> for<00:26:53.520> a<00:26:53.600> while<00:26:54.000> at<00:26:54.320> uc<00:26:54.720> berkeley 00:26:55.830 --> 00:26:55.840 align:start position:0% he had a job for a while at uc berkeley 00:26:55.840 --> 00:26:58.950 align:start position:0% he had a job for a while at uc berkeley but<00:26:56.000> then<00:26:56.240> joined<00:26:56.559> our<00:26:56.720> group 00:26:58.950 --> 00:26:58.960 align:start position:0% but then joined our group 00:26:58.960 --> 00:27:02.230 align:start position:0% but then joined our group and<00:26:59.440> so<00:27:00.640> charlie<00:27:01.120> thought<00:27:01.440> well 00:27:02.230 --> 00:27:02.240 align:start position:0% and so charlie thought well 00:27:02.240 --> 00:27:04.789 align:start position:0% and so charlie thought well we<00:27:02.400> have<00:27:02.559> this<00:27:02.880> pattern<00:27:03.279> recognition<00:27:03.919> work 00:27:04.789 --> 00:27:04.799 align:start position:0% we have this pattern recognition work 00:27:04.799 --> 00:27:05.990 align:start position:0% we have this pattern recognition work that<00:27:05.039> could<00:27:05.279> account<00:27:05.679> for 00:27:05.990 --> 00:27:06.000 align:start position:0% that could account for 00:27:06.000 --> 00:27:10.549 align:start position:0% that could account for the<00:27:06.159> robot's<00:27:07.440> perception<00:27:08.559> especially<00:27:09.120> vision 00:27:10.549 --> 00:27:10.559 align:start position:0% the robot's perception especially vision 00:27:10.559 --> 00:27:13.909 align:start position:0% the robot's perception especially vision and<00:27:11.840> we<00:27:12.159> through<00:27:12.640> lisp<00:27:13.039> programming<00:27:13.679> and 00:27:13.909 --> 00:27:13.919 align:start position:0% and we through lisp programming and 00:27:13.919 --> 00:27:14.549 align:start position:0% and we through lisp programming and through 00:27:14.549 --> 00:27:14.559 align:start position:0% through 00:27:14.559 --> 00:27:16.390 align:start position:0% through various<00:27:14.960> types<00:27:15.200> of<00:27:15.360> heuristic<00:27:15.840> programming 00:27:16.390 --> 00:27:16.400 align:start position:0% various types of heuristic programming 00:27:16.400 --> 00:27:18.789 align:start position:0% various types of heuristic programming ideas<00:27:17.440> we<00:27:17.600> could<00:27:17.760> probably<00:27:18.080> build<00:27:18.320> control 00:27:18.789 --> 00:27:18.799 align:start position:0% ideas we could probably build control 00:27:18.799 --> 00:27:21.430 align:start position:0% ideas we could probably build control programs<00:27:19.440> for<00:27:19.679> a<00:27:19.840> robot 00:27:21.430 --> 00:27:21.440 align:start position:0% programs for a robot 00:27:21.440 --> 00:27:24.870 align:start position:0% programs for a robot which<00:27:21.760> charlie<00:27:22.159> called<00:27:22.559> an<00:27:22.720> automaton 00:27:24.870 --> 00:27:24.880 align:start position:0% which charlie called an automaton 00:27:24.880 --> 00:27:26.549 align:start position:0% which charlie called an automaton and<00:27:25.279> he<00:27:25.520> said<00:27:25.679> we<00:27:25.840> need<00:27:26.000> to<00:27:26.080> build<00:27:26.320> this 00:27:26.549 --> 00:27:26.559 align:start position:0% and he said we need to build this 00:27:26.559 --> 00:27:28.149 align:start position:0% and he said we need to build this automaton 00:27:28.149 --> 00:27:28.159 align:start position:0% automaton 00:27:28.159 --> 00:27:31.510 align:start position:0% automaton and<00:27:29.039> it<00:27:29.200> would<00:27:29.440> roll<00:27:29.679> around<00:27:30.799> and<00:27:31.120> it<00:27:31.200> would 00:27:31.510 --> 00:27:31.520 align:start position:0% and it would roll around and it would 00:27:31.520 --> 00:27:33.110 align:start position:0% and it would roll around and it would recognize<00:27:32.080> its<00:27:32.320> environment<00:27:32.799> and<00:27:32.880> we<00:27:32.960> could 00:27:33.110 --> 00:27:33.120 align:start position:0% recognize its environment and we could 00:27:33.120 --> 00:27:34.950 align:start position:0% recognize its environment and we could get<00:27:33.279> it<00:27:33.360> to<00:27:33.520> do<00:27:33.679> things 00:27:34.950 --> 00:27:34.960 align:start position:0% get it to do things 00:27:34.960 --> 00:27:36.950 align:start position:0% get it to do things and<00:27:35.200> he<00:27:35.279> wrote<00:27:35.520> a<00:27:35.600> memo<00:27:36.000> and<00:27:36.080> i've<00:27:36.559> been<00:27:36.799> able 00:27:36.950 --> 00:27:36.960 align:start position:0% and he wrote a memo and i've been able 00:27:36.960 --> 00:27:38.870 align:start position:0% and he wrote a memo and i've been able to<00:27:37.039> find<00:27:37.200> a<00:27:37.279> copy<00:27:37.600> of<00:27:37.679> that<00:27:37.840> memo<00:27:38.240> but 00:27:38.870 --> 00:27:38.880 align:start position:0% to find a copy of that memo but 00:27:38.880 --> 00:27:42.470 align:start position:0% to find a copy of that memo but the<00:27:39.200> original<00:27:39.760> memo<00:27:40.720> got<00:27:40.960> all<00:27:41.039> of<00:27:41.200> us<00:27:41.360> excited 00:27:42.470 --> 00:27:42.480 align:start position:0% the original memo got all of us excited 00:27:42.480 --> 00:27:44.470 align:start position:0% the original memo got all of us excited and<00:27:42.640> was<00:27:42.880> used<00:27:43.279> as<00:27:43.520> kind<00:27:43.679> of<00:27:43.840> a<00:27:43.919> fundraising 00:27:44.470 --> 00:27:44.480 align:start position:0% and was used as kind of a fundraising 00:27:44.480 --> 00:27:46.549 align:start position:0% and was used as kind of a fundraising device<00:27:45.360> to<00:27:45.600> try<00:27:45.840> to<00:27:46.000> get 00:27:46.549 --> 00:27:46.559 align:start position:0% device to try to get 00:27:46.559 --> 00:27:49.430 align:start position:0% device to try to get sponsors<00:27:47.039> interested<00:27:47.440> in<00:27:47.520> this<00:27:47.760> project<00:27:49.279> that 00:27:49.430 --> 00:27:49.440 align:start position:0% sponsors interested in this project that 00:27:49.440 --> 00:27:50.310 align:start position:0% sponsors interested in this project that was<00:27:49.679> probably 00:27:50.310 --> 00:27:50.320 align:start position:0% was probably 00:27:50.320 --> 00:27:54.230 align:start position:0% was probably in<00:27:50.559> around<00:27:50.880> 63<00:27:51.440> or<00:27:51.600> 64.<00:27:53.120> and 00:27:54.230 --> 00:27:54.240 align:start position:0% in around 63 or 64. and 00:27:54.240 --> 00:27:56.950 align:start position:0% in around 63 or 64. and finally<00:27:55.279> a<00:27:55.360> lot<00:27:55.520> of<00:27:55.600> this<00:27:55.840> is<00:27:56.080> detailed<00:27:56.559> in 00:27:56.950 --> 00:27:56.960 align:start position:0% finally a lot of this is detailed in 00:27:56.960 --> 00:27:58.710 align:start position:0% finally a lot of this is detailed in some<00:27:57.120> detail<00:27:57.600> in<00:27:57.679> my<00:27:57.840> book<00:27:58.080> on<00:27:58.159> the<00:27:58.320> history<00:27:58.559> of 00:27:58.710 --> 00:27:58.720 align:start position:0% some detail in my book on the history of 00:27:58.720 --> 00:27:59.830 align:start position:0% some detail in my book on the history of ai 00:27:59.830 --> 00:27:59.840 align:start position:0% ai 00:27:59.840 --> 00:28:03.110 align:start position:0% ai we<00:28:00.000> did<00:28:00.240> get<00:28:00.399> a<00:28:00.559> project<00:28:01.120> supported<00:28:01.679> by<00:28:02.480> the 00:28:03.110 --> 00:28:03.120 align:start position:0% we did get a project supported by the 00:28:03.120 --> 00:28:05.110 align:start position:0% we did get a project supported by the advanced<00:28:03.520> research<00:28:03.919> projects<00:28:04.399> agency<00:28:04.880> called 00:28:05.110 --> 00:28:05.120 align:start position:0% advanced research projects agency called 00:28:05.120 --> 00:28:06.389 align:start position:0% advanced research projects agency called arpa<00:28:05.520> at<00:28:05.600> the<00:28:05.760> time 00:28:06.389 --> 00:28:06.399 align:start position:0% arpa at the time 00:28:06.399 --> 00:28:10.310 align:start position:0% arpa at the time now<00:28:06.559> it's<00:28:06.640> been<00:28:06.880> renamed<00:28:07.279> darpa 00:28:10.310 --> 00:28:10.320 align:start position:0% 00:28:10.320 --> 00:28:12.470 align:start position:0% for<00:28:10.720> several<00:28:11.039> hundred<00:28:11.279> thousand<00:28:11.679> dollars 00:28:12.470 --> 00:28:12.480 align:start position:0% for several hundred thousand dollars 00:28:12.480 --> 00:28:14.470 align:start position:0% for several hundred thousand dollars over<00:28:12.880> some<00:28:13.200> years 00:28:14.470 --> 00:28:14.480 align:start position:0% over some years 00:28:14.480 --> 00:28:17.190 align:start position:0% over some years to<00:28:14.720> build<00:28:14.960> this<00:28:15.200> device<00:28:16.559> that<00:28:16.720> would<00:28:16.960> roll 00:28:17.190 --> 00:28:17.200 align:start position:0% to build this device that would roll 00:28:17.200 --> 00:28:17.669 align:start position:0% to build this device that would roll around 00:28:17.669 --> 00:28:17.679 align:start position:0% around 00:28:17.679 --> 00:28:20.310 align:start position:0% around we<00:28:17.840> had<00:28:18.480> engineers<00:28:19.360> who<00:28:19.600> were<00:28:19.840> reasonably 00:28:20.310 --> 00:28:20.320 align:start position:0% we had engineers who were reasonably 00:28:20.320 --> 00:28:22.070 align:start position:0% we had engineers who were reasonably good<00:28:20.640> but<00:28:20.880> maybe<00:28:21.200> not<00:28:21.440> as<00:28:21.520> good<00:28:21.679> as<00:28:21.840> they<00:28:21.919> could 00:28:22.070 --> 00:28:22.080 align:start position:0% good but maybe not as good as they could 00:28:22.080 --> 00:28:22.630 align:start position:0% good but maybe not as good as they could have<00:28:22.159> been 00:28:22.630 --> 00:28:22.640 align:start position:0% have been 00:28:22.640 --> 00:28:25.269 align:start position:0% have been and<00:28:22.880> actually<00:28:23.120> building<00:28:23.440> the<00:28:24.399> motorized 00:28:25.269 --> 00:28:25.279 align:start position:0% and actually building the motorized 00:28:25.279 --> 00:28:27.350 align:start position:0% and actually building the motorized hardware<00:28:25.760> in<00:28:25.840> the<00:28:25.919> vehicle 00:28:27.350 --> 00:28:27.360 align:start position:0% hardware in the vehicle 00:28:27.360 --> 00:28:29.190 align:start position:0% hardware in the vehicle and<00:28:27.679> because<00:28:28.240> they<00:28:28.480> might<00:28:28.640> not<00:28:28.799> have<00:28:28.880> been<00:28:29.039> as 00:28:29.190 --> 00:28:29.200 align:start position:0% and because they might not have been as 00:28:29.200 --> 00:28:30.710 align:start position:0% and because they might not have been as good<00:28:29.360> as<00:28:29.440> they<00:28:29.600> could<00:28:29.679> have<00:28:29.760> been<00:28:30.159> when<00:28:30.399> it 00:28:30.710 --> 00:28:30.720 align:start position:0% good as they could have been when it 00:28:30.720 --> 00:28:34.470 align:start position:0% good as they could have been when it started<00:28:31.120> or<00:28:31.279> stopped<00:28:31.679> it<00:28:31.840> shook<00:28:33.200> and<00:28:33.600> so 00:28:34.470 --> 00:28:34.480 align:start position:0% started or stopped it shook and so 00:28:34.480 --> 00:28:37.830 align:start position:0% started or stopped it shook and so we<00:28:34.720> ended<00:28:34.960> up<00:28:35.120> calling<00:28:35.360> it<00:28:35.520> shaky<00:28:37.120> we<00:28:37.279> had<00:28:37.520> a 00:28:37.830 --> 00:28:37.840 align:start position:0% we ended up calling it shaky we had a 00:28:37.840 --> 00:28:39.750 align:start position:0% we ended up calling it shaky we had a session<00:28:38.240> to<00:28:38.320> talk<00:28:38.559> about<00:28:39.120> how<00:28:39.279> we<00:28:39.440> were<00:28:39.600> going 00:28:39.750 --> 00:28:39.760 align:start position:0% session to talk about how we were going 00:28:39.760 --> 00:28:41.750 align:start position:0% session to talk about how we were going to<00:28:39.840> name<00:28:40.080> this<00:28:40.240> machine 00:28:41.750 --> 00:28:41.760 align:start position:0% to name this machine 00:28:41.760 --> 00:28:45.430 align:start position:0% to name this machine and<00:28:42.080> somebody<00:28:42.480> suggested<00:28:43.120> shaky<00:28:44.720> then<00:28:44.960> a<00:28:45.039> very 00:28:45.430 --> 00:28:45.440 align:start position:0% and somebody suggested shaky then a very 00:28:45.440 --> 00:28:48.070 align:start position:0% and somebody suggested shaky then a very interesting<00:28:45.919> person<00:28:46.799> uh<00:28:47.279> whose<00:28:47.520> name<00:28:47.760> i<00:28:47.919> might 00:28:48.070 --> 00:28:48.080 align:start position:0% interesting person uh whose name i might 00:28:48.080 --> 00:28:49.430 align:start position:0% interesting person uh whose name i might reveal 00:28:49.430 --> 00:28:49.440 align:start position:0% reveal 00:28:49.440 --> 00:28:52.149 align:start position:0% reveal said<00:28:50.480> absolutely<00:28:51.200> not<00:28:51.600> this<00:28:51.840> is<00:28:51.919> too 00:28:52.149 --> 00:28:52.159 align:start position:0% said absolutely not this is too 00:28:52.159 --> 00:28:53.750 align:start position:0% said absolutely not this is too important<00:28:52.559> a<00:28:52.720> project<00:28:53.039> to<00:28:53.200> give<00:28:53.360> it<00:28:53.440> such<00:28:53.679> a 00:28:53.750 --> 00:28:53.760 align:start position:0% important a project to give it such a 00:28:53.760 --> 00:28:54.789 align:start position:0% important a project to give it such a frivolous<00:28:54.240> name 00:28:54.789 --> 00:28:54.799 align:start position:0% frivolous name 00:28:54.799 --> 00:29:00.230 align:start position:0% frivolous name so<00:28:54.960> of<00:28:55.039> course<00:28:55.279> we<00:28:55.360> did<00:28:55.520> give<00:28:55.679> it<00:28:55.840> that<00:28:56.840> name 00:29:00.230 --> 00:29:00.240 align:start position:0% 00:29:00.240 --> 00:29:03.269 align:start position:0% that<00:29:00.480> was<00:29:00.799> a<00:29:01.039> guy<00:29:01.200> named<00:29:01.440> steven<00:29:01.919> coles<00:29:03.120> you 00:29:03.269 --> 00:29:03.279 align:start position:0% that was a guy named steven coles you 00:29:03.279 --> 00:29:04.870 align:start position:0% that was a guy named steven coles you might<00:29:03.440> want<00:29:03.600> to<00:29:03.679> talk<00:29:03.840> to<00:29:04.000> him<00:29:04.159> also 00:29:04.870 --> 00:29:04.880 align:start position:0% might want to talk to him also 00:29:04.880 --> 00:29:06.710 align:start position:0% might want to talk to him also he's<00:29:05.120> got<00:29:05.360> a<00:29:05.440> movie<00:29:05.840> out<00:29:06.000> which<00:29:06.320> i<00:29:06.399> think<00:29:06.640> i 00:29:06.710 --> 00:29:06.720 align:start position:0% he's got a movie out which i think i 00:29:06.720 --> 00:29:08.950 align:start position:0% he's got a movie out which i think i have<00:29:06.880> a<00:29:06.960> copy<00:29:07.279> of<00:29:07.440> online 00:29:08.950 --> 00:29:08.960 align:start position:0% have a copy of online 00:29:08.960 --> 00:29:12.149 align:start position:0% have a copy of online the<00:29:10.159> robot<00:29:10.840> history 00:29:12.149 --> 00:29:12.159 align:start position:0% the robot history 00:29:12.159 --> 00:29:15.110 align:start position:0% the robot history little<00:29:12.399> clips<00:29:12.799> from<00:29:13.039> jpl<00:29:14.399> and<00:29:14.559> a<00:29:14.559> lot<00:29:14.720> of<00:29:14.880> other 00:29:15.110 --> 00:29:15.120 align:start position:0% little clips from jpl and a lot of other 00:29:15.120 --> 00:29:16.950 align:start position:0% little clips from jpl and a lot of other places 00:29:16.950 --> 00:29:16.960 align:start position:0% places 00:29:16.960 --> 00:29:19.990 align:start position:0% places stephen<00:29:17.360> coles<00:29:17.919> stephen<00:29:18.320> calls<00:29:18.720> later<00:29:19.760> while 00:29:19.990 --> 00:29:20.000 align:start position:0% stephen coles stephen calls later while 00:29:20.000 --> 00:29:21.430 align:start position:0% stephen coles stephen calls later while stephen<00:29:20.240> coles<00:29:20.559> participated<00:29:21.200> in<00:29:21.279> the 00:29:21.430 --> 00:29:21.440 align:start position:0% stephen coles participated in the 00:29:21.440 --> 00:29:23.430 align:start position:0% stephen coles participated in the project<00:29:21.840> he<00:29:22.000> had<00:29:22.159> come<00:29:22.399> from 00:29:23.430 --> 00:29:23.440 align:start position:0% project he had come from 00:29:23.440 --> 00:29:26.230 align:start position:0% project he had come from a<00:29:23.760> student<00:29:24.000> of<00:29:24.080> herb<00:29:24.320> simons<00:29:25.520> at<00:29:25.760> carnegie 00:29:26.230 --> 00:29:26.240 align:start position:0% a student of herb simons at carnegie 00:29:26.240 --> 00:29:27.350 align:start position:0% a student of herb simons at carnegie mellon 00:29:27.350 --> 00:29:27.360 align:start position:0% mellon 00:29:27.360 --> 00:29:29.909 align:start position:0% mellon and<00:29:27.520> he<00:29:27.760> joined<00:29:28.080> us<00:29:28.240> at<00:29:28.399> sri<00:29:29.600> he<00:29:29.760> was 00:29:29.909 --> 00:29:29.919 align:start position:0% and he joined us at sri he was 00:29:29.919 --> 00:29:31.350 align:start position:0% and he joined us at sri he was interested<00:29:30.320> in<00:29:30.480> natural<00:29:30.880> language 00:29:31.350 --> 00:29:31.360 align:start position:0% interested in natural language 00:29:31.360 --> 00:29:32.549 align:start position:0% interested in natural language processing 00:29:32.549 --> 00:29:32.559 align:start position:0% processing 00:29:32.559 --> 00:29:34.470 align:start position:0% processing and<00:29:32.720> so<00:29:32.880> his<00:29:33.120> idea<00:29:33.440> was<00:29:33.760> we<00:29:33.919> want<00:29:34.080> to<00:29:34.159> be<00:29:34.320> able 00:29:34.470 --> 00:29:34.480 align:start position:0% and so his idea was we want to be able 00:29:34.480 --> 00:29:36.630 align:start position:0% and so his idea was we want to be able to<00:29:34.559> talk<00:29:34.720> to<00:29:34.960> shaky 00:29:36.630 --> 00:29:36.640 align:start position:0% to talk to shaky 00:29:36.640 --> 00:29:40.389 align:start position:0% to talk to shaky and<00:29:38.559> actually<00:29:38.960> not 00:29:40.389 --> 00:29:40.399 align:start position:0% and actually not 00:29:40.399 --> 00:29:43.990 align:start position:0% and actually not through<00:29:40.640> speech<00:29:41.039> but<00:29:41.279> by<00:29:41.440> typing<00:29:42.159> at<00:29:42.399> it<00:29:43.279> and 00:29:43.990 --> 00:29:44.000 align:start position:0% through speech but by typing at it and 00:29:44.000 --> 00:29:47.590 align:start position:0% through speech but by typing at it and he<00:29:44.399> wrote<00:29:44.640> a<00:29:44.720> little<00:29:44.960> grammar<00:29:45.919> and<00:29:46.159> a 00:29:47.590 --> 00:29:47.600 align:start position:0% he wrote a little grammar and a 00:29:47.600 --> 00:29:49.990 align:start position:0% he wrote a little grammar and a phrase<00:29:48.000> recognizer<00:29:48.799> and<00:29:48.960> so<00:29:49.120> on<00:29:49.679> that<00:29:49.840> would 00:29:49.990 --> 00:29:50.000 align:start position:0% phrase recognizer and so on that would 00:29:50.000 --> 00:29:51.510 align:start position:0% phrase recognizer and so on that would be<00:29:50.159> able<00:29:50.320> to<00:29:50.399> recognize<00:29:50.960> certain<00:29:51.279> simple 00:29:51.510 --> 00:29:51.520 align:start position:0% be able to recognize certain simple 00:29:51.520 --> 00:29:53.590 align:start position:0% be able to recognize certain simple commands<00:29:52.000> that<00:29:52.080> we<00:29:52.240> gave<00:29:52.480> it 00:29:53.590 --> 00:29:53.600 align:start position:0% commands that we gave it 00:29:53.600 --> 00:29:55.590 align:start position:0% commands that we gave it so<00:29:53.840> he<00:29:53.919> did<00:29:54.080> work<00:29:54.320> on<00:29:54.399> that<00:29:54.640> then<00:29:54.880> later<00:29:55.440> he 00:29:55.590 --> 00:29:55.600 align:start position:0% so he did work on that then later he 00:29:55.600 --> 00:29:56.950 align:start position:0% so he did work on that then later he decided<00:29:56.080> he<00:29:56.159> wanted<00:29:56.320> to<00:29:56.399> go<00:29:56.559> to<00:29:56.640> medical 00:29:56.950 --> 00:29:56.960 align:start position:0% decided he wanted to go to medical 00:29:56.960 --> 00:29:58.549 align:start position:0% decided he wanted to go to medical school 00:29:58.549 --> 00:29:58.559 align:start position:0% school 00:29:58.559 --> 00:30:01.669 align:start position:0% school and<00:29:58.880> he<00:29:59.120> ended<00:29:59.279> up<00:29:59.440> going<00:29:59.760> to<00:30:00.159> the<00:30:00.320> sorbonne 00:30:01.669 --> 00:30:01.679 align:start position:0% and he ended up going to the sorbonne 00:30:01.679 --> 00:30:05.350 align:start position:0% and he ended up going to the sorbonne got<00:30:01.919> a<00:30:02.000> degree<00:30:02.720> french<00:30:03.200> medical<00:30:04.240> degree 00:30:05.350 --> 00:30:05.360 align:start position:0% got a degree french medical degree 00:30:05.360 --> 00:30:08.389 align:start position:0% got a degree french medical degree and<00:30:05.840> i<00:30:05.919> think<00:30:06.320> most<00:30:06.640> recently<00:30:07.200> he's<00:30:07.600> at<00:30:08.159> an 00:30:08.389 --> 00:30:08.399 align:start position:0% and i think most recently he's at an 00:30:08.399 --> 00:30:12.950 align:start position:0% and i think most recently he's at an institute<00:30:08.799> of<00:30:08.880> gerontology<00:30:09.600> at<00:30:09.679> ucla 00:30:12.950 --> 00:30:12.960 align:start position:0% 00:30:12.960 --> 00:30:14.549 align:start position:0% and<00:30:13.279> he's<00:30:13.600> available<00:30:14.000> i<00:30:14.080> mean<00:30:14.240> i<00:30:14.320> have<00:30:14.399> his 00:30:14.549 --> 00:30:14.559 align:start position:0% and he's available i mean i have his 00:30:14.559 --> 00:30:17.750 align:start position:0% and he's available i mean i have his email<00:30:14.880> address 00:30:17.750 --> 00:30:17.760 align:start position:0% 00:30:17.760 --> 00:30:19.830 align:start position:0% so<00:30:17.919> what<00:30:18.000> were<00:30:18.159> some<00:30:18.320> of<00:30:18.399> the<00:30:18.480> big<00:30:18.720> challenges 00:30:19.830 --> 00:30:19.840 align:start position:0% so what were some of the big challenges 00:30:19.840 --> 00:30:21.350 align:start position:0% so what were some of the big challenges so<00:30:20.000> let's<00:30:20.159> see<00:30:20.320> there's<00:30:20.559> other<00:30:20.720> people<00:30:21.039> too 00:30:21.350 --> 00:30:21.360 align:start position:0% so let's see there's other people too 00:30:21.360 --> 00:30:23.110 align:start position:0% so let's see there's other people too involved<00:30:21.600> so<00:30:21.760> anyway<00:30:22.080> we<00:30:22.159> built<00:30:22.399> this<00:30:22.559> thing 00:30:23.110 --> 00:30:23.120 align:start position:0% involved so anyway we built this thing 00:30:23.120 --> 00:30:24.870 align:start position:0% involved so anyway we built this thing and<00:30:23.279> we<00:30:23.440> moved<00:30:23.760> it<00:30:23.919> moved<00:30:24.159> around 00:30:24.870 --> 00:30:24.880 align:start position:0% and we moved it moved around 00:30:24.880 --> 00:30:28.389 align:start position:0% and we moved it moved around and<00:30:25.279> we<00:30:25.520> made<00:30:26.080> a<00:30:26.480> film<00:30:27.520> of<00:30:27.679> it<00:30:27.840> that's 00:30:28.389 --> 00:30:28.399 align:start position:0% and we made a film of it that's 00:30:28.399 --> 00:30:30.470 align:start position:0% and we made a film of it that's online<00:30:28.960> i<00:30:29.039> think<00:30:29.200> they<00:30:29.600> had<00:30:29.840> sections<00:30:30.240> of<00:30:30.320> it 00:30:30.470 --> 00:30:30.480 align:start position:0% online i think they had sections of it 00:30:30.480 --> 00:30:32.549 align:start position:0% online i think they had sections of it at<00:30:30.559> the<00:30:30.720> computer<00:30:31.039> history<00:30:31.279> museum 00:30:32.549 --> 00:30:32.559 align:start position:0% at the computer history museum 00:30:32.559 --> 00:30:36.630 align:start position:0% at the computer history museum and<00:30:33.039> uh<00:30:34.320> it<00:30:34.480> was<00:30:34.720> the<00:30:34.880> first 00:30:36.630 --> 00:30:36.640 align:start position:0% and uh it was the first 00:30:36.640 --> 00:30:38.710 align:start position:0% and uh it was the first controlled<00:30:37.360> robot<00:30:37.760> device<00:30:38.080> although<00:30:38.399> there 00:30:38.710 --> 00:30:38.720 align:start position:0% controlled robot device although there 00:30:38.720 --> 00:30:40.870 align:start position:0% controlled robot device although there had<00:30:39.279> it<00:30:39.360> was<00:30:39.520> preceded<00:30:40.080> by 00:30:40.870 --> 00:30:40.880 align:start position:0% had it was preceded by 00:30:40.880 --> 00:30:42.549 align:start position:0% had it was preceded by a<00:30:41.039> similar<00:30:41.360> device<00:30:41.760> at<00:30:41.840> johns<00:30:42.080> hopkins 00:30:42.549 --> 00:30:42.559 align:start position:0% a similar device at johns hopkins 00:30:42.559 --> 00:30:44.149 align:start position:0% a similar device at johns hopkins university<00:30:43.120> but<00:30:43.360> i<00:30:43.440> don't<00:30:43.600> think<00:30:43.840> it<00:30:43.919> was 00:30:44.149 --> 00:30:44.159 align:start position:0% university but i don't think it was 00:30:44.159 --> 00:30:45.990 align:start position:0% university but i don't think it was quite<00:30:44.399> as<00:30:44.480> sophisticated 00:30:45.990 --> 00:30:46.000 align:start position:0% quite as sophisticated 00:30:46.000 --> 00:30:48.710 align:start position:0% quite as sophisticated and<00:30:46.080> they<00:30:46.240> called<00:30:46.399> the<00:30:46.559> beast<00:30:48.240> it<00:30:48.320> was<00:30:48.480> more<00:30:48.640> of 00:30:48.710 --> 00:30:48.720 align:start position:0% and they called the beast it was more of 00:30:48.720 --> 00:30:51.830 align:start position:0% and they called the beast it was more of an<00:30:48.880> analog<00:30:49.360> system 00:30:51.830 --> 00:30:51.840 align:start position:0% an analog system 00:30:51.840 --> 00:30:55.190 align:start position:0% an analog system and<00:30:52.080> of<00:30:52.159> course<00:30:52.399> all<00:30:52.559> of<00:30:52.880> grey<00:30:53.120> walters<00:30:53.520> things 00:30:55.190 --> 00:30:55.200 align:start position:0% and of course all of grey walters things 00:30:55.200 --> 00:30:58.870 align:start position:0% and of course all of grey walters things um<00:30:57.679> so 00:30:58.870 --> 00:30:58.880 align:start position:0% um so 00:30:58.880 --> 00:31:02.789 align:start position:0% um so what<00:30:59.039> it<00:30:59.200> could<00:30:59.360> do<00:30:59.679> it<00:30:59.919> could<00:31:01.600> make<00:31:01.840> a<00:31:01.919> map 00:31:02.789 --> 00:31:02.799 align:start position:0% what it could do it could make a map 00:31:02.799 --> 00:31:07.430 align:start position:0% what it could do it could make a map of<00:31:02.960> its<00:31:03.360> world<00:31:05.440> it<00:31:05.600> could<00:31:05.760> use<00:31:06.000> a<00:31:06.080> map 00:31:07.430 --> 00:31:07.440 align:start position:0% of its world it could use a map 00:31:07.440 --> 00:31:09.269 align:start position:0% of its world it could use a map it<00:31:07.600> could<00:31:07.919> up<00:31:08.320> well<00:31:08.559> it<00:31:08.640> didn't<00:31:08.880> really<00:31:09.120> make 00:31:09.269 --> 00:31:09.279 align:start position:0% it could up well it didn't really make 00:31:09.279 --> 00:31:11.029 align:start position:0% it could up well it didn't really make the<00:31:09.440> map<00:31:09.679> entirely<00:31:10.159> it<00:31:10.240> could<00:31:10.399> use<00:31:10.559> a<00:31:10.640> map<00:31:10.960> and 00:31:11.029 --> 00:31:11.039 align:start position:0% the map entirely it could use a map and 00:31:11.039 --> 00:31:12.870 align:start position:0% the map entirely it could use a map and it<00:31:11.120> could<00:31:11.360> update<00:31:11.760> its<00:31:11.919> own<00:31:12.080> position<00:31:12.559> in<00:31:12.640> that 00:31:12.870 --> 00:31:12.880 align:start position:0% it could update its own position in that 00:31:12.880 --> 00:31:13.509 align:start position:0% it could update its own position in that map 00:31:13.509 --> 00:31:13.519 align:start position:0% map 00:31:13.519 --> 00:31:15.269 align:start position:0% map and<00:31:13.679> it<00:31:13.840> could<00:31:14.000> locate<00:31:14.480> objects<00:31:14.880> in<00:31:14.960> the<00:31:15.039> map 00:31:15.269 --> 00:31:15.279 align:start position:0% and it could locate objects in the map 00:31:15.279 --> 00:31:16.710 align:start position:0% and it could locate objects in the map if<00:31:15.440> there<00:31:15.600> was<00:31:15.679> a<00:31:15.760> new<00:31:16.000> object<00:31:16.320> it<00:31:16.480> could 00:31:16.710 --> 00:31:16.720 align:start position:0% if there was a new object it could 00:31:16.720 --> 00:31:17.669 align:start position:0% if there was a new object it could create<00:31:16.960> it<00:31:17.039> and<00:31:17.120> put<00:31:17.360> it 00:31:17.669 --> 00:31:17.679 align:start position:0% create it and put it 00:31:17.679 --> 00:31:21.509 align:start position:0% create it and put it at<00:31:17.840> the<00:31:17.919> right<00:31:18.240> place<00:31:19.039> in<00:31:19.200> the<00:31:19.279> world<00:31:20.320> and<00:31:20.559> so 00:31:21.509 --> 00:31:21.519 align:start position:0% at the right place in the world and so 00:31:21.519 --> 00:31:23.590 align:start position:0% at the right place in the world and so we<00:31:21.840> wanted<00:31:22.240> it<00:31:22.320> to<00:31:22.480> be<00:31:22.640> able<00:31:22.880> to<00:31:23.039> solve<00:31:23.360> certain 00:31:23.590 --> 00:31:23.600 align:start position:0% we wanted it to be able to solve certain 00:31:23.600 --> 00:31:25.990 align:start position:0% we wanted it to be able to solve certain kinds<00:31:23.840> of<00:31:24.000> problems 00:31:25.990 --> 00:31:26.000 align:start position:0% kinds of problems 00:31:26.000 --> 00:31:29.110 align:start position:0% kinds of problems we<00:31:26.159> had<00:31:26.799> two 00:31:29.110 --> 00:31:29.120 align:start position:0% 00:31:29.120 --> 00:31:32.230 align:start position:0% innovative<00:31:29.600> ideas<00:31:30.080> at<00:31:30.159> the<00:31:30.320> time<00:31:31.840> that<00:31:32.080> we 00:31:32.230 --> 00:31:32.240 align:start position:0% innovative ideas at the time that we 00:31:32.240 --> 00:31:32.789 align:start position:0% innovative ideas at the time that we wanted 00:31:32.789 --> 00:31:32.799 align:start position:0% wanted 00:31:32.799 --> 00:31:36.710 align:start position:0% wanted it<00:31:32.960> to<00:31:33.120> be<00:31:33.360> able<00:31:33.600> to<00:31:34.320> to<00:31:35.440> capitalize<00:31:36.080> on 00:31:36.710 --> 00:31:36.720 align:start position:0% it to be able to to capitalize on 00:31:36.720 --> 00:31:39.350 align:start position:0% it to be able to to capitalize on one<00:31:36.960> was<00:31:37.360> navigation<00:31:38.720> so<00:31:38.880> how<00:31:39.039> do<00:31:39.120> you<00:31:39.200> get 00:31:39.350 --> 00:31:39.360 align:start position:0% one was navigation so how do you get 00:31:39.360 --> 00:31:41.269 align:start position:0% one was navigation so how do you get from<00:31:39.519> a<00:31:39.679> to<00:31:39.840> b 00:31:41.269 --> 00:31:41.279 align:start position:0% from a to b 00:31:41.279 --> 00:31:44.070 align:start position:0% from a to b and<00:31:42.399> so<00:31:42.720> there<00:31:42.880> were<00:31:43.039> various<00:31:43.360> techniques 00:31:44.070 --> 00:31:44.080 align:start position:0% and so there were various techniques 00:31:44.080 --> 00:31:44.830 align:start position:0% and so there were various techniques that<00:31:44.320> we 00:31:44.830 --> 00:31:44.840 align:start position:0% that we 00:31:44.840 --> 00:31:48.149 align:start position:0% that we explored<00:31:46.559> some<00:31:46.720> of<00:31:46.880> which<00:31:47.200> involved 00:31:48.149 --> 00:31:48.159 align:start position:0% explored some of which involved 00:31:48.159 --> 00:31:49.909 align:start position:0% explored some of which involved most<00:31:48.399> of<00:31:48.480> which<00:31:48.799> all<00:31:48.880> of<00:31:48.960> which<00:31:49.279> involve<00:31:49.600> graph 00:31:49.909 --> 00:31:49.919 align:start position:0% most of which all of which involve graph 00:31:49.919 --> 00:31:53.269 align:start position:0% most of which all of which involve graph searching<00:31:50.880> so<00:31:51.120> if<00:31:51.279> you<00:31:51.440> could 00:31:53.269 --> 00:31:53.279 align:start position:0% searching so if you could 00:31:53.279 --> 00:31:55.750 align:start position:0% searching so if you could represent<00:31:54.080> the<00:31:54.399> points<00:31:54.799> possible<00:31:55.279> points<00:31:55.679> in 00:31:55.750 --> 00:31:55.760 align:start position:0% represent the points possible points in 00:31:55.760 --> 00:31:57.269 align:start position:0% represent the points possible points in the<00:31:55.919> space<00:31:56.320> that<00:31:56.399> you're<00:31:56.640> going 00:31:57.269 --> 00:31:57.279 align:start position:0% the space that you're going 00:31:57.279 --> 00:32:01.029 align:start position:0% the space that you're going through<00:31:57.919> as<00:31:58.159> points<00:31:58.399> in<00:31:58.559> a<00:31:58.840> graph<00:31:59.840> and<00:32:00.240> the 00:32:01.029 --> 00:32:01.039 align:start position:0% through as points in a graph and the 00:32:01.039 --> 00:32:02.789 align:start position:0% through as points in a graph and the legs<00:32:01.440> and<00:32:01.679> how<00:32:01.840> you<00:32:02.000> would<00:32:02.159> get<00:32:02.480> from<00:32:02.640> one 00:32:02.789 --> 00:32:02.799 align:start position:0% legs and how you would get from one 00:32:02.799 --> 00:32:04.789 align:start position:0% legs and how you would get from one point<00:32:03.039> to<00:32:03.200> another<00:32:03.600> as 00:32:04.789 --> 00:32:04.799 align:start position:0% point to another as 00:32:04.799 --> 00:32:06.710 align:start position:0% point to another as branches<00:32:05.279> of<00:32:05.360> that<00:32:05.600> graph<00:32:06.080> you<00:32:06.240> could<00:32:06.399> search 00:32:06.710 --> 00:32:06.720 align:start position:0% branches of that graph you could search 00:32:06.720 --> 00:32:08.070 align:start position:0% branches of that graph you could search the<00:32:06.799> graph<00:32:07.039> for<00:32:07.200> the<00:32:07.279> shortest<00:32:07.679> path<00:32:08.000> and 00:32:08.070 --> 00:32:08.080 align:start position:0% the graph for the shortest path and 00:32:08.080 --> 00:32:09.190 align:start position:0% the graph for the shortest path and there<00:32:08.320> are<00:32:08.399> various 00:32:09.190 --> 00:32:09.200 align:start position:0% there are various 00:32:09.200 --> 00:32:10.710 align:start position:0% there are various techniques<00:32:09.600> for<00:32:09.760> graph<00:32:10.080> searching<00:32:10.399> that<00:32:10.559> were 00:32:10.710 --> 00:32:10.720 align:start position:0% techniques for graph searching that were 00:32:10.720 --> 00:32:12.389 align:start position:0% techniques for graph searching that were around<00:32:11.039> at<00:32:11.120> the<00:32:11.279> time 00:32:12.389 --> 00:32:12.399 align:start position:0% around at the time 00:32:12.399 --> 00:32:14.549 align:start position:0% around at the time an<00:32:12.640> edge<00:32:12.960> yard<00:32:13.279> dijkstra<00:32:13.760> for<00:32:13.919> example<00:32:14.320> had 00:32:14.549 --> 00:32:14.559 align:start position:0% an edge yard dijkstra for example had 00:32:14.559 --> 00:32:15.750 align:start position:0% an edge yard dijkstra for example had one<00:32:14.720> of<00:32:14.799> them 00:32:15.750 --> 00:32:15.760 align:start position:0% one of them 00:32:15.760 --> 00:32:19.190 align:start position:0% one of them and<00:32:16.240> so<00:32:16.960> we<00:32:17.120> came<00:32:17.360> up<00:32:17.440> with<00:32:17.600> this<00:32:17.840> technique<00:32:18.399> of 00:32:19.190 --> 00:32:19.200 align:start position:0% and so we came up with this technique of 00:32:19.200 --> 00:32:20.789 align:start position:0% and so we came up with this technique of uh<00:32:19.600> well<00:32:19.760> there<00:32:19.919> was<00:32:20.000> another<00:32:20.559> craft 00:32:20.789 --> 00:32:20.799 align:start position:0% uh well there was another craft 00:32:20.799 --> 00:32:23.590 align:start position:0% uh well there was another craft searching<00:32:21.200> technique<00:32:21.840> uh<00:32:22.080> worked<00:32:22.399> on<00:32:22.559> by<00:32:22.799> a 00:32:23.590 --> 00:32:23.600 align:start position:0% searching technique uh worked on by a 00:32:23.600 --> 00:32:25.509 align:start position:0% searching technique uh worked on by a team<00:32:23.919> at<00:32:24.240> the<00:32:24.480> university<00:32:24.880> of<00:32:25.039> edinburgh 00:32:25.509 --> 00:32:25.519 align:start position:0% team at the university of edinburgh 00:32:25.519 --> 00:32:26.950 align:start position:0% team at the university of edinburgh under<00:32:25.840> donald<00:32:26.159> mickey 00:32:26.950 --> 00:32:26.960 align:start position:0% under donald mickey 00:32:26.960 --> 00:32:29.990 align:start position:0% under donald mickey called<00:32:27.200> the<00:32:27.360> graph<00:32:27.600> traverser<00:32:28.880> and<00:32:29.039> they<00:32:29.279> use 00:32:29.990 --> 00:32:30.000 align:start position:0% called the graph traverser and they use 00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:32.630 align:start position:0% called the graph traverser and they use heuristic<00:32:30.640> estimates<00:32:31.200> essentially<00:32:32.399> for 00:32:32.630 --> 00:32:32.640 align:start position:0% heuristic estimates essentially for 00:32:32.640 --> 00:32:34.230 align:start position:0% heuristic estimates essentially for deciding<00:32:33.200> which 00:32:34.230 --> 00:32:34.240 align:start position:0% deciding which 00:32:34.240 --> 00:32:36.470 align:start position:0% deciding which place<00:32:34.559> you<00:32:34.720> ought<00:32:34.880> to<00:32:35.039> look<00:32:35.279> for<00:32:35.600> first<00:32:36.000> as<00:32:36.159> a 00:32:36.470 --> 00:32:36.480 align:start position:0% place you ought to look for first as a 00:32:36.480 --> 00:32:37.430 align:start position:0% place you ought to look for first as a as<00:32:36.640> a<00:32:36.720> way<00:32:36.960> as 00:32:37.430 --> 00:32:37.440 align:start position:0% as a way as 00:32:37.440 --> 00:32:40.710 align:start position:0% as a way as a<00:32:37.519> possible<00:32:38.000> path<00:32:39.039> and<00:32:39.200> we<00:32:39.840> modified<00:32:40.399> that<00:32:40.640> a 00:32:40.710 --> 00:32:40.720 align:start position:0% a possible path and we modified that a 00:32:40.720 --> 00:32:41.350 align:start position:0% a possible path and we modified that a bit 00:32:41.350 --> 00:32:41.360 align:start position:0% bit 00:32:41.360 --> 00:32:44.950 align:start position:0% bit by<00:32:41.600> saying<00:32:41.919> well<00:32:42.720> the<00:32:43.600> you<00:32:43.760> could<00:32:43.919> score 00:32:44.950 --> 00:32:44.960 align:start position:0% by saying well the you could score 00:32:44.960 --> 00:32:46.870 align:start position:0% by saying well the you could score the<00:32:45.120> different<00:32:45.840> places<00:32:46.240> that<00:32:46.399> you<00:32:46.559> ought<00:32:46.799> to 00:32:46.870 --> 00:32:46.880 align:start position:0% the different places that you ought to 00:32:46.880 --> 00:32:48.310 align:start position:0% the different places that you ought to look<00:32:47.039> at<00:32:47.279> next 00:32:48.310 --> 00:32:48.320 align:start position:0% look at next 00:32:48.320 --> 00:32:51.430 align:start position:0% look at next by<00:32:48.720> what<00:32:48.880> we<00:32:49.039> call<00:32:49.279> a<00:32:50.880> a 00:32:51.430 --> 00:32:51.440 align:start position:0% by what we call a a 00:32:51.440 --> 00:32:54.470 align:start position:0% by what we call a a value<00:32:51.919> function<00:32:53.200> and<00:32:53.440> the<00:32:53.519> value<00:32:53.919> function 00:32:54.470 --> 00:32:54.480 align:start position:0% value function and the value function 00:32:54.480 --> 00:32:56.789 align:start position:0% value function and the value function should<00:32:54.720> consist<00:32:55.120> of<00:32:55.200> two<00:32:55.440> parts<00:32:55.760> we<00:32:55.919> thought 00:32:56.789 --> 00:32:56.799 align:start position:0% should consist of two parts we thought 00:32:56.799 --> 00:32:57.590 align:start position:0% should consist of two parts we thought one<00:32:57.200> part 00:32:57.590 --> 00:32:57.600 align:start position:0% one part 00:32:57.600 --> 00:33:00.870 align:start position:0% one part was<00:32:58.320> how<00:32:59.279> long<00:32:59.600> was<00:32:59.840> the<00:33:00.000> path 00:33:00.870 --> 00:33:00.880 align:start position:0% was how long was the path 00:33:00.880 --> 00:33:03.029 align:start position:0% was how long was the path from<00:33:01.120> the<00:33:01.279> start<00:33:01.760> to<00:33:02.000> the<00:33:02.559> place<00:33:02.799> you<00:33:02.960> were 00:33:03.029 --> 00:33:03.039 align:start position:0% from the start to the place you were 00:33:03.039 --> 00:33:03.990 align:start position:0% from the start to the place you were considering 00:33:03.990 --> 00:33:04.000 align:start position:0% considering 00:33:04.000 --> 00:33:06.389 align:start position:0% considering that<00:33:04.159> you<00:33:04.320> had<00:33:04.480> gone<00:33:04.799> so<00:33:04.960> far<00:33:05.679> the<00:33:05.840> next<00:33:06.159> part 00:33:06.389 --> 00:33:06.399 align:start position:0% that you had gone so far the next part 00:33:06.399 --> 00:33:07.190 align:start position:0% that you had gone so far the next part was 00:33:07.190 --> 00:33:07.200 align:start position:0% was 00:33:07.200 --> 00:33:10.470 align:start position:0% was how<00:33:07.519> far<00:33:08.240> the<00:33:08.480> goal<00:33:08.799> was<00:33:09.679> what's<00:33:09.840> your<00:33:10.080> guess 00:33:10.470 --> 00:33:10.480 align:start position:0% how far the goal was what's your guess 00:33:10.480 --> 00:33:13.269 align:start position:0% how far the goal was what's your guess of<00:33:10.559> how<00:33:10.799> far<00:33:10.960> the<00:33:11.039> goal<00:33:11.279> was<00:33:11.600> from<00:33:11.760> there<00:33:12.640> and 00:33:13.269 --> 00:33:13.279 align:start position:0% of how far the goal was from there and 00:33:13.279 --> 00:33:15.029 align:start position:0% of how far the goal was from there and well<00:33:13.600> you<00:33:13.760> don't<00:33:13.919> know<00:33:14.080> how<00:33:14.320> far<00:33:14.480> the<00:33:14.559> goal<00:33:14.799> was 00:33:15.029 --> 00:33:15.039 align:start position:0% well you don't know how far the goal was 00:33:15.039 --> 00:33:16.710 align:start position:0% well you don't know how far the goal was until<00:33:15.200> you<00:33:15.360> actually<00:33:15.679> complete<00:33:16.000> the<00:33:16.080> path 00:33:16.710 --> 00:33:16.720 align:start position:0% until you actually complete the path 00:33:16.720 --> 00:33:18.389 align:start position:0% until you actually complete the path but<00:33:16.880> you<00:33:17.039> can<00:33:17.120> make<00:33:17.279> an<00:33:17.440> estimate<00:33:17.919> based<00:33:18.240> on 00:33:18.389 --> 00:33:18.399 align:start position:0% but you can make an estimate based on 00:33:18.399 --> 00:33:19.830 align:start position:0% but you can make an estimate based on what<00:33:18.559> we<00:33:18.720> thought<00:33:18.960> the<00:33:19.039> airline<00:33:19.440> distance 00:33:19.830 --> 00:33:19.840 align:start position:0% what we thought the airline distance 00:33:19.840 --> 00:33:20.389 align:start position:0% what we thought the airline distance would<00:33:20.000> be 00:33:20.389 --> 00:33:20.399 align:start position:0% would be 00:33:20.399 --> 00:33:23.350 align:start position:0% would be so<00:33:20.640> the<00:33:20.720> euclidean<00:33:21.279> distance<00:33:22.240> of<00:33:22.399> the<00:33:22.559> path 00:33:23.350 --> 00:33:23.360 align:start position:0% so the euclidean distance of the path 00:33:23.360 --> 00:33:24.470 align:start position:0% so the euclidean distance of the path and 00:33:24.470 --> 00:33:24.480 align:start position:0% and 00:33:24.480 --> 00:33:27.110 align:start position:0% and so<00:33:24.720> we<00:33:25.120> used<00:33:25.440> that<00:33:25.840> as<00:33:26.240> the<00:33:26.640> heuristic 00:33:27.110 --> 00:33:27.120 align:start position:0% so we used that as the heuristic 00:33:27.120 --> 00:33:28.470 align:start position:0% so we used that as the heuristic function<00:33:27.519> we<00:33:27.679> called<00:33:28.000> it 00:33:28.470 --> 00:33:28.480 align:start position:0% function we called it 00:33:28.480 --> 00:33:30.310 align:start position:0% function we called it and<00:33:28.720> used<00:33:28.960> that<00:33:29.200> in<00:33:29.360> an<00:33:29.519> algorithm<00:33:30.000> that<00:33:30.080> we 00:33:30.310 --> 00:33:30.320 align:start position:0% and used that in an algorithm that we 00:33:30.320 --> 00:33:32.149 align:start position:0% and used that in an algorithm that we called<00:33:30.640> a<00:33:30.880> star 00:33:32.149 --> 00:33:32.159 align:start position:0% called a star 00:33:32.159 --> 00:33:35.269 align:start position:0% called a star star<00:33:32.480> was<00:33:32.720> a<00:33:32.799> little<00:33:33.039> asterisk<00:33:33.600> after<00:33:33.840> the<00:33:34.000> a 00:33:35.269 --> 00:33:35.279 align:start position:0% star was a little asterisk after the a 00:33:35.279 --> 00:33:37.830 align:start position:0% star was a little asterisk after the a in<00:33:35.440> electrical<00:33:35.919> engineering<00:33:36.399> very<00:33:36.720> often 00:33:37.830 --> 00:33:37.840 align:start position:0% in electrical engineering very often 00:33:37.840 --> 00:33:39.509 align:start position:0% in electrical engineering very often optimal 00:33:39.509 --> 00:33:39.519 align:start position:0% optimal 00:33:39.519 --> 00:33:41.669 align:start position:0% optimal methods<00:33:40.159> had<00:33:40.320> a<00:33:40.399> little<00:33:41.200> that<00:33:41.360> little 00:33:41.669 --> 00:33:41.679 align:start position:0% methods had a little that little 00:33:41.679 --> 00:33:43.029 align:start position:0% methods had a little that little asterisk<00:33:42.240> after<00:33:42.559> them 00:33:43.029 --> 00:33:43.039 align:start position:0% asterisk after them 00:33:43.039 --> 00:33:45.509 align:start position:0% asterisk after them optimal<00:33:43.519> estimates<00:33:44.640> so<00:33:44.799> we<00:33:44.880> said<00:33:45.039> okay<00:33:45.360> we'll 00:33:45.509 --> 00:33:45.519 align:start position:0% optimal estimates so we said okay we'll 00:33:45.519 --> 00:33:47.029 align:start position:0% optimal estimates so we said okay we'll call<00:33:45.679> it<00:33:45.840> a<00:33:45.919> star 00:33:47.029 --> 00:33:47.039 align:start position:0% call it a star 00:33:47.039 --> 00:33:50.389 align:start position:0% call it a star and<00:33:48.399> we<00:33:48.559> were<00:33:48.799> able<00:33:48.960> to<00:33:49.039> prove<00:33:49.840> that<00:33:50.080> if<00:33:50.240> the 00:33:50.389 --> 00:33:50.399 align:start position:0% and we were able to prove that if the 00:33:50.399 --> 00:33:53.110 align:start position:0% and we were able to prove that if the heuristic<00:33:51.039> estimate<00:33:51.760> was 00:33:53.110 --> 00:33:53.120 align:start position:0% heuristic estimate was 00:33:53.120 --> 00:33:55.350 align:start position:0% heuristic estimate was not<00:33:53.360> any<00:33:53.600> greater<00:33:54.480> than<00:33:54.640> what<00:33:54.799> the<00:33:54.960> actual 00:33:55.350 --> 00:33:55.360 align:start position:0% not any greater than what the actual 00:33:55.360 --> 00:33:57.350 align:start position:0% not any greater than what the actual path<00:33:55.600> length<00:33:55.840> would<00:33:56.000> be 00:33:57.350 --> 00:33:57.360 align:start position:0% path length would be 00:33:57.360 --> 00:33:59.830 align:start position:0% path length would be that<00:33:57.519> you<00:33:57.600> would<00:33:57.840> soon<00:33:58.080> discover<00:33:59.519> then<00:33:59.679> you 00:33:59.830 --> 00:33:59.840 align:start position:0% that you would soon discover then you 00:33:59.840 --> 00:34:02.070 align:start position:0% that you would soon discover then you could<00:34:00.000> prove<00:34:00.399> that<00:34:00.559> that<00:34:00.720> particular<00:34:01.279> method 00:34:02.070 --> 00:34:02.080 align:start position:0% could prove that that particular method 00:34:02.080 --> 00:34:03.990 align:start position:0% could prove that that particular method would<00:34:02.320> in<00:34:02.480> fact<00:34:02.799> find<00:34:03.039> the<00:34:03.200> shortest<00:34:03.600> path<00:34:03.919> as 00:34:03.990 --> 00:34:04.000 align:start position:0% would in fact find the shortest path as 00:34:04.000 --> 00:34:06.070 align:start position:0% would in fact find the shortest path as soon<00:34:04.159> as<00:34:04.320> it<00:34:04.799> found<00:34:05.039> the<00:34:05.200> goal 00:34:06.070 --> 00:34:06.080 align:start position:0% soon as it found the goal 00:34:06.080 --> 00:34:08.470 align:start position:0% soon as it found the goal and<00:34:06.640> it<00:34:06.799> turned<00:34:07.120> out<00:34:07.200> that<00:34:07.840> the<00:34:08.000> goal<00:34:08.240> was<00:34:08.399> the 00:34:08.470 --> 00:34:08.480 align:start position:0% and it turned out that the goal was the 00:34:08.480 --> 00:34:09.909 align:start position:0% and it turned out that the goal was the next<00:34:08.720> place<00:34:08.960> that<00:34:09.119> you<00:34:09.280> should 00:34:09.909 --> 00:34:09.919 align:start position:0% next place that you should 00:34:09.919 --> 00:34:13.750 align:start position:0% next place that you should look<00:34:10.159> at<00:34:11.440> that<00:34:11.599> would<00:34:11.760> be<00:34:11.919> the<00:34:12.000> shortest<00:34:12.320> path 00:34:13.750 --> 00:34:13.760 align:start position:0% look at that would be the shortest path 00:34:13.760 --> 00:34:15.669 align:start position:0% look at that would be the shortest path and<00:34:14.240> you<00:34:14.399> could<00:34:14.560> generalize<00:34:15.119> it<00:34:15.200> to<00:34:15.359> at<00:34:15.440> least 00:34:15.669 --> 00:34:15.679 align:start position:0% and you could generalize it to at least 00:34:15.679 --> 00:34:17.750 align:start position:0% and you could generalize it to at least costly<00:34:16.079> paths<00:34:16.399> doesn't<00:34:16.720> have<00:34:16.800> to<00:34:16.879> be<00:34:17.040> distance 00:34:17.750 --> 00:34:17.760 align:start position:0% costly paths doesn't have to be distance 00:34:17.760 --> 00:34:19.589 align:start position:0% costly paths doesn't have to be distance any<00:34:18.240> any<00:34:18.480> kind<00:34:18.560> of<00:34:18.639> cost<00:34:18.960> function<00:34:19.280> could<00:34:19.440> be 00:34:19.589 --> 00:34:19.599 align:start position:0% any any kind of cost function could be 00:34:19.599 --> 00:34:20.950 align:start position:0% any any kind of cost function could be put<00:34:19.760> on<00:34:20.000> it 00:34:20.950 --> 00:34:20.960 align:start position:0% put on it 00:34:20.960 --> 00:34:22.550 align:start position:0% put on it it<00:34:21.119> turned<00:34:21.440> out<00:34:21.599> that<00:34:21.760> that<00:34:22.000> particular 00:34:22.550 --> 00:34:22.560 align:start position:0% it turned out that that particular 00:34:22.560 --> 00:34:24.710 align:start position:0% it turned out that that particular method<00:34:23.040> is<00:34:23.520> currently<00:34:23.839> used<00:34:24.079> in<00:34:24.240> all<00:34:24.320> kinds<00:34:24.560> of 00:34:24.710 --> 00:34:24.720 align:start position:0% method is currently used in all kinds of 00:34:24.720 --> 00:34:25.909 align:start position:0% method is currently used in all kinds of applications 00:34:25.909 --> 00:34:25.919 align:start position:0% applications 00:34:25.919 --> 00:34:28.230 align:start position:0% applications and<00:34:26.159> is<00:34:26.320> the<00:34:26.399> basis<00:34:26.800> for<00:34:27.040> some<00:34:27.200> of<00:34:27.280> the<00:34:27.919> map 00:34:28.230 --> 00:34:28.240 align:start position:0% and is the basis for some of the map 00:34:28.240 --> 00:34:30.710 align:start position:0% and is the basis for some of the map searching<00:34:28.639> applications<00:34:29.280> that<00:34:29.440> google<00:34:29.839> and 00:34:30.710 --> 00:34:30.720 align:start position:0% searching applications that google and 00:34:30.720 --> 00:34:33.349 align:start position:0% searching applications that google and mapquest<00:34:31.280> and<00:34:31.359> some<00:34:31.520> of<00:34:31.599> the<00:34:31.760> others<00:34:32.000> use 00:34:33.349 --> 00:34:33.359 align:start position:0% mapquest and some of the others use 00:34:33.359 --> 00:34:35.030 align:start position:0% mapquest and some of the others use unfortunately<00:34:33.919> you<00:34:34.000> couldn't<00:34:34.320> patent<00:34:34.720> things 00:34:35.030 --> 00:34:35.040 align:start position:0% unfortunately you couldn't patent things 00:34:35.040 --> 00:34:36.710 align:start position:0% unfortunately you couldn't patent things in<00:34:35.200> those<00:34:35.440> days 00:34:36.710 --> 00:34:36.720 align:start position:0% in those days 00:34:36.720 --> 00:34:38.550 align:start position:0% in those days and<00:34:36.879> so<00:34:37.040> we<00:34:37.200> didn't<00:34:37.520> we<00:34:37.679> don't<00:34:37.919> get<00:34:38.079> a<00:34:38.240> tenth<00:34:38.480> of 00:34:38.550 --> 00:34:38.560 align:start position:0% and so we didn't we don't get a tenth of 00:34:38.560 --> 00:34:42.389 align:start position:0% and so we didn't we don't get a tenth of a<00:34:38.639> cent<00:34:38.960> for<00:34:39.119> every<00:34:39.359> time<00:34:39.599> anybody<00:34:40.000> uses<00:34:40.320> it 00:34:42.389 --> 00:34:42.399 align:start position:0% a cent for every time anybody uses it 00:34:42.399 --> 00:34:45.750 align:start position:0% a cent for every time anybody uses it i<00:34:42.480> use<00:34:42.720> it<00:34:42.800> to<00:34:42.960> get<00:34:43.119> here<00:34:44.000> probably<00:34:44.399> yeah<00:34:45.280> um 00:34:45.750 --> 00:34:45.760 align:start position:0% i use it to get here probably yeah um 00:34:45.760 --> 00:34:50.069 align:start position:0% i use it to get here probably yeah um did<00:34:45.919> it<00:34:46.839> work 00:34:50.069 --> 00:34:50.079 align:start position:0% 00:34:50.079 --> 00:34:52.389 align:start position:0% so<00:34:50.320> that<00:34:50.480> was<00:34:50.639> one<00:34:50.879> thing<00:34:51.280> the<00:34:51.440> next<00:34:51.679> thing<00:34:51.919> was 00:34:52.389 --> 00:34:52.399 align:start position:0% so that was one thing the next thing was 00:34:52.399 --> 00:34:54.149 align:start position:0% so that was one thing the next thing was well<00:34:52.639> we<00:34:52.800> were<00:34:52.960> interested<00:34:53.440> not<00:34:53.679> only<00:34:54.000> in 00:34:54.149 --> 00:34:54.159 align:start position:0% well we were interested not only in 00:34:54.159 --> 00:34:55.909 align:start position:0% well we were interested not only in navigating<00:34:54.879> through<00:34:55.119> a<00:34:55.280> space 00:34:55.909 --> 00:34:55.919 align:start position:0% navigating through a space 00:34:55.919 --> 00:34:59.270 align:start position:0% navigating through a space a<00:34:56.079> geometric<00:34:56.720> space<00:34:58.240> the<00:34:58.400> laboratory<00:34:58.960> that<00:34:59.119> we 00:34:59.270 --> 00:34:59.280 align:start position:0% a geometric space the laboratory that we 00:34:59.280 --> 00:35:00.310 align:start position:0% a geometric space the laboratory that we had 00:35:00.310 --> 00:35:00.320 align:start position:0% had 00:35:00.320 --> 00:35:01.750 align:start position:0% had but<00:35:00.480> we<00:35:00.640> were<00:35:00.800> also<00:35:01.200> interested<00:35:01.599> in 00:35:01.750 --> 00:35:01.760 align:start position:0% but we were also interested in 00:35:01.760 --> 00:35:03.510 align:start position:0% but we were also interested in navigating<00:35:02.320> through<00:35:02.560> sort<00:35:02.720> of<00:35:02.800> a<00:35:02.880> conceptual 00:35:03.510 --> 00:35:03.520 align:start position:0% navigating through sort of a conceptual 00:35:03.520 --> 00:35:04.230 align:start position:0% navigating through sort of a conceptual space 00:35:04.230 --> 00:35:04.240 align:start position:0% space 00:35:04.240 --> 00:35:05.750 align:start position:0% space if<00:35:04.400> you're<00:35:04.560> trying<00:35:04.800> to<00:35:04.960> achieve<00:35:05.280> a<00:35:05.359> certain 00:35:05.750 --> 00:35:05.760 align:start position:0% if you're trying to achieve a certain 00:35:05.760 --> 00:35:08.230 align:start position:0% if you're trying to achieve a certain goal<00:35:06.560> which<00:35:06.800> could<00:35:07.040> be<00:35:07.200> stated<00:35:07.599> in<00:35:07.760> a<00:35:07.839> special 00:35:08.230 --> 00:35:08.240 align:start position:0% goal which could be stated in a special 00:35:08.240 --> 00:35:10.470 align:start position:0% goal which could be stated in a special language<00:35:08.640> we<00:35:08.800> used<00:35:09.200> uh<00:35:09.440> logic 00:35:10.470 --> 00:35:10.480 align:start position:0% language we used uh logic 00:35:10.480 --> 00:35:13.990 align:start position:0% language we used uh logic um<00:35:11.200> what's<00:35:11.520> the<00:35:12.000> and<00:35:12.240> and<00:35:12.400> you<00:35:12.560> had<00:35:12.880> certain 00:35:13.990 --> 00:35:14.000 align:start position:0% um what's the and and you had certain 00:35:14.000 --> 00:35:17.589 align:start position:0% um what's the and and you had certain uh<00:35:14.640> actions<00:35:15.200> you<00:35:15.359> would<00:35:16.079> perform 00:35:17.589 --> 00:35:17.599 align:start position:0% uh actions you would perform 00:35:17.599 --> 00:35:20.790 align:start position:0% uh actions you would perform that<00:35:18.160> were<00:35:18.400> advertised<00:35:19.119> to<00:35:19.680> achieve 00:35:20.790 --> 00:35:20.800 align:start position:0% that were advertised to achieve 00:35:20.800 --> 00:35:23.349 align:start position:0% that were advertised to achieve certain<00:35:21.359> subsidiary<00:35:22.079> goals<00:35:22.800> how<00:35:22.960> could<00:35:23.200> you 00:35:23.349 --> 00:35:23.359 align:start position:0% certain subsidiary goals how could you 00:35:23.359 --> 00:35:25.109 align:start position:0% certain subsidiary goals how could you string<00:35:23.599> these<00:35:23.839> actions<00:35:24.320> together 00:35:25.109 --> 00:35:25.119 align:start position:0% string these actions together 00:35:25.119 --> 00:35:27.270 align:start position:0% string these actions together into<00:35:25.359> a<00:35:25.520> path<00:35:26.320> which<00:35:26.560> would<00:35:26.720> take<00:35:26.960> you<00:35:27.119> from 00:35:27.270 --> 00:35:27.280 align:start position:0% into a path which would take you from 00:35:27.280 --> 00:35:29.030 align:start position:0% into a path which would take you from your<00:35:27.520> present<00:35:27.839> position 00:35:29.030 --> 00:35:29.040 align:start position:0% your present position 00:35:29.040 --> 00:35:31.270 align:start position:0% your present position to<00:35:29.280> achieving<00:35:29.680> the<00:35:29.760> goal<00:35:30.560> not<00:35:30.800> necessarily 00:35:31.270 --> 00:35:31.280 align:start position:0% to achieving the goal not necessarily 00:35:31.280 --> 00:35:32.710 align:start position:0% to achieving the goal not necessarily the<00:35:31.359> goal<00:35:31.599> of<00:35:31.680> being<00:35:31.920> at<00:35:32.000> a<00:35:32.079> certain<00:35:32.320> place<00:35:32.560> but 00:35:32.710 --> 00:35:32.720 align:start position:0% the goal of being at a certain place but 00:35:32.720 --> 00:35:34.230 align:start position:0% the goal of being at a certain place but a<00:35:32.800> goal<00:35:33.040> of<00:35:33.119> having<00:35:33.440> a<00:35:33.520> certain 00:35:34.230 --> 00:35:34.240 align:start position:0% a goal of having a certain 00:35:34.240 --> 00:35:37.109 align:start position:0% a goal of having a certain combination<00:35:34.880> of<00:35:34.960> things<00:35:35.280> satisfied<00:35:36.720> and<00:35:36.880> that 00:35:37.109 --> 00:35:37.119 align:start position:0% combination of things satisfied and that 00:35:37.119 --> 00:35:38.150 align:start position:0% combination of things satisfied and that led<00:35:37.359> to<00:35:37.599> a 00:35:38.150 --> 00:35:38.160 align:start position:0% led to a 00:35:38.160 --> 00:35:40.870 align:start position:0% led to a program<00:35:38.560> that<00:35:38.720> we<00:35:38.880> call<00:35:39.200> strips<00:35:40.320> which<00:35:40.560> was<00:35:40.720> an 00:35:40.870 --> 00:35:40.880 align:start position:0% program that we call strips which was an 00:35:40.880 --> 00:35:41.670 align:start position:0% program that we call strips which was an acronym<00:35:41.359> for 00:35:41.670 --> 00:35:41.680 align:start position:0% acronym for 00:35:41.680 --> 00:35:44.030 align:start position:0% acronym for stanford<00:35:43.359> uh 00:35:44.030 --> 00:35:44.040 align:start position:0% stanford uh 00:35:44.040 --> 00:35:47.030 align:start position:0% stanford uh [Music] 00:35:47.030 --> 00:35:47.040 align:start position:0% [Music] 00:35:47.040 --> 00:35:50.950 align:start position:0% [Music] stanford<00:35:49.760> research<00:35:50.160> institute<00:35:50.640> problem 00:35:50.950 --> 00:35:50.960 align:start position:0% stanford research institute problem 00:35:50.960 --> 00:35:54.710 align:start position:0% stanford research institute problem solver 00:35:54.710 --> 00:35:54.720 align:start position:0% 00:35:54.720 --> 00:35:57.990 align:start position:0% and<00:35:54.960> so<00:35:55.359> it<00:35:57.359> was<00:35:57.599> used 00:35:57.990 --> 00:35:58.000 align:start position:0% and so it was used 00:35:58.000 --> 00:35:59.190 align:start position:0% and so it was used as<00:35:58.240> the<00:35:58.400> problem<00:35:58.720> is<00:35:58.800> the<00:35:58.880> main 00:35:59.190 --> 00:35:59.200 align:start position:0% as the problem is the main 00:35:59.200 --> 00:36:01.030 align:start position:0% as the problem is the main problem-solving<00:35:59.839> device<00:36:00.560> so 00:36:01.030 --> 00:36:01.040 align:start position:0% problem-solving device so 00:36:01.040 --> 00:36:02.870 align:start position:0% problem-solving device so one<00:36:01.280> of<00:36:01.359> the<00:36:01.520> key<00:36:01.760> developments<00:36:02.320> i<00:36:02.480> think<00:36:02.720> out 00:36:02.870 --> 00:36:02.880 align:start position:0% one of the key developments i think out 00:36:02.880 --> 00:36:04.150 align:start position:0% one of the key developments i think out of<00:36:03.040> it<00:36:03.520> besides 00:36:04.150 --> 00:36:04.160 align:start position:0% of it besides 00:36:04.160 --> 00:36:06.150 align:start position:0% of it besides the<00:36:04.320> a-star<00:36:04.880> and<00:36:04.960> the<00:36:05.040> strips<00:36:05.440> algorithm<00:36:06.000> we 00:36:06.150 --> 00:36:06.160 align:start position:0% the a-star and the strips algorithm we 00:36:06.160 --> 00:36:08.470 align:start position:0% the a-star and the strips algorithm we had<00:36:06.320> a<00:36:06.320> lot<00:36:06.480> of<00:36:06.640> other<00:36:06.800> algorithms<00:36:07.280> for<00:36:07.520> vision 00:36:08.470 --> 00:36:08.480 align:start position:0% had a lot of other algorithms for vision 00:36:08.480 --> 00:36:11.990 align:start position:0% had a lot of other algorithms for vision processing<00:36:09.200> scenes<00:36:10.320> doing<00:36:10.640> line<00:36:10.960> finding 00:36:11.990 --> 00:36:12.000 align:start position:0% processing scenes doing line finding 00:36:12.000 --> 00:36:13.510 align:start position:0% processing scenes doing line finding although<00:36:12.320> other<00:36:12.480> people<00:36:12.800> working<00:36:13.200> on<00:36:13.280> these 00:36:13.510 --> 00:36:13.520 align:start position:0% although other people working on these 00:36:13.520 --> 00:36:15.349 align:start position:0% although other people working on these problems<00:36:13.920> also<00:36:14.240> at<00:36:14.400> stanford 00:36:15.349 --> 00:36:15.359 align:start position:0% problems also at stanford 00:36:15.359 --> 00:36:19.349 align:start position:0% problems also at stanford and<00:36:15.599> at<00:36:15.760> mit<00:36:17.599> but<00:36:18.240> one<00:36:18.400> of<00:36:18.480> the<00:36:18.640> things<00:36:18.960> besides 00:36:19.349 --> 00:36:19.359 align:start position:0% and at mit but one of the things besides 00:36:19.359 --> 00:36:21.349 align:start position:0% and at mit but one of the things besides strips<00:36:19.839> and<00:36:20.000> a-star<00:36:20.480> and<00:36:20.560> the<00:36:20.640> vision<00:36:21.040> things 00:36:21.349 --> 00:36:21.359 align:start position:0% strips and a-star and the vision things 00:36:21.359 --> 00:36:21.910 align:start position:0% strips and a-star and the vision things was 00:36:21.910 --> 00:36:21.920 align:start position:0% was 00:36:21.920 --> 00:36:23.430 align:start position:0% was putting<00:36:22.240> together<00:36:22.640> the<00:36:22.800> architecture<00:36:23.359> in 00:36:23.430 --> 00:36:23.440 align:start position:0% putting together the architecture in 00:36:23.440 --> 00:36:25.190 align:start position:0% putting together the architecture in what<00:36:23.599> we<00:36:23.760> call<00:36:23.920> a<00:36:24.079> three-level 00:36:25.190 --> 00:36:25.200 align:start position:0% what we call a three-level 00:36:25.200 --> 00:36:26.790 align:start position:0% what we call a three-level layer<00:36:25.520> architecture<00:36:26.079> which<00:36:26.320> is<00:36:26.480> currently 00:36:26.790 --> 00:36:26.800 align:start position:0% layer architecture which is currently 00:36:26.800 --> 00:36:29.030 align:start position:0% layer architecture which is currently used<00:36:27.040> in<00:36:27.119> a<00:36:27.119> lot<00:36:27.280> of<00:36:27.359> robotic<00:36:27.920> systems<00:36:28.240> today 00:36:29.030 --> 00:36:29.040 align:start position:0% used in a lot of robotic systems today 00:36:29.040 --> 00:36:30.710 align:start position:0% used in a lot of robotic systems today at<00:36:29.200> the<00:36:29.280> bottom<00:36:29.599> level<00:36:30.160> were<00:36:30.320> some<00:36:30.480> of<00:36:30.640> the 00:36:30.710 --> 00:36:30.720 align:start position:0% at the bottom level were some of the 00:36:30.720 --> 00:36:32.550 align:start position:0% at the bottom level were some of the very<00:36:30.880> basic<00:36:31.280> motor<00:36:31.599> functions 00:36:32.550 --> 00:36:32.560 align:start position:0% very basic motor functions 00:36:32.560 --> 00:36:34.710 align:start position:0% very basic motor functions which<00:36:33.280> really<00:36:33.520> sort<00:36:33.760> of<00:36:33.839> programmed<00:36:34.400> into<00:36:34.640> the 00:36:34.710 --> 00:36:34.720 align:start position:0% which really sort of programmed into the 00:36:34.720 --> 00:36:36.550 align:start position:0% which really sort of programmed into the robot<00:36:35.200> you<00:36:35.359> didn't<00:36:35.599> have<00:36:35.680> a<00:36:35.760> lot<00:36:35.920> of 00:36:36.550 --> 00:36:36.560 align:start position:0% robot you didn't have a lot of 00:36:36.560 --> 00:36:39.109 align:start position:0% robot you didn't have a lot of control<00:36:37.040> over<00:36:37.280> how<00:36:38.480> they<00:36:38.640> were<00:36:38.800> going<00:36:38.880> to<00:36:38.960> be 00:36:39.109 --> 00:36:39.119 align:start position:0% control over how they were going to be 00:36:39.119 --> 00:36:40.069 align:start position:0% control over how they were going to be modified 00:36:40.069 --> 00:36:40.079 align:start position:0% modified 00:36:40.079 --> 00:36:41.670 align:start position:0% modified uh<00:36:40.240> they<00:36:40.400> were<00:36:40.560> the<00:36:40.720> basic<00:36:41.040> things<00:36:41.280> the<00:36:41.359> robot 00:36:41.670 --> 00:36:41.680 align:start position:0% uh they were the basic things the robot 00:36:41.680 --> 00:36:43.270 align:start position:0% uh they were the basic things the robot could<00:36:41.839> do<00:36:42.079> move<00:36:42.320> forward 00:36:43.270 --> 00:36:43.280 align:start position:0% could do move forward 00:36:43.280 --> 00:36:47.910 align:start position:0% could do move forward move<00:36:43.520> left<00:36:44.079> tilt<00:36:44.320> the<00:36:44.640> camera<00:36:46.240> pan<00:36:46.480> the<00:36:46.640> camera 00:36:47.910 --> 00:36:47.920 align:start position:0% move left tilt the camera pan the camera 00:36:47.920 --> 00:36:50.470 align:start position:0% move left tilt the camera pan the camera and<00:36:48.320> um<00:36:48.960> then<00:36:49.119> we<00:36:49.280> had<00:36:49.599> in<00:36:49.760> addition<00:36:50.079> to<00:36:50.160> that 00:36:50.470 --> 00:36:50.480 align:start position:0% and um then we had in addition to that 00:36:50.480 --> 00:36:52.069 align:start position:0% and um then we had in addition to that at<00:36:50.640> one<00:36:50.880> level<00:36:51.200> higher 00:36:52.069 --> 00:36:52.079 align:start position:0% at one level higher 00:36:52.079 --> 00:36:53.670 align:start position:0% at one level higher a<00:36:52.320> level<00:36:52.560> that<00:36:52.720> we<00:36:52.880> call<00:36:53.040> the<00:36:53.200> intermediate 00:36:53.670 --> 00:36:53.680 align:start position:0% a level that we call the intermediate 00:36:53.680 --> 00:36:55.109 align:start position:0% a level that we call the intermediate level<00:36:54.000> actions 00:36:55.109 --> 00:36:55.119 align:start position:0% level actions 00:36:55.119 --> 00:36:57.510 align:start position:0% level actions the<00:36:55.200> intermediate<00:36:55.680> level<00:36:56.079> actions<00:36:56.880> were<00:36:57.119> ways 00:36:57.510 --> 00:36:57.520 align:start position:0% the intermediate level actions were ways 00:36:57.520 --> 00:36:58.390 align:start position:0% the intermediate level actions were ways of<00:36:57.760> stringing 00:36:58.390 --> 00:36:58.400 align:start position:0% of stringing 00:36:58.400 --> 00:37:01.589 align:start position:0% of stringing those<00:36:59.359> basic<00:36:59.839> motor<00:37:00.160> functions<00:37:00.640> together 00:37:01.589 --> 00:37:01.599 align:start position:0% those basic motor functions together 00:37:01.599 --> 00:37:05.030 align:start position:0% those basic motor functions together and<00:37:02.320> we<00:37:02.480> used<00:37:02.880> a<00:37:03.280> special<00:37:03.839> technique<00:37:04.480> called 00:37:05.030 --> 00:37:05.040 align:start position:0% and we used a special technique called 00:37:05.040 --> 00:37:09.109 align:start position:0% and we used a special technique called markov<00:37:05.520> algorithms<00:37:07.280> not<00:37:07.599> too<00:37:07.839> unlike<00:37:08.320> what 00:37:09.109 --> 00:37:09.119 align:start position:0% markov algorithms not too unlike what 00:37:09.119 --> 00:37:11.190 align:start position:0% markov algorithms not too unlike what rod<00:37:09.440> brooks<00:37:09.839> and<00:37:10.000> others<00:37:10.320> later<00:37:10.720> developed<00:37:11.119> in 00:37:11.190 --> 00:37:11.200 align:start position:0% rod brooks and others later developed in 00:37:11.200 --> 00:37:13.750 align:start position:0% rod brooks and others later developed in their<00:37:11.359> so-called<00:37:11.760> subsumption<00:37:12.400> architecture 00:37:13.750 --> 00:37:13.760 align:start position:0% their so-called subsumption architecture 00:37:13.760 --> 00:37:15.589 align:start position:0% their so-called subsumption architecture for<00:37:13.920> putting<00:37:14.240> those<00:37:14.400> things<00:37:14.720> together<00:37:15.440> they 00:37:15.589 --> 00:37:15.599 align:start position:0% for putting those things together they 00:37:15.599 --> 00:37:16.950 align:start position:0% for putting those things together they were<00:37:15.760> quite<00:37:16.000> robust 00:37:16.950 --> 00:37:16.960 align:start position:0% were quite robust 00:37:16.960 --> 00:37:19.750 align:start position:0% were quite robust in<00:37:17.119> the<00:37:17.280> sense<00:37:17.680> that<00:37:18.960> and<00:37:19.200> involved<00:37:19.599> this 00:37:19.750 --> 00:37:19.760 align:start position:0% in the sense that and involved this 00:37:19.760 --> 00:37:21.670 align:start position:0% in the sense that and involved this whole<00:37:20.000> idea<00:37:20.240> of<00:37:20.320> feedback<00:37:20.880> that 00:37:21.670 --> 00:37:21.680 align:start position:0% whole idea of feedback that 00:37:21.680 --> 00:37:24.710 align:start position:0% whole idea of feedback that i<00:37:21.839> was<00:37:22.640> struck<00:37:23.040> with<00:37:23.520> from<00:37:24.240> knowing<00:37:24.560> about 00:37:24.710 --> 00:37:24.720 align:start position:0% i was struck with from knowing about 00:37:24.720 --> 00:37:26.630 align:start position:0% i was struck with from knowing about cybernetics 00:37:26.630 --> 00:37:26.640 align:start position:0% cybernetics 00:37:26.640 --> 00:37:29.030 align:start position:0% cybernetics that<00:37:27.520> a<00:37:27.680> particular<00:37:28.240> intermediate<00:37:28.720> level 00:37:29.030 --> 00:37:29.040 align:start position:0% that a particular intermediate level 00:37:29.040 --> 00:37:31.109 align:start position:0% that a particular intermediate level action<00:37:29.359> didn't<00:37:29.760> finish 00:37:31.109 --> 00:37:31.119 align:start position:0% action didn't finish 00:37:31.119 --> 00:37:33.990 align:start position:0% action didn't finish until<00:37:31.599> it<00:37:31.760> achieved<00:37:32.240> its<00:37:32.480> goal<00:37:33.359> even<00:37:33.680> if<00:37:33.839> it 00:37:33.990 --> 00:37:34.000 align:start position:0% until it achieved its goal even if it 00:37:34.000 --> 00:37:34.790 align:start position:0% until it achieved its goal even if it had<00:37:34.160> to 00:37:34.790 --> 00:37:34.800 align:start position:0% had to 00:37:34.800 --> 00:37:36.950 align:start position:0% had to go<00:37:34.960> backwards<00:37:35.760> and<00:37:35.920> start<00:37:36.160> over<00:37:36.480> and<00:37:36.560> do<00:37:36.720> some 00:37:36.950 --> 00:37:36.960 align:start position:0% go backwards and start over and do some 00:37:36.960 --> 00:37:37.829 align:start position:0% go backwards and start over and do some things<00:37:37.280> over 00:37:37.829 --> 00:37:37.839 align:start position:0% things over 00:37:37.839 --> 00:37:41.670 align:start position:0% things over so<00:37:38.560> they<00:37:38.720> were<00:37:38.880> very<00:37:40.560> robust<00:37:41.119> in<00:37:41.200> the<00:37:41.359> sense 00:37:41.670 --> 00:37:41.680 align:start position:0% so they were very robust in the sense 00:37:41.680 --> 00:37:43.109 align:start position:0% so they were very robust in the sense that<00:37:41.760> they<00:37:41.920> were<00:37:42.079> stubborn<00:37:42.480> about<00:37:42.720> getting<00:37:42.960> to 00:37:43.109 --> 00:37:43.119 align:start position:0% that they were stubborn about getting to 00:37:43.119 --> 00:37:44.470 align:start position:0% that they were stubborn about getting to the<00:37:43.200> goal 00:37:44.470 --> 00:37:44.480 align:start position:0% the goal 00:37:44.480 --> 00:37:48.230 align:start position:0% the goal and<00:37:45.599> if<00:37:45.760> there<00:37:45.920> was<00:37:46.079> some<00:37:46.240> slip<00:37:46.640> up<00:37:47.440> well 00:37:48.230 --> 00:37:48.240 align:start position:0% and if there was some slip up well 00:37:48.240 --> 00:37:51.910 align:start position:0% and if there was some slip up well okay<00:37:49.119> uh<00:37:49.920> but<00:37:50.160> now<00:37:50.640> now<00:37:50.880> where<00:37:51.119> are<00:37:51.280> we 00:37:51.910 --> 00:37:51.920 align:start position:0% okay uh but now now where are we 00:37:51.920 --> 00:37:53.430 align:start position:0% okay uh but now now where are we and<00:37:52.160> what's<00:37:52.480> the<00:37:52.560> best<00:37:52.800> thing<00:37:52.960> to<00:37:53.040> do<00:37:53.200> from 00:37:53.430 --> 00:37:53.440 align:start position:0% and what's the best thing to do from 00:37:53.440 --> 00:37:55.910 align:start position:0% and what's the best thing to do from here<00:37:54.880> and<00:37:55.280> uh 00:37:55.910 --> 00:37:55.920 align:start position:0% here and uh 00:37:55.920 --> 00:37:57.750 align:start position:0% here and uh so<00:37:56.079> then<00:37:56.240> the<00:37:56.320> highest<00:37:56.720> level<00:37:57.359> is<00:37:57.520> where 00:37:57.750 --> 00:37:57.760 align:start position:0% so then the highest level is where 00:37:57.760 --> 00:37:59.030 align:start position:0% so then the highest level is where strips<00:37:58.240> operated 00:37:59.030 --> 00:37:59.040 align:start position:0% strips operated 00:37:59.040 --> 00:38:00.550 align:start position:0% strips operated the<00:37:59.200> highest<00:37:59.520> level<00:37:59.839> would<00:38:00.000> then<00:38:00.240> string 00:38:00.550 --> 00:38:00.560 align:start position:0% the highest level would then string 00:38:00.560 --> 00:38:02.069 align:start position:0% the highest level would then string together<00:38:01.040> these<00:38:01.200> intermediate<00:38:01.760> level 00:38:02.069 --> 00:38:02.079 align:start position:0% together these intermediate level 00:38:02.079 --> 00:38:03.670 align:start position:0% together these intermediate level actions<00:38:02.480> assuming<00:38:02.800> that<00:38:02.960> they<00:38:03.040> were<00:38:03.200> robust 00:38:03.670 --> 00:38:03.680 align:start position:0% actions assuming that they were robust 00:38:03.680 --> 00:38:05.990 align:start position:0% actions assuming that they were robust and<00:38:03.760> that<00:38:03.920> they<00:38:04.079> actually<00:38:04.400> would<00:38:04.640> work 00:38:05.990 --> 00:38:06.000 align:start position:0% and that they actually would work 00:38:06.000 --> 00:38:07.750 align:start position:0% and that they actually would work which<00:38:06.160> they<00:38:06.400> often<00:38:06.640> did<00:38:07.280> string<00:38:07.599> them 00:38:07.750 --> 00:38:07.760 align:start position:0% which they often did string them 00:38:07.760 --> 00:38:09.589 align:start position:0% which they often did string them together<00:38:08.160> into<00:38:08.400> a<00:38:08.480> plan<00:38:08.720> to<00:38:08.880> achieve<00:38:09.200> a<00:38:09.280> goal 00:38:09.589 --> 00:38:09.599 align:start position:0% together into a plan to achieve a goal 00:38:09.599 --> 00:38:10.310 align:start position:0% together into a plan to achieve a goal like 00:38:10.310 --> 00:38:10.320 align:start position:0% like 00:38:10.320 --> 00:38:12.230 align:start position:0% like in<00:38:10.480> that<00:38:10.640> case<00:38:10.960> our<00:38:11.200> our<00:38:11.440> goals<00:38:11.760> were<00:38:11.920> mainly 00:38:12.230 --> 00:38:12.240 align:start position:0% in that case our our goals were mainly 00:38:12.240 --> 00:38:13.990 align:start position:0% in that case our our goals were mainly things<00:38:12.480> like<00:38:12.720> pushing<00:38:13.040> boxes 00:38:13.990 --> 00:38:14.000 align:start position:0% things like pushing boxes 00:38:14.000 --> 00:38:17.109 align:start position:0% things like pushing boxes from<00:38:14.240> one<00:38:14.400> place<00:38:14.640> to<00:38:14.800> another<00:38:16.240> going<00:38:16.480> through 00:38:17.109 --> 00:38:17.119 align:start position:0% from one place to another going through 00:38:17.119 --> 00:38:18.950 align:start position:0% from one place to another going through getting<00:38:17.359> from<00:38:17.520> one<00:38:17.760> room<00:38:18.000> to<00:38:18.160> another<00:38:18.720> going 00:38:18.950 --> 00:38:18.960 align:start position:0% getting from one room to another going 00:38:18.960 --> 00:38:21.349 align:start position:0% getting from one room to another going through<00:38:19.119> doorways<00:38:20.000> unblocking<00:38:20.640> doorways 00:38:21.349 --> 00:38:21.359 align:start position:0% through doorways unblocking doorways 00:38:21.359 --> 00:38:23.190 align:start position:0% through doorways unblocking doorways if<00:38:21.520> you<00:38:21.599> couldn't<00:38:21.920> get<00:38:22.079> through<00:38:22.800> things<00:38:23.119> of 00:38:23.190 --> 00:38:23.200 align:start position:0% if you couldn't get through things of 00:38:23.200 --> 00:38:25.430 align:start position:0% if you couldn't get through things of that<00:38:23.359> sort<00:38:24.240> so<00:38:24.400> we<00:38:24.560> made<00:38:24.720> a<00:38:24.800> movie<00:38:25.040> of<00:38:25.200> all<00:38:25.280> of 00:38:25.430 --> 00:38:25.440 align:start position:0% that sort so we made a movie of all of 00:38:25.440 --> 00:38:28.390 align:start position:0% that sort so we made a movie of all of that<00:38:25.680> sort<00:38:25.920> of<00:38:26.000> thing<00:38:26.240> happening 00:38:28.390 --> 00:38:28.400 align:start position:0% that sort of thing happening 00:38:28.400 --> 00:38:30.870 align:start position:0% that sort of thing happening how<00:38:28.560> long<00:38:28.800> did<00:38:29.040> it<00:38:29.119> take<00:38:29.359> you<00:38:29.599> to<00:38:29.839> uh<00:38:30.320> to<00:38:30.640> film 00:38:30.870 --> 00:38:30.880 align:start position:0% how long did it take you to uh to film 00:38:30.880 --> 00:38:32.470 align:start position:0% how long did it take you to uh to film all<00:38:31.119> those<00:38:31.359> different<00:38:31.680> things 00:38:32.470 --> 00:38:32.480 align:start position:0% all those different things 00:38:32.480 --> 00:38:35.829 align:start position:0% all those different things days<00:38:34.240> which<00:38:34.480> we<00:38:34.720> then<00:38:34.880> were<00:38:35.119> able<00:38:35.280> to 00:38:35.829 --> 00:38:35.839 align:start position:0% days which we then were able to 00:38:35.839 --> 00:38:39.349 align:start position:0% days which we then were able to um<00:38:36.560> sequence<00:38:37.119> into<00:38:37.440> a<00:38:38.079> reasonable<00:38:38.480> movie 00:38:39.349 --> 00:38:39.359 align:start position:0% um sequence into a reasonable movie 00:38:39.359 --> 00:38:42.470 align:start position:0% um sequence into a reasonable movie but<00:38:39.760> um<00:38:40.960> the 00:38:42.470 --> 00:38:42.480 align:start position:0% but um the 00:38:42.480 --> 00:38:46.790 align:start position:0% but um the movie<00:38:42.880> itself<00:38:43.680> what<00:38:43.839> we<00:38:44.000> did<00:38:44.240> is<00:38:44.320> we<00:38:44.839> ran<00:38:45.920> the 00:38:46.790 --> 00:38:46.800 align:start position:0% movie itself what we did is we ran the 00:38:46.800 --> 00:38:49.589 align:start position:0% movie itself what we did is we ran the program<00:38:47.839> and<00:38:48.000> got<00:38:48.240> all<00:38:48.400> the<00:38:48.560> results<00:38:49.280> but<00:38:49.440> we 00:38:49.589 --> 00:38:49.599 align:start position:0% program and got all the results but we 00:38:49.599 --> 00:38:52.069 align:start position:0% program and got all the results but we ran<00:38:49.839> each<00:38:50.079> section<00:38:50.400> as<00:38:50.560> kind<00:38:50.720> of<00:38:50.880> a<00:38:50.960> sequence 00:38:52.069 --> 00:38:52.079 align:start position:0% ran each section as kind of a sequence 00:38:52.079 --> 00:38:53.430 align:start position:0% ran each section as kind of a sequence and<00:38:52.160> then<00:38:52.320> we<00:38:52.480> would<00:38:52.640> start<00:38:52.880> it<00:38:53.040> up<00:38:53.119> again 00:38:53.430 --> 00:38:53.440 align:start position:0% and then we would start it up again 00:38:53.440 --> 00:38:54.790 align:start position:0% and then we would start it up again because<00:38:53.760> we'd<00:38:54.000> have<00:38:54.079> to<00:38:54.160> move<00:38:54.400> the<00:38:54.480> camera 00:38:54.790 --> 00:38:54.800 align:start position:0% because we'd have to move the camera 00:38:54.800 --> 00:38:58.069 align:start position:0% because we'd have to move the camera position<00:38:55.280> things<00:38:55.520> of<00:38:55.599> that<00:38:55.839> sort 00:38:58.069 --> 00:38:58.079 align:start position:0% position things of that sort 00:38:58.079 --> 00:38:59.910 align:start position:0% position things of that sort did<00:38:58.240> you<00:38:58.400> have<00:38:58.480> to<00:38:58.560> reprogram<00:38:59.119> the<00:38:59.280> robot<00:38:59.680> each 00:38:59.910 --> 00:38:59.920 align:start position:0% did you have to reprogram the robot each 00:38:59.920 --> 00:39:01.190 align:start position:0% did you have to reprogram the robot each time<00:39:00.160> as<00:39:00.320> well 00:39:01.190 --> 00:39:01.200 align:start position:0% time as well 00:39:01.200 --> 00:39:02.950 align:start position:0% time as well well<00:39:01.520> i<00:39:01.599> think<00:39:01.839> probably<00:39:02.240> in<00:39:02.320> the<00:39:02.400> early<00:39:02.720> days 00:39:02.950 --> 00:39:02.960 align:start position:0% well i think probably in the early days 00:39:02.960 --> 00:39:05.030 align:start position:0% well i think probably in the early days of<00:39:03.280> getting<00:39:03.599> ready<00:39:03.839> to<00:39:04.000> make<00:39:04.160> the<00:39:04.320> movie 00:39:05.030 --> 00:39:05.040 align:start position:0% of getting ready to make the movie 00:39:05.040 --> 00:39:07.829 align:start position:0% of getting ready to make the movie uh<00:39:05.440> we<00:39:05.599> were<00:39:05.839> always<00:39:06.160> introducing<00:39:06.720> new<00:39:07.119> ideas 00:39:07.829 --> 00:39:07.839 align:start position:0% uh we were always introducing new ideas 00:39:07.839 --> 00:39:09.670 align:start position:0% uh we were always introducing new ideas into<00:39:08.079> the<00:39:08.160> program<00:39:08.640> maybe<00:39:08.960> making<00:39:09.280> strips 00:39:09.670 --> 00:39:09.680 align:start position:0% into the program maybe making strips 00:39:09.680 --> 00:39:11.030 align:start position:0% into the program maybe making strips more<00:39:09.839> efficient 00:39:11.030 --> 00:39:11.040 align:start position:0% more efficient 00:39:11.040 --> 00:39:13.829 align:start position:0% more efficient um<00:39:12.000> but<00:39:12.800> we<00:39:12.880> didn't<00:39:13.119> have<00:39:13.200> to<00:39:13.359> do<00:39:13.599> any 00:39:13.829 --> 00:39:13.839 align:start position:0% um but we didn't have to do any 00:39:13.839 --> 00:39:15.190 align:start position:0% um but we didn't have to do any reprogramming 00:39:15.190 --> 00:39:15.200 align:start position:0% reprogramming 00:39:15.200 --> 00:39:16.870 align:start position:0% reprogramming actually<00:39:15.520> during<00:39:15.760> the<00:39:16.000> the<00:39:16.160> movie<00:39:16.480> making<00:39:16.800> it 00:39:16.870 --> 00:39:16.880 align:start position:0% actually during the the movie making it 00:39:16.880 --> 00:39:18.550 align:start position:0% actually during the the movie making it was<00:39:17.119> all<00:39:17.599> what<00:39:17.839> we<00:39:18.000> had 00:39:18.550 --> 00:39:18.560 align:start position:0% was all what we had 00:39:18.560 --> 00:39:21.430 align:start position:0% was all what we had and<00:39:18.800> frozen<00:39:19.200> at<00:39:19.359> that<00:39:19.599> time<00:39:20.880> and<00:39:21.040> were<00:39:21.200> there 00:39:21.430 --> 00:39:21.440 align:start position:0% and frozen at that time and were there 00:39:21.440 --> 00:39:22.630 align:start position:0% and frozen at that time and were there any<00:39:21.680> outtakes<00:39:22.320> that 00:39:22.630 --> 00:39:22.640 align:start position:0% any outtakes that 00:39:22.640 --> 00:39:25.349 align:start position:0% any outtakes that did<00:39:22.880> they<00:39:23.040> always<00:39:23.280> do<00:39:24.320> yeah<00:39:24.640> they're<00:39:24.880> probably 00:39:25.349 --> 00:39:25.359 align:start position:0% did they always do yeah they're probably 00:39:25.359 --> 00:39:26.069 align:start position:0% did they always do yeah they're probably uh 00:39:26.069 --> 00:39:26.079 align:start position:0% uh 00:39:26.079 --> 00:39:29.190 align:start position:0% uh probably<00:39:26.400> aware<00:39:26.560> of<00:39:27.599> um<00:39:28.240> i<00:39:28.400> don't<00:39:28.560> recall 00:39:29.190 --> 00:39:29.200 align:start position:0% probably aware of um i don't recall 00:39:29.200 --> 00:39:32.390 align:start position:0% probably aware of um i don't recall at<00:39:29.359> the<00:39:29.440> moment<00:39:29.760> what<00:39:29.920> they<00:39:30.079> might<00:39:30.240> be<00:39:31.280> but<00:39:31.599> uh 00:39:32.390 --> 00:39:32.400 align:start position:0% at the moment what they might be but uh 00:39:32.400 --> 00:39:33.910 align:start position:0% at the moment what they might be but uh there<00:39:32.560> might<00:39:32.720> have<00:39:32.800> been<00:39:32.960> glitches<00:39:33.440> maybe 00:39:33.910 --> 00:39:33.920 align:start position:0% there might have been glitches maybe 00:39:33.920 --> 00:39:37.109 align:start position:0% there might have been glitches maybe computer<00:39:34.400> crashes<00:39:34.960> or<00:39:35.119> things<00:39:35.359> of<00:39:35.440> that<00:39:35.599> sort 00:39:37.109 --> 00:39:37.119 align:start position:0% computer crashes or things of that sort 00:39:37.119 --> 00:39:39.190 align:start position:0% computer crashes or things of that sort and<00:39:37.280> it<00:39:37.359> has<00:39:37.599> these<00:39:37.760> sort<00:39:37.920> of<00:39:38.160> wires<00:39:38.960> around 00:39:39.190 --> 00:39:39.200 align:start position:0% and it has these sort of wires around 00:39:39.200 --> 00:39:40.470 align:start position:0% and it has these sort of wires around the<00:39:39.359> base<00:39:39.680> so<00:39:39.839> those<00:39:40.079> are 00:39:40.470 --> 00:39:40.480 align:start position:0% the base so those are 00:39:40.480 --> 00:39:42.870 align:start position:0% the base so those are collision<00:39:40.880> detectors<00:39:41.920> well<00:39:42.160> the<00:39:42.400> shaky 00:39:42.870 --> 00:39:42.880 align:start position:0% collision detectors well the shaky 00:39:42.880 --> 00:39:44.790 align:start position:0% collision detectors well the shaky system<00:39:43.200> had<00:39:43.440> several<00:39:43.760> sensors<00:39:44.320> it<00:39:44.480> had<00:39:44.720> the 00:39:44.790 --> 00:39:44.800 align:start position:0% system had several sensors it had the 00:39:44.800 --> 00:39:46.230 align:start position:0% system had several sensors it had the television<00:39:45.280> camera 00:39:46.230 --> 00:39:46.240 align:start position:0% television camera 00:39:46.240 --> 00:39:49.349 align:start position:0% television camera it<00:39:46.400> had<00:39:46.560> a<00:39:46.720> triangulating<00:39:47.440> rangefinder 00:39:49.349 --> 00:39:49.359 align:start position:0% it had a triangulating rangefinder 00:39:49.359 --> 00:39:52.950 align:start position:0% it had a triangulating rangefinder using<00:39:49.680> a<00:39:49.760> laser<00:39:50.640> not<00:39:50.880> a<00:39:50.960> time-of-flight<00:39:51.760> laser 00:39:52.950 --> 00:39:52.960 align:start position:0% using a laser not a time-of-flight laser 00:39:52.960 --> 00:39:56.069 align:start position:0% using a laser not a time-of-flight laser but<00:39:53.200> a<00:39:53.359> triangulation<00:39:54.839> system 00:39:56.069 --> 00:39:56.079 align:start position:0% but a triangulation system 00:39:56.079 --> 00:39:59.190 align:start position:0% but a triangulation system and<00:39:56.480> it<00:39:56.560> had<00:39:56.720> these<00:39:57.040> so-called<00:39:57.520> cat<00:39:57.760> whiskers 00:39:59.190 --> 00:39:59.200 align:start position:0% and it had these so-called cat whiskers 00:39:59.200 --> 00:40:01.349 align:start position:0% and it had these so-called cat whiskers uh<00:39:59.760> that<00:40:00.000> would<00:40:00.320> trigger<00:40:00.640> switches<00:40:01.119> if<00:40:01.280> it 00:40:01.349 --> 00:40:01.359 align:start position:0% uh that would trigger switches if it 00:40:01.359 --> 00:40:02.790 align:start position:0% uh that would trigger switches if it bumped<00:40:01.599> into<00:40:01.839> something 00:40:02.790 --> 00:40:02.800 align:start position:0% bumped into something 00:40:02.800 --> 00:40:04.950 align:start position:0% bumped into something it<00:40:03.040> also<00:40:03.359> had<00:40:03.599> a<00:40:03.680> bump<00:40:04.000> bar<00:40:04.319> for<00:40:04.560> pushing 00:40:04.950 --> 00:40:04.960 align:start position:0% it also had a bump bar for pushing 00:40:04.960 --> 00:40:05.910 align:start position:0% it also had a bump bar for pushing things 00:40:05.910 --> 00:40:05.920 align:start position:0% things 00:40:05.920 --> 00:40:07.990 align:start position:0% things and<00:40:06.240> when<00:40:06.480> it<00:40:06.560> was<00:40:06.800> engaged<00:40:07.359> that<00:40:07.599> is<00:40:07.760> to<00:40:07.839> say 00:40:07.990 --> 00:40:08.000 align:start position:0% and when it was engaged that is to say 00:40:08.000 --> 00:40:10.069 align:start position:0% and when it was engaged that is to say you<00:40:08.160> were<00:40:08.240> really<00:40:08.560> up<00:40:08.720> against<00:40:09.119> the<00:40:09.200> block 00:40:10.069 --> 00:40:10.079 align:start position:0% you were really up against the block 00:40:10.079 --> 00:40:12.870 align:start position:0% you were really up against the block and<00:40:10.640> the<00:40:11.200> bump<00:40:11.440> bar<00:40:11.680> would<00:40:12.079> get<00:40:12.319> engaged<00:40:12.800> and 00:40:12.870 --> 00:40:12.880 align:start position:0% and the bump bar would get engaged and 00:40:12.880 --> 00:40:14.150 align:start position:0% and the bump bar would get engaged and you<00:40:12.960> would<00:40:13.119> know<00:40:13.280> that<00:40:13.440> you're<00:40:13.680> actually<00:40:14.000> in 00:40:14.150 --> 00:40:14.160 align:start position:0% you would know that you're actually in 00:40:14.160 --> 00:40:16.870 align:start position:0% you would know that you're actually in contact 00:40:16.870 --> 00:40:16.880 align:start position:0% 00:40:16.880 --> 00:40:20.309 align:start position:0% okay<00:40:17.760> um<00:40:19.040> and<00:40:19.200> after<00:40:19.440> that<00:40:19.599> initial 00:40:20.309 --> 00:40:20.319 align:start position:0% okay um and after that initial 00:40:20.319 --> 00:40:21.910 align:start position:0% okay um and after that initial sort<00:40:20.560> of<00:40:20.640> set<00:40:20.800> of<00:40:20.960> experiments<00:40:21.599> did<00:40:21.760> you 00:40:21.910 --> 00:40:21.920 align:start position:0% sort of set of experiments did you 00:40:21.920 --> 00:40:25.430 align:start position:0% sort of set of experiments did you continue<00:40:22.720> development<00:40:23.280> on<00:40:23.440> shaky 00:40:25.430 --> 00:40:25.440 align:start position:0% continue development on shaky 00:40:25.440 --> 00:40:28.550 align:start position:0% continue development on shaky well<00:40:27.040> that<00:40:27.280> was<00:40:27.520> probably<00:40:27.920> the<00:40:28.000> movie<00:40:28.319> i<00:40:28.400> think 00:40:28.550 --> 00:40:28.560 align:start position:0% well that was probably the movie i think 00:40:28.560 --> 00:40:31.829 align:start position:0% well that was probably the movie i think was<00:40:28.720> taken<00:40:29.040> in<00:40:29.200> about<00:40:29.800> 1971 00:40:31.829 --> 00:40:31.839 align:start position:0% was taken in about 1971 00:40:31.839 --> 00:40:34.870 align:start position:0% was taken in about 1971 or<00:40:32.079> two<00:40:33.839> and<00:40:34.240> that<00:40:34.400> was 00:40:34.870 --> 00:40:34.880 align:start position:0% or two and that was 00:40:34.880 --> 00:40:37.430 align:start position:0% or two and that was probably<00:40:35.440> pretty<00:40:35.680> much<00:40:36.000> the<00:40:36.319> end<00:40:36.560> of<00:40:36.720> the 00:40:37.430 --> 00:40:37.440 align:start position:0% probably pretty much the end of the 00:40:37.440 --> 00:40:39.109 align:start position:0% probably pretty much the end of the shaky<00:40:37.920> project 00:40:39.109 --> 00:40:39.119 align:start position:0% shaky project 00:40:39.119 --> 00:40:40.790 align:start position:0% shaky project we<00:40:39.280> had<00:40:39.520> a<00:40:39.520> lot<00:40:39.680> of<00:40:39.839> ideas<00:40:40.319> about<00:40:40.560> how<00:40:40.720> we 00:40:40.790 --> 00:40:40.800 align:start position:0% we had a lot of ideas about how we 00:40:40.800 --> 00:40:42.710 align:start position:0% we had a lot of ideas about how we wanted<00:40:41.040> to<00:40:41.200> expand 00:40:42.710 --> 00:40:42.720 align:start position:0% wanted to expand 00:40:42.720 --> 00:40:47.190 align:start position:0% wanted to expand the<00:40:42.880> work<00:40:43.760> things<00:40:44.079> which<00:40:44.319> shaky<00:40:44.720> couldn't<00:40:45.040> do 00:40:47.190 --> 00:40:47.200 align:start position:0% the work things which shaky couldn't do 00:40:47.200 --> 00:40:50.150 align:start position:0% the work things which shaky couldn't do some<00:40:47.680> for<00:40:47.839> example<00:40:48.720> shaky<00:40:49.680> didn't<00:40:49.920> know 00:40:50.150 --> 00:40:50.160 align:start position:0% some for example shaky didn't know 00:40:50.160 --> 00:40:51.030 align:start position:0% some for example shaky didn't know anything<00:40:50.480> about 00:40:51.030 --> 00:40:51.040 align:start position:0% anything about 00:40:51.040 --> 00:40:54.230 align:start position:0% anything about what<00:40:51.359> other<00:40:51.920> actors<00:40:52.400> might<00:40:52.640> be<00:40:52.800> around 00:40:54.230 --> 00:40:54.240 align:start position:0% what other actors might be around 00:40:54.240 --> 00:40:56.630 align:start position:0% what other actors might be around and<00:40:55.200> couldn't<00:40:55.599> coordinate<00:40:56.160> with<00:40:56.319> other 00:40:56.630 --> 00:40:56.640 align:start position:0% and couldn't coordinate with other 00:40:56.640 --> 00:40:59.349 align:start position:0% and couldn't coordinate with other actors 00:40:59.349 --> 00:40:59.359 align:start position:0% 00:40:59.359 --> 00:41:02.069 align:start position:0% as<00:40:59.520> far<00:40:59.760> as<00:40:59.839> shaky<00:41:00.240> was<00:41:00.400> concerned<00:41:01.520> there<00:41:01.760> was 00:41:02.069 --> 00:41:02.079 align:start position:0% as far as shaky was concerned there was 00:41:02.079 --> 00:41:03.589 align:start position:0% as far as shaky was concerned there was no<00:41:02.319> dynamics<00:41:02.960> in<00:41:03.040> the<00:41:03.119> world 00:41:03.589 --> 00:41:03.599 align:start position:0% no dynamics in the world 00:41:03.599 --> 00:41:05.829 align:start position:0% no dynamics in the world the<00:41:03.680> world<00:41:04.000> stood<00:41:04.400> still<00:41:05.119> the<00:41:05.280> only<00:41:05.520> time 00:41:05.829 --> 00:41:05.839 align:start position:0% the world stood still the only time 00:41:05.839 --> 00:41:07.829 align:start position:0% the world stood still the only time anything<00:41:06.240> changed<00:41:06.640> is<00:41:06.800> when<00:41:07.040> shaky<00:41:07.440> changed 00:41:07.829 --> 00:41:07.839 align:start position:0% anything changed is when shaky changed 00:41:07.839 --> 00:41:09.190 align:start position:0% anything changed is when shaky changed it 00:41:09.190 --> 00:41:09.200 align:start position:0% it 00:41:09.200 --> 00:41:10.710 align:start position:0% it so<00:41:09.359> there<00:41:09.520> are<00:41:09.760> things<00:41:10.000> of<00:41:10.079> that<00:41:10.319> sort<00:41:10.560> we 00:41:10.710 --> 00:41:10.720 align:start position:0% so there are things of that sort we 00:41:10.720 --> 00:41:12.390 align:start position:0% so there are things of that sort we wanted<00:41:10.960> to<00:41:11.040> do<00:41:11.280> and<00:41:11.440> we<00:41:11.599> went<00:41:11.839> to 00:41:12.390 --> 00:41:12.400 align:start position:0% wanted to do and we went to 00:41:12.400 --> 00:41:16.309 align:start position:0% wanted to do and we went to we<00:41:12.640> wrote<00:41:12.800> proposals<00:41:14.160> who<00:41:14.480> went<00:41:14.640> to<00:41:14.800> arpa 00:41:16.309 --> 00:41:16.319 align:start position:0% we wrote proposals who went to arpa 00:41:16.319 --> 00:41:19.589 align:start position:0% we wrote proposals who went to arpa and<00:41:16.720> up<00:41:17.040> at<00:41:17.200> that<00:41:17.440> time<00:41:18.400> well<00:41:18.800> of<00:41:18.880> course<00:41:19.200> arpa 00:41:19.589 --> 00:41:19.599 align:start position:0% and up at that time well of course arpa 00:41:19.599 --> 00:41:19.990 align:start position:0% and up at that time well of course arpa had 00:41:19.990 --> 00:41:20.000 align:start position:0% had 00:41:20.000 --> 00:41:22.630 align:start position:0% had a<00:41:20.160> succession<00:41:20.720> of<00:41:20.880> different<00:41:21.119> managers<00:41:22.319> and 00:41:22.630 --> 00:41:22.640 align:start position:0% a succession of different managers and 00:41:22.640 --> 00:41:26.470 align:start position:0% a succession of different managers and the<00:41:22.720> manager<00:41:23.200> at<00:41:23.280> that<00:41:23.520> time<00:41:23.760> decided<00:41:24.400> that<00:41:24.720> uh 00:41:26.470 --> 00:41:26.480 align:start position:0% the manager at that time decided that uh 00:41:26.480 --> 00:41:28.870 align:start position:0% the manager at that time decided that uh arpa<00:41:26.880> wasn't<00:41:27.200> interested<00:41:27.599> in<00:41:28.560> any<00:41:28.720> more 00:41:28.870 --> 00:41:28.880 align:start position:0% arpa wasn't interested in any more 00:41:28.880 --> 00:41:30.550 align:start position:0% arpa wasn't interested in any more robotics<00:41:29.440> work 00:41:30.550 --> 00:41:30.560 align:start position:0% robotics work 00:41:30.560 --> 00:41:33.670 align:start position:0% robotics work and<00:41:30.880> so<00:41:31.280> for<00:41:31.440> a<00:41:31.599> while<00:41:31.920> we<00:41:33.040> tried<00:41:33.280> to<00:41:33.359> do<00:41:33.520> the 00:41:33.670 --> 00:41:33.680 align:start position:0% and so for a while we tried to do the 00:41:33.680 --> 00:41:36.230 align:start position:0% and so for a while we tried to do the work<00:41:33.920> we<00:41:34.079> wanted<00:41:34.400> to<00:41:34.560> do 00:41:36.230 --> 00:41:36.240 align:start position:0% work we wanted to do 00:41:36.240 --> 00:41:39.670 align:start position:0% work we wanted to do under<00:41:36.480> a<00:41:36.560> different<00:41:37.359> label<00:41:39.040> we<00:41:39.280> developed 00:41:39.670 --> 00:41:39.680 align:start position:0% under a different label we developed 00:41:39.680 --> 00:41:41.510 align:start position:0% under a different label we developed what<00:41:39.839> we<00:41:40.000> call<00:41:40.240> the<00:41:40.480> computer-based 00:41:41.510 --> 00:41:41.520 align:start position:0% what we call the computer-based 00:41:41.520 --> 00:41:43.109 align:start position:0% what we call the computer-based consultant 00:41:43.109 --> 00:41:43.119 align:start position:0% consultant 00:41:43.119 --> 00:41:45.510 align:start position:0% consultant which<00:41:43.359> was<00:41:43.599> going<00:41:43.760> to<00:41:43.839> be<00:41:44.079> a<00:41:44.240> system<00:41:45.280> that 00:41:45.510 --> 00:41:45.520 align:start position:0% which was going to be a system that 00:41:45.520 --> 00:41:47.030 align:start position:0% which was going to be a system that would<00:41:45.760> advise 00:41:47.030 --> 00:41:47.040 align:start position:0% would advise 00:41:47.040 --> 00:41:50.550 align:start position:0% would advise a<00:41:47.599> person<00:41:48.160> an<00:41:48.319> apprentice<00:41:49.599> how<00:41:49.839> to<00:41:50.079> accomplish 00:41:50.550 --> 00:41:50.560 align:start position:0% a person an apprentice how to accomplish 00:41:50.560 --> 00:41:51.829 align:start position:0% a person an apprentice how to accomplish various<00:41:50.960> tasks 00:41:51.829 --> 00:41:51.839 align:start position:0% various tasks 00:41:51.839 --> 00:41:54.390 align:start position:0% various tasks so<00:41:52.000> in<00:41:52.079> a<00:41:52.160> way<00:41:52.319> the<00:41:52.480> apprentice<00:41:52.880> was<00:41:53.040> a<00:41:53.119> robot 00:41:54.390 --> 00:41:54.400 align:start position:0% so in a way the apprentice was a robot 00:41:54.400 --> 00:41:55.990 align:start position:0% so in a way the apprentice was a robot we<00:41:54.560> still<00:41:54.720> had<00:41:54.880> a<00:41:55.040> problem-solving<00:41:55.680> system 00:41:55.990 --> 00:41:56.000 align:start position:0% we still had a problem-solving system 00:41:56.000 --> 00:41:57.510 align:start position:0% we still had a problem-solving system above<00:41:56.319> all<00:41:56.560> that 00:41:57.510 --> 00:41:57.520 align:start position:0% above all that 00:41:57.520 --> 00:41:59.589 align:start position:0% above all that which<00:41:57.839> would<00:41:58.400> sense<00:41:58.720> the<00:41:58.880> environment<00:41:59.359> for 00:41:59.589 --> 00:41:59.599 align:start position:0% which would sense the environment for 00:41:59.599 --> 00:42:01.270 align:start position:0% which would sense the environment for the<00:41:59.760> apprentice 00:42:01.270 --> 00:42:01.280 align:start position:0% the apprentice 00:42:01.280 --> 00:42:03.990 align:start position:0% the apprentice and<00:42:01.520> make<00:42:01.839> plans<00:42:02.240> for<00:42:02.480> holler<00:42:02.960> apprentice<00:42:03.839> one 00:42:03.990 --> 00:42:04.000 align:start position:0% and make plans for holler apprentice one 00:42:04.000 --> 00:42:05.829 align:start position:0% and make plans for holler apprentice one of<00:42:04.079> the<00:42:04.240> tasks<00:42:04.640> we<00:42:04.800> considered<00:42:05.280> for<00:42:05.440> example 00:42:05.829 --> 00:42:05.839 align:start position:0% of the tasks we considered for example 00:42:05.839 --> 00:42:06.630 align:start position:0% of the tasks we considered for example was 00:42:06.630 --> 00:42:06.640 align:start position:0% was 00:42:06.640 --> 00:42:08.550 align:start position:0% was taking<00:42:06.960> apart<00:42:07.440> and<00:42:07.599> reassembling<00:42:08.240> an<00:42:08.400> air 00:42:08.550 --> 00:42:08.560 align:start position:0% taking apart and reassembling an air 00:42:08.560 --> 00:42:10.069 align:start position:0% taking apart and reassembling an air compressor 00:42:10.069 --> 00:42:10.079 align:start position:0% compressor 00:42:10.079 --> 00:42:12.710 align:start position:0% compressor and<00:42:10.319> so<00:42:10.640> we<00:42:10.800> would<00:42:11.760> start<00:42:12.079> out<00:42:12.240> with<00:42:12.400> the<00:42:12.560> air 00:42:12.710 --> 00:42:12.720 align:start position:0% and so we would start out with the air 00:42:12.720 --> 00:42:13.990 align:start position:0% and so we would start out with the air compressor<00:42:13.200> assembled 00:42:13.990 --> 00:42:14.000 align:start position:0% compressor assembled 00:42:14.000 --> 00:42:15.589 align:start position:0% compressor assembled and<00:42:14.160> we<00:42:14.319> would<00:42:14.480> tell<00:42:14.640> the<00:42:14.800> apprentice<00:42:15.359> each 00:42:15.589 --> 00:42:15.599 align:start position:0% and we would tell the apprentice each 00:42:15.599 --> 00:42:17.430 align:start position:0% and we would tell the apprentice each step<00:42:16.240> about<00:42:16.480> what<00:42:16.640> to<00:42:16.800> do 00:42:17.430 --> 00:42:17.440 align:start position:0% step about what to do 00:42:17.440 --> 00:42:18.790 align:start position:0% step about what to do and<00:42:17.520> then<00:42:17.760> how<00:42:17.920> to<00:42:18.000> put<00:42:18.160> it<00:42:18.240> back<00:42:18.480> together 00:42:18.790 --> 00:42:18.800 align:start position:0% and then how to put it back together 00:42:18.800 --> 00:42:21.349 align:start position:0% and then how to put it back together again<00:42:19.520> and<00:42:19.680> so<00:42:20.319> the<00:42:20.480> planning<00:42:20.880> system<00:42:21.200> would 00:42:21.349 --> 00:42:21.359 align:start position:0% again and so the planning system would 00:42:21.359 --> 00:42:24.309 align:start position:0% again and so the planning system would then<00:42:21.599> figure<00:42:21.920> out<00:42:22.160> all<00:42:22.240> these<00:42:22.480> steps 00:42:24.309 --> 00:42:24.319 align:start position:0% then figure out all these steps 00:42:24.319 --> 00:42:26.470 align:start position:0% then figure out all these steps uh<00:42:24.560> but<00:42:24.800> then<00:42:25.200> arfa<00:42:25.599> finally<00:42:25.920> decided<00:42:26.240> no<00:42:26.400> i 00:42:26.470 --> 00:42:26.480 align:start position:0% uh but then arfa finally decided no i 00:42:26.480 --> 00:42:28.230 align:start position:0% uh but then arfa finally decided no i didn't<00:42:26.640> want<00:42:26.720> to<00:42:26.800> do<00:42:26.960> that<00:42:27.119> either 00:42:28.230 --> 00:42:28.240 align:start position:0% didn't want to do that either 00:42:28.240 --> 00:42:30.710 align:start position:0% didn't want to do that either so<00:42:28.480> we<00:42:28.640> had<00:42:28.800> to<00:42:29.040> leak<00:42:29.359> off<00:42:29.520> into<00:42:29.680> other<00:42:29.920> things 00:42:30.710 --> 00:42:30.720 align:start position:0% so we had to leak off into other things 00:42:30.720 --> 00:42:31.750 align:start position:0% so we had to leak off into other things why<00:42:30.960> do<00:42:30.960> you<00:42:31.040> think<00:42:31.280> arpa 00:42:31.750 --> 00:42:31.760 align:start position:0% why do you think arpa 00:42:31.760 --> 00:42:34.790 align:start position:0% why do you think arpa lost<00:42:32.079> interest<00:42:32.480> in<00:42:32.640> robotics 00:42:34.790 --> 00:42:34.800 align:start position:0% lost interest in robotics 00:42:34.800 --> 00:42:37.030 align:start position:0% lost interest in robotics well<00:42:35.359> a<00:42:35.520> lot<00:42:35.680> of<00:42:35.839> times<00:42:36.319> i<00:42:36.480> think<00:42:36.640> it's<00:42:36.880> still 00:42:37.030 --> 00:42:37.040 align:start position:0% well a lot of times i think it's still 00:42:37.040 --> 00:42:38.790 align:start position:0% well a lot of times i think it's still the<00:42:37.200> case<00:42:37.440> with<00:42:37.599> arpa<00:42:38.000> there<00:42:38.240> are<00:42:38.400> certain 00:42:38.790 --> 00:42:38.800 align:start position:0% the case with arpa there are certain 00:42:38.800 --> 00:42:40.790 align:start position:0% the case with arpa there are certain fashionable<00:42:39.440> topics 00:42:40.790 --> 00:42:40.800 align:start position:0% fashionable topics 00:42:40.800 --> 00:42:43.589 align:start position:0% fashionable topics that<00:42:41.520> either<00:42:42.160> through<00:42:42.400> the<00:42:42.800> through<00:42:43.280> their 00:42:43.589 --> 00:42:43.599 align:start position:0% that either through the through their 00:42:43.599 --> 00:42:46.309 align:start position:0% that either through the through their perception<00:42:44.160> of<00:42:44.240> what<00:42:44.400> congress<00:42:44.880> wants 00:42:46.309 --> 00:42:46.319 align:start position:0% perception of what congress wants 00:42:46.319 --> 00:42:50.230 align:start position:0% perception of what congress wants their<00:42:46.560> perception<00:42:47.119> about<00:42:47.520> what<00:42:47.839> the<00:42:48.240> military 00:42:50.230 --> 00:42:50.240 align:start position:0% their perception about what the military 00:42:50.240 --> 00:42:54.069 align:start position:0% their perception about what the military demands<00:42:50.960> are<00:42:52.720> motivate<00:42:53.200> opera<00:42:53.599> to<00:42:53.760> work<00:42:54.000> in 00:42:54.069 --> 00:42:54.079 align:start position:0% demands are motivate opera to work in 00:42:54.079 --> 00:42:54.710 align:start position:0% demands are motivate opera to work in certain 00:42:54.710 --> 00:42:54.720 align:start position:0% certain 00:42:54.720 --> 00:42:57.990 align:start position:0% certain subject<00:42:55.119> areas<00:42:56.079> i<00:42:56.160> think<00:42:56.400> around<00:42:56.720> that<00:42:57.040> time 00:42:57.990 --> 00:42:58.000 align:start position:0% subject areas i think around that time 00:42:58.000 --> 00:42:59.670 align:start position:0% subject areas i think around that time arpa<00:42:58.480> got<00:42:58.720> very<00:42:58.960> interested<00:42:59.280> in<00:42:59.359> what<00:42:59.520> they 00:42:59.670 --> 00:42:59.680 align:start position:0% arpa got very interested in what they 00:42:59.680 --> 00:43:02.309 align:start position:0% arpa got very interested in what they call<00:42:59.920> a<00:43:00.000> command<00:43:00.400> and<00:43:00.560> control 00:43:02.309 --> 00:43:02.319 align:start position:0% call a command and control 00:43:02.319 --> 00:43:06.230 align:start position:0% call a command and control so<00:43:03.599> um<00:43:04.480> given<00:43:04.880> a<00:43:05.040> situation<00:43:05.839> on 00:43:06.230 --> 00:43:06.240 align:start position:0% so um given a situation on 00:43:06.240 --> 00:43:08.230 align:start position:0% so um given a situation on say<00:43:06.480> a<00:43:06.560> battlefield<00:43:07.599> where<00:43:07.760> you're<00:43:07.920> getting 00:43:08.230 --> 00:43:08.240 align:start position:0% say a battlefield where you're getting 00:43:08.240 --> 00:43:09.990 align:start position:0% say a battlefield where you're getting all<00:43:08.400> kinds<00:43:08.640> of<00:43:08.800> information<00:43:09.359> from<00:43:09.520> different 00:43:09.990 --> 00:43:10.000 align:start position:0% all kinds of information from different 00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:12.950 align:start position:0% all kinds of information from different sorts<00:43:10.400> of<00:43:10.839> sources<00:43:11.920> how<00:43:12.160> could<00:43:12.319> a<00:43:12.400> commander 00:43:12.950 --> 00:43:12.960 align:start position:0% sorts of sources how could a commander 00:43:12.960 --> 00:43:15.030 align:start position:0% sorts of sources how could a commander put<00:43:13.119> all<00:43:13.280> of<00:43:13.359> that<00:43:13.599> together 00:43:15.030 --> 00:43:15.040 align:start position:0% put all of that together 00:43:15.040 --> 00:43:17.430 align:start position:0% put all of that together and<00:43:15.359> make<00:43:15.599> a<00:43:16.240> decision<00:43:16.800> as<00:43:16.880> to<00:43:17.040> what<00:43:17.280> the 00:43:17.430 --> 00:43:17.440 align:start position:0% and make a decision as to what the 00:43:17.440 --> 00:43:19.190 align:start position:0% and make a decision as to what the current<00:43:17.920> status 00:43:19.190 --> 00:43:19.200 align:start position:0% current status 00:43:19.200 --> 00:43:22.230 align:start position:0% current status is<00:43:20.240> and<00:43:20.560> what<00:43:20.800> should<00:43:21.040> be<00:43:21.200> done 00:43:22.230 --> 00:43:22.240 align:start position:0% is and what should be done 00:43:22.240 --> 00:43:24.470 align:start position:0% is and what should be done and<00:43:22.560> so<00:43:22.800> there<00:43:22.960> were<00:43:23.200> various<00:43:23.680> tools<00:43:24.240> for 00:43:24.470 --> 00:43:24.480 align:start position:0% and so there were various tools for 00:43:24.480 --> 00:43:26.150 align:start position:0% and so there were various tools for command<00:43:24.880> and<00:43:25.040> control 00:43:26.150 --> 00:43:26.160 align:start position:0% command and control 00:43:26.160 --> 00:43:29.030 align:start position:0% command and control that<00:43:27.119> the<00:43:27.440> tools<00:43:27.760> that<00:43:28.160> were<00:43:28.319> thought<00:43:28.560> to<00:43:28.880> be 00:43:29.030 --> 00:43:29.040 align:start position:0% that the tools that were thought to be 00:43:29.040 --> 00:43:29.510 align:start position:0% that the tools that were thought to be helpful 00:43:29.510 --> 00:43:29.520 align:start position:0% helpful 00:43:29.520 --> 00:43:31.349 align:start position:0% helpful to<00:43:29.599> a<00:43:29.680> commander<00:43:30.079> in<00:43:30.240> command<00:43:30.560> and<00:43:30.640> control 00:43:31.349 --> 00:43:31.359 align:start position:0% to a commander in command and control 00:43:31.359 --> 00:43:32.950 align:start position:0% to a commander in command and control namely<00:43:31.760> tools<00:43:32.319> of 00:43:32.950 --> 00:43:32.960 align:start position:0% namely tools of 00:43:32.960 --> 00:43:36.790 align:start position:0% namely tools of one<00:43:33.119> of<00:43:33.200> them<00:43:33.359> that<00:43:33.599> sri<00:43:34.000> got<00:43:34.240> involved<00:43:34.640> in<00:43:34.800> is 00:43:36.790 --> 00:43:36.800 align:start position:0% one of them that sri got involved in is 00:43:36.800 --> 00:43:39.430 align:start position:0% one of them that sri got involved in is is<00:43:37.040> getting<00:43:37.440> better<00:43:37.839> access<00:43:38.160> to<00:43:38.319> databases 00:43:39.430 --> 00:43:39.440 align:start position:0% is getting better access to databases 00:43:39.440 --> 00:43:41.829 align:start position:0% is getting better access to databases and<00:43:39.599> more<00:43:39.760> convenient<00:43:40.319> access<00:43:40.640> to<00:43:40.800> databases 00:43:41.829 --> 00:43:41.839 align:start position:0% and more convenient access to databases 00:43:41.839 --> 00:43:42.950 align:start position:0% and more convenient access to databases could<00:43:42.000> you<00:43:42.079> do<00:43:42.240> it<00:43:42.319> through<00:43:42.560> a<00:43:42.640> natural 00:43:42.950 --> 00:43:42.960 align:start position:0% could you do it through a natural 00:43:42.960 --> 00:43:44.710 align:start position:0% could you do it through a natural language<00:43:43.359> system<00:43:43.680> could<00:43:43.920> you<00:43:44.000> ask<00:43:44.319> questions 00:43:44.710 --> 00:43:44.720 align:start position:0% language system could you ask questions 00:43:44.720 --> 00:43:45.990 align:start position:0% language system could you ask questions of<00:43:44.800> the<00:43:44.880> database 00:43:45.990 --> 00:43:46.000 align:start position:0% of the database 00:43:46.000 --> 00:43:49.109 align:start position:0% of the database and<00:43:46.319> get<00:43:48.000> answers 00:43:49.109 --> 00:43:49.119 align:start position:0% and get answers 00:43:49.119 --> 00:43:52.069 align:start position:0% and get answers more<00:43:49.359> than<00:43:49.520> that<00:43:51.119> the<00:43:51.280> information<00:43:51.760> that<00:43:51.920> you 00:43:52.069 --> 00:43:52.079 align:start position:0% more than that the information that you 00:43:52.079 --> 00:43:52.950 align:start position:0% more than that the information that you might<00:43:52.319> want 00:43:52.950 --> 00:43:52.960 align:start position:0% might want 00:43:52.960 --> 00:43:54.470 align:start position:0% might want might<00:43:53.359> actually<00:43:53.680> reside<00:43:54.079> in<00:43:54.240> several 00:43:54.470 --> 00:43:54.480 align:start position:0% might actually reside in several 00:43:54.480 --> 00:43:56.870 align:start position:0% might actually reside in several databases<00:43:55.680> so<00:43:55.920> could<00:43:56.160> you<00:43:56.240> have<00:43:56.400> a<00:43:56.560> system 00:43:56.870 --> 00:43:56.880 align:start position:0% databases so could you have a system 00:43:56.880 --> 00:43:57.589 align:start position:0% databases so could you have a system that<00:43:57.040> would 00:43:57.589 --> 00:43:57.599 align:start position:0% that would 00:43:57.599 --> 00:44:00.309 align:start position:0% that would decide<00:43:58.079> how<00:43:58.240> to<00:43:58.400> parse<00:43:58.800> out<00:43:59.599> the<00:43:59.839> particular 00:44:00.309 --> 00:44:00.319 align:start position:0% decide how to parse out the particular 00:44:00.319 --> 00:44:01.109 align:start position:0% decide how to parse out the particular question 00:44:01.109 --> 00:44:01.119 align:start position:0% question 00:44:01.119 --> 00:44:03.349 align:start position:0% question getting<00:44:02.160> this<00:44:02.480> part<00:44:02.640> of<00:44:02.720> the<00:44:02.880> answer<00:44:03.200> from 00:44:03.349 --> 00:44:03.359 align:start position:0% getting this part of the answer from 00:44:03.359 --> 00:44:04.950 align:start position:0% getting this part of the answer from database<00:44:03.920> a<00:44:04.079> another<00:44:04.400> part<00:44:04.560> of<00:44:04.640> the<00:44:04.720> answer 00:44:04.950 --> 00:44:04.960 align:start position:0% database a another part of the answer 00:44:04.960 --> 00:44:06.230 align:start position:0% database a another part of the answer from<00:44:05.040> database<00:44:05.520> b 00:44:06.230 --> 00:44:06.240 align:start position:0% from database b 00:44:06.240 --> 00:44:07.990 align:start position:0% from database b then<00:44:06.560> going<00:44:06.800> out<00:44:06.880> to<00:44:06.960> the<00:44:07.040> databases<00:44:07.680> getting 00:44:07.990 --> 00:44:08.000 align:start position:0% then going out to the databases getting 00:44:08.000 --> 00:44:09.750 align:start position:0% then going out to the databases getting those<00:44:08.240> answers<00:44:08.640> then<00:44:08.800> putting<00:44:09.119> them<00:44:09.200> back<00:44:09.520> all 00:44:09.750 --> 00:44:09.760 align:start position:0% those answers then putting them back all 00:44:09.760 --> 00:44:10.470 align:start position:0% those answers then putting them back all together 00:44:10.470 --> 00:44:10.480 align:start position:0% together 00:44:10.480 --> 00:44:13.030 align:start position:0% together to<00:44:10.640> give<00:44:10.800> an<00:44:10.960> answer<00:44:11.359> to<00:44:12.319> the<00:44:12.480> commander 00:44:13.030 --> 00:44:13.040 align:start position:0% to give an answer to the commander 00:44:13.040 --> 00:44:14.150 align:start position:0% to give an answer to the commander saying 00:44:14.150 --> 00:44:14.160 align:start position:0% saying 00:44:14.160 --> 00:44:17.109 align:start position:0% saying so<00:44:14.720> uh<00:44:15.280> sri<00:44:15.760> developed<00:44:16.079> a<00:44:16.160> rather<00:44:16.480> large 00:44:17.109 --> 00:44:17.119 align:start position:0% so uh sri developed a rather large 00:44:17.119 --> 00:44:17.829 align:start position:0% so uh sri developed a rather large project 00:44:17.829 --> 00:44:17.839 align:start position:0% project 00:44:17.839 --> 00:44:19.829 align:start position:0% project doing<00:44:18.079> work<00:44:18.240> in<00:44:18.400> that<00:44:18.560> area<00:44:19.359> what<00:44:19.520> was<00:44:19.680> that 00:44:19.829 --> 00:44:19.839 align:start position:0% doing work in that area what was that 00:44:19.839 --> 00:44:21.030 align:start position:0% doing work in that area what was that project 00:44:21.030 --> 00:44:21.040 align:start position:0% project 00:44:21.040 --> 00:44:23.390 align:start position:0% project well<00:44:21.280> there<00:44:21.440> was<00:44:21.599> a<00:44:21.680> project<00:44:22.000> called<00:44:22.400> team 00:44:23.390 --> 00:44:23.400 align:start position:0% well there was a project called team 00:44:23.400 --> 00:44:24.950 align:start position:0% well there was a project called team transportable 00:44:24.950 --> 00:44:24.960 align:start position:0% transportable 00:44:24.960 --> 00:44:28.950 align:start position:0% transportable english<00:44:26.240> access 00:44:28.950 --> 00:44:28.960 align:start position:0% 00:44:28.960 --> 00:44:31.510 align:start position:0% to<00:44:29.200> something<00:44:30.400> i<00:44:30.560> think<00:44:30.720> i<00:44:30.880> have<00:44:31.200> all<00:44:31.280> those 00:44:31.510 --> 00:44:31.520 align:start position:0% to something i think i have all those 00:44:31.520 --> 00:44:33.670 align:start position:0% to something i think i have all those acronyms<00:44:32.079> in<00:44:32.160> my<00:44:32.319> ai<00:44:32.640> history<00:44:32.960> book 00:44:33.670 --> 00:44:33.680 align:start position:0% acronyms in my ai history book 00:44:33.680 --> 00:44:36.470 align:start position:0% acronyms in my ai history book which<00:44:33.920> you<00:44:34.000> can<00:44:34.160> look<00:44:34.400> out<00:44:35.119> and<00:44:35.280> there's<00:44:35.920> a 00:44:36.470 --> 00:44:36.480 align:start position:0% which you can look out and there's a 00:44:36.480 --> 00:44:37.750 align:start position:0% which you can look out and there's a good<00:44:36.640> description 00:44:37.750 --> 00:44:37.760 align:start position:0% good description 00:44:37.760 --> 00:44:42.230 align:start position:0% good description of<00:44:39.119> that<00:44:39.359> work<00:44:40.400> involving<00:44:41.040> natural<00:44:41.440> language 00:44:42.230 --> 00:44:42.240 align:start position:0% of that work involving natural language 00:44:42.240 --> 00:44:44.150 align:start position:0% of that work involving natural language access<00:44:42.640> to<00:44:42.720> databases<00:44:43.280> that<00:44:43.440> i<00:44:43.520> talk<00:44:43.760> about<00:44:44.000> in 00:44:44.150 --> 00:44:44.160 align:start position:0% access to databases that i talk about in 00:44:44.160 --> 00:44:47.750 align:start position:0% access to databases that i talk about in the<00:44:44.240> book 00:44:47.750 --> 00:44:47.760 align:start position:0% 00:44:47.760 --> 00:44:49.030 align:start position:0% so<00:44:48.000> during<00:44:48.240> that<00:44:48.400> time<00:44:48.640> that<00:44:48.720> you<00:44:48.880> were 00:44:49.030 --> 00:44:49.040 align:start position:0% so during that time that you were 00:44:49.040 --> 00:44:50.309 align:start position:0% so during that time that you were working<00:44:49.280> on<00:44:49.520> shaky<00:44:49.839> was<00:44:50.000> there<00:44:50.160> much 00:44:50.309 --> 00:44:50.319 align:start position:0% working on shaky was there much 00:44:50.319 --> 00:44:51.589 align:start position:0% working on shaky was there much interaction<00:44:50.960> with 00:44:51.589 --> 00:44:51.599 align:start position:0% interaction with 00:44:51.599 --> 00:44:53.430 align:start position:0% interaction with john<00:44:51.839> mccarthy<00:44:52.560> or<00:44:52.800> any<00:44:52.960> of<00:44:53.040> the<00:44:53.119> people<00:44:53.359> that 00:44:53.430 --> 00:44:53.440 align:start position:0% john mccarthy or any of the people that 00:44:53.440 --> 00:44:55.270 align:start position:0% john mccarthy or any of the people that they<00:44:53.839> landed<00:44:54.160> at<00:44:54.240> stanford<00:44:54.800> and<00:44:54.960> all<00:44:55.119> my 00:44:55.270 --> 00:44:55.280 align:start position:0% they landed at stanford and all my 00:44:55.280 --> 00:44:55.750 align:start position:0% they landed at stanford and all my favorite 00:44:55.750 --> 00:44:55.760 align:start position:0% favorite 00:44:55.760 --> 00:44:57.109 align:start position:0% favorite yes<00:44:56.000> i<00:44:56.079> think<00:44:56.160> there<00:44:56.319> was<00:44:56.480> quite<00:44:56.640> a<00:44:56.720> bit<00:44:56.960> as<00:44:57.040> a 00:44:57.109 --> 00:44:57.119 align:start position:0% yes i think there was quite a bit as a 00:44:57.119 --> 00:44:59.430 align:start position:0% yes i think there was quite a bit as a matter<00:44:57.280> of<00:44:57.359> fact<00:44:57.760> in<00:44:58.160> um 00:44:59.430 --> 00:44:59.440 align:start position:0% matter of fact in um 00:44:59.440 --> 00:45:02.630 align:start position:0% matter of fact in um even<00:45:00.160> yeah<00:45:00.880> in<00:45:01.040> 1968<00:45:02.319> i 00:45:02.630 --> 00:45:02.640 align:start position:0% even yeah in 1968 i 00:45:02.640 --> 00:45:05.990 align:start position:0% even yeah in 1968 i spent<00:45:03.440> kind<00:45:03.599> of<00:45:03.680> a<00:45:03.839> half<00:45:04.079> a<00:45:04.160> year<00:45:05.119> on<00:45:05.359> loan<00:45:05.760> from 00:45:05.990 --> 00:45:06.000 align:start position:0% spent kind of a half a year on loan from 00:45:06.000 --> 00:45:06.950 align:start position:0% spent kind of a half a year on loan from sri<00:45:06.640> to 00:45:06.950 --> 00:45:06.960 align:start position:0% sri to 00:45:06.960 --> 00:45:09.829 align:start position:0% sri to stanford<00:45:08.000> and<00:45:08.240> i<00:45:08.319> had<00:45:08.480> an<00:45:08.720> office<00:45:09.200> out<00:45:09.520> at<00:45:09.680> the 00:45:09.829 --> 00:45:09.839 align:start position:0% stanford and i had an office out at the 00:45:09.839 --> 00:45:11.589 align:start position:0% stanford and i had an office out at the artificial<00:45:10.319> intelligence<00:45:10.880> laboratory<00:45:11.440> that 00:45:11.589 --> 00:45:11.599 align:start position:0% artificial intelligence laboratory that 00:45:11.599 --> 00:45:13.829 align:start position:0% artificial intelligence laboratory that stanford<00:45:12.000> was<00:45:12.160> running 00:45:13.829 --> 00:45:13.839 align:start position:0% stanford was running 00:45:13.839 --> 00:45:16.630 align:start position:0% stanford was running on<00:45:14.960> a<00:45:15.040> rash<00:45:15.440> darrell<00:45:15.680> road<00:45:16.000> in<00:45:16.079> the<00:45:16.160> foothills 00:45:16.630 --> 00:45:16.640 align:start position:0% on a rash darrell road in the foothills 00:45:16.640 --> 00:45:18.390 align:start position:0% on a rash darrell road in the foothills behind<00:45:17.040> stanford 00:45:18.390 --> 00:45:18.400 align:start position:0% behind stanford 00:45:18.400 --> 00:45:20.950 align:start position:0% behind stanford and<00:45:18.720> worked<00:45:19.040> with<00:45:19.359> and<00:45:19.680> uh<00:45:20.079> there<00:45:20.240> was<00:45:20.720> other 00:45:20.950 --> 00:45:20.960 align:start position:0% and worked with and uh there was other 00:45:20.960 --> 00:45:22.150 align:start position:0% and worked with and uh there was other people<00:45:21.280> working<00:45:21.680> on 00:45:22.150 --> 00:45:22.160 align:start position:0% people working on 00:45:22.160 --> 00:45:23.750 align:start position:0% people working on mainly<00:45:22.560> on<00:45:22.640> machine<00:45:23.040> vision<00:45:23.440> and<00:45:23.599> other 00:45:23.750 --> 00:45:23.760 align:start position:0% mainly on machine vision and other 00:45:23.760 --> 00:45:25.349 align:start position:0% mainly on machine vision and other robotics<00:45:24.240> projects 00:45:25.349 --> 00:45:25.359 align:start position:0% robotics projects 00:45:25.359 --> 00:45:27.349 align:start position:0% robotics projects uh<00:45:25.599> one<00:45:25.839> particular<00:45:26.480> person<00:45:26.800> i<00:45:26.960> remember 00:45:27.349 --> 00:45:27.359 align:start position:0% uh one particular person i remember 00:45:27.359 --> 00:45:29.990 align:start position:0% uh one particular person i remember quite<00:45:27.520> well<00:45:27.760> the<00:45:27.920> man<00:45:28.160> named<00:45:28.400> robert<00:45:28.720> bowles 00:45:29.990 --> 00:45:30.000 align:start position:0% quite well the man named robert bowles 00:45:30.000 --> 00:45:32.550 align:start position:0% quite well the man named robert bowles who<00:45:30.240> was<00:45:30.400> working<00:45:30.800> on<00:45:31.200> uh<00:45:31.920> automatically 00:45:32.550 --> 00:45:32.560 align:start position:0% who was working on uh automatically 00:45:32.560 --> 00:45:34.069 align:start position:0% who was working on uh automatically assembling<00:45:33.200> a 00:45:34.069 --> 00:45:34.079 align:start position:0% assembling a 00:45:34.079 --> 00:45:37.430 align:start position:0% assembling a um<00:45:34.880> water<00:45:35.119> pump<00:45:35.359> for<00:45:35.520> an<00:45:35.680> automobile 00:45:37.430 --> 00:45:37.440 align:start position:0% um water pump for an automobile 00:45:37.440 --> 00:45:40.550 align:start position:0% um water pump for an automobile and<00:45:38.319> and<00:45:38.560> they<00:45:38.720> were<00:45:38.960> doing<00:45:39.200> various<00:45:39.599> puzzles 00:45:40.550 --> 00:45:40.560 align:start position:0% and and they were doing various puzzles 00:45:40.560 --> 00:45:43.349 align:start position:0% and and they were doing various puzzles could<00:45:40.800> they<00:45:41.040> um<00:45:42.000> solve<00:45:42.319> the<00:45:42.480> instant<00:45:42.800> insanity 00:45:43.349 --> 00:45:43.359 align:start position:0% could they um solve the instant insanity 00:45:43.359 --> 00:45:44.790 align:start position:0% could they um solve the instant insanity problem<00:45:43.680> as<00:45:43.839> they<00:45:44.000> called<00:45:44.240> it<00:45:44.319> by<00:45:44.480> putting 00:45:44.790 --> 00:45:44.800 align:start position:0% problem as they called it by putting 00:45:44.800 --> 00:45:46.309 align:start position:0% problem as they called it by putting blocks<00:45:45.119> together 00:45:46.309 --> 00:45:46.319 align:start position:0% blocks together 00:45:46.319 --> 00:45:48.069 align:start position:0% blocks together and<00:45:46.800> so<00:45:47.119> yeah<00:45:47.280> there<00:45:47.440> was<00:45:47.599> there<00:45:47.760> was<00:45:47.839> quite<00:45:48.000> a 00:45:48.069 --> 00:45:48.079 align:start position:0% and so yeah there was there was quite a 00:45:48.079 --> 00:45:49.829 align:start position:0% and so yeah there was there was quite a bit<00:45:48.240> of<00:45:48.400> interaction 00:45:49.829 --> 00:45:49.839 align:start position:0% bit of interaction 00:45:49.839 --> 00:45:52.550 align:start position:0% bit of interaction and<00:45:50.000> he<00:45:50.160> wound<00:45:50.400> up<00:45:50.560> eventually<00:45:51.520> he<00:45:51.680> did<00:45:52.319> he's 00:45:52.550 --> 00:45:52.560 align:start position:0% and he wound up eventually he did he's 00:45:52.560 --> 00:45:53.829 align:start position:0% and he wound up eventually he did he's there<00:45:52.880> now 00:45:53.829 --> 00:45:53.839 align:start position:0% there now 00:45:53.839 --> 00:45:57.030 align:start position:0% there now i<00:45:54.000> think 00:45:57.030 --> 00:45:57.040 align:start position:0% 00:45:57.040 --> 00:46:00.550 align:start position:0% um<00:45:57.520> they're<00:45:57.760> still<00:45:57.920> working<00:45:58.160> on<00:45:58.319> vision 00:46:00.550 --> 00:46:00.560 align:start position:0% um they're still working on vision 00:46:00.560 --> 00:46:03.589 align:start position:0% um they're still working on vision and<00:46:00.800> jerry<00:46:01.119> feldman<00:46:02.160> was<00:46:02.400> doing<00:46:02.640> work<00:46:03.040> on 00:46:03.589 --> 00:46:03.599 align:start position:0% and jerry feldman was doing work on 00:46:03.599 --> 00:46:05.990 align:start position:0% and jerry feldman was doing work on robotics<00:46:04.160> and<00:46:04.319> vision<00:46:04.720> in<00:46:04.880> those<00:46:05.119> days<00:46:05.760> he 00:46:05.990 --> 00:46:06.000 align:start position:0% robotics and vision in those days he 00:46:06.000 --> 00:46:08.309 align:start position:0% robotics and vision in those days he later<00:46:06.400> became<00:46:06.960> the<00:46:07.200> founding 00:46:08.309 --> 00:46:08.319 align:start position:0% later became the founding 00:46:08.319 --> 00:46:10.630 align:start position:0% later became the founding chair<00:46:08.720> i<00:46:08.880> think<00:46:09.119> of<00:46:09.359> the<00:46:09.920> computer<00:46:10.319> science 00:46:10.630 --> 00:46:10.640 align:start position:0% chair i think of the computer science 00:46:10.640 --> 00:46:14.069 align:start position:0% chair i think of the computer science department<00:46:11.040> at<00:46:12.839> rochester 00:46:14.069 --> 00:46:14.079 align:start position:0% department at rochester 00:46:14.079 --> 00:46:17.910 align:start position:0% department at rochester now<00:46:14.240> he's<00:46:14.560> at<00:46:14.960> berkeley<00:46:16.400> in<00:46:16.560> an<00:46:16.720> institute 00:46:17.910 --> 00:46:17.920 align:start position:0% now he's at berkeley in an institute 00:46:17.920 --> 00:46:19.349 align:start position:0% now he's at berkeley in an institute called<00:46:18.160> the<00:46:18.240> international<00:46:18.960> computer 00:46:19.349 --> 00:46:19.359 align:start position:0% called the international computer 00:46:19.359 --> 00:46:24.309 align:start position:0% called the international computer science<00:46:19.839> institute 00:46:24.309 --> 00:46:24.319 align:start position:0% 00:46:24.319 --> 00:46:26.230 align:start position:0% and<00:46:24.640> um<00:46:25.040> i<00:46:25.200> figured<00:46:25.440> when<00:46:25.680> it<00:46:25.760> went<00:46:26.000> out 00:46:26.230 --> 00:46:26.240 align:start position:0% and um i figured when it went out 00:46:26.240 --> 00:46:29.109 align:start position:0% and um i figured when it went out reginae 00:46:29.109 --> 00:46:29.119 align:start position:0% 00:46:29.119 --> 00:46:32.630 align:start position:0% she<00:46:29.280> got<00:46:29.440> her<00:46:29.680> phd<00:46:30.240> at<00:46:30.319> stanford<00:46:31.680> and 00:46:32.630 --> 00:46:32.640 align:start position:0% she got her phd at stanford and 00:46:32.640 --> 00:46:34.150 align:start position:0% she got her phd at stanford and let's<00:46:32.880> see<00:46:33.119> where<00:46:33.280> did<00:46:33.359> she<00:46:33.520> go<00:46:33.680> did<00:46:33.839> she<00:46:34.000> go 00:46:34.150 --> 00:46:34.160 align:start position:0% let's see where did she go did she go 00:46:34.160 --> 00:46:36.790 align:start position:0% let's see where did she go did she go immediately<00:46:34.720> to<00:46:35.040> penn<00:46:35.440> after<00:46:35.680> that 00:46:36.790 --> 00:46:36.800 align:start position:0% immediately to penn after that 00:46:36.800 --> 00:46:39.510 align:start position:0% immediately to penn after that i<00:46:37.040> know<00:46:37.200> she<00:46:37.359> spent<00:46:37.599> a<00:46:37.680> little<00:46:37.920> time<00:46:38.240> as<00:46:38.480> an<00:46:38.640> nsf 00:46:39.510 --> 00:46:39.520 align:start position:0% i know she spent a little time as an nsf 00:46:39.520 --> 00:46:42.630 align:start position:0% i know she spent a little time as an nsf national<00:46:39.920> science<00:46:40.240> foundation<00:46:40.839> director 00:46:42.630 --> 00:46:42.640 align:start position:0% national science foundation director 00:46:42.640 --> 00:46:46.069 align:start position:0% national science foundation director and<00:46:43.040> but<00:46:43.200> she<00:46:43.440> did<00:46:43.599> work<00:46:43.920> at<00:46:44.000> the<00:46:44.319> uh<00:46:44.560> ai<00:46:44.960> lab 00:46:46.069 --> 00:46:46.079 align:start position:0% and but she did work at the uh ai lab 00:46:46.079 --> 00:46:48.870 align:start position:0% and but she did work at the uh ai lab and<00:46:46.240> did<00:46:46.319> you<00:46:46.480> write<00:46:46.720> under<00:46:47.119> there<00:46:47.359> oh<00:46:47.520> yeah 00:46:48.870 --> 00:46:48.880 align:start position:0% and did you write under there oh yeah 00:46:48.880 --> 00:46:50.710 align:start position:0% and did you write under there oh yeah and<00:46:49.119> what<00:46:49.280> would<00:46:49.359> you<00:46:49.520> say<00:46:49.760> was<00:46:49.920> the 00:46:50.710 --> 00:46:50.720 align:start position:0% and what would you say was the 00:46:50.720 --> 00:46:53.030 align:start position:0% and what would you say was the kind<00:46:50.960> of<00:46:51.200> intellectual<00:46:52.319> discourse<00:46:52.800> that<00:46:52.960> was 00:46:53.030 --> 00:46:53.040 align:start position:0% kind of intellectual discourse that was 00:46:53.040 --> 00:46:54.069 align:start position:0% kind of intellectual discourse that was going<00:46:53.280> on 00:46:54.069 --> 00:46:54.079 align:start position:0% going on 00:46:54.079 --> 00:46:56.069 align:start position:0% going on the<00:46:54.240> exchange<00:46:54.640> of<00:46:54.800> ideas<00:46:55.599> well<00:46:55.760> i<00:46:55.839> think<00:46:56.000> it 00:46:56.069 --> 00:46:56.079 align:start position:0% the exchange of ideas well i think it 00:46:56.079 --> 00:46:57.349 align:start position:0% the exchange of ideas well i think it was<00:46:56.240> very<00:46:56.480> exciting 00:46:57.349 --> 00:46:57.359 align:start position:0% was very exciting 00:46:57.359 --> 00:46:59.750 align:start position:0% was very exciting uh<00:46:57.680> that<00:46:58.000> whole<00:46:58.400> period<00:46:58.800> of<00:46:58.880> the<00:46:59.040> stanford<00:46:59.440> ai 00:46:59.750 --> 00:46:59.760 align:start position:0% uh that whole period of the stanford ai 00:46:59.760 --> 00:47:01.430 align:start position:0% uh that whole period of the stanford ai lab<00:47:00.000> when<00:47:00.160> they<00:47:00.240> were<00:47:00.400> in<00:47:00.480> the<00:47:00.560> foothills 00:47:01.430 --> 00:47:01.440 align:start position:0% lab when they were in the foothills 00:47:01.440 --> 00:47:03.030 align:start position:0% lab when they were in the foothills was<00:47:01.680> a<00:47:01.760> very<00:47:02.000> exciting<00:47:02.480> time<00:47:02.800> and<00:47:02.880> they 00:47:03.030 --> 00:47:03.040 align:start position:0% was a very exciting time and they 00:47:03.040 --> 00:47:04.630 align:start position:0% was a very exciting time and they developed<00:47:03.440> a<00:47:03.520> lot<00:47:03.680> of<00:47:03.760> things 00:47:04.630 --> 00:47:04.640 align:start position:0% developed a lot of things 00:47:04.640 --> 00:47:08.069 align:start position:0% developed a lot of things probably<00:47:05.040> the<00:47:05.200> first<00:47:07.200> printer<00:47:07.520> that<00:47:07.680> led<00:47:07.920> to 00:47:08.069 --> 00:47:08.079 align:start position:0% probably the first printer that led to 00:47:08.079 --> 00:47:09.750 align:start position:0% probably the first printer that led to the 00:47:09.750 --> 00:47:09.760 align:start position:0% the 00:47:09.760 --> 00:47:13.030 align:start position:0% the xerox<00:47:10.240> printer<00:47:11.200> a<00:47:11.280> guy<00:47:11.520> named<00:47:11.760> les<00:47:12.000> ernest<00:47:12.480> was 00:47:13.030 --> 00:47:13.040 align:start position:0% xerox printer a guy named les ernest was 00:47:13.040 --> 00:47:15.829 align:start position:0% xerox printer a guy named les ernest was john<00:47:13.280> mccarthy's<00:47:14.000> chief<00:47:14.800> executive<00:47:15.440> officer 00:47:15.829 --> 00:47:15.839 align:start position:0% john mccarthy's chief executive officer 00:47:15.839 --> 00:47:17.270 align:start position:0% john mccarthy's chief executive officer you<00:47:15.920> might<00:47:16.160> call<00:47:16.400> him 00:47:17.270 --> 00:47:17.280 align:start position:0% you might call him 00:47:17.280 --> 00:47:19.030 align:start position:0% you might call him and<00:47:17.440> he<00:47:17.599> was<00:47:17.839> uh<00:47:18.319> interested<00:47:18.640> in<00:47:18.720> a<00:47:18.800> lot<00:47:18.960> of 00:47:19.030 --> 00:47:19.040 align:start position:0% and he was uh interested in a lot of 00:47:19.040 --> 00:47:20.309 align:start position:0% and he was uh interested in a lot of different<00:47:19.280> things 00:47:20.309 --> 00:47:20.319 align:start position:0% different things 00:47:20.319 --> 00:47:22.870 align:start position:0% different things the<00:47:21.440> they<00:47:21.599> had<00:47:21.839> a<00:47:21.839> lot<00:47:22.000> of<00:47:22.160> extra<00:47:22.400> computer 00:47:22.870 --> 00:47:22.880 align:start position:0% the they had a lot of extra computer 00:47:22.880 --> 00:47:24.390 align:start position:0% the they had a lot of extra computer cycles 00:47:24.390 --> 00:47:24.400 align:start position:0% cycles 00:47:24.400 --> 00:47:28.309 align:start position:0% cycles out<00:47:24.640> there<00:47:25.520> and<00:47:25.839> so<00:47:26.319> they<00:47:27.280> allowed 00:47:28.309 --> 00:47:28.319 align:start position:0% out there and so they allowed 00:47:28.319 --> 00:47:30.390 align:start position:0% out there and so they allowed people<00:47:28.640> interested<00:47:29.040> in<00:47:29.119> computer<00:47:29.520> music<00:47:30.240> to 00:47:30.390 --> 00:47:30.400 align:start position:0% people interested in computer music to 00:47:30.400 --> 00:47:32.630 align:start position:0% people interested in computer music to use<00:47:30.640> it<00:47:30.800> john<00:47:31.119> chowning 00:47:32.630 --> 00:47:32.640 align:start position:0% use it john chowning 00:47:32.640 --> 00:47:35.270 align:start position:0% use it john chowning was<00:47:32.880> out<00:47:33.040> there<00:47:33.280> at<00:47:33.359> the<00:47:33.520> time<00:47:34.400> john<00:47:34.720> johnny<00:47:35.119> by 00:47:35.270 --> 00:47:35.280 align:start position:0% was out there at the time john johnny by 00:47:35.280 --> 00:47:37.589 align:start position:0% was out there at the time john johnny by the<00:47:35.359> way<00:47:35.680> was<00:47:35.920> the<00:47:36.079> person<00:47:36.480> who<00:47:36.720> invented 00:47:37.589 --> 00:47:37.599 align:start position:0% the way was the person who invented 00:47:37.599 --> 00:47:40.630 align:start position:0% the way was the person who invented the<00:47:37.920> frequency<00:47:38.319> modulation<00:47:38.960> technique<00:47:39.520> for<00:47:40.400> a 00:47:40.630 --> 00:47:40.640 align:start position:0% the frequency modulation technique for a 00:47:40.640 --> 00:47:42.230 align:start position:0% the frequency modulation technique for a sound<00:47:40.960> synthesizer 00:47:42.230 --> 00:47:42.240 align:start position:0% sound synthesizer 00:47:42.240 --> 00:47:45.910 align:start position:0% sound synthesizer that<00:47:43.040> led<00:47:43.280> to<00:47:43.440> a<00:47:43.440> lot<00:47:43.599> of<00:47:43.680> money<00:47:43.920> for<00:47:44.079> stanford 00:47:45.910 --> 00:47:45.920 align:start position:0% that led to a lot of money for stanford 00:47:45.920 --> 00:47:47.990 align:start position:0% that led to a lot of money for stanford paid<00:47:46.160> for<00:47:46.319> by<00:47:46.559> yamaha<00:47:47.119> who<00:47:47.359> included<00:47:47.760> it<00:47:47.920> in 00:47:47.990 --> 00:47:48.000 align:start position:0% paid for by yamaha who included it in 00:47:48.000 --> 00:47:48.950 align:start position:0% paid for by yamaha who included it in their 00:47:48.950 --> 00:47:48.960 align:start position:0% their 00:47:48.960 --> 00:47:52.150 align:start position:0% their keyboard<00:47:49.520> stuff<00:47:51.119> and<00:47:51.200> then<00:47:51.359> eventually<00:47:51.920> they 00:47:52.150 --> 00:47:52.160 align:start position:0% keyboard stuff and then eventually they 00:47:52.160 --> 00:47:52.710 align:start position:0% keyboard stuff and then eventually they uh 00:47:52.710 --> 00:47:52.720 align:start position:0% uh 00:47:52.720 --> 00:47:55.430 align:start position:0% uh they<00:47:52.880> got<00:47:53.040> a<00:47:53.119> site<00:47:53.440> on<00:47:53.599> the<00:47:53.680> campus<00:47:54.800> uh<00:47:55.119> called 00:47:55.430 --> 00:47:55.440 align:start position:0% they got a site on the campus uh called 00:47:55.440 --> 00:47:56.069 align:start position:0% they got a site on the campus uh called the 00:47:56.069 --> 00:47:56.079 align:start position:0% the 00:47:56.079 --> 00:47:58.390 align:start position:0% the center<00:47:56.400> for<00:47:56.559> the<00:47:57.440> study<00:47:57.760> of<00:47:57.839> computers<00:47:58.319> and 00:47:58.390 --> 00:47:58.400 align:start position:0% center for the study of computers and 00:47:58.400 --> 00:48:03.190 align:start position:0% center for the study of computers and music<00:47:58.800> or<00:47:58.880> something<00:47:59.119> like<00:47:59.359> that 00:48:03.190 --> 00:48:03.200 align:start position:0% 00:48:03.200 --> 00:48:04.710 align:start position:0% uh<00:48:03.599> yeah<00:48:03.760> there<00:48:03.920> were<00:48:04.000> a<00:48:04.000> lot<00:48:04.160> of<00:48:04.240> things<00:48:04.480> going 00:48:04.710 --> 00:48:04.720 align:start position:0% uh yeah there were a lot of things going 00:48:04.720 --> 00:48:06.470 align:start position:0% uh yeah there were a lot of things going on<00:48:05.119> not<00:48:05.359> all<00:48:05.520> of<00:48:05.599> which<00:48:05.920> were 00:48:06.470 --> 00:48:06.480 align:start position:0% on not all of which were 00:48:06.480 --> 00:48:09.109 align:start position:0% on not all of which were necessarily<00:48:07.119> can<00:48:07.920> connect<00:48:08.240> to<00:48:08.400> ai<00:48:08.800> after<00:48:09.040> all 00:48:09.109 --> 00:48:09.119 align:start position:0% necessarily can connect to ai after all 00:48:09.119 --> 00:48:11.190 align:start position:0% necessarily can connect to ai after all you<00:48:09.280> had<00:48:09.440> this<00:48:09.599> very<00:48:09.839> powerful<00:48:10.240> computer 00:48:11.190 --> 00:48:11.200 align:start position:0% you had this very powerful computer 00:48:11.200 --> 00:48:13.910 align:start position:0% you had this very powerful computer time<00:48:11.440> shared<00:48:11.760> computer<00:48:12.240> pdp<00:48:13.280> six<00:48:13.760> and 00:48:13.910 --> 00:48:13.920 align:start position:0% time shared computer pdp six and 00:48:13.920 --> 00:48:15.670 align:start position:0% time shared computer pdp six and eventually<00:48:14.319> pdb10s 00:48:15.670 --> 00:48:15.680 align:start position:0% eventually pdb10s 00:48:15.680 --> 00:48:17.510 align:start position:0% eventually pdb10s and<00:48:15.920> people<00:48:16.559> understood<00:48:17.040> you<00:48:17.119> could<00:48:17.200> do<00:48:17.359> all 00:48:17.510 --> 00:48:17.520 align:start position:0% and people understood you could do all 00:48:17.520 --> 00:48:18.710 align:start position:0% and people understood you could do all kinds<00:48:17.760> of<00:48:17.839> things<00:48:18.079> with<00:48:18.319> them 00:48:18.710 --> 00:48:18.720 align:start position:0% kinds of things with them 00:48:18.720 --> 00:48:21.030 align:start position:0% kinds of things with them you<00:48:18.800> could<00:48:18.960> do<00:48:19.119> text<00:48:19.520> processing<00:48:20.720> you<00:48:20.880> could 00:48:21.030 --> 00:48:21.040 align:start position:0% you could do text processing you could 00:48:21.040 --> 00:48:22.470 align:start position:0% you could do text processing you could do<00:48:21.280> all<00:48:21.520> kinds<00:48:21.839> of 00:48:22.470 --> 00:48:22.480 align:start position:0% do all kinds of 00:48:22.480 --> 00:48:25.510 align:start position:0% do all kinds of pattern<00:48:22.880> recognition<00:48:23.599> things<00:48:24.640> ed<00:48:24.880> feigenbaum 00:48:25.510 --> 00:48:25.520 align:start position:0% pattern recognition things ed feigenbaum 00:48:25.520 --> 00:48:26.870 align:start position:0% pattern recognition things ed feigenbaum was<00:48:25.680> there<00:48:25.920> for<00:48:26.079> a<00:48:26.160> while 00:48:26.870 --> 00:48:26.880 align:start position:0% was there for a while 00:48:26.880 --> 00:48:29.589 align:start position:0% was there for a while working<00:48:27.280> on<00:48:27.520> the<00:48:27.680> project<00:48:28.079> which<00:48:29.119> became 00:48:29.589 --> 00:48:29.599 align:start position:0% working on the project which became 00:48:29.599 --> 00:48:30.790 align:start position:0% working on the project which became dendral 00:48:30.790 --> 00:48:30.800 align:start position:0% dendral 00:48:30.800 --> 00:48:34.549 align:start position:0% dendral a<00:48:31.599> program<00:48:32.319> for<00:48:33.280> deciding 00:48:34.549 --> 00:48:34.559 align:start position:0% a program for deciding 00:48:34.559 --> 00:48:37.270 align:start position:0% a program for deciding about<00:48:34.800> the<00:48:34.960> structure<00:48:35.599> of<00:48:36.319> small<00:48:36.800> organic 00:48:37.270 --> 00:48:37.280 align:start position:0% about the structure of small organic 00:48:37.280 --> 00:48:39.030 align:start position:0% about the structure of small organic compounds 00:48:39.030 --> 00:48:39.040 align:start position:0% compounds 00:48:39.040 --> 00:48:42.230 align:start position:0% compounds ultimately<00:48:39.520> he<00:48:39.760> left<00:48:40.480> the<00:48:40.800> ai<00:48:41.280> lab 00:48:42.230 --> 00:48:42.240 align:start position:0% ultimately he left the ai lab 00:48:42.240 --> 00:48:43.670 align:start position:0% ultimately he left the ai lab because<00:48:42.559> i<00:48:42.720> guess<00:48:42.880> he<00:48:43.040> couldn't<00:48:43.280> get<00:48:43.359> enough 00:48:43.670 --> 00:48:43.680 align:start position:0% because i guess he couldn't get enough 00:48:43.680 --> 00:48:46.829 align:start position:0% because i guess he couldn't get enough cycles<00:48:44.079> on<00:48:44.160> the<00:48:44.240> machine<00:48:44.640> and<00:48:44.720> move<00:48:44.880> to<00:48:44.960> the 00:48:46.829 --> 00:48:46.839 align:start position:0% cycles on the machine and move to the 00:48:46.839 --> 00:48:48.069 align:start position:0% cycles on the machine and move to the campus 00:48:48.069 --> 00:48:48.079 align:start position:0% campus 00:48:48.079 --> 00:48:51.750 align:start position:0% campus he<00:48:48.160> was<00:48:48.400> upset<00:48:48.800> because<00:48:49.760> uh<00:48:50.559> mccarthy<00:48:51.200> and<00:48:51.520> his 00:48:51.750 --> 00:48:51.760 align:start position:0% he was upset because uh mccarthy and his 00:48:51.760 --> 00:48:53.270 align:start position:0% he was upset because uh mccarthy and his people<00:48:52.000> were<00:48:52.240> always<00:48:52.480> changing<00:48:52.880> the<00:48:52.960> machine 00:48:53.270 --> 00:48:53.280 align:start position:0% people were always changing the machine 00:48:53.280 --> 00:48:54.150 align:start position:0% people were always changing the machine around<00:48:53.680> and 00:48:54.150 --> 00:48:54.160 align:start position:0% around and 00:48:54.160 --> 00:48:58.069 align:start position:0% around and taking<00:48:54.480> it<00:48:54.559> down<00:48:54.800> and<00:48:54.960> making<00:48:55.280> changes<00:48:55.760> to<00:48:55.920> it 00:48:58.069 --> 00:48:58.079 align:start position:0% 00:48:58.079 --> 00:49:02.069 align:start position:0% um<00:48:58.800> and<00:48:59.119> uh<00:49:00.319> did<00:49:00.480> you<00:49:00.640> ever<00:49:01.040> work<00:49:01.280> on<00:49:01.440> another 00:49:02.069 --> 00:49:02.079 align:start position:0% um and uh did you ever work on another 00:49:02.079 --> 00:49:04.710 align:start position:0% um and uh did you ever work on another robotics<00:49:02.640> project<00:49:03.119> after<00:49:03.359> the<00:49:03.839> shaky<00:49:04.400> or<00:49:04.559> did 00:49:04.710 --> 00:49:04.720 align:start position:0% robotics project after the shaky or did 00:49:04.720 --> 00:49:05.270 align:start position:0% robotics project after the shaky or did you<00:49:04.880> stay 00:49:05.270 --> 00:49:05.280 align:start position:0% you stay 00:49:05.280 --> 00:49:08.390 align:start position:0% you stay in<00:49:05.440> my<00:49:05.599> life<00:49:06.240> yes<00:49:06.559> yeah<00:49:06.960> well<00:49:07.200> in<00:49:07.280> a<00:49:07.359> way<00:49:08.160> maybe 00:49:08.390 --> 00:49:08.400 align:start position:0% in my life yes yeah well in a way maybe 00:49:08.400 --> 00:49:09.750 align:start position:0% in my life yes yeah well in a way maybe we'll<00:49:08.559> get<00:49:08.720> to<00:49:08.880> that 00:49:09.750 --> 00:49:09.760 align:start position:0% we'll get to that 00:49:09.760 --> 00:49:13.510 align:start position:0% we'll get to that uh<00:49:11.200> after<00:49:12.720> uh 00:49:13.510 --> 00:49:13.520 align:start position:0% uh after uh 00:49:13.520 --> 00:49:15.910 align:start position:0% uh after uh if<00:49:13.599> you<00:49:13.680> want<00:49:13.839> to<00:49:13.920> go<00:49:14.160> sequentially<00:49:15.280> just 00:49:15.910 --> 00:49:15.920 align:start position:0% if you want to go sequentially just 00:49:15.920 --> 00:49:17.750 align:start position:0% if you want to go sequentially just briefly 00:49:17.750 --> 00:49:17.760 align:start position:0% briefly 00:49:17.760 --> 00:49:19.589 align:start position:0% briefly i<00:49:18.000> was<00:49:18.160> a<00:49:18.240> little<00:49:18.480> bit<00:49:18.800> miffed<00:49:19.119> that<00:49:19.280> arpa 00:49:19.589 --> 00:49:19.599 align:start position:0% i was a little bit miffed that arpa 00:49:19.599 --> 00:49:21.589 align:start position:0% i was a little bit miffed that arpa wouldn't<00:49:19.920> support<00:49:20.240> robotics<00:49:20.960> and<00:49:21.119> i<00:49:21.200> decided 00:49:21.589 --> 00:49:21.599 align:start position:0% wouldn't support robotics and i decided 00:49:21.599 --> 00:49:22.870 align:start position:0% wouldn't support robotics and i decided i<00:49:21.680> wasn't<00:49:21.920> going<00:49:22.079> to<00:49:22.160> have<00:49:22.240> anything<00:49:22.640> to<00:49:22.720> do 00:49:22.870 --> 00:49:22.880 align:start position:0% i wasn't going to have anything to do 00:49:22.880 --> 00:49:23.670 align:start position:0% i wasn't going to have anything to do with<00:49:23.040> what 00:49:23.670 --> 00:49:23.680 align:start position:0% with what 00:49:23.680 --> 00:49:26.710 align:start position:0% with what arpha<00:49:24.240> thought<00:49:25.280> they<00:49:25.520> are<00:49:26.079> that<00:49:26.319> i<00:49:26.400> ought<00:49:26.640> to 00:49:26.710 --> 00:49:26.720 align:start position:0% arpha thought they are that i ought to 00:49:26.720 --> 00:49:28.230 align:start position:0% arpha thought they are that i ought to get<00:49:26.880> involved<00:49:27.280> in<00:49:27.440> i<00:49:27.520> mean<00:49:27.760> i<00:49:27.839> knew<00:49:28.000> what<00:49:28.160> i 00:49:28.230 --> 00:49:28.240 align:start position:0% get involved in i mean i knew what i 00:49:28.240 --> 00:49:29.349 align:start position:0% get involved in i mean i knew what i wanted<00:49:28.400> to<00:49:28.480> do 00:49:29.349 --> 00:49:29.359 align:start position:0% wanted to do 00:49:29.359 --> 00:49:32.470 align:start position:0% wanted to do and<00:49:29.920> so<00:49:30.160> i<00:49:30.480> left<00:49:31.040> office<00:49:31.440> support<00:49:32.319> and 00:49:32.470 --> 00:49:32.480 align:start position:0% and so i left office support and 00:49:32.480 --> 00:49:34.870 align:start position:0% and so i left office support and together<00:49:32.800> with<00:49:32.960> peter<00:49:33.280> hart<00:49:33.520> and<00:49:33.599> dick<00:49:33.760> duda 00:49:34.870 --> 00:49:34.880 align:start position:0% together with peter hart and dick duda 00:49:34.880 --> 00:49:36.950 align:start position:0% together with peter hart and dick duda worked<00:49:35.280> on<00:49:35.440> the<00:49:35.680> so-called<00:49:36.160> prospector 00:49:36.950 --> 00:49:36.960 align:start position:0% worked on the so-called prospector 00:49:36.960 --> 00:49:38.470 align:start position:0% worked on the so-called prospector expert<00:49:37.359> system 00:49:38.470 --> 00:49:38.480 align:start position:0% expert system 00:49:38.480 --> 00:49:41.910 align:start position:0% expert system we<00:49:38.640> were<00:49:38.880> motivated<00:49:39.520> by<00:49:40.319> work<00:49:40.800> by 00:49:41.910 --> 00:49:41.920 align:start position:0% we were motivated by work by 00:49:41.920 --> 00:49:44.950 align:start position:0% we were motivated by work by ted<00:49:42.240> shortlife<00:49:42.800> a<00:49:42.960> phd<00:49:43.440> student<00:49:43.680> at<00:49:43.760> stanford 00:49:44.950 --> 00:49:44.960 align:start position:0% ted shortlife a phd student at stanford 00:49:44.960 --> 00:49:46.710 align:start position:0% ted shortlife a phd student at stanford who<00:49:45.200> had<00:49:45.359> developed<00:49:45.839> an<00:49:46.000> expert<00:49:46.319> system 00:49:46.710 --> 00:49:46.720 align:start position:0% who had developed an expert system 00:49:46.720 --> 00:49:49.510 align:start position:0% who had developed an expert system called<00:49:46.960> mycin 00:49:49.510 --> 00:49:49.520 align:start position:0% 00:49:49.520 --> 00:49:52.069 align:start position:0% which<00:49:49.760> is<00:49:49.839> sort<00:49:50.000> of<00:49:50.160> the<00:49:50.240> suffix<00:49:50.720> of<00:49:50.880> some 00:49:52.069 --> 00:49:52.079 align:start position:0% which is sort of the suffix of some 00:49:52.079 --> 00:49:53.910 align:start position:0% which is sort of the suffix of some medical 00:49:53.910 --> 00:49:53.920 align:start position:0% medical 00:49:53.920 --> 00:49:56.230 align:start position:0% medical drugs<00:49:54.559> like<00:49:54.800> oromyosin<00:49:55.680> and<00:49:55.839> things<00:49:56.079> like 00:49:56.230 --> 00:49:56.240 align:start position:0% drugs like oromyosin and things like 00:49:56.240 --> 00:49:57.190 align:start position:0% drugs like oromyosin and things like that 00:49:57.190 --> 00:49:57.200 align:start position:0% that 00:49:57.200 --> 00:50:00.870 align:start position:0% that streptomycin<00:49:59.680> and 00:50:00.870 --> 00:50:00.880 align:start position:0% streptomycin and 00:50:00.880 --> 00:50:03.589 align:start position:0% streptomycin and so<00:50:01.119> anyway<00:50:01.359> he<00:50:01.520> had<00:50:01.680> some<00:50:02.000> ideas<00:50:02.559> for<00:50:03.359> putting 00:50:03.589 --> 00:50:03.599 align:start position:0% so anyway he had some ideas for putting 00:50:03.599 --> 00:50:05.190 align:start position:0% so anyway he had some ideas for putting the<00:50:03.839> knowledge<00:50:04.160> of<00:50:04.319> experts<00:50:04.720> together 00:50:05.190 --> 00:50:05.200 align:start position:0% the knowledge of experts together 00:50:05.200 --> 00:50:07.270 align:start position:0% the knowledge of experts together in<00:50:05.359> a<00:50:05.440> way<00:50:05.680> which<00:50:05.920> was<00:50:06.240> usable<00:50:06.720> and<00:50:06.800> could<00:50:07.040> come 00:50:07.270 --> 00:50:07.280 align:start position:0% in a way which was usable and could come 00:50:07.280 --> 00:50:09.349 align:start position:0% in a way which was usable and could come up<00:50:07.359> with<00:50:07.920> diagnoses 00:50:09.349 --> 00:50:09.359 align:start position:0% up with diagnoses 00:50:09.359 --> 00:50:11.990 align:start position:0% up with diagnoses and<00:50:09.599> so<00:50:10.640> peter<00:50:11.040> got<00:50:11.200> the<00:50:11.359> idea<00:50:11.680> or<00:50:11.760> maybe<00:50:12.000> it 00:50:11.990 --> 00:50:12.000 align:start position:0% and so peter got the idea or maybe it 00:50:12.000 --> 00:50:13.430 align:start position:0% and so peter got the idea or maybe it was<00:50:12.160> peter<00:50:12.400> and<00:50:12.480> dick<00:50:12.800> i'm<00:50:12.880> not<00:50:13.040> sure<00:50:13.200> who 00:50:13.430 --> 00:50:13.440 align:start position:0% was peter and dick i'm not sure who 00:50:13.440 --> 00:50:15.349 align:start position:0% was peter and dick i'm not sure who actually<00:50:13.760> thought<00:50:14.000> of<00:50:14.240> at<00:50:14.400> first 00:50:15.349 --> 00:50:15.359 align:start position:0% actually thought of at first 00:50:15.359 --> 00:50:18.390 align:start position:0% actually thought of at first that<00:50:15.680> perhaps<00:50:16.160> you<00:50:16.400> could<00:50:16.720> use<00:50:17.280> the<00:50:17.520> expertise 00:50:18.390 --> 00:50:18.400 align:start position:0% that perhaps you could use the expertise 00:50:18.400 --> 00:50:19.829 align:start position:0% that perhaps you could use the expertise of<00:50:18.640> geologists 00:50:19.829 --> 00:50:19.839 align:start position:0% of geologists 00:50:19.839 --> 00:50:23.270 align:start position:0% of geologists explorational<00:50:20.720> geologists<00:50:22.000> to<00:50:22.480> help<00:50:22.720> decide 00:50:23.270 --> 00:50:23.280 align:start position:0% explorational geologists to help decide 00:50:23.280 --> 00:50:25.750 align:start position:0% explorational geologists to help decide about<00:50:23.599> where<00:50:23.839> mineral<00:50:24.160> deposits<00:50:24.640> might<00:50:24.880> be 00:50:25.750 --> 00:50:25.760 align:start position:0% about where mineral deposits might be 00:50:25.760 --> 00:50:27.270 align:start position:0% about where mineral deposits might be and<00:50:25.920> so<00:50:26.079> they<00:50:26.240> talked<00:50:26.480> to<00:50:26.640> a<00:50:26.640> lot<00:50:26.800> of<00:50:26.880> people<00:50:27.200> at 00:50:27.270 --> 00:50:27.280 align:start position:0% and so they talked to a lot of people at 00:50:27.280 --> 00:50:30.309 align:start position:0% and so they talked to a lot of people at stanford<00:50:28.319> uh<00:50:28.559> in<00:50:28.720> the<00:50:28.800> geology<00:50:29.280> department 00:50:30.309 --> 00:50:30.319 align:start position:0% stanford uh in the geology department 00:50:30.319 --> 00:50:32.630 align:start position:0% stanford uh in the geology department and<00:50:30.880> students<00:50:31.280> and<00:50:31.440> faculty<00:50:32.240> and<00:50:32.480> put 00:50:32.630 --> 00:50:32.640 align:start position:0% and students and faculty and put 00:50:32.640 --> 00:50:33.589 align:start position:0% and students and faculty and put together 00:50:33.589 --> 00:50:33.599 align:start position:0% together 00:50:33.599 --> 00:50:34.950 align:start position:0% together an<00:50:33.760> expert<00:50:34.079> system<00:50:34.400> that<00:50:34.559> they<00:50:34.720> call 00:50:34.950 --> 00:50:34.960 align:start position:0% an expert system that they call 00:50:34.960 --> 00:50:37.750 align:start position:0% an expert system that they call prospector<00:50:35.680> which<00:50:35.920> underwent 00:50:37.750 --> 00:50:37.760 align:start position:0% prospector which underwent 00:50:37.760 --> 00:50:41.030 align:start position:0% prospector which underwent some<00:50:38.000> development<00:50:39.280> and<00:50:40.400> it 00:50:41.030 --> 00:50:41.040 align:start position:0% some development and it 00:50:41.040 --> 00:50:44.069 align:start position:0% some development and it ended<00:50:41.359> up<00:50:42.160> accurately<00:50:42.880> predicting<00:50:43.520> a<00:50:43.760> mineral 00:50:44.069 --> 00:50:44.079 align:start position:0% ended up accurately predicting a mineral 00:50:44.079 --> 00:50:45.109 align:start position:0% ended up accurately predicting a mineral deposit 00:50:45.109 --> 00:50:45.119 align:start position:0% deposit 00:50:45.119 --> 00:50:46.470 align:start position:0% deposit in<00:50:45.280> the<00:50:45.440> state<00:50:45.599> of<00:50:45.680> washington<00:50:46.160> in<00:50:46.240> mount 00:50:46.470 --> 00:50:46.480 align:start position:0% in the state of washington in mount 00:50:46.480 --> 00:50:50.630 align:start position:0% in the state of washington in mount tallman<00:50:47.359> a<00:50:47.520> molybdenum<00:50:48.400> deposit 00:50:50.630 --> 00:50:50.640 align:start position:0% tallman a molybdenum deposit 00:50:50.640 --> 00:50:54.470 align:start position:0% tallman a molybdenum deposit and<00:50:51.599> actually<00:50:52.160> it<00:50:52.400> wasn't<00:50:53.119> at<00:50:53.280> the<00:50:53.520> time 00:50:54.470 --> 00:50:54.480 align:start position:0% and actually it wasn't at the time 00:50:54.480 --> 00:50:56.470 align:start position:0% and actually it wasn't at the time couldn't<00:50:54.720> be<00:50:54.800> called<00:50:55.040> an<00:50:55.200> ore<00:50:55.440> deposit 00:50:56.470 --> 00:50:56.480 align:start position:0% couldn't be called an ore deposit 00:50:56.480 --> 00:50:58.870 align:start position:0% couldn't be called an ore deposit because<00:50:56.880> in<00:50:56.960> economic<00:50:57.440> geology 00:50:58.870 --> 00:50:58.880 align:start position:0% because in economic geology 00:50:58.880 --> 00:51:00.710 align:start position:0% because in economic geology an<00:50:59.040> ore<00:50:59.280> is<00:50:59.359> defined<00:50:59.760> to<00:50:59.920> be<00:51:00.079> something<00:51:00.400> that's 00:51:00.710 --> 00:51:00.720 align:start position:0% an ore is defined to be something that's 00:51:00.720 --> 00:51:02.309 align:start position:0% an ore is defined to be something that's economically 00:51:02.309 --> 00:51:02.319 align:start position:0% economically 00:51:02.319 --> 00:51:05.670 align:start position:0% economically uh<00:51:04.000> profitable 00:51:05.670 --> 00:51:05.680 align:start position:0% uh profitable 00:51:05.680 --> 00:51:07.430 align:start position:0% uh profitable and<00:51:06.000> at<00:51:06.079> the<00:51:06.240> time<00:51:06.480> i<00:51:06.640> think<00:51:06.880> the<00:51:07.040> price<00:51:07.280> of 00:51:07.430 --> 00:51:07.440 align:start position:0% and at the time i think the price of 00:51:07.440 --> 00:51:09.990 align:start position:0% and at the time i think the price of molybdenum<00:51:08.240> molybdenum 00:51:09.990 --> 00:51:10.000 align:start position:0% molybdenum molybdenum 00:51:10.000 --> 00:51:12.790 align:start position:0% molybdenum molybdenum was<00:51:10.319> not<00:51:10.480> high<00:51:10.720> enough<00:51:11.359> but<00:51:11.599> it<00:51:11.680> was<00:51:11.839> a<00:51:12.480> it<00:51:12.559> was 00:51:12.790 --> 00:51:12.800 align:start position:0% was not high enough but it was a it was 00:51:12.800 --> 00:51:13.910 align:start position:0% was not high enough but it was a it was a<00:51:12.880> mineral<00:51:13.119> deposit 00:51:13.910 --> 00:51:13.920 align:start position:0% a mineral deposit 00:51:13.920 --> 00:51:17.030 align:start position:0% a mineral deposit and<00:51:14.079> it<00:51:14.160> was<00:51:14.319> reported<00:51:14.720> in<00:51:14.800> science<00:51:15.119> magazine 00:51:17.030 --> 00:51:17.040 align:start position:0% and it was reported in science magazine 00:51:17.040 --> 00:51:18.950 align:start position:0% and it was reported in science magazine so<00:51:17.200> anyway<00:51:17.680> that<00:51:17.920> and<00:51:18.000> then<00:51:18.319> so<00:51:18.480> i<00:51:18.559> was<00:51:18.720> doing 00:51:18.950 --> 00:51:18.960 align:start position:0% so anyway that and then so i was doing 00:51:18.960 --> 00:51:20.710 align:start position:0% so anyway that and then so i was doing work<00:51:19.200> on<00:51:19.280> that<00:51:19.520> then<00:51:19.760> pretty<00:51:20.000> soon<00:51:20.240> peter<00:51:20.480> hart 00:51:20.710 --> 00:51:20.720 align:start position:0% work on that then pretty soon peter hart 00:51:20.720 --> 00:51:22.870 align:start position:0% work on that then pretty soon peter hart decided<00:51:21.040> to<00:51:21.119> leave<00:51:21.359> and<00:51:21.440> start<00:51:21.680> a<00:51:21.760> company 00:51:22.870 --> 00:51:22.880 align:start position:0% decided to leave and start a company 00:51:22.880 --> 00:51:25.109 align:start position:0% decided to leave and start a company and<00:51:23.119> i<00:51:23.280> needed<00:51:23.680> a<00:51:23.760> new<00:51:24.319> person<00:51:24.720> to<00:51:24.800> be<00:51:24.960> in 00:51:25.109 --> 00:51:25.119 align:start position:0% and i needed a new person to be in 00:51:25.119 --> 00:51:26.150 align:start position:0% and i needed a new person to be in charge<00:51:25.520> of<00:51:25.680> the 00:51:26.150 --> 00:51:26.160 align:start position:0% charge of the 00:51:26.160 --> 00:51:30.309 align:start position:0% charge of the ai<00:51:26.559> laboratory<00:51:27.920> i<00:51:28.160> had<00:51:28.800> up<00:51:28.960> to<00:51:29.119> that<00:51:29.359> time 00:51:30.309 --> 00:51:30.319 align:start position:0% ai laboratory i had up to that time 00:51:30.319 --> 00:51:32.230 align:start position:0% ai laboratory i had up to that time tried<00:51:30.559> to<00:51:30.640> resist<00:51:31.359> management<00:51:31.839> types<00:51:32.160> of 00:51:32.230 --> 00:51:32.240 align:start position:0% tried to resist management types of 00:51:32.240 --> 00:51:34.150 align:start position:0% tried to resist management types of things<00:51:32.559> but<00:51:32.800> i<00:51:32.880> was<00:51:33.040> the<00:51:33.200> obvious<00:51:33.599> candidate<00:51:34.079> i 00:51:34.150 --> 00:51:34.160 align:start position:0% things but i was the obvious candidate i 00:51:34.160 --> 00:51:35.670 align:start position:0% things but i was the obvious candidate i guess<00:51:34.400> so<00:51:34.559> i<00:51:34.640> did<00:51:34.880> it 00:51:35.670 --> 00:51:35.680 align:start position:0% guess so i did it 00:51:35.680 --> 00:51:39.270 align:start position:0% guess so i did it that<00:51:35.839> was<00:51:36.000> i<00:51:36.160> think<00:51:36.400> in<00:51:36.800> 1980<00:51:38.480> and<00:51:38.640> so<00:51:38.880> i<00:51:38.960> was<00:51:39.119> in 00:51:39.270 --> 00:51:39.280 align:start position:0% that was i think in 1980 and so i was in 00:51:39.280 --> 00:51:40.309 align:start position:0% that was i think in 1980 and so i was in charge 00:51:40.309 --> 00:51:40.319 align:start position:0% charge 00:51:40.319 --> 00:51:43.349 align:start position:0% charge of<00:51:40.400> the<00:51:40.559> ai<00:51:41.040> lab<00:51:42.400> which<00:51:42.640> i<00:51:42.720> think<00:51:42.880> we<00:51:43.040> call<00:51:43.200> an 00:51:43.349 --> 00:51:43.359 align:start position:0% of the ai lab which i think we call an 00:51:43.359 --> 00:51:45.430 align:start position:0% of the ai lab which i think we call an ai<00:51:43.680> center 00:51:45.430 --> 00:51:45.440 align:start position:0% ai center 00:51:45.440 --> 00:51:47.670 align:start position:0% ai center until<00:51:46.160> i<00:51:46.240> went<00:51:46.400> to<00:51:46.559> stanford<00:51:47.040> as<00:51:47.200> chairman<00:51:47.599> of 00:51:47.670 --> 00:51:47.680 align:start position:0% until i went to stanford as chairman of 00:51:47.680 --> 00:51:51.190 align:start position:0% until i went to stanford as chairman of the<00:51:47.760> department<00:51:48.319> in<00:51:48.839> 85. 00:51:51.190 --> 00:51:51.200 align:start position:0% the department in 85. 00:51:51.200 --> 00:51:54.150 align:start position:0% the department in 85. so<00:51:51.440> at<00:51:51.520> that<00:51:51.760> time<00:51:52.640> during<00:51:53.280> those<00:51:53.520> years<00:51:54.000> i 00:51:54.150 --> 00:51:54.160 align:start position:0% so at that time during those years i 00:51:54.160 --> 00:51:56.710 align:start position:0% so at that time during those years i wasn't<00:51:54.559> doing<00:51:54.800> a<00:51:54.880> lot<00:51:55.040> of<00:51:55.119> my<00:51:55.359> own<00:51:55.520> research 00:51:56.710 --> 00:51:56.720 align:start position:0% wasn't doing a lot of my own research 00:51:56.720 --> 00:51:58.390 align:start position:0% wasn't doing a lot of my own research because<00:51:57.119> i<00:51:57.200> was<00:51:57.359> doing<00:51:57.599> mainly<00:51:57.920> management 00:51:58.390 --> 00:51:58.400 align:start position:0% because i was doing mainly management 00:51:58.400 --> 00:52:02.829 align:start position:0% because i was doing mainly management things 00:52:02.829 --> 00:52:02.839 align:start position:0% 00:52:02.839 --> 00:52:06.150 align:start position:0% okay<00:52:03.680> um<00:52:04.000> and<00:52:04.319> how<00:52:04.559> how<00:52:04.720> did<00:52:04.880> they 00:52:06.150 --> 00:52:06.160 align:start position:0% okay um and how how did they 00:52:06.160 --> 00:52:08.549 align:start position:0% okay um and how how did they corral<00:52:06.559> you<00:52:06.720> into<00:52:06.960> being<00:52:07.200> the<00:52:07.359> department 00:52:08.549 --> 00:52:08.559 align:start position:0% corral you into being the department 00:52:08.559 --> 00:52:10.230 align:start position:0% corral you into being the department well<00:52:08.720> if<00:52:08.880> i<00:52:08.960> didn't<00:52:09.200> do<00:52:09.359> it<00:52:09.440> who<00:52:09.599> was<00:52:09.839> going<00:52:10.000> to 00:52:10.230 --> 00:52:10.240 align:start position:0% well if i didn't do it who was going to 00:52:10.240 --> 00:52:12.150 align:start position:0% well if i didn't do it who was going to i<00:52:10.319> mean<00:52:10.640> so<00:52:10.960> it's<00:52:11.119> a<00:52:11.200> matter<00:52:11.440> of<00:52:11.680> uh 00:52:12.150 --> 00:52:12.160 align:start position:0% i mean so it's a matter of uh 00:52:12.160 --> 00:52:15.750 align:start position:0% i mean so it's a matter of uh okay<00:52:12.640> so<00:52:13.119> you<00:52:13.280> got<00:52:13.440> to<00:52:13.520> take<00:52:13.760> your<00:52:13.920> turn 00:52:15.750 --> 00:52:15.760 align:start position:0% okay so you got to take your turn 00:52:15.760 --> 00:52:18.390 align:start position:0% okay so you got to take your turn that<00:52:15.920> was<00:52:16.079> that<00:52:16.319> sri<00:52:16.880> and<00:52:17.040> how'd<00:52:17.200> they<00:52:17.440> grow<00:52:17.839> me 00:52:18.390 --> 00:52:18.400 align:start position:0% that was that sri and how'd they grow me 00:52:18.400 --> 00:52:21.190 align:start position:0% that was that sri and how'd they grow me how'd<00:52:18.640> they<00:52:18.720> crawl<00:52:19.040> me<00:52:19.200> into<00:52:19.359> that 00:52:21.190 --> 00:52:21.200 align:start position:0% how'd they crawl me into that 00:52:21.200 --> 00:52:22.790 align:start position:0% how'd they crawl me into that well<00:52:21.520> you<00:52:21.680> know<00:52:21.839> i<00:52:21.920> had<00:52:22.079> taught<00:52:22.319> courses<00:52:22.640> at 00:52:22.790 --> 00:52:22.800 align:start position:0% well you know i had taught courses at 00:52:22.800 --> 00:52:24.630 align:start position:0% well you know i had taught courses at stanford<00:52:23.200> in<00:52:23.280> the<00:52:23.359> past<00:52:23.680> and<00:52:23.839> i<00:52:23.920> had 00:52:24.630 --> 00:52:24.640 align:start position:0% stanford in the past and i had 00:52:24.640 --> 00:52:27.670 align:start position:0% stanford in the past and i had students<00:52:25.680> who<00:52:25.920> had<00:52:26.079> worked<00:52:26.400> with<00:52:26.559> me 00:52:27.670 --> 00:52:27.680 align:start position:0% students who had worked with me 00:52:27.680 --> 00:52:30.790 align:start position:0% students who had worked with me at<00:52:29.119> sri<00:52:30.000> while<00:52:30.240> they<00:52:30.319> were<00:52:30.480> doing<00:52:30.640> their 00:52:30.790 --> 00:52:30.800 align:start position:0% at sri while they were doing their 00:52:30.800 --> 00:52:32.630 align:start position:0% at sri while they were doing their dissertations<00:52:31.520> at<00:52:31.599> stanford 00:52:32.630 --> 00:52:32.640 align:start position:0% dissertations at stanford 00:52:32.640 --> 00:52:34.630 align:start position:0% dissertations at stanford and<00:52:32.960> so<00:52:33.119> i<00:52:33.200> had<00:52:33.359> a<00:52:33.920> pretty<00:52:34.079> good<00:52:34.319> connection 00:52:34.630 --> 00:52:34.640 align:start position:0% and so i had a pretty good connection 00:52:34.640 --> 00:52:36.230 align:start position:0% and so i had a pretty good connection with<00:52:34.880> stanford<00:52:35.200> and<00:52:35.359> i<00:52:35.440> thought<00:52:35.680> well 00:52:36.230 --> 00:52:36.240 align:start position:0% with stanford and i thought well 00:52:36.240 --> 00:52:38.069 align:start position:0% with stanford and i thought well maybe<00:52:36.640> i'd<00:52:36.880> like<00:52:37.040> to<00:52:37.200> actually<00:52:37.520> go<00:52:37.680> over<00:52:37.839> there 00:52:38.069 --> 00:52:38.079 align:start position:0% maybe i'd like to actually go over there 00:52:38.079 --> 00:52:40.470 align:start position:0% maybe i'd like to actually go over there and<00:52:38.160> be<00:52:38.319> a<00:52:38.400> faculty<00:52:38.720> member 00:52:40.470 --> 00:52:40.480 align:start position:0% and be a faculty member 00:52:40.480 --> 00:52:43.109 align:start position:0% and be a faculty member but<00:52:41.040> they<00:52:41.200> weren't<00:52:41.760> at<00:52:42.000> that<00:52:42.240> time<00:52:42.559> hiring<00:52:42.880> any 00:52:43.109 --> 00:52:43.119 align:start position:0% but they weren't at that time hiring any 00:52:43.119 --> 00:52:44.390 align:start position:0% but they weren't at that time hiring any new<00:52:43.280> faculty<00:52:43.599> members<00:52:43.920> but<00:52:44.079> they<00:52:44.240> were 00:52:44.390 --> 00:52:44.400 align:start position:0% new faculty members but they were 00:52:44.400 --> 00:52:46.150 align:start position:0% new faculty members but they were looking<00:52:44.640> for<00:52:44.800> a<00:52:44.960> chair 00:52:46.150 --> 00:52:46.160 align:start position:0% looking for a chair 00:52:46.160 --> 00:52:47.910 align:start position:0% looking for a chair and<00:52:46.319> so<00:52:46.480> i<00:52:46.559> thought<00:52:46.720> well<00:52:46.960> that's<00:52:47.280> one<00:52:47.440> way<00:52:47.599> to 00:52:47.910 --> 00:52:47.920 align:start position:0% and so i thought well that's one way to 00:52:47.920 --> 00:52:49.910 align:start position:0% and so i thought well that's one way to get<00:52:48.079> over<00:52:48.319> there<00:52:48.960> so<00:52:49.119> i<00:52:49.280> took<00:52:49.440> it<00:52:49.599> on 00:52:49.910 --> 00:52:49.920 align:start position:0% get over there so i took it on 00:52:49.920 --> 00:52:51.829 align:start position:0% get over there so i took it on i<00:52:50.240> promised<00:52:50.640> i'd<00:52:50.800> do<00:52:50.960> it<00:52:51.040> for<00:52:51.200> six<00:52:51.440> years<00:52:51.760> and 00:52:51.829 --> 00:52:51.839 align:start position:0% i promised i'd do it for six years and 00:52:51.839 --> 00:52:53.109 align:start position:0% i promised i'd do it for six years and did 00:52:53.109 --> 00:52:53.119 align:start position:0% did 00:52:53.119 --> 00:52:54.470 align:start position:0% did okay<00:52:53.359> i<00:52:53.440> want<00:52:53.520> to<00:52:53.599> get<00:52:53.760> back<00:52:53.920> to<00:52:54.000> your<00:52:54.160> students 00:52:54.470 --> 00:52:54.480 align:start position:0% okay i want to get back to your students 00:52:54.480 --> 00:52:56.549 align:start position:0% okay i want to get back to your students but<00:52:54.720> first<00:52:55.040> i<00:52:55.119> just<00:52:55.280> want<00:52:55.359> to<00:52:55.520> ask 00:52:56.549 --> 00:52:56.559 align:start position:0% but first i just want to ask 00:52:56.559 --> 00:52:58.549 align:start position:0% but first i just want to ask so<00:52:56.720> when<00:52:56.960> the<00:52:57.359> you<00:52:57.520> stopped<00:52:57.839> getting<00:52:58.079> the<00:52:58.160> arpa 00:52:58.549 --> 00:52:58.559 align:start position:0% so when the you stopped getting the arpa 00:52:58.559 --> 00:53:00.549 align:start position:0% so when the you stopped getting the arpa funding<00:52:58.960> what<00:52:59.200> other<00:52:59.599> places<00:52:59.920> did<00:53:00.160> you<00:53:00.319> go<00:53:00.480> to 00:53:00.549 --> 00:53:00.559 align:start position:0% funding what other places did you go to 00:53:00.559 --> 00:53:01.670 align:start position:0% funding what other places did you go to look<00:53:00.720> for<00:53:00.960> from 00:53:01.670 --> 00:53:01.680 align:start position:0% look for from 00:53:01.680 --> 00:53:03.349 align:start position:0% look for from we<00:53:01.839> had<00:53:02.079> funding<00:53:02.400> from<00:53:02.559> the<00:53:02.720> office<00:53:02.960> of<00:53:03.040> naval 00:53:03.349 --> 00:53:03.359 align:start position:0% we had funding from the office of naval 00:53:03.359 --> 00:53:05.430 align:start position:0% we had funding from the office of naval research<00:53:04.079> i<00:53:04.240> was<00:53:04.400> writing<00:53:04.720> some<00:53:04.880> books<00:53:05.200> at<00:53:05.280> the 00:53:05.430 --> 00:53:05.440 align:start position:0% research i was writing some books at the 00:53:05.440 --> 00:53:06.549 align:start position:0% research i was writing some books at the time 00:53:06.549 --> 00:53:06.559 align:start position:0% time 00:53:06.559 --> 00:53:09.430 align:start position:0% time uh<00:53:07.200> throughout<00:53:07.599> the<00:53:07.760> 70s<00:53:08.400> and<00:53:08.640> and<00:53:08.960> even<00:53:09.280> into 00:53:09.430 --> 00:53:09.440 align:start position:0% uh throughout the 70s and and even into 00:53:09.440 --> 00:53:11.910 align:start position:0% uh throughout the 70s and and even into the<00:53:09.599> 80s 00:53:11.910 --> 00:53:11.920 align:start position:0% the 80s 00:53:11.920 --> 00:53:13.510 align:start position:0% the 80s and<00:53:12.319> the<00:53:12.559> office<00:53:12.800> of<00:53:12.880> naval<00:53:13.200> research 00:53:13.510 --> 00:53:13.520 align:start position:0% and the office of naval research 00:53:13.520 --> 00:53:15.670 align:start position:0% and the office of naval research supported<00:53:14.000> some<00:53:14.160> of<00:53:14.240> that<00:53:14.800> we<00:53:14.960> had<00:53:15.200> projects 00:53:15.670 --> 00:53:15.680 align:start position:0% supported some of that we had projects 00:53:15.680 --> 00:53:16.630 align:start position:0% supported some of that we had projects from<00:53:15.839> the<00:53:16.000> air<00:53:16.160> force 00:53:16.630 --> 00:53:16.640 align:start position:0% from the air force 00:53:16.640 --> 00:53:19.910 align:start position:0% from the air force office<00:53:16.960> of<00:53:17.040> scientific<00:53:17.520> research<00:53:18.800> the<00:53:19.520> work 00:53:19.910 --> 00:53:19.920 align:start position:0% office of scientific research the work 00:53:19.920 --> 00:53:21.990 align:start position:0% office of scientific research the work on<00:53:20.160> the<00:53:20.400> prospector<00:53:21.040> expert<00:53:21.359> system<00:53:21.760> was 00:53:21.990 --> 00:53:22.000 align:start position:0% on the prospector expert system was 00:53:22.000 --> 00:53:23.990 align:start position:0% on the prospector expert system was largely<00:53:22.559> supported<00:53:23.200> by 00:53:23.990 --> 00:53:24.000 align:start position:0% largely supported by 00:53:24.000 --> 00:53:27.589 align:start position:0% largely supported by the<00:53:24.319> u.s<00:53:24.640> geological<00:53:25.680> survey 00:53:27.589 --> 00:53:27.599 align:start position:0% the u.s geological survey 00:53:27.599 --> 00:53:31.510 align:start position:0% the u.s geological survey we<00:53:27.839> had<00:53:28.079> some<00:53:28.240> support<00:53:28.640> from<00:53:28.880> nasa 00:53:31.510 --> 00:53:31.520 align:start position:0% 00:53:31.520 --> 00:53:34.230 align:start position:0% so<00:53:31.680> we<00:53:31.920> cobbled<00:53:32.240> together<00:53:33.440> you<00:53:33.520> know<00:53:33.839> projects 00:53:34.230 --> 00:53:34.240 align:start position:0% so we cobbled together you know projects 00:53:34.240 --> 00:53:35.670 align:start position:0% so we cobbled together you know projects here<00:53:34.400> and<00:53:34.559> there<00:53:34.800> to 00:53:35.670 --> 00:53:35.680 align:start position:0% here and there to 00:53:35.680 --> 00:53:38.230 align:start position:0% here and there to uh<00:53:36.079> support<00:53:36.640> the<00:53:36.800> kinds<00:53:37.119> of<00:53:37.200> things<00:53:37.440> we<00:53:37.920> really 00:53:38.230 --> 00:53:38.240 align:start position:0% uh support the kinds of things we really 00:53:38.240 --> 00:53:40.790 align:start position:0% uh support the kinds of things we really wanted<00:53:38.480> to<00:53:38.640> do 00:53:40.790 --> 00:53:40.800 align:start position:0% wanted to do 00:53:40.800 --> 00:53:43.589 align:start position:0% wanted to do and<00:53:41.119> um<00:53:41.760> so<00:53:41.920> who<00:53:42.160> are<00:53:42.319> some<00:53:42.480> of<00:53:42.640> the<00:53:43.040> phd 00:53:43.589 --> 00:53:43.599 align:start position:0% and um so who are some of the phd 00:53:43.599 --> 00:53:45.430 align:start position:0% and um so who are some of the phd students<00:53:43.920> who<00:53:44.079> supervised<00:53:44.800> and<00:53:44.960> many<00:53:45.200> of<00:53:45.280> them 00:53:45.430 --> 00:53:45.440 align:start position:0% students who supervised and many of them 00:53:45.440 --> 00:53:47.829 align:start position:0% students who supervised and many of them working<00:53:45.760> on<00:53:46.079> shaky 00:53:47.829 --> 00:53:47.839 align:start position:0% working on shaky 00:53:47.839 --> 00:53:50.150 align:start position:0% working on shaky well<00:53:48.079> let's<00:53:48.319> see<00:53:48.720> yep<00:53:49.280> uh<00:53:49.599> there<00:53:49.839> were<00:53:49.920> quite<00:53:50.079> a 00:53:50.150 --> 00:53:50.160 align:start position:0% well let's see yep uh there were quite a 00:53:50.160 --> 00:53:51.829 align:start position:0% well let's see yep uh there were quite a few<00:53:50.559> we<00:53:50.720> had<00:53:51.200> uh 00:53:51.829 --> 00:53:51.839 align:start position:0% few we had uh 00:53:51.839 --> 00:53:54.950 align:start position:0% few we had uh tom<00:53:52.319> garvey<00:53:53.440> who's<00:53:53.760> now<00:53:54.000> at<00:53:54.079> stanford 00:53:54.950 --> 00:53:54.960 align:start position:0% tom garvey who's now at stanford 00:53:54.960 --> 00:53:57.990 align:start position:0% tom garvey who's now at stanford uh<00:53:55.599> now<00:53:55.760> at<00:53:55.920> sri<00:53:56.319> still<00:53:56.640> i<00:53:56.720> think 00:53:57.990 --> 00:53:58.000 align:start position:0% uh now at sri still i think 00:53:58.000 --> 00:54:03.430 align:start position:0% uh now at sri still i think we<00:53:58.240> had<00:53:58.480> a<00:53:58.640> young<00:53:58.880> man<00:53:59.119> named<00:53:59.359> earl<00:53:59.760> sassodi 00:54:03.430 --> 00:54:03.440 align:start position:0% 00:54:03.440 --> 00:54:07.190 align:start position:0% uh<00:54:03.920> we<00:54:04.160> had 00:54:07.190 --> 00:54:07.200 align:start position:0% 00:54:07.200 --> 00:54:10.710 align:start position:0% not<00:54:07.440> on<00:54:07.680> shaky<00:54:08.079> but<00:54:08.319> later<00:54:08.880> kurt<00:54:09.280> college 00:54:10.710 --> 00:54:10.720 align:start position:0% not on shaky but later kurt college 00:54:10.720 --> 00:54:13.829 align:start position:0% not on shaky but later kurt college who<00:54:10.880> was<00:54:11.119> at<00:54:11.280> sri<00:54:11.760> for<00:54:11.920> a<00:54:12.000> long<00:54:12.319> time<00:54:13.520> got<00:54:13.680> his 00:54:13.829 --> 00:54:13.839 align:start position:0% who was at sri for a long time got his 00:54:13.839 --> 00:54:15.510 align:start position:0% who was at sri for a long time got his phd<00:54:14.240> at<00:54:14.319> stanford 00:54:15.510 --> 00:54:15.520 align:start position:0% phd at stanford 00:54:15.520 --> 00:54:19.190 align:start position:0% phd at stanford worked<00:54:15.839> with<00:54:16.079> me<00:54:16.480> on<00:54:18.079> a<00:54:18.240> system<00:54:18.559> for<00:54:18.720> reasoning 00:54:19.190 --> 00:54:19.200 align:start position:0% worked with me on a system for reasoning 00:54:19.200 --> 00:54:22.309 align:start position:0% worked with me on a system for reasoning about<00:54:19.440> knowledge<00:54:19.839> and<00:54:19.920> belief 00:54:22.309 --> 00:54:22.319 align:start position:0% about knowledge and belief 00:54:22.319 --> 00:54:24.549 align:start position:0% about knowledge and belief and<00:54:22.880> now<00:54:23.119> he's<00:54:23.440> actually<00:54:23.839> at<00:54:24.000> a<00:54:24.079> place<00:54:24.319> called 00:54:24.549 --> 00:54:24.559 align:start position:0% and now he's actually at a place called 00:54:24.559 --> 00:54:25.430 align:start position:0% and now he's actually at a place called willow<00:54:24.800> garage 00:54:25.430 --> 00:54:25.440 align:start position:0% willow garage 00:54:25.440 --> 00:54:27.349 align:start position:0% willow garage or<00:54:25.680> are<00:54:25.680> you<00:54:25.839> seeing<00:54:26.079> willow<00:54:26.400> garage<00:54:26.960> yeah<00:54:27.200> we 00:54:27.349 --> 00:54:27.359 align:start position:0% or are you seeing willow garage yeah we 00:54:27.359 --> 00:54:29.190 align:start position:0% or are you seeing willow garage yeah we were 00:54:29.190 --> 00:54:29.200 align:start position:0% were 00:54:29.200 --> 00:54:32.309 align:start position:0% were probably<00:54:29.520> saw<00:54:29.760> kurt<00:54:31.119> we<00:54:31.280> didn't<00:54:31.520> have<00:54:31.680> to<00:54:31.839> care 00:54:32.309 --> 00:54:32.319 align:start position:0% probably saw kurt we didn't have to care 00:54:32.319 --> 00:54:33.829 align:start position:0% probably saw kurt we didn't have to care actually<00:54:32.559> i<00:54:32.640> hiked<00:54:32.880> across<00:54:33.200> the<00:54:33.280> sierras<00:54:33.680> with 00:54:33.829 --> 00:54:33.839 align:start position:0% actually i hiked across the sierras with 00:54:33.839 --> 00:54:35.910 align:start position:0% actually i hiked across the sierras with kurt 00:54:35.910 --> 00:54:35.920 align:start position:0% kurt 00:54:35.920 --> 00:54:39.430 align:start position:0% kurt on<00:54:36.079> skis<00:54:37.760> kurt<00:54:38.240> and<00:54:38.559> a<00:54:38.720> bunch<00:54:39.040> of 00:54:39.430 --> 00:54:39.440 align:start position:0% on skis kurt and a bunch of 00:54:39.440 --> 00:54:42.789 align:start position:0% on skis kurt and a bunch of other<00:54:40.319> young<00:54:40.640> guys<00:54:41.599> i<00:54:41.680> was<00:54:41.920> probably<00:54:42.240> in<00:54:42.319> my 00:54:42.789 --> 00:54:42.799 align:start position:0% other young guys i was probably in my 00:54:42.799 --> 00:54:44.789 align:start position:0% other young guys i was probably in my late<00:54:43.040> 40s<00:54:43.440> at<00:54:43.520> the<00:54:43.680> time<00:54:43.920> but<00:54:44.079> we<00:54:44.240> did<00:54:44.400> a<00:54:44.480> trent 00:54:44.789 --> 00:54:44.799 align:start position:0% late 40s at the time but we did a trent 00:54:44.799 --> 00:54:45.910 align:start position:0% late 40s at the time but we did a trent sierra<00:54:45.280> trip 00:54:45.910 --> 00:54:45.920 align:start position:0% sierra trip 00:54:45.920 --> 00:54:48.390 align:start position:0% sierra trip in<00:54:46.079> the<00:54:46.160> winter<00:54:47.119> camped<00:54:47.440> out<00:54:47.599> in<00:54:47.680> the<00:54:47.760> snow<00:54:48.160> for 00:54:48.390 --> 00:54:48.400 align:start position:0% in the winter camped out in the snow for 00:54:48.400 --> 00:54:50.069 align:start position:0% in the winter camped out in the snow for five<00:54:48.640> nights<00:54:49.040> and 00:54:50.069 --> 00:54:50.079 align:start position:0% five nights and 00:54:50.079 --> 00:54:52.950 align:start position:0% five nights and went<00:54:50.319> from<00:54:51.280> east<00:54:51.520> to<00:54:51.760> west<00:54:52.160> over<00:54:52.400> the<00:54:52.559> sierra 00:54:52.950 --> 00:54:52.960 align:start position:0% went from east to west over the sierra 00:54:52.960 --> 00:54:54.470 align:start position:0% went from east to west over the sierra crest 00:54:54.470 --> 00:54:54.480 align:start position:0% crest 00:54:54.480 --> 00:54:58.710 align:start position:0% crest wow<00:54:57.440> let's<00:54:57.599> see 00:54:58.710 --> 00:54:58.720 align:start position:0% wow let's see 00:54:58.720 --> 00:55:04.390 align:start position:0% wow let's see we<00:54:58.880> had<00:54:59.680> douglas<00:55:00.240> appelt<00:55:00.960> a<00:55:01.319> p-p-e-l-t 00:55:04.390 --> 00:55:04.400 align:start position:0% 00:55:04.400 --> 00:55:07.829 align:start position:0% one<00:55:04.559> of<00:55:04.640> the<00:55:04.839> students<00:55:06.400> um 00:55:07.829 --> 00:55:07.839 align:start position:0% one of the students um 00:55:07.839 --> 00:55:10.470 align:start position:0% one of the students um we<00:55:08.000> had<00:55:08.240> a<00:55:08.319> guy<00:55:09.200> who<00:55:09.359> did<00:55:09.599> a<00:55:09.599> lot<00:55:09.760> of<00:55:09.920> the<00:55:10.079> lisp 00:55:10.470 --> 00:55:10.480 align:start position:0% we had a guy who did a lot of the lisp 00:55:10.480 --> 00:55:11.670 align:start position:0% we had a guy who did a lot of the lisp programming<00:55:11.200> for 00:55:11.670 --> 00:55:11.680 align:start position:0% programming for 00:55:11.680 --> 00:55:15.190 align:start position:0% programming for shaky<00:55:12.000> the<00:55:12.079> robot<00:55:12.559> named<00:55:13.520> robert<00:55:13.920> yates 00:55:15.190 --> 00:55:15.200 align:start position:0% shaky the robot named robert yates 00:55:15.200 --> 00:55:18.789 align:start position:0% shaky the robot named robert yates bobby<00:55:15.599> yates<00:55:16.359> y-a-t-e-s 00:55:18.789 --> 00:55:18.799 align:start position:0% bobby yates y-a-t-e-s 00:55:18.799 --> 00:55:22.549 align:start position:0% bobby yates y-a-t-e-s we<00:55:18.960> had<00:55:19.440> cordell<00:55:20.000> green<00:55:21.680> probably<00:55:22.160> one<00:55:22.400> of<00:55:22.480> the 00:55:22.549 --> 00:55:22.559 align:start position:0% we had cordell green probably one of the 00:55:22.559 --> 00:55:24.069 align:start position:0% we had cordell green probably one of the more 00:55:24.069 --> 00:55:24.079 align:start position:0% more 00:55:24.079 --> 00:55:27.190 align:start position:0% more instrumental<00:55:24.799> of<00:55:25.040> the<00:55:25.280> people<00:55:25.599> involved<00:55:26.160> in 00:55:27.190 --> 00:55:27.200 align:start position:0% instrumental of the people involved in 00:55:27.200 --> 00:55:30.390 align:start position:0% instrumental of the people involved in robotics<00:55:28.720> while<00:55:29.119> i<00:55:29.200> was<00:55:29.440> at<00:55:29.520> stanford<00:55:30.079> i<00:55:30.160> mean 00:55:30.390 --> 00:55:30.400 align:start position:0% robotics while i was at stanford i mean 00:55:30.400 --> 00:55:32.230 align:start position:0% robotics while i was at stanford i mean while<00:55:30.559> i<00:55:30.640> was<00:55:30.799> at<00:55:30.960> sri 00:55:32.230 --> 00:55:32.240 align:start position:0% while i was at sri 00:55:32.240 --> 00:55:34.789 align:start position:0% while i was at sri cordell<00:55:33.280> had<00:55:33.440> read<00:55:33.599> some<00:55:33.839> papers<00:55:34.319> by<00:55:34.480> a<00:55:34.559> guy 00:55:34.789 --> 00:55:34.799 align:start position:0% cordell had read some papers by a guy 00:55:34.799 --> 00:55:35.349 align:start position:0% cordell had read some papers by a guy named<00:55:35.040> john 00:55:35.349 --> 00:55:35.359 align:start position:0% named john 00:55:35.359 --> 00:55:38.630 align:start position:0% named john allen<00:55:35.599> robinson<00:55:36.799> on<00:55:37.119> theorem<00:55:37.440> proving 00:55:38.630 --> 00:55:38.640 align:start position:0% allen robinson on theorem proving 00:55:38.640 --> 00:55:41.670 align:start position:0% allen robinson on theorem proving and<00:55:38.960> so<00:55:39.200> early<00:55:39.599> in<00:55:39.680> the<00:55:39.920> shaky<00:55:41.119> days<00:55:41.520> we 00:55:41.670 --> 00:55:41.680 align:start position:0% and so early in the shaky days we 00:55:41.680 --> 00:55:42.789 align:start position:0% and so early in the shaky days we thought<00:55:41.920> that<00:55:42.160> the 00:55:42.789 --> 00:55:42.799 align:start position:0% thought that the 00:55:42.799 --> 00:55:45.829 align:start position:0% thought that the main<00:55:43.119> reasoning<00:55:44.000> mechanism<00:55:44.640> for<00:55:44.799> shaky 00:55:45.829 --> 00:55:45.839 align:start position:0% main reasoning mechanism for shaky 00:55:45.839 --> 00:55:49.030 align:start position:0% main reasoning mechanism for shaky uh<00:55:46.880> should<00:55:47.119> be<00:55:47.520> a<00:55:48.160> system<00:55:48.559> that<00:55:48.720> could 00:55:49.030 --> 00:55:49.040 align:start position:0% uh should be a system that could 00:55:49.040 --> 00:55:50.230 align:start position:0% uh should be a system that could manipulate 00:55:50.230 --> 00:55:50.240 align:start position:0% manipulate 00:55:50.240 --> 00:55:53.829 align:start position:0% manipulate expressions<00:55:50.960> in<00:55:51.119> symbolic<00:55:51.680> logic<00:55:52.960> and 00:55:53.829 --> 00:55:53.839 align:start position:0% expressions in symbolic logic and 00:55:53.839 --> 00:55:55.190 align:start position:0% expressions in symbolic logic and there<00:55:54.000> had<00:55:54.160> been<00:55:54.400> other<00:55:54.640> techniques<00:55:55.040> for 00:55:55.190 --> 00:55:55.200 align:start position:0% there had been other techniques for 00:55:55.200 --> 00:55:57.750 align:start position:0% there had been other techniques for doing<00:55:55.520> so<00:55:56.240> but<00:55:56.559> robinson<00:55:57.119> came<00:55:57.359> up<00:55:57.520> with<00:55:57.680> a 00:55:57.750 --> 00:55:57.760 align:start position:0% doing so but robinson came up with a 00:55:57.760 --> 00:56:00.150 align:start position:0% doing so but robinson came up with a technique<00:55:58.160> that<00:55:58.400> was<00:55:58.640> particularly<00:55:59.040> suitable 00:56:00.150 --> 00:56:00.160 align:start position:0% technique that was particularly suitable 00:56:00.160 --> 00:56:04.309 align:start position:0% technique that was particularly suitable for<00:56:00.839> computers<00:56:01.920> and<00:56:02.799> cordell 00:56:04.309 --> 00:56:04.319 align:start position:0% for computers and cordell 00:56:04.319 --> 00:56:07.430 align:start position:0% for computers and cordell cream<00:56:05.440> read<00:56:05.680> the<00:56:05.760> papers<00:56:06.319> knew<00:56:06.559> about<00:56:06.799> it<00:56:07.280> and 00:56:07.430 --> 00:56:07.440 align:start position:0% cream read the papers knew about it and 00:56:07.440 --> 00:56:09.190 align:start position:0% cream read the papers knew about it and decided<00:56:07.839> he<00:56:07.920> wanted<00:56:08.160> to<00:56:08.240> program<00:56:08.720> up 00:56:09.190 --> 00:56:09.200 align:start position:0% decided he wanted to program up 00:56:09.200 --> 00:56:11.670 align:start position:0% decided he wanted to program up a<00:56:09.359> system<00:56:09.680> which<00:56:09.920> he<00:56:10.000> did<00:56:11.040> i<00:56:11.280> remember<00:56:11.520> him 00:56:11.670 --> 00:56:11.680 align:start position:0% a system which he did i remember him 00:56:11.680 --> 00:56:13.030 align:start position:0% a system which he did i remember him telling<00:56:11.920> me<00:56:12.079> nils<00:56:12.400> you've<00:56:12.559> got<00:56:12.720> to<00:56:12.799> learn 00:56:13.030 --> 00:56:13.040 align:start position:0% telling me nils you've got to learn 00:56:13.040 --> 00:56:14.390 align:start position:0% telling me nils you've got to learn about<00:56:13.200> resolution 00:56:14.390 --> 00:56:14.400 align:start position:0% about resolution 00:56:14.400 --> 00:56:17.510 align:start position:0% about resolution i<00:56:14.559> said<00:56:14.720> resolution<00:56:15.280> what's<00:56:15.599> that<00:56:16.960> and<00:56:17.280> so 00:56:17.510 --> 00:56:17.520 align:start position:0% i said resolution what's that and so 00:56:17.520 --> 00:56:18.150 align:start position:0% i said resolution what's that and so anyway<00:56:17.839> i 00:56:18.150 --> 00:56:18.160 align:start position:0% anyway i 00:56:18.160 --> 00:56:21.270 align:start position:0% anyway i read<00:56:18.559> various<00:56:19.040> papers<00:56:19.440> and<00:56:20.400> um 00:56:21.270 --> 00:56:21.280 align:start position:0% read various papers and um 00:56:21.280 --> 00:56:24.630 align:start position:0% read various papers and um got<00:56:21.520> involved<00:56:21.920> in<00:56:22.000> that<00:56:23.040> which<00:56:23.520> led<00:56:24.160> some 00:56:24.630 --> 00:56:24.640 align:start position:0% got involved in that which led some 00:56:24.640 --> 00:56:26.710 align:start position:0% got involved in that which led some people<00:56:24.960> to<00:56:25.119> claim<00:56:25.440> that<00:56:25.599> i<00:56:25.680> was<00:56:26.240> overly 00:56:26.710 --> 00:56:26.720 align:start position:0% people to claim that i was overly 00:56:26.720 --> 00:56:27.670 align:start position:0% people to claim that i was overly interested<00:56:27.119> in 00:56:27.670 --> 00:56:27.680 align:start position:0% interested in 00:56:27.680 --> 00:56:30.230 align:start position:0% interested in logic<00:56:28.160> as<00:56:28.880> the<00:56:29.040> main<00:56:29.359> approach<00:56:29.680> for<00:56:29.839> dealing 00:56:30.230 --> 00:56:30.240 align:start position:0% logic as the main approach for dealing 00:56:30.240 --> 00:56:30.870 align:start position:0% logic as the main approach for dealing with 00:56:30.870 --> 00:56:30.880 align:start position:0% with 00:56:30.880 --> 00:56:33.270 align:start position:0% with artificial<00:56:31.440> intelligence<00:56:32.079> and<00:56:32.720> i<00:56:32.960> think<00:56:33.119> of 00:56:33.270 --> 00:56:33.280 align:start position:0% artificial intelligence and i think of 00:56:33.280 --> 00:56:34.870 align:start position:0% artificial intelligence and i think of it<00:56:33.440> as<00:56:33.839> as<00:56:34.160> one 00:56:34.870 --> 00:56:34.880 align:start position:0% it as as one 00:56:34.880 --> 00:56:37.670 align:start position:0% it as as one aspect<00:56:35.440> of<00:56:35.599> intelligence<00:56:36.720> we<00:56:37.040> humans<00:56:37.520> are 00:56:37.670 --> 00:56:37.680 align:start position:0% aspect of intelligence we humans are 00:56:37.680 --> 00:56:39.190 align:start position:0% aspect of intelligence we humans are sometimes<00:56:38.160> logical 00:56:39.190 --> 00:56:39.200 align:start position:0% sometimes logical 00:56:39.200 --> 00:56:41.670 align:start position:0% sometimes logical we<00:56:39.359> put<00:56:39.520> together<00:56:39.839> logical<00:56:40.319> arguments<00:56:40.880> and 00:56:41.670 --> 00:56:41.680 align:start position:0% we put together logical arguments and 00:56:41.680 --> 00:56:42.950 align:start position:0% we put together logical arguments and logic<00:56:42.000> plays<00:56:42.240> a<00:56:42.400> role 00:56:42.950 --> 00:56:42.960 align:start position:0% logic plays a role 00:56:42.960 --> 00:56:45.670 align:start position:0% logic plays a role in<00:56:43.119> many<00:56:43.359> of<00:56:43.359> the<00:56:43.440> things<00:56:43.680> we<00:56:43.760> do<00:56:44.000> it's<00:56:44.160> not<00:56:44.640> the 00:56:45.670 --> 00:56:45.680 align:start position:0% in many of the things we do it's not the 00:56:45.680 --> 00:56:46.309 align:start position:0% in many of the things we do it's not the main<00:56:45.920> role 00:56:46.309 --> 00:56:46.319 align:start position:0% main role 00:56:46.319 --> 00:56:49.589 align:start position:0% main role maybe<00:56:46.720> but<00:56:47.680> so<00:56:47.839> anyway<00:56:48.720> we<00:56:48.960> put<00:56:49.119> together<00:56:49.520> a 00:56:49.589 --> 00:56:49.599 align:start position:0% maybe but so anyway we put together a 00:56:49.599 --> 00:56:50.710 align:start position:0% maybe but so anyway we put together a system<00:56:50.000> for 00:56:50.710 --> 00:56:50.720 align:start position:0% system for 00:56:50.720 --> 00:56:54.630 align:start position:0% system for reasoning<00:56:51.280> and<00:56:51.520> symbolic<00:56:52.079> logic<00:56:53.280> that 00:56:54.630 --> 00:56:54.640 align:start position:0% reasoning and symbolic logic that 00:56:54.640 --> 00:56:56.710 align:start position:0% reasoning and symbolic logic that used<00:56:55.040> john<00:56:55.280> allen<00:56:55.599> robinson's<00:56:56.160> resolution 00:56:56.710 --> 00:56:56.720 align:start position:0% used john allen robinson's resolution 00:56:56.720 --> 00:56:58.150 align:start position:0% used john allen robinson's resolution principle<00:56:57.280> as<00:56:57.440> a<00:56:57.440> matter<00:56:57.599> of<00:56:57.680> fact<00:56:57.839> it<00:56:57.920> was<00:56:58.079> a 00:56:58.150 --> 00:56:58.160 align:start position:0% principle as a matter of fact it was a 00:56:58.160 --> 00:56:59.510 align:start position:0% principle as a matter of fact it was a component<00:56:58.559> of<00:56:58.720> our<00:56:58.880> strip's 00:56:59.510 --> 00:56:59.520 align:start position:0% component of our strip's 00:56:59.520 --> 00:57:03.510 align:start position:0% component of our strip's problem-solving<00:57:00.160> system<00:57:00.559> also 00:57:03.510 --> 00:57:03.520 align:start position:0% 00:57:03.520 --> 00:57:07.589 align:start position:0% what<00:57:03.680> did<00:57:04.000> greenland<00:57:05.920> green<00:57:06.400> ended<00:57:06.720> up 00:57:07.589 --> 00:57:07.599 align:start position:0% what did greenland green ended up 00:57:07.599 --> 00:57:10.470 align:start position:0% what did greenland green ended up he<00:57:07.760> was<00:57:08.000> also<00:57:08.319> in<00:57:08.400> the<00:57:08.559> rotc<00:57:09.920> he<00:57:10.079> was<00:57:10.240> in<00:57:10.319> the 00:57:10.470 --> 00:57:10.480 align:start position:0% he was also in the rotc he was in the 00:57:10.480 --> 00:57:12.069 align:start position:0% he was also in the rotc he was in the army<00:57:10.799> for<00:57:10.960> a<00:57:11.040> while<00:57:11.280> but<00:57:11.520> i<00:57:11.599> think 00:57:12.069 --> 00:57:12.079 align:start position:0% army for a while but i think 00:57:12.079 --> 00:57:17.510 align:start position:0% army for a while but i think uh<00:57:12.880> as<00:57:13.119> a<00:57:13.200> matter<00:57:13.440> of<00:57:13.520> fact<00:57:15.040> the<00:57:15.280> um 00:57:17.510 --> 00:57:17.520 align:start position:0% uh as a matter of fact the um 00:57:17.520 --> 00:57:22.710 align:start position:0% uh as a matter of fact the um he<00:57:17.760> served<00:57:19.440> mainly<00:57:20.319> uh<00:57:20.640> his<00:57:20.880> tour<00:57:21.119> of<00:57:21.200> duty<00:57:21.680> at 00:57:22.710 --> 00:57:22.720 align:start position:0% he served mainly uh his tour of duty at 00:57:22.720 --> 00:57:25.990 align:start position:0% he served mainly uh his tour of duty at inarpa<00:57:24.160> and<00:57:24.400> he<00:57:24.559> was<00:57:24.799> assist<00:57:25.200> an<00:57:25.359> assistant<00:57:25.839> to 00:57:25.990 --> 00:57:26.000 align:start position:0% inarpa and he was assist an assistant to 00:57:26.000 --> 00:57:27.430 align:start position:0% inarpa and he was assist an assistant to larry<00:57:26.319> roberts 00:57:27.430 --> 00:57:27.440 align:start position:0% larry roberts 00:57:27.440 --> 00:57:31.030 align:start position:0% larry roberts who<00:57:27.680> was<00:57:27.920> the<00:57:28.240> uh<00:57:29.359> head<00:57:29.599> of<00:57:29.760> an<00:57:30.000> arpa 00:57:31.030 --> 00:57:31.040 align:start position:0% who was the uh head of an arpa 00:57:31.040 --> 00:57:33.190 align:start position:0% who was the uh head of an arpa uh<00:57:31.359> office<00:57:31.680> of<00:57:32.160> information<00:57:32.720> processing 00:57:33.190 --> 00:57:33.200 align:start position:0% uh office of information processing 00:57:33.200 --> 00:57:35.109 align:start position:0% uh office of information processing techniques<00:57:33.760> office 00:57:35.109 --> 00:57:35.119 align:start position:0% techniques office 00:57:35.119 --> 00:57:36.630 align:start position:0% techniques office and<00:57:35.359> it<00:57:35.440> was<00:57:35.599> cordell<00:57:36.000> green<00:57:36.319> who<00:57:36.480> was 00:57:36.630 --> 00:57:36.640 align:start position:0% and it was cordell green who was 00:57:36.640 --> 00:57:38.710 align:start position:0% and it was cordell green who was assigned<00:57:37.119> by<00:57:37.359> larry<00:57:37.680> roberts 00:57:38.710 --> 00:57:38.720 align:start position:0% assigned by larry roberts 00:57:38.720 --> 00:57:40.710 align:start position:0% assigned by larry roberts to<00:57:39.359> look<00:57:39.599> into<00:57:39.839> whether<00:57:40.160> or<00:57:40.160> not<00:57:40.400> it<00:57:40.480> would<00:57:40.559> be 00:57:40.710 --> 00:57:40.720 align:start position:0% to look into whether or not it would be 00:57:40.720 --> 00:57:43.109 align:start position:0% to look into whether or not it would be a<00:57:40.799> good<00:57:40.960> idea<00:57:41.680> for<00:57:42.000> opera<00:57:42.319> to<00:57:42.480> support 00:57:43.109 --> 00:57:43.119 align:start position:0% a good idea for opera to support 00:57:43.119 --> 00:57:45.829 align:start position:0% a good idea for opera to support research<00:57:43.599> and<00:57:43.680> speech<00:57:44.160> understanding<00:57:45.520> turned 00:57:45.829 --> 00:57:45.839 align:start position:0% research and speech understanding turned 00:57:45.839 --> 00:57:46.630 align:start position:0% research and speech understanding turned out 00:57:46.630 --> 00:57:46.640 align:start position:0% out 00:57:46.640 --> 00:57:49.670 align:start position:0% out it<00:57:46.799> was<00:57:47.119> a<00:57:47.200> good<00:57:47.359> idea<00:57:47.680> and<00:57:47.760> they<00:57:47.920> did 00:57:49.670 --> 00:57:49.680 align:start position:0% it was a good idea and they did 00:57:49.680 --> 00:57:54.390 align:start position:0% it was a good idea and they did and<00:57:50.240> that's<00:57:50.480> all<00:57:50.640> mentioned<00:57:51.040> in<00:57:51.200> my<00:57:51.359> book<00:57:52.839> also 00:57:54.390 --> 00:57:54.400 align:start position:0% and that's all mentioned in my book also 00:57:54.400 --> 00:57:58.230 align:start position:0% and that's all mentioned in my book also so<00:57:54.559> then<00:57:54.799> green<00:57:55.040> started<00:57:55.440> a<00:57:55.520> company<00:57:56.720> uh 00:57:58.230 --> 00:57:58.240 align:start position:0% so then green started a company uh 00:57:58.240 --> 00:57:59.990 align:start position:0% so then green started a company uh that<00:57:58.559> is<00:57:58.640> still<00:57:58.880> in<00:57:59.040> existence<00:57:59.520> as<00:57:59.599> far<00:57:59.760> as<00:57:59.920> i 00:57:59.990 --> 00:58:00.000 align:start position:0% that is still in existence as far as i 00:58:00.000 --> 00:58:03.109 align:start position:0% that is still in existence as far as i know<00:58:01.119> um 00:58:03.109 --> 00:58:03.119 align:start position:0% know um 00:58:03.119 --> 00:58:04.470 align:start position:0% know um it's<00:58:03.280> the<00:58:03.359> name<00:58:03.520> of<00:58:03.599> the<00:58:03.680> company<00:58:04.000> it<00:58:04.079> may<00:58:04.319> come 00:58:04.470 --> 00:58:04.480 align:start position:0% it's the name of the company it may come 00:58:04.480 --> 00:58:07.030 align:start position:0% it's the name of the company it may come to<00:58:04.559> me 00:58:07.030 --> 00:58:07.040 align:start position:0% 00:58:07.040 --> 00:58:10.230 align:start position:0% uh<00:58:08.160> there's<00:58:08.400> a<00:58:08.480> company<00:58:08.799> in<00:58:08.880> palo<00:58:09.200> alto<00:58:09.760> that 00:58:10.230 --> 00:58:10.240 align:start position:0% uh there's a company in palo alto that 00:58:10.240 --> 00:58:20.789 align:start position:0% uh there's a company in palo alto that did<00:58:10.480> work<00:58:10.720> on<00:58:10.880> software<00:58:11.280> engineering 00:58:20.789 --> 00:58:20.799 align:start position:0% 00:58:20.799 --> 00:58:22.870 align:start position:0% we<00:58:20.960> had<00:58:21.280> lots<00:58:21.599> of<00:58:21.760> students<00:58:22.319> come<00:58:22.640> from 00:58:22.870 --> 00:58:22.880 align:start position:0% we had lots of students come from 00:58:22.880 --> 00:58:23.910 align:start position:0% we had lots of students come from stanford 00:58:23.910 --> 00:58:23.920 align:start position:0% stanford 00:58:23.920 --> 00:58:27.430 align:start position:0% stanford to<00:58:24.160> sri<00:58:25.920> and<00:58:26.319> i<00:58:26.480> learned<00:58:26.720> a<00:58:26.799> lot<00:58:27.119> from<00:58:27.280> the 00:58:27.430 --> 00:58:27.440 align:start position:0% to sri and i learned a lot from the 00:58:27.440 --> 00:58:28.470 align:start position:0% to sri and i learned a lot from the students 00:58:28.470 --> 00:58:28.480 align:start position:0% students 00:58:28.480 --> 00:58:30.230 align:start position:0% students because<00:58:29.040> you<00:58:29.200> know<00:58:29.359> my<00:58:29.520> background<00:58:30.000> i<00:58:30.079> didn't 00:58:30.230 --> 00:58:30.240 align:start position:0% because you know my background i didn't 00:58:30.240 --> 00:58:31.750 align:start position:0% because you know my background i didn't know<00:58:30.400> what<00:58:30.480> a<00:58:30.559> compiler<00:58:31.119> was 00:58:31.750 --> 00:58:31.760 align:start position:0% know what a compiler was 00:58:31.760 --> 00:58:32.950 align:start position:0% know what a compiler was i<00:58:31.839> mean<00:58:32.000> i<00:58:32.079> didn't<00:58:32.240> have<00:58:32.319> any<00:58:32.480> background<00:58:32.880> in 00:58:32.950 --> 00:58:32.960 align:start position:0% i mean i didn't have any background in 00:58:32.960 --> 00:58:35.510 align:start position:0% i mean i didn't have any background in computer<00:58:33.359> science<00:58:34.400> and<00:58:34.720> so<00:58:34.880> these<00:58:35.200> students 00:58:35.510 --> 00:58:35.520 align:start position:0% computer science and so these students 00:58:35.520 --> 00:58:36.950 align:start position:0% computer science and so these students would<00:58:35.680> read<00:58:35.920> stuff<00:58:36.160> and<00:58:36.240> tell<00:58:36.400> me<00:58:36.640> i'd 00:58:36.950 --> 00:58:36.960 align:start position:0% would read stuff and tell me i'd 00:58:36.960 --> 00:58:40.390 align:start position:0% would read stuff and tell me i'd have<00:58:37.200> to<00:58:37.280> go<00:58:37.440> learn<00:58:37.599> it<00:58:37.760> i<00:58:37.920> did 00:58:40.390 --> 00:58:40.400 align:start position:0% 00:58:40.400 --> 00:58:41.750 align:start position:0% um<00:58:40.559> did<00:58:40.720> you<00:58:40.799> have<00:58:40.960> much<00:58:41.119> interaction<00:58:41.599> with 00:58:41.750 --> 00:58:41.760 align:start position:0% um did you have much interaction with 00:58:41.760 --> 00:58:42.950 align:start position:0% um did you have much interaction with the<00:58:41.839> people<00:58:42.079> who<00:58:42.240> are<00:58:42.319> working<00:58:42.640> in 00:58:42.950 --> 00:58:42.960 align:start position:0% the people who are working in 00:58:42.960 --> 00:58:44.789 align:start position:0% the people who are working in manipulation<00:58:43.760> and<00:58:43.920> grasping 00:58:44.789 --> 00:58:44.799 align:start position:0% manipulation and grasping 00:58:44.799 --> 00:58:48.390 align:start position:0% manipulation and grasping like<00:58:45.119> rick<00:58:45.359> shineman<00:58:47.680> well<00:58:47.760> i<00:58:47.839> knew<00:58:48.000> about<00:58:48.240> vic 00:58:48.390 --> 00:58:48.400 align:start position:0% like rick shineman well i knew about vic 00:58:48.400 --> 00:58:50.309 align:start position:0% like rick shineman well i knew about vic shineman<00:58:48.880> i<00:58:48.960> knew<00:58:49.200> about<00:58:49.359> his<00:58:49.520> arm<00:58:49.920> that<00:58:50.160> he 00:58:50.309 --> 00:58:50.319 align:start position:0% shineman i knew about his arm that he 00:58:50.319 --> 00:58:51.589 align:start position:0% shineman i knew about his arm that he developed<00:58:50.799> and 00:58:51.589 --> 00:58:51.599 align:start position:0% developed and 00:58:51.599 --> 00:58:55.109 align:start position:0% developed and designed<00:58:52.319> at<00:58:52.559> stanford<00:58:54.000> um 00:58:55.109 --> 00:58:55.119 align:start position:0% designed at stanford um 00:58:55.119 --> 00:58:57.270 align:start position:0% designed at stanford um but<00:58:55.359> i<00:58:55.440> didn't<00:58:55.760> personally<00:58:56.240> have<00:58:56.960> any 00:58:57.270 --> 00:58:57.280 align:start position:0% but i didn't personally have any 00:58:57.280 --> 00:58:58.710 align:start position:0% but i didn't personally have any interaction<00:58:57.760> with<00:58:57.920> him<00:58:58.079> i<00:58:58.240> wasn't<00:58:58.480> so 00:58:58.710 --> 00:58:58.720 align:start position:0% interaction with him i wasn't so 00:58:58.720 --> 00:59:00.230 align:start position:0% interaction with him i wasn't so interested<00:58:59.119> in<00:58:59.280> arms<00:58:59.520> at<00:58:59.599> the<00:58:59.680> time<00:58:59.920> shake<00:59:00.160> he 00:59:00.230 --> 00:59:00.240 align:start position:0% interested in arms at the time shake he 00:59:00.240 --> 00:59:01.990 align:start position:0% interested in arms at the time shake he didn't<00:59:00.480> have<00:59:00.720> arms 00:59:01.990 --> 00:59:02.000 align:start position:0% didn't have arms 00:59:02.000 --> 00:59:04.230 align:start position:0% didn't have arms although<00:59:02.319> we<00:59:02.480> designed<00:59:02.960> a<00:59:03.040> system<00:59:03.359> that<00:59:03.520> was 00:59:04.230 --> 00:59:04.240 align:start position:0% although we designed a system that was 00:59:04.240 --> 00:59:06.150 align:start position:0% although we designed a system that was we<00:59:04.559> had<00:59:04.799> proposed<00:59:05.200> to<00:59:05.359> arba 00:59:06.150 --> 00:59:06.160 align:start position:0% we had proposed to arba 00:59:06.160 --> 00:59:08.230 align:start position:0% we had proposed to arba that<00:59:06.319> would<00:59:06.559> have<00:59:06.799> arms<00:59:07.520> but<00:59:07.680> they<00:59:07.839> ended<00:59:08.079> up 00:59:08.230 --> 00:59:08.240 align:start position:0% that would have arms but they ended up 00:59:08.240 --> 00:59:11.430 align:start position:0% that would have arms but they ended up not<00:59:08.400> funding<00:59:08.799> it 00:59:11.430 --> 00:59:11.440 align:start position:0% 00:59:11.440 --> 00:59:14.549 align:start position:0% when<00:59:11.599> did<00:59:11.760> you<00:59:11.839> make<00:59:12.000> that<00:59:12.160> proposal 00:59:14.549 --> 00:59:14.559 align:start position:0% when did you make that proposal 00:59:14.559 --> 00:59:23.109 align:start position:0% when did you make that proposal oh<00:59:16.160> probably<00:59:16.559> in<00:59:16.640> the<00:59:16.799> early<00:59:17.119> 70s 00:59:23.109 --> 00:59:23.119 align:start position:0% 00:59:23.119 --> 00:59:24.390 align:start position:0% and<00:59:23.280> did<00:59:23.440> you<00:59:23.520> have<00:59:23.599> much<00:59:23.839> interaction<00:59:24.240> with 00:59:24.390 --> 00:59:24.400 align:start position:0% and did you have much interaction with 00:59:24.400 --> 00:59:26.150 align:start position:0% and did you have much interaction with bernie<00:59:24.720> roth 00:59:26.150 --> 00:59:26.160 align:start position:0% bernie roth 00:59:26.160 --> 00:59:29.430 align:start position:0% bernie roth um<00:59:27.040> i<00:59:27.200> knew<00:59:27.359> who<00:59:27.520> he<00:59:27.680> was 00:59:29.430 --> 00:59:29.440 align:start position:0% um i knew who he was 00:59:29.440 --> 00:59:32.630 align:start position:0% um i knew who he was but<00:59:30.839> no<00:59:31.920> um 00:59:32.630 --> 00:59:32.640 align:start position:0% but no um 00:59:32.640 --> 00:59:35.349 align:start position:0% but no um professional<00:59:33.200> interaction<00:59:34.319> i<00:59:34.400> mean<00:59:34.960> if<00:59:35.200> we 00:59:35.349 --> 00:59:35.359 align:start position:0% professional interaction i mean if we 00:59:35.359 --> 00:59:37.510 align:start position:0% professional interaction i mean if we didn't<00:59:35.520> work<00:59:35.760> together<00:59:36.079> on<00:59:36.319> anything 00:59:37.510 --> 00:59:37.520 align:start position:0% didn't work together on anything 00:59:37.520 --> 00:59:40.549 align:start position:0% didn't work together on anything okay<00:59:38.400> um 00:59:40.549 --> 00:59:40.559 align:start position:0% okay um 00:59:40.559 --> 00:59:43.670 align:start position:0% okay um and<00:59:40.720> then<00:59:41.920> so<00:59:42.319> at<00:59:42.480> what<00:59:42.640> point<00:59:42.960> did<00:59:43.119> your<00:59:43.520> did 00:59:43.670 --> 00:59:43.680 align:start position:0% and then so at what point did your did 00:59:43.680 --> 00:59:47.030 align:start position:0% and then so at what point did your did your<00:59:43.839> work<00:59:44.079> ever<00:59:44.319> come<00:59:44.480> back<00:59:44.720> to 00:59:47.030 --> 00:59:47.040 align:start position:0% 00:59:47.040 --> 00:59:50.309 align:start position:0% well<00:59:47.359> so<00:59:47.599> i<00:59:47.680> go<00:59:48.000> over<00:59:48.240> to<00:59:48.400> stanford<00:59:49.760> and 00:59:50.309 --> 00:59:50.319 align:start position:0% well so i go over to stanford and 00:59:50.319 --> 00:59:53.349 align:start position:0% well so i go over to stanford and uh<00:59:51.599> first<00:59:51.920> thing<00:59:52.240> is<00:59:52.640> well<00:59:52.799> i<00:59:52.880> had<00:59:53.040> to<00:59:53.119> learn 00:59:53.349 --> 00:59:53.359 align:start position:0% uh first thing is well i had to learn 00:59:53.359 --> 00:59:54.230 align:start position:0% uh first thing is well i had to learn about<00:59:53.599> how<00:59:53.760> you 00:59:54.230 --> 00:59:54.240 align:start position:0% about how you 00:59:54.240 --> 00:59:56.870 align:start position:0% about how you become<00:59:54.559> a<00:59:54.640> chairman<00:59:55.839> uh<00:59:56.160> the<00:59:56.319> atmosphere<00:59:56.720> is<00:59:56.799> a 00:59:56.870 --> 00:59:56.880 align:start position:0% become a chairman uh the atmosphere is a 00:59:56.880 --> 00:59:58.829 align:start position:0% become a chairman uh the atmosphere is a good<00:59:56.960> deal<00:59:57.200> different<00:59:57.599> than<00:59:57.839> it<00:59:57.920> was<00:59:58.160> at 00:59:58.829 --> 00:59:58.839 align:start position:0% good deal different than it was at 00:59:58.839 --> 01:00:01.829 align:start position:0% good deal different than it was at sri 01:00:01.829 --> 01:00:01.839 align:start position:0% sri 01:00:01.839 --> 01:00:06.069 align:start position:0% sri in<01:00:02.000> a<01:00:02.079> number<01:00:02.319> of<01:00:02.480> ways<01:00:04.000> first<01:00:04.319> of<01:00:04.480> all 01:00:06.069 --> 01:00:06.079 align:start position:0% in a number of ways first of all 01:00:06.079 --> 01:00:07.589 align:start position:0% in a number of ways first of all the<01:00:06.400> people<01:00:06.640> in<01:00:06.720> the<01:00:06.880> department<01:00:07.359> don't 01:00:07.589 --> 01:00:07.599 align:start position:0% the people in the department don't 01:00:07.599 --> 01:00:09.750 align:start position:0% the people in the department don't actually<01:00:07.920> work<01:00:08.160> for<01:00:08.400> you 01:00:09.750 --> 01:00:09.760 align:start position:0% actually work for you 01:00:09.760 --> 01:00:11.990 align:start position:0% actually work for you i<01:00:09.920> think<01:00:10.079> their<01:00:10.400> idea<01:00:10.720> is<01:00:11.280> look<01:00:11.599> you're<01:00:11.839> in 01:00:11.990 --> 01:00:12.000 align:start position:0% i think their idea is look you're in 01:00:12.000 --> 01:00:12.789 align:start position:0% i think their idea is look you're in charge<01:00:12.400> of 01:00:12.789 --> 01:00:12.799 align:start position:0% charge of 01:00:12.799 --> 01:00:15.670 align:start position:0% charge of we're<01:00:13.119> passengers<01:00:13.680> on<01:00:13.839> your<01:00:14.079> ship<01:00:15.280> uh<01:00:15.520> we'll 01:00:15.670 --> 01:00:15.680 align:start position:0% we're passengers on your ship uh we'll 01:00:15.680 --> 01:00:17.190 align:start position:0% we're passengers on your ship uh we'll tell<01:00:15.839> you<01:00:16.000> where<01:00:16.160> you<01:00:16.240> want<01:00:16.400> to<01:00:16.480> go<01:00:16.720> your<01:00:16.880> job 01:00:17.190 --> 01:00:17.200 align:start position:0% tell you where you want to go your job 01:00:17.200 --> 01:00:19.510 align:start position:0% tell you where you want to go your job is<01:00:17.280> to<01:00:17.359> keep<01:00:17.520> the<01:00:17.680> engine<01:00:17.920> running<01:00:18.319> and 01:00:19.510 --> 01:00:19.520 align:start position:0% is to keep the engine running and 01:00:19.520 --> 01:00:21.109 align:start position:0% is to keep the engine running and do<01:00:19.760> all<01:00:19.920> the<01:00:20.000> things<01:00:20.240> that<01:00:20.400> are<01:00:20.640> you<01:00:20.799> need<01:00:20.960> to 01:00:21.109 --> 01:00:21.119 align:start position:0% do all the things that are you need to 01:00:21.119 --> 01:00:23.910 align:start position:0% do all the things that are you need to do<01:00:21.920> and<01:00:22.319> so<01:00:22.640> that<01:00:22.799> was<01:00:22.880> a<01:00:22.960> bit<01:00:23.119> of<01:00:23.200> a<01:00:23.359> change<01:00:23.680> but 01:00:23.910 --> 01:00:23.920 align:start position:0% do and so that was a bit of a change but 01:00:23.920 --> 01:00:25.670 align:start position:0% do and so that was a bit of a change but one<01:00:24.160> that<01:00:24.319> i<01:00:24.480> didn't<01:00:24.720> mind 01:00:25.670 --> 01:00:25.680 align:start position:0% one that i didn't mind 01:00:25.680 --> 01:00:27.270 align:start position:0% one that i didn't mind uh<01:00:26.000> we<01:00:26.160> had<01:00:26.319> a<01:00:26.400> lot<01:00:26.559> of<01:00:26.640> smart<01:00:26.880> people<01:00:27.200> at 01:00:27.270 --> 01:00:27.280 align:start position:0% uh we had a lot of smart people at 01:00:27.280 --> 01:00:29.109 align:start position:0% uh we had a lot of smart people at stanford 01:00:29.109 --> 01:00:29.119 align:start position:0% stanford 01:00:29.119 --> 01:00:31.510 align:start position:0% stanford there<01:00:29.359> were<01:00:29.599> occasional<01:00:30.799> things<01:00:31.040> we<01:00:31.280> had<01:00:31.440> to 01:00:31.510 --> 01:00:31.520 align:start position:0% there were occasional things we had to 01:00:31.520 --> 01:00:32.549 align:start position:0% there were occasional things we had to solve<01:00:31.920> problems 01:00:32.549 --> 01:00:32.559 align:start position:0% solve problems 01:00:32.559 --> 01:00:35.349 align:start position:0% solve problems you<01:00:32.640> know<01:00:32.799> as<01:00:33.040> any<01:00:33.200> manager<01:00:33.680> does<01:00:34.720> uh 01:00:35.349 --> 01:00:35.359 align:start position:0% you know as any manager does uh 01:00:35.359 --> 01:00:38.150 align:start position:0% you know as any manager does uh sometimes 01:00:38.150 --> 01:00:38.160 align:start position:0% 01:00:38.160 --> 01:00:40.549 align:start position:0% there<01:00:38.400> are<01:00:39.200> ex<01:00:39.599> you<01:00:39.680> know<01:00:39.839> things<01:00:40.079> that<01:00:40.240> happen 01:00:40.549 --> 01:00:40.559 align:start position:0% there are ex you know things that happen 01:00:40.559 --> 01:00:41.990 align:start position:0% there are ex you know things that happen on<01:00:40.720> the<01:00:40.799> tail<01:00:41.040> of<01:00:41.119> the<01:00:41.200> distribution<01:00:41.839> that<01:00:41.920> you 01:00:41.990 --> 01:00:42.000 align:start position:0% on the tail of the distribution that you 01:00:42.000 --> 01:00:44.789 align:start position:0% on the tail of the distribution that you got<01:00:42.160> to<01:00:42.240> go<01:00:42.480> deal<01:00:42.720> with 01:00:44.789 --> 01:00:44.799 align:start position:0% got to go deal with 01:00:44.799 --> 01:00:48.630 align:start position:0% got to go deal with the<01:00:44.960> other<01:00:45.200> thing<01:00:45.440> is<01:00:45.760> that<01:00:46.480> whereas<01:00:47.040> at<01:00:47.200> sri 01:00:48.630 --> 01:00:48.640 align:start position:0% the other thing is that whereas at sri 01:00:48.640 --> 01:00:50.870 align:start position:0% the other thing is that whereas at sri you<01:00:48.799> could<01:00:49.040> work<01:00:49.440> at<01:00:49.599> night<01:00:50.079> if<01:00:50.160> you<01:00:50.319> wanted 01:00:50.870 --> 01:00:50.880 align:start position:0% you could work at night if you wanted 01:00:50.880 --> 01:00:52.470 align:start position:0% you could work at night if you wanted but<01:00:51.359> largely<01:00:51.760> you'd<01:00:51.920> get<01:00:52.079> there<01:00:52.319> in<01:00:52.400> the 01:00:52.470 --> 01:00:52.480 align:start position:0% but largely you'd get there in the 01:00:52.480 --> 01:00:54.069 align:start position:0% but largely you'd get there in the morning<01:00:52.880> you<01:00:53.040> might<01:00:53.200> leave<01:00:53.440> at<01:00:53.520> six<01:00:53.760> o'clock 01:00:54.069 --> 01:00:54.079 align:start position:0% morning you might leave at six o'clock 01:00:54.079 --> 01:00:55.270 align:start position:0% morning you might leave at six o'clock at<01:00:54.160> night<01:00:54.480> and<01:00:54.559> that<01:00:54.720> was 01:00:55.270 --> 01:00:55.280 align:start position:0% at night and that was 01:00:55.280 --> 01:00:57.589 align:start position:0% at night and that was a<01:00:55.440> working<01:00:55.680> day<01:00:56.400> but<01:00:56.640> at<01:00:56.720> stanford<01:00:57.200> really<01:00:57.520> a 01:00:57.589 --> 01:00:57.599 align:start position:0% a working day but at stanford really a 01:00:57.599 --> 01:00:58.549 align:start position:0% a working day but at stanford really a worker's<01:00:57.920> never<01:00:58.160> done 01:00:58.549 --> 01:00:58.559 align:start position:0% worker's never done 01:00:58.559 --> 01:01:00.150 align:start position:0% worker's never done people<01:00:58.799> are<01:00:58.880> emailing<01:00:59.359> you<01:00:59.599> they've<01:00:59.839> got 01:01:00.150 --> 01:01:00.160 align:start position:0% people are emailing you they've got 01:01:00.160 --> 01:01:01.349 align:start position:0% people are emailing you they've got problems<01:01:00.559> some<01:01:00.720> of<01:01:00.880> them<01:01:00.960> in<01:01:01.040> the<01:01:01.119> middle<01:01:01.280> of 01:01:01.349 --> 01:01:01.359 align:start position:0% problems some of them in the middle of 01:01:01.359 --> 01:01:02.230 align:start position:0% problems some of them in the middle of the<01:01:01.520> night 01:01:02.230 --> 01:01:02.240 align:start position:0% the night 01:01:02.240 --> 01:01:04.309 align:start position:0% the night and<01:01:02.400> they<01:01:02.559> need<01:01:02.799> things<01:01:03.119> done<01:01:03.680> plus<01:01:03.920> the<01:01:04.079> fact 01:01:04.309 --> 01:01:04.319 align:start position:0% and they need things done plus the fact 01:01:04.319 --> 01:01:05.349 align:start position:0% and they need things done plus the fact that<01:01:04.480> there's 01:01:05.349 --> 01:01:05.359 align:start position:0% that there's 01:01:05.359 --> 01:01:07.430 align:start position:0% that there's this<01:01:05.599> level<01:01:05.920> above<01:01:06.240> a<01:01:06.319> department<01:01:06.799> chair<01:01:07.280> the 01:01:07.430 --> 01:01:07.440 align:start position:0% this level above a department chair the 01:01:07.440 --> 01:01:08.710 align:start position:0% this level above a department chair the deanery 01:01:08.710 --> 01:01:08.720 align:start position:0% deanery 01:01:08.720 --> 01:01:11.750 align:start position:0% deanery and<01:01:09.040> deans<01:01:09.440> have<01:01:09.680> various<01:01:10.079> demands<01:01:10.640> i<01:01:10.720> mean 01:01:11.750 --> 01:01:11.760 align:start position:0% and deans have various demands i mean 01:01:11.760 --> 01:01:13.430 align:start position:0% and deans have various demands i mean they<01:01:12.000> want<01:01:12.160> a<01:01:12.240> vision<01:01:12.559> statement<01:01:13.040> every<01:01:13.280> now 01:01:13.430 --> 01:01:13.440 align:start position:0% they want a vision statement every now 01:01:13.440 --> 01:01:14.390 align:start position:0% they want a vision statement every now and<01:01:13.520> then<01:01:13.839> you<01:01:13.920> know<01:01:14.000> where<01:01:14.240> is<01:01:14.319> the 01:01:14.390 --> 01:01:14.400 align:start position:0% and then you know where is the 01:01:14.400 --> 01:01:15.750 align:start position:0% and then you know where is the department<01:01:14.880> going 01:01:15.750 --> 01:01:15.760 align:start position:0% department going 01:01:15.760 --> 01:01:18.789 align:start position:0% department going uh<01:01:16.400> we<01:01:16.640> have<01:01:16.880> to<01:01:17.280> have<01:01:17.599> tenure 01:01:18.789 --> 01:01:18.799 align:start position:0% uh we have to have tenure 01:01:18.799 --> 01:01:21.190 align:start position:0% uh we have to have tenure uh<01:01:19.119> cases<01:01:19.680> uh<01:01:19.920> someone<01:01:20.240> sells<01:01:20.559> up<01:01:20.640> for<01:01:20.799> tenure 01:01:21.190 --> 01:01:21.200 align:start position:0% uh cases uh someone sells up for tenure 01:01:21.200 --> 01:01:22.150 align:start position:0% uh cases uh someone sells up for tenure you<01:01:21.440> have<01:01:21.599> to 01:01:22.150 --> 01:01:22.160 align:start position:0% you have to 01:01:22.160 --> 01:01:23.670 align:start position:0% you have to make<01:01:22.319> sure<01:01:22.559> we<01:01:22.720> get<01:01:22.880> all<01:01:23.040> kinds<01:01:23.280> of<01:01:23.359> letters 01:01:23.670 --> 01:01:23.680 align:start position:0% make sure we get all kinds of letters 01:01:23.680 --> 01:01:26.150 align:start position:0% make sure we get all kinds of letters written<01:01:24.559> and<01:01:24.880> you<01:01:24.960> have<01:01:25.200> to<01:01:25.280> present<01:01:25.760> the<01:01:25.920> case 01:01:26.150 --> 01:01:26.160 align:start position:0% written and you have to present the case 01:01:26.160 --> 01:01:28.470 align:start position:0% written and you have to present the case for<01:01:26.319> this<01:01:26.480> particular<01:01:26.960> person's<01:01:27.280> tenure 01:01:28.470 --> 01:01:28.480 align:start position:0% for this particular person's tenure 01:01:28.480 --> 01:01:30.789 align:start position:0% for this particular person's tenure in<01:01:28.559> front<01:01:28.720> of<01:01:28.880> a<01:01:28.960> committee<01:01:30.240> we<01:01:30.400> need<01:01:30.559> your 01:01:30.789 --> 01:01:30.799 align:start position:0% in front of a committee we need your 01:01:30.799 --> 01:01:31.510 align:start position:0% in front of a committee we need your budget 01:01:31.510 --> 01:01:31.520 align:start position:0% budget 01:01:31.520 --> 01:01:33.910 align:start position:0% budget and<01:01:32.640> oh<01:01:32.960> by<01:01:33.119> the<01:01:33.200> way<01:01:33.359> we're<01:01:33.520> going<01:01:33.599> to<01:01:33.680> have<01:01:33.839> a 01:01:33.910 --> 01:01:33.920 align:start position:0% and oh by the way we're going to have a 01:01:33.920 --> 01:01:35.829 align:start position:0% and oh by the way we're going to have a special<01:01:34.240> committee<01:01:34.720> in<01:01:34.799> the<01:01:34.960> university<01:01:35.599> to 01:01:35.829 --> 01:01:35.839 align:start position:0% special committee in the university to 01:01:35.839 --> 01:01:37.430 align:start position:0% special committee in the university to look<01:01:36.079> into 01:01:37.430 --> 01:01:37.440 align:start position:0% look into 01:01:37.440 --> 01:01:40.710 align:start position:0% look into how<01:01:37.599> we<01:01:37.760> can<01:01:38.000> better<01:01:39.440> use<01:01:39.760> computer<01:01:40.240> science 01:01:40.710 --> 01:01:40.720 align:start position:0% how we can better use computer science 01:01:40.720 --> 01:01:42.470 align:start position:0% how we can better use computer science in<01:01:40.960> civil<01:01:41.280> engineering<01:01:41.839> you<01:01:42.000> know<01:01:42.160> would<01:01:42.319> you 01:01:42.470 --> 01:01:42.480 align:start position:0% in civil engineering you know would you 01:01:42.480 --> 01:01:44.069 align:start position:0% in civil engineering you know would you be<01:01:42.640> on<01:01:42.799> that<01:01:42.960> committee<01:01:43.440> and 01:01:44.069 --> 01:01:44.079 align:start position:0% be on that committee and 01:01:44.079 --> 01:01:45.510 align:start position:0% be on that committee and so<01:01:44.240> there's<01:01:44.480> all<01:01:44.559> that<01:01:44.720> kind<01:01:44.880> of<01:01:45.040> thing<01:01:45.280> that 01:01:45.510 --> 01:01:45.520 align:start position:0% so there's all that kind of thing that 01:01:45.520 --> 01:01:47.430 align:start position:0% so there's all that kind of thing that happens<01:01:46.079> more<01:01:46.319> at<01:01:46.480> a<01:01:46.640> university<01:01:47.119> i<01:01:47.200> think 01:01:47.430 --> 01:01:47.440 align:start position:0% happens more at a university i think 01:01:47.440 --> 01:01:49.190 align:start position:0% happens more at a university i think than<01:01:47.599> a<01:01:47.680> place<01:01:47.920> like<01:01:48.160> sri 01:01:49.190 --> 01:01:49.200 align:start position:0% than a place like sri 01:01:49.200 --> 01:01:51.349 align:start position:0% than a place like sri so<01:01:49.599> it<01:01:49.760> was<01:01:49.839> a<01:01:49.839> lot<01:01:50.000> of<01:01:50.079> work<01:01:50.880> the<01:01:50.960> first<01:01:51.119> thing 01:01:51.349 --> 01:01:51.359 align:start position:0% so it was a lot of work the first thing 01:01:51.359 --> 01:01:52.789 align:start position:0% so it was a lot of work the first thing i<01:01:51.440> discovered<01:01:51.920> there<01:01:52.160> was 01:01:52.789 --> 01:01:52.799 align:start position:0% i discovered there was 01:01:52.799 --> 01:01:54.630 align:start position:0% i discovered there was quite<01:01:52.960> a<01:01:53.040> bit<01:01:53.200> of<01:01:53.280> work<01:01:53.760> but<01:01:53.920> it<01:01:54.079> was<01:01:54.240> all<01:01:54.480> very 01:01:54.630 --> 01:01:54.640 align:start position:0% quite a bit of work but it was all very 01:01:54.640 --> 01:01:56.390 align:start position:0% quite a bit of work but it was all very exciting<01:01:55.119> and<01:01:55.200> challenging<01:01:55.760> so 01:01:56.390 --> 01:01:56.400 align:start position:0% exciting and challenging so 01:01:56.400 --> 01:01:59.589 align:start position:0% exciting and challenging so i<01:01:56.559> liked<01:01:56.880> it<01:01:57.760> i<01:01:57.920> did<01:01:58.240> get<01:01:58.480> involved<01:01:59.039> right<01:01:59.200> away 01:01:59.589 --> 01:01:59.599 align:start position:0% i liked it i did get involved right away 01:01:59.599 --> 01:01:59.990 align:start position:0% i liked it i did get involved right away with 01:01:59.990 --> 01:02:00.000 align:start position:0% with 01:02:00.000 --> 01:02:03.430 align:start position:0% with a<01:02:00.799> bunch<01:02:01.039> of<01:02:01.119> students<01:02:02.640> and<01:02:02.799> i<01:02:02.960> had<01:02:03.119> four<01:02:03.280> or 01:02:03.430 --> 01:02:03.440 align:start position:0% a bunch of students and i had four or 01:02:03.440 --> 01:02:05.270 align:start position:0% a bunch of students and i had four or five<01:02:03.680> of<01:02:03.760> them<01:02:04.000> phd<01:02:04.480> students 01:02:05.270 --> 01:02:05.280 align:start position:0% five of them phd students 01:02:05.280 --> 01:02:07.910 align:start position:0% five of them phd students one<01:02:05.520> of<01:02:05.599> the<01:02:05.680> difficulties<01:02:06.480> was<01:02:07.440> that<01:02:07.680> they 01:02:07.910 --> 01:02:07.920 align:start position:0% one of the difficulties was that they 01:02:07.920 --> 01:02:09.670 align:start position:0% one of the difficulties was that they all<01:02:08.000> came<01:02:08.240> in<01:02:08.400> at<01:02:08.480> the<01:02:08.559> same<01:02:08.880> time 01:02:09.670 --> 01:02:09.680 align:start position:0% all came in at the same time 01:02:09.680 --> 01:02:12.309 align:start position:0% all came in at the same time so<01:02:09.920> in<01:02:10.079> our<01:02:10.319> little<01:02:10.559> group<01:02:11.359> and<01:02:11.599> we<01:02:11.760> had<01:02:11.920> weekly 01:02:12.309 --> 01:02:12.319 align:start position:0% so in our little group and we had weekly 01:02:12.319 --> 01:02:13.109 align:start position:0% so in our little group and we had weekly meetings 01:02:13.109 --> 01:02:13.119 align:start position:0% meetings 01:02:13.119 --> 01:02:15.190 align:start position:0% meetings they<01:02:13.280> didn't<01:02:13.520> have<01:02:13.760> anybody<01:02:14.480> any<01:02:14.880> kind<01:02:15.039> of 01:02:15.190 --> 01:02:15.200 align:start position:0% they didn't have anybody any kind of 01:02:15.200 --> 01:02:16.950 align:start position:0% they didn't have anybody any kind of mentors<01:02:15.680> people<01:02:15.920> who<01:02:16.079> had<01:02:16.160> gone<01:02:16.400> on<01:02:16.559> before 01:02:16.950 --> 01:02:16.960 align:start position:0% mentors people who had gone on before 01:02:16.960 --> 01:02:17.910 align:start position:0% mentors people who had gone on before them 01:02:17.910 --> 01:02:17.920 align:start position:0% them 01:02:17.920 --> 01:02:19.510 align:start position:0% them people<01:02:18.160> they<01:02:18.319> might<01:02:18.559> work<01:02:18.799> with<01:02:19.119> so<01:02:19.280> they're 01:02:19.510 --> 01:02:19.520 align:start position:0% people they might work with so they're 01:02:19.520 --> 01:02:21.109 align:start position:0% people they might work with so they're all<01:02:19.760> starting<01:02:20.000> from<01:02:20.240> scratch 01:02:21.109 --> 01:02:21.119 align:start position:0% all starting from scratch 01:02:21.119 --> 01:02:23.029 align:start position:0% all starting from scratch and<01:02:21.359> that<01:02:21.520> made<01:02:21.760> it<01:02:21.839> kind<01:02:21.920> of<01:02:22.000> difficult 01:02:23.029 --> 01:02:23.039 align:start position:0% and that made it kind of difficult 01:02:23.039 --> 01:02:24.390 align:start position:0% and that made it kind of difficult probably<01:02:23.359> for<01:02:23.520> them<01:02:23.760> and<01:02:23.920> for<01:02:24.079> me 01:02:24.390 --> 01:02:24.400 align:start position:0% probably for them and for me 01:02:24.400 --> 01:02:28.150 align:start position:0% probably for them and for me but<01:02:25.680> they<01:02:25.839> had<01:02:26.160> had<01:02:26.319> some<01:02:26.480> very<01:02:26.720> good<01:02:26.880> students 01:02:28.150 --> 01:02:28.160 align:start position:0% but they had had some very good students 01:02:28.160 --> 01:02:30.710 align:start position:0% but they had had some very good students one<01:02:28.319> of<01:02:28.400> whom<01:02:28.720> by<01:02:28.880> the<01:02:29.039> way<01:02:29.680> i<01:02:29.839> did<01:02:30.160> end<01:02:30.400> up<01:02:30.559> in 01:02:30.710 --> 01:02:30.720 align:start position:0% one of whom by the way i did end up in 01:02:30.720 --> 01:02:31.750 align:start position:0% one of whom by the way i did end up in sri 01:02:31.750 --> 01:02:31.760 align:start position:0% sri 01:02:31.760 --> 01:02:34.789 align:start position:0% sri lanka<01:02:33.359> some<01:02:33.520> of<01:02:33.599> your<01:02:33.680> phd<01:02:34.160> students<01:02:34.400> in<01:02:34.480> one 01:02:34.789 --> 01:02:34.799 align:start position:0% lanka some of your phd students in one 01:02:34.799 --> 01:02:37.750 align:start position:0% lanka some of your phd students in one particular<01:02:35.520> yeah<01:02:35.920> one<01:02:36.160> went<01:02:36.319> to<01:02:36.960> one<01:02:37.200> of<01:02:37.280> them 01:02:37.750 --> 01:02:37.760 align:start position:0% particular yeah one went to one of them 01:02:37.760 --> 01:02:39.349 align:start position:0% particular yeah one went to one of them named<01:02:38.000> karen<01:02:38.319> myers 01:02:39.349 --> 01:02:39.359 align:start position:0% named karen myers 01:02:39.359 --> 01:02:41.750 align:start position:0% named karen myers went<01:02:39.599> to<01:02:39.839> sri<01:02:40.400> and<01:02:40.559> played<01:02:40.799> a<01:02:40.880> leading<01:02:41.200> role<01:02:41.520> in 01:02:41.750 --> 01:02:41.760 align:start position:0% went to sri and played a leading role in 01:02:41.760 --> 01:02:43.349 align:start position:0% went to sri and played a leading role in a<01:02:41.920> project<01:02:42.319> that<01:02:42.480> sri 01:02:43.349 --> 01:02:43.359 align:start position:0% a project that sri 01:02:43.359 --> 01:02:46.630 align:start position:0% a project that sri called<01:02:43.599> kalo<01:02:44.960> which<01:02:45.200> stands<01:02:45.520> for<01:02:46.000> cognitive 01:02:46.630 --> 01:02:46.640 align:start position:0% called kalo which stands for cognitive 01:02:46.640 --> 01:02:48.390 align:start position:0% called kalo which stands for cognitive assistant<01:02:47.119> that<01:02:47.280> learns<01:02:47.599> and<01:02:47.760> organizes<01:02:48.319> it 01:02:48.390 --> 01:02:48.400 align:start position:0% assistant that learns and organizes it 01:02:48.400 --> 01:02:50.870 align:start position:0% assistant that learns and organizes it was<01:02:48.559> a<01:02:48.640> multi-million<01:02:49.280> dollar<01:02:49.520> project 01:02:50.870 --> 01:02:50.880 align:start position:0% was a multi-million dollar project 01:02:50.880 --> 01:02:54.230 align:start position:0% was a multi-million dollar project and<01:02:51.520> it<01:02:51.680> actually<01:02:52.000> led<01:02:52.160> to<01:02:52.319> a<01:02:52.400> startup<01:02:53.680> a 01:02:54.230 --> 01:02:54.240 align:start position:0% and it actually led to a startup a 01:02:54.240 --> 01:02:57.829 align:start position:0% and it actually led to a startup a company<01:02:54.559> called<01:02:54.880> siri<01:02:55.480> s-i-r-i<01:02:56.799> siri 01:02:57.829 --> 01:02:57.839 align:start position:0% company called siri s-i-r-i siri 01:02:57.839 --> 01:03:00.150 align:start position:0% company called siri s-i-r-i siri which<01:02:58.079> has<01:02:58.319> an<01:02:58.480> application<01:02:59.520> free<01:02:59.839> app<01:03:00.079> i 01:03:00.150 --> 01:03:00.160 align:start position:0% which has an application free app i 01:03:00.160 --> 01:03:01.190 align:start position:0% which has an application free app i think<01:03:00.319> you<01:03:00.480> can<01:03:00.559> get<01:03:00.720> on<01:03:00.880> your 01:03:01.190 --> 01:03:01.200 align:start position:0% think you can get on your 01:03:01.200 --> 01:03:04.230 align:start position:0% think you can get on your iphone<01:03:02.400> that<01:03:02.799> will<01:03:03.200> uh<01:03:03.520> give<01:03:03.680> you<01:03:03.839> advice 01:03:04.230 --> 01:03:04.240 align:start position:0% iphone that will uh give you advice 01:03:04.240 --> 01:03:06.390 align:start position:0% iphone that will uh give you advice about 01:03:06.390 --> 01:03:06.400 align:start position:0% about 01:03:06.400 --> 01:03:08.470 align:start position:0% about where<01:03:06.559> to<01:03:06.640> go<01:03:06.799> to<01:03:06.880> dinner<01:03:07.359> and<01:03:08.079> make 01:03:08.470 --> 01:03:08.480 align:start position:0% where to go to dinner and make 01:03:08.480 --> 01:03:10.950 align:start position:0% where to go to dinner and make reservations<01:03:09.119> for<01:03:09.280> you 01:03:10.950 --> 01:03:10.960 align:start position:0% reservations for you 01:03:10.960 --> 01:03:13.990 align:start position:0% reservations for you um<01:03:12.640> so<01:03:12.880> i<01:03:12.960> mean<01:03:13.119> you've<01:03:13.280> done<01:03:13.440> some<01:03:13.599> other<01:03:13.760> work 01:03:13.990 --> 01:03:14.000 align:start position:0% um so i mean you've done some other work 01:03:14.000 --> 01:03:15.349 align:start position:0% um so i mean you've done some other work on<01:03:14.079> this<01:03:14.240> kind<01:03:14.400> of<01:03:14.480> agents 01:03:15.349 --> 01:03:15.359 align:start position:0% on this kind of agents 01:03:15.359 --> 01:03:18.150 align:start position:0% on this kind of agents that<01:03:15.599> might<01:03:16.160> aren't<01:03:16.400> necessarily<01:03:16.960> robotic 01:03:18.150 --> 01:03:18.160 align:start position:0% that might aren't necessarily robotic 01:03:18.160 --> 01:03:19.990 align:start position:0% that might aren't necessarily robotic but<01:03:18.319> did<01:03:18.559> you<01:03:18.640> do<01:03:18.880> any<01:03:19.119> other<01:03:19.440> specifically 01:03:19.990 --> 01:03:20.000 align:start position:0% but did you do any other specifically 01:03:20.000 --> 01:03:22.309 align:start position:0% but did you do any other specifically robotic<01:03:20.559> work<01:03:20.880> after 01:03:22.309 --> 01:03:22.319 align:start position:0% robotic work after 01:03:22.319 --> 01:03:25.510 align:start position:0% robotic work after well<01:03:22.640> let's<01:03:22.880> see<01:03:23.039> in<01:03:23.119> terms<01:03:23.440> of<01:03:23.599> robots<01:03:24.400> um<01:03:25.280> i 01:03:25.510 --> 01:03:25.520 align:start position:0% well let's see in terms of robots um i 01:03:25.520 --> 01:03:26.309 align:start position:0% well let's see in terms of robots um i joined<01:03:25.760> when<01:03:26.000> i 01:03:26.309 --> 01:03:26.319 align:start position:0% joined when i 01:03:26.319 --> 01:03:30.870 align:start position:0% joined when i uh<01:03:27.359> after<01:03:28.079> finishing<01:03:28.480> being<01:03:28.839> chair 01:03:30.870 --> 01:03:30.880 align:start position:0% uh after finishing being chair 01:03:30.880 --> 01:03:35.029 align:start position:0% uh after finishing being chair i<01:03:31.520> took<01:03:31.680> a<01:03:31.760> sabbatical<01:03:33.599> and 01:03:35.029 --> 01:03:35.039 align:start position:0% i took a sabbatical and 01:03:35.039 --> 01:03:38.710 align:start position:0% i took a sabbatical and went<01:03:35.599> to<01:03:37.039> had<01:03:37.359> half<01:03:37.599> a<01:03:37.680> year<01:03:37.920> at<01:03:38.079> mit 01:03:38.710 --> 01:03:38.720 align:start position:0% went to had half a year at mit 01:03:38.720 --> 01:03:41.990 align:start position:0% went to had half a year at mit and<01:03:39.039> harvard<01:03:39.440> some<01:03:39.680> combination<01:03:41.200> and 01:03:41.990 --> 01:03:42.000 align:start position:0% and harvard some combination and 01:03:42.000 --> 01:03:45.510 align:start position:0% and harvard some combination and as<01:03:42.240> in<01:03:42.400> rod<01:03:42.720> brook's<01:03:43.280> lab<01:03:44.720> and<01:03:44.960> i<01:03:45.119> would<01:03:45.280> teach 01:03:45.510 --> 01:03:45.520 align:start position:0% as in rod brook's lab and i would teach 01:03:45.520 --> 01:03:47.109 align:start position:0% as in rod brook's lab and i would teach a<01:03:45.680> class<01:03:45.920> or<01:03:46.079> two<01:03:46.240> at<01:03:46.319> harvard<01:03:46.720> once<01:03:46.960> in<01:03:47.039> a 01:03:47.109 --> 01:03:47.119 align:start position:0% a class or two at harvard once in a 01:03:47.119 --> 01:03:47.589 align:start position:0% a class or two at harvard once in a while 01:03:47.589 --> 01:03:47.599 align:start position:0% while 01:03:47.599 --> 01:03:50.950 align:start position:0% while you<01:03:47.760> know<01:03:48.960> not<01:03:49.119> a<01:03:49.200> class<01:03:49.599> but<01:03:50.079> i'd<01:03:50.319> lecture 01:03:50.950 --> 01:03:50.960 align:start position:0% you know not a class but i'd lecture 01:03:50.960 --> 01:03:54.150 align:start position:0% you know not a class but i'd lecture for<01:03:51.280> someone<01:03:51.599> who<01:03:51.760> was<01:03:51.839> teaching<01:03:52.240> a<01:03:52.319> class 01:03:54.150 --> 01:03:54.160 align:start position:0% for someone who was teaching a class 01:03:54.160 --> 01:03:56.829 align:start position:0% for someone who was teaching a class and<01:03:54.559> uh<01:03:54.799> half<01:03:55.039> a<01:03:55.200> year<01:03:55.520> at<01:03:55.680> the<01:03:55.839> santa<01:03:56.160> fe 01:03:56.829 --> 01:03:56.839 align:start position:0% and uh half a year at the santa fe 01:03:56.839 --> 01:03:58.390 align:start position:0% and uh half a year at the santa fe institute<01:03:57.839> in 01:03:58.390 --> 01:03:58.400 align:start position:0% institute in 01:03:58.400 --> 01:04:02.870 align:start position:0% institute in santa<01:03:58.720> fe<01:03:58.960> new<01:03:59.119> mexico<01:04:00.799> and<01:04:01.119> during<01:04:01.359> that<01:04:01.680> time 01:04:02.870 --> 01:04:02.880 align:start position:0% santa fe new mexico and during that time 01:04:02.880 --> 01:04:04.309 align:start position:0% santa fe new mexico and during that time one<01:04:03.119> reason<01:04:03.359> i<01:04:03.440> wanted<01:04:03.680> to<01:04:03.760> go<01:04:03.920> to<01:04:04.079> rod 01:04:04.309 --> 01:04:04.319 align:start position:0% one reason i wanted to go to rod 01:04:04.319 --> 01:04:06.710 align:start position:0% one reason i wanted to go to rod brooks's<01:04:04.799> lab<01:04:05.200> was<01:04:05.599> i<01:04:05.839> began 01:04:06.710 --> 01:04:06.720 align:start position:0% brooks's lab was i began 01:04:06.720 --> 01:04:08.870 align:start position:0% brooks's lab was i began to<01:04:06.799> be<01:04:06.960> interested<01:04:07.839> again<01:04:08.319> in<01:04:08.480> this 01:04:08.870 --> 01:04:08.880 align:start position:0% to be interested again in this 01:04:08.880 --> 01:04:10.549 align:start position:0% to be interested again in this intermediate<01:04:09.520> these<01:04:09.760> intermediate<01:04:10.240> level 01:04:10.549 --> 01:04:10.559 align:start position:0% intermediate these intermediate level 01:04:10.559 --> 01:04:13.750 align:start position:0% intermediate these intermediate level style<01:04:10.960> programs<01:04:11.920> which<01:04:12.160> are<01:04:12.240> very<01:04:12.400> robust 01:04:13.750 --> 01:04:13.760 align:start position:0% style programs which are very robust 01:04:13.760 --> 01:04:18.870 align:start position:0% style programs which are very robust and<01:04:14.000> i<01:04:14.160> was<01:04:14.400> developing<01:04:16.079> a<01:04:16.559> formalism 01:04:18.870 --> 01:04:18.880 align:start position:0% and i was developing a formalism 01:04:18.880 --> 01:04:21.029 align:start position:0% and i was developing a formalism out<01:04:18.960> of<01:04:19.119> a<01:04:19.200> style<01:04:19.440> of<01:04:19.599> programming<01:04:20.720> that<01:04:20.880> i 01:04:21.029 --> 01:04:21.039 align:start position:0% out of a style of programming that i 01:04:21.039 --> 01:04:23.910 align:start position:0% out of a style of programming that i called<01:04:21.280> telio<01:04:21.839> reactive<01:04:22.400> programs 01:04:23.910 --> 01:04:23.920 align:start position:0% called telio reactive programs 01:04:23.920 --> 01:04:25.990 align:start position:0% called telio reactive programs and<01:04:24.000> these<01:04:24.319> helio<01:04:24.799> reactive<01:04:25.200> programs<01:04:25.680> i<01:04:25.760> call 01:04:25.990 --> 01:04:26.000 align:start position:0% and these helio reactive programs i call 01:04:26.000 --> 01:04:27.029 align:start position:0% and these helio reactive programs i call them<01:04:26.160> teleo 01:04:27.029 --> 01:04:27.039 align:start position:0% them teleo 01:04:27.039 --> 01:04:29.029 align:start position:0% them teleo reactive<01:04:27.680> because<01:04:28.079> first<01:04:28.240> of<01:04:28.400> all<01:04:28.480> the<01:04:28.640> helio 01:04:29.029 --> 01:04:29.039 align:start position:0% reactive because first of all the helio 01:04:29.039 --> 01:04:31.589 align:start position:0% reactive because first of all the helio part<01:04:29.280> was<01:04:29.920> they<01:04:30.079> had<01:04:30.240> a<01:04:30.319> purpose 01:04:31.589 --> 01:04:31.599 align:start position:0% part was they had a purpose 01:04:31.599 --> 01:04:34.309 align:start position:0% part was they had a purpose and<01:04:31.680> the<01:04:31.839> reactive<01:04:32.319> part<01:04:32.559> was<01:04:33.359> how<01:04:33.599> they<01:04:34.000> work 01:04:34.309 --> 01:04:34.319 align:start position:0% and the reactive part was how they work 01:04:34.319 --> 01:04:36.069 align:start position:0% and the reactive part was how they work toward<01:04:34.559> that<01:04:34.799> purpose<01:04:35.200> dependent<01:04:35.599> upon 01:04:36.069 --> 01:04:36.079 align:start position:0% toward that purpose dependent upon 01:04:36.079 --> 01:04:38.390 align:start position:0% toward that purpose dependent upon their<01:04:36.319> particular<01:04:36.880> reaction<01:04:37.440> to<01:04:37.920> the<01:04:38.079> current 01:04:38.390 --> 01:04:38.400 align:start position:0% their particular reaction to the current 01:04:38.400 --> 01:04:39.589 align:start position:0% their particular reaction to the current situation 01:04:39.589 --> 01:04:39.599 align:start position:0% situation 01:04:39.599 --> 01:04:41.510 align:start position:0% situation so<01:04:40.160> however<01:04:40.480> they<01:04:40.640> decided<01:04:40.960> to<01:04:41.119> achieve<01:04:41.440> the 01:04:41.510 --> 01:04:41.520 align:start position:0% so however they decided to achieve the 01:04:41.520 --> 01:04:43.430 align:start position:0% so however they decided to achieve the goal<01:04:42.079> depended<01:04:42.480> upon<01:04:42.799> where<01:04:42.960> they<01:04:43.119> were<01:04:43.359> at 01:04:43.430 --> 01:04:43.440 align:start position:0% goal depended upon where they were at 01:04:43.440 --> 01:04:44.549 align:start position:0% goal depended upon where they were at the<01:04:43.520> moment 01:04:44.549 --> 01:04:44.559 align:start position:0% the moment 01:04:44.559 --> 01:04:46.710 align:start position:0% the moment and<01:04:44.880> if<01:04:45.280> where<01:04:45.520> they<01:04:45.680> were<01:04:45.839> at<01:04:45.920> the<01:04:46.079> moment 01:04:46.710 --> 01:04:46.720 align:start position:0% and if where they were at the moment 01:04:46.720 --> 01:04:48.870 align:start position:0% and if where they were at the moment suffered<01:04:47.119> a<01:04:47.200> setback<01:04:47.760> because<01:04:48.240> as<01:04:48.640> on<01:04:48.720> their 01:04:48.870 --> 01:04:48.880 align:start position:0% suffered a setback because as on their 01:04:48.880 --> 01:04:50.069 align:start position:0% suffered a setback because as on their way<01:04:49.039> to<01:04:49.119> the<01:04:49.200> goal<01:04:49.520> something 01:04:50.069 --> 01:04:50.079 align:start position:0% way to the goal something 01:04:50.079 --> 01:04:52.309 align:start position:0% way to the goal something untoward<01:04:50.640> happened<01:04:51.440> well<01:04:51.680> they<01:04:51.760> would<01:04:52.000> react 01:04:52.309 --> 01:04:52.319 align:start position:0% untoward happened well they would react 01:04:52.319 --> 01:04:53.349 align:start position:0% untoward happened well they would react to<01:04:52.480> that<01:04:52.880> and 01:04:53.349 --> 01:04:53.359 align:start position:0% to that and 01:04:53.359 --> 01:04:56.390 align:start position:0% to that and carry<01:04:53.760> on<01:04:54.480> so<01:04:54.640> i<01:04:54.720> had<01:04:54.960> some<01:04:55.200> students<01:04:56.000> at<01:04:56.160> that 01:04:56.390 --> 01:04:56.400 align:start position:0% carry on so i had some students at that 01:04:56.400 --> 01:04:58.230 align:start position:0% carry on so i had some students at that time<01:04:56.720> who<01:04:56.880> were<01:04:57.200> developing 01:04:58.230 --> 01:04:58.240 align:start position:0% time who were developing 01:04:58.240 --> 01:05:00.549 align:start position:0% time who were developing in<01:04:58.480> software<01:04:59.039> simulated<01:04:59.680> robots<01:05:00.160> which<01:05:00.400> we 01:05:00.549 --> 01:05:00.559 align:start position:0% in software simulated robots which we 01:05:00.559 --> 01:05:02.470 align:start position:0% in software simulated robots which we call<01:05:00.880> bots 01:05:02.470 --> 01:05:02.480 align:start position:0% call bots 01:05:02.480 --> 01:05:05.750 align:start position:0% call bots and<01:05:02.799> they<01:05:03.039> weren't<01:05:03.920> never<01:05:04.160> did<01:05:04.880> yet<01:05:05.359> well<01:05:05.599> i 01:05:05.750 --> 01:05:05.760 align:start position:0% and they weren't never did yet well i 01:05:05.760 --> 01:05:07.109 align:start position:0% and they weren't never did yet well i did<01:05:05.920> have<01:05:06.079> one<01:05:06.319> student<01:05:06.559> who<01:05:06.799> actually 01:05:07.109 --> 01:05:07.119 align:start position:0% did have one student who actually 01:05:07.119 --> 01:05:08.069 align:start position:0% did have one student who actually programmed<01:05:07.680> a<01:05:07.760> little 01:05:08.069 --> 01:05:08.079 align:start position:0% programmed a little 01:05:08.079 --> 01:05:11.829 align:start position:0% programmed a little nomad<01:05:08.799> it's<01:05:08.960> called<01:05:09.200> a<01:05:09.280> nomad<01:05:09.680> robot<01:05:10.960> uh<01:05:11.280> using 01:05:11.829 --> 01:05:11.839 align:start position:0% nomad it's called a nomad robot uh using 01:05:11.839 --> 01:05:16.710 align:start position:0% nomad it's called a nomad robot uh using teleo<01:05:12.559> this<01:05:12.799> helio<01:05:13.280> reactive<01:05:13.760> formalism 01:05:16.710 --> 01:05:16.720 align:start position:0% 01:05:16.720 --> 01:05:19.029 align:start position:0% uh<01:05:17.200> tom<01:05:17.839> willocki<01:05:18.319> yeah<01:05:18.559> i<01:05:18.640> think<01:05:18.720> his<01:05:18.880> name 01:05:19.029 --> 01:05:19.039 align:start position:0% uh tom willocki yeah i think his name 01:05:19.039 --> 01:05:22.069 align:start position:0% uh tom willocki yeah i think his name was<01:05:19.200> tom<01:05:20.839> willocki 01:05:22.069 --> 01:05:22.079 align:start position:0% was tom willocki 01:05:22.079 --> 01:05:25.349 align:start position:0% was tom willocki and<01:05:23.920> another<01:05:24.400> student 01:05:25.349 --> 01:05:25.359 align:start position:0% and another student 01:05:25.359 --> 01:05:30.069 align:start position:0% and another student who<01:05:26.640> um<01:05:27.440> named<01:05:28.160> scott<01:05:28.640> benson 01:05:30.069 --> 01:05:30.079 align:start position:0% who um named scott benson 01:05:30.079 --> 01:05:32.630 align:start position:0% who um named scott benson who<01:05:30.400> used<01:05:30.640> this<01:05:30.880> particular<01:05:31.359> formalism<01:05:32.480> to 01:05:32.630 --> 01:05:32.640 align:start position:0% who used this particular formalism to 01:05:32.640 --> 01:05:34.710 align:start position:0% who used this particular formalism to program 01:05:34.710 --> 01:05:34.720 align:start position:0% program 01:05:34.720 --> 01:05:37.270 align:start position:0% program devices<01:05:35.280> simulated<01:05:35.920> devices<01:05:36.799> that<01:05:36.960> would 01:05:37.270 --> 01:05:37.280 align:start position:0% devices simulated devices that would 01:05:37.280 --> 01:05:37.910 align:start position:0% devices simulated devices that would learn 01:05:37.910 --> 01:05:37.920 align:start position:0% learn 01:05:37.920 --> 01:05:41.109 align:start position:0% learn the<01:05:38.079> effects<01:05:38.480> of<01:05:38.559> their<01:05:38.799> actions<01:05:40.079> so<01:05:40.720> he<01:05:40.880> was 01:05:41.109 --> 01:05:41.119 align:start position:0% the effects of their actions so he was 01:05:41.119 --> 01:05:42.870 align:start position:0% the effects of their actions so he was able<01:05:41.359> to<01:05:41.520> develop<01:05:41.920> a<01:05:42.079> system<01:05:42.400> that<01:05:42.640> could 01:05:42.870 --> 01:05:42.880 align:start position:0% able to develop a system that could 01:05:42.880 --> 01:05:44.309 align:start position:0% able to develop a system that could learn<01:05:43.200> to<01:05:43.359> fly 01:05:44.309 --> 01:05:44.319 align:start position:0% learn to fly 01:05:44.319 --> 01:05:46.870 align:start position:0% learn to fly a<01:05:44.720> simulated<01:05:45.280> model<01:05:45.599> airplane<01:05:46.480> oh<01:05:46.799> a 01:05:46.870 --> 01:05:46.880 align:start position:0% a simulated model airplane oh a 01:05:46.880 --> 01:05:48.069 align:start position:0% a simulated model airplane oh a simulated<01:05:47.359> airplane<01:05:47.680> they<01:05:47.839> have<01:05:47.920> these 01:05:48.069 --> 01:05:48.079 align:start position:0% simulated airplane they have these 01:05:48.079 --> 01:05:49.670 align:start position:0% simulated airplane they have these flight<01:05:48.319> simulating 01:05:49.670 --> 01:05:49.680 align:start position:0% flight simulating 01:05:49.680 --> 01:05:52.950 align:start position:0% flight simulating flight<01:05:50.079> simulating<01:05:50.640> programs<01:05:51.839> and<01:05:52.079> so 01:05:52.950 --> 01:05:52.960 align:start position:0% flight simulating programs and so 01:05:52.960 --> 01:05:55.270 align:start position:0% flight simulating programs and so his<01:05:53.200> program<01:05:53.680> could<01:05:53.920> learn<01:05:54.480> by<01:05:54.720> watching<01:05:55.119> an 01:05:55.270 --> 01:05:55.280 align:start position:0% his program could learn by watching an 01:05:55.280 --> 01:05:56.230 align:start position:0% his program could learn by watching an instructor 01:05:56.230 --> 01:05:56.240 align:start position:0% instructor 01:05:56.240 --> 01:06:00.309 align:start position:0% instructor how<01:05:56.400> to<01:05:56.559> take<01:05:56.799> off<01:05:58.400> and<01:05:58.640> how<01:05:58.799> to<01:05:58.960> land 01:06:00.309 --> 01:06:00.319 align:start position:0% how to take off and how to land 01:06:00.319 --> 01:06:03.750 align:start position:0% how to take off and how to land and<01:06:01.440> it<01:06:01.599> would<01:06:01.760> learn<01:06:02.079> that<01:06:02.319> by<01:06:02.799> noticing 01:06:03.750 --> 01:06:03.760 align:start position:0% and it would learn that by noticing 01:06:03.760 --> 01:06:06.789 align:start position:0% and it would learn that by noticing all<01:06:03.920> the<01:06:04.079> conditions<01:06:04.880> that<01:06:06.079> preceded<01:06:06.720> a 01:06:06.789 --> 01:06:06.799 align:start position:0% all the conditions that preceded a 01:06:06.799 --> 01:06:07.910 align:start position:0% all the conditions that preceded a particular 01:06:07.910 --> 01:06:07.920 align:start position:0% particular 01:06:07.920 --> 01:06:10.630 align:start position:0% particular instructor's<01:06:08.640> action<01:06:09.760> all<01:06:09.920> the<01:06:10.160> readings<01:06:10.480> and 01:06:10.630 --> 01:06:10.640 align:start position:0% instructor's action all the readings and 01:06:10.640 --> 01:06:12.230 align:start position:0% instructor's action all the readings and all<01:06:10.799> the<01:06:10.880> dials<01:06:11.200> and<01:06:11.359> everything 01:06:12.230 --> 01:06:12.240 align:start position:0% all the dials and everything 01:06:12.240 --> 01:06:15.470 align:start position:0% all the dials and everything and<01:06:12.400> the<01:06:12.559> conditions<01:06:13.039> afterwards<01:06:14.400> and 01:06:15.470 --> 01:06:15.480 align:start position:0% and the conditions afterwards and 01:06:15.480 --> 01:06:18.710 align:start position:0% and the conditions afterwards and then<01:06:16.839> um<01:06:18.160> and 01:06:18.710 --> 01:06:18.720 align:start position:0% then um and 01:06:18.720 --> 01:06:23.270 align:start position:0% then um and and<01:06:18.880> then<01:06:19.760> it<01:06:19.920> would<01:06:20.480> deduce<01:06:21.599> her<01:06:21.839> abduce 01:06:23.270 --> 01:06:23.280 align:start position:0% and then it would deduce her abduce 01:06:23.280 --> 01:06:26.069 align:start position:0% and then it would deduce her abduce that<01:06:24.000> uh<01:06:24.240> that<01:06:24.480> particular<01:06:24.960> action<01:06:25.520> that<01:06:25.839> the 01:06:26.069 --> 01:06:26.079 align:start position:0% that uh that particular action that the 01:06:26.079 --> 01:06:27.990 align:start position:0% that uh that particular action that the instructor 01:06:27.990 --> 01:06:28.000 align:start position:0% instructor 01:06:28.000 --> 01:06:29.829 align:start position:0% instructor performed<01:06:28.880> would<01:06:29.119> in<01:06:29.200> fact<01:06:29.440> take<01:06:29.680> the 01:06:29.829 --> 01:06:29.839 align:start position:0% performed would in fact take the 01:06:29.839 --> 01:06:32.230 align:start position:0% performed would in fact take the situation<01:06:30.400> from<01:06:30.559> the<01:06:30.799> before<01:06:31.200> to<01:06:31.280> the<01:06:31.440> after 01:06:32.230 --> 01:06:32.240 align:start position:0% situation from the before to the after 01:06:32.240 --> 01:06:34.470 align:start position:0% situation from the before to the after so<01:06:32.400> i<01:06:32.480> developed<01:06:32.880> a<01:06:32.960> whole<01:06:33.200> set<01:06:33.440> of<01:06:33.599> these 01:06:34.470 --> 01:06:34.480 align:start position:0% so i developed a whole set of these 01:06:34.480 --> 01:06:35.910 align:start position:0% so i developed a whole set of these operators<01:06:34.960> which<01:06:35.200> were<01:06:35.280> very<01:06:35.440> much<01:06:35.599> like<01:06:35.839> the 01:06:35.910 --> 01:06:35.920 align:start position:0% operators which were very much like the 01:06:35.920 --> 01:06:37.510 align:start position:0% operators which were very much like the strips<01:06:36.319> operators<01:06:36.880> that<01:06:36.960> i<01:06:37.039> talked<01:06:37.280> about 01:06:37.510 --> 01:06:37.520 align:start position:0% strips operators that i talked about 01:06:37.520 --> 01:06:38.630 align:start position:0% strips operators that i talked about earlier 01:06:38.630 --> 01:06:38.640 align:start position:0% earlier 01:06:38.640 --> 01:06:41.349 align:start position:0% earlier the<01:06:38.799> strips<01:06:39.119> rules<01:06:40.079> so<01:06:40.640> he<01:06:40.799> was<01:06:40.960> able<01:06:41.119> to<01:06:41.200> do 01:06:41.349 --> 01:06:41.359 align:start position:0% the strips rules so he was able to do 01:06:41.359 --> 01:06:44.390 align:start position:0% the strips rules so he was able to do that<01:06:41.680> we<01:06:41.839> never<01:06:42.079> made<01:06:42.240> a<01:06:42.319> movie<01:06:42.720> of<01:06:42.880> it 01:06:44.390 --> 01:06:44.400 align:start position:0% that we never made a movie of it 01:06:44.400 --> 01:06:47.190 align:start position:0% that we never made a movie of it but<01:06:44.559> he<01:06:44.720> wrote<01:06:44.960> a<01:06:45.039> dissertation<01:06:46.079> and<01:06:46.400> uh<01:06:47.119> i 01:06:47.190 --> 01:06:47.200 align:start position:0% but he wrote a dissertation and uh i 01:06:47.200 --> 01:06:49.029 align:start position:0% but he wrote a dissertation and uh i think<01:06:47.440> it's<01:06:47.599> had<01:06:47.760> some<01:06:48.079> impact 01:06:49.029 --> 01:06:49.039 align:start position:0% think it's had some impact 01:06:49.039 --> 01:06:51.510 align:start position:0% think it's had some impact there's<01:06:49.280> something<01:06:49.599> out<01:06:49.760> there<01:06:50.960> oh<01:06:51.119> well<01:06:51.359> we 01:06:51.510 --> 01:06:51.520 align:start position:0% there's something out there oh well we 01:06:51.520 --> 01:06:53.190 align:start position:0% there's something out there oh well we can<01:06:51.599> close<01:06:51.920> that<01:06:52.000> window<01:06:52.400> again 01:06:53.190 --> 01:06:53.200 align:start position:0% can close that window again 01:06:53.200 --> 01:06:56.309 align:start position:0% can close that window again come<01:06:53.440> on<01:06:53.920> we<01:06:54.079> don't<01:06:54.319> tell<01:06:54.559> grace<01:06:55.200> yeah<01:06:55.760> okay 01:06:56.309 --> 01:06:56.319 align:start position:0% come on we don't tell grace yeah okay 01:06:56.319 --> 01:06:59.750 align:start position:0% come on we don't tell grace yeah okay um<01:06:57.920> and<01:06:58.559> when<01:06:58.799> you<01:06:58.960> was<01:06:59.280> uh 01:06:59.750 --> 01:06:59.760 align:start position:0% um and when you was uh 01:06:59.760 --> 01:07:05.270 align:start position:0% um and when you was uh sabbatical<01:07:02.160> 19 01:07:05.270 --> 01:07:05.280 align:start position:0% 01:07:05.280 --> 01:07:09.510 align:start position:0% night 01:07:09.510 --> 01:07:09.520 align:start position:0% 01:07:09.520 --> 01:07:14.390 align:start position:0% you're<01:07:09.760> set<01:07:10.240> you<01:07:10.319> know<01:07:10.480> all<01:07:10.559> your<01:07:10.960> wires<01:07:12.839> yeah 01:07:14.390 --> 01:07:14.400 align:start position:0% you're set you know all your wires yeah 01:07:14.400 --> 01:07:17.430 align:start position:0% you're set you know all your wires yeah uh<01:07:14.640> that<01:07:14.799> was<01:07:15.039> in<01:07:15.280> 1990. 01:07:17.430 --> 01:07:17.440 align:start position:0% uh that was in 1990. 01:07:17.440 --> 01:07:19.440 align:start position:0% uh that was in 1990. uh<01:07:18.079> i<01:07:18.400> went<01:07:18.720> off<01:07:19.039> in<01:07:19.280> the 01:07:19.440 --> 01:07:19.450 align:start position:0% uh i went off in the 01:07:19.450 --> 01:07:21.190 align:start position:0% uh i went off in the [Music] 01:07:21.190 --> 01:07:21.200 align:start position:0% [Music] 01:07:21.200 --> 01:07:24.789 align:start position:0% [Music] in<01:07:21.359> the<01:07:21.599> fall<01:07:22.799> uh<01:07:23.119> summer<01:07:23.440> of<01:07:23.520> 1990<01:07:24.319> and<01:07:24.480> ended 01:07:24.789 --> 01:07:24.799 align:start position:0% in the fall uh summer of 1990 and ended 01:07:24.799 --> 01:07:25.109 align:start position:0% in the fall uh summer of 1990 and ended up 01:07:25.109 --> 01:07:25.119 align:start position:0% up 01:07:25.119 --> 01:07:30.390 align:start position:0% up in<01:07:25.280> the<01:07:26.160> summer<01:07:26.480> of<01:07:26.839> 1991. 01:07:30.390 --> 01:07:30.400 align:start position:0% 01:07:30.400 --> 01:07:33.270 align:start position:0% and<01:07:30.799> so<01:07:31.039> then<01:07:31.200> i<01:07:31.359> had<01:07:31.520> another<01:07:31.839> student<01:07:32.799> who 01:07:33.270 --> 01:07:33.280 align:start position:0% and so then i had another student who 01:07:33.280 --> 01:07:35.430 align:start position:0% and so then i had another student who programmed<01:07:33.920> little<01:07:34.160> tiny<01:07:34.480> robots<01:07:35.039> that 01:07:35.430 --> 01:07:35.440 align:start position:0% programmed little tiny robots that 01:07:35.440 --> 01:07:37.270 align:start position:0% programmed little tiny robots that would<01:07:35.680> wander<01:07:36.079> around<01:07:36.400> on<01:07:36.559> a<01:07:36.640> screen<01:07:37.039> these 01:07:37.270 --> 01:07:37.280 align:start position:0% would wander around on a screen these 01:07:37.280 --> 01:07:39.109 align:start position:0% would wander around on a screen these are<01:07:37.359> simulated<01:07:37.839> robots 01:07:39.109 --> 01:07:39.119 align:start position:0% are simulated robots 01:07:39.119 --> 01:07:41.029 align:start position:0% are simulated robots using<01:07:39.440> teleor<01:07:40.000> active<01:07:40.240> programs<01:07:40.720> that<01:07:40.799> would 01:07:41.029 --> 01:07:41.039 align:start position:0% using teleor active programs that would 01:07:41.039 --> 01:07:44.630 align:start position:0% using teleor active programs that would accomplish<01:07:41.440> various<01:07:41.839> tasks 01:07:44.630 --> 01:07:44.640 align:start position:0% 01:07:44.640 --> 01:07:47.510 align:start position:0% another<01:07:45.119> student<01:07:46.319> who<01:07:46.799> i'm<01:07:47.039> in<01:07:47.200> still<01:07:47.440> in 01:07:47.510 --> 01:07:47.520 align:start position:0% another student who i'm in still in 01:07:47.520 --> 01:07:49.349 align:start position:0% another student who i'm in still in touch<01:07:47.680> with<01:07:47.920> quite<01:07:48.079> a<01:07:48.160> bit 01:07:49.349 --> 01:07:49.359 align:start position:0% touch with quite a bit 01:07:49.359 --> 01:07:51.750 align:start position:0% touch with quite a bit was<01:07:49.680> able<01:07:49.920> to<01:07:50.079> program<01:07:50.640> some<01:07:50.880> simulated 01:07:51.750 --> 01:07:51.760 align:start position:0% was able to program some simulated 01:07:51.760 --> 01:07:53.589 align:start position:0% was able to program some simulated soccer<01:07:52.160> players 01:07:53.589 --> 01:07:53.599 align:start position:0% soccer players 01:07:53.599 --> 01:07:57.190 align:start position:0% soccer players using<01:07:54.240> uh<01:07:55.760> reactive 01:07:57.190 --> 01:07:57.200 align:start position:0% using uh reactive 01:07:57.200 --> 01:08:01.270 align:start position:0% using uh reactive programs<01:07:59.599> so<01:07:59.839> a<01:08:00.000> soccer<01:08:00.400> player 01:08:01.270 --> 01:08:01.280 align:start position:0% programs so a soccer player 01:08:01.280 --> 01:08:04.150 align:start position:0% programs so a soccer player uh<01:08:01.680> although<01:08:02.400> might<01:08:02.640> make<01:08:02.880> a<01:08:02.960> plan<01:08:03.680> for<01:08:03.920> doing 01:08:04.150 --> 01:08:04.160 align:start position:0% uh although might make a plan for doing 01:08:04.160 --> 01:08:05.510 align:start position:0% uh although might make a plan for doing something<01:08:04.480> the<01:08:04.640> plans 01:08:05.510 --> 01:08:05.520 align:start position:0% something the plans 01:08:05.520 --> 01:08:08.630 align:start position:0% something the plans uh<01:08:06.559> aren't<01:08:06.960> don't<01:08:07.200> always<01:08:08.000> develop<01:08:08.400> the<01:08:08.480> way 01:08:08.630 --> 01:08:08.640 align:start position:0% uh aren't don't always develop the way 01:08:08.640 --> 01:08:10.309 align:start position:0% uh aren't don't always develop the way you<01:08:08.799> think<01:08:08.960> they're<01:08:09.119> going<01:08:09.280> to<01:08:09.920> because<01:08:10.160> there 01:08:10.309 --> 01:08:10.319 align:start position:0% you think they're going to because there 01:08:10.319 --> 01:08:12.309 align:start position:0% you think they're going to because there are<01:08:10.480> other<01:08:10.720> players<01:08:11.119> other<01:08:11.280> things<01:08:11.520> happen 01:08:12.309 --> 01:08:12.319 align:start position:0% are other players other things happen 01:08:12.319 --> 01:08:14.870 align:start position:0% are other players other things happen and<01:08:12.559> so<01:08:13.200> but<01:08:13.599> you<01:08:13.839> always<01:08:14.240> are<01:08:14.400> confronted 01:08:14.870 --> 01:08:14.880 align:start position:0% and so but you always are confronted 01:08:14.880 --> 01:08:16.630 align:start position:0% and so but you always are confronted with<01:08:14.960> a<01:08:15.119> certain<01:08:15.359> situation 01:08:16.630 --> 01:08:16.640 align:start position:0% with a certain situation 01:08:16.640 --> 01:08:18.390 align:start position:0% with a certain situation and<01:08:16.880> there's<01:08:17.120> always<01:08:17.440> some<01:08:17.679> best<01:08:17.920> thing<01:08:18.159> to<01:08:18.239> do 01:08:18.390 --> 01:08:18.400 align:start position:0% and there's always some best thing to do 01:08:18.400 --> 01:08:20.309 align:start position:0% and there's always some best thing to do in<01:08:18.480> that<01:08:18.719> situation<01:08:19.359> and<01:08:19.520> so<01:08:19.759> these 01:08:20.309 --> 01:08:20.319 align:start position:0% in that situation and so these 01:08:20.319 --> 01:08:23.110 align:start position:0% in that situation and so these particular<01:08:20.960> teleo<01:08:22.000> reactor<01:08:22.480> programs<01:08:22.960> would 01:08:23.110 --> 01:08:23.120 align:start position:0% particular teleo reactor programs would 01:08:23.120 --> 01:08:24.709 align:start position:0% particular teleo reactor programs would try<01:08:23.279> to<01:08:23.359> do<01:08:23.520> that 01:08:24.709 --> 01:08:24.719 align:start position:0% try to do that 01:08:24.719 --> 01:08:26.229 align:start position:0% try to do that do<01:08:24.880> you<01:08:24.960> know<01:08:25.120> if<01:08:25.199> that<01:08:25.359> strategy<01:08:25.920> has<01:08:26.000> ever 01:08:26.229 --> 01:08:26.239 align:start position:0% do you know if that strategy has ever 01:08:26.239 --> 01:08:28.789 align:start position:0% do you know if that strategy has ever been<01:08:26.400> used<01:08:26.640> for<01:08:26.799> the<01:08:27.040> robocup<01:08:27.679> competition 01:08:28.789 --> 01:08:28.799 align:start position:0% been used for the robocup competition 01:08:28.799 --> 01:08:31.510 align:start position:0% been used for the robocup competition now<01:08:28.960> that<01:08:29.120> i<01:08:29.279> know<01:08:29.440> of<01:08:30.400> however<01:08:31.120> you<01:08:31.199> know<01:08:31.440> i 01:08:31.510 --> 01:08:31.520 align:start position:0% now that i know of however you know i 01:08:31.520 --> 01:08:34.149 align:start position:0% now that i know of however you know i think<01:08:31.759> that<01:08:31.920> the<01:08:32.159> idea<01:08:32.640> of<01:08:32.880> these<01:08:33.279> kinds<01:08:33.600> of 01:08:34.149 --> 01:08:34.159 align:start position:0% think that the idea of these kinds of 01:08:34.159 --> 01:08:37.189 align:start position:0% think that the idea of these kinds of uh<01:08:34.400> reactive<01:08:35.040> agents<01:08:35.759> i<01:08:35.839> mean<01:08:36.560> i<01:08:36.960> certainly 01:08:37.189 --> 01:08:37.199 align:start position:0% uh reactive agents i mean i certainly 01:08:37.199 --> 01:08:38.709 align:start position:0% uh reactive agents i mean i certainly wasn't<01:08:37.440> the<01:08:37.600> only<01:08:37.759> one<01:08:37.920> pursuing<01:08:38.319> them<01:08:38.560> as<01:08:38.640> i 01:08:38.709 --> 01:08:38.719 align:start position:0% wasn't the only one pursuing them as i 01:08:38.719 --> 01:08:40.070 align:start position:0% wasn't the only one pursuing them as i mentioned<01:08:39.040> rod<01:08:39.359> brooks 01:08:40.070 --> 01:08:40.080 align:start position:0% mentioned rod brooks 01:08:40.080 --> 01:08:42.709 align:start position:0% mentioned rod brooks was<01:08:40.239> doing<01:08:40.960> similar<01:08:41.359> things<01:08:42.080> there<01:08:42.239> was<01:08:42.400> a<01:08:42.480> man 01:08:42.709 --> 01:08:42.719 align:start position:0% was doing similar things there was a man 01:08:42.719 --> 01:08:43.430 align:start position:0% was doing similar things there was a man at<01:08:42.960> uh 01:08:43.430 --> 01:08:43.440 align:start position:0% at uh 01:08:43.440 --> 01:08:47.829 align:start position:0% at uh jpl<01:08:44.480> aaron<01:08:44.960> gatt<01:08:45.839> gat 01:08:47.829 --> 01:08:47.839 align:start position:0% jpl aaron gatt gat 01:08:47.839 --> 01:08:50.870 align:start position:0% jpl aaron gatt gat who<01:08:48.640> had<01:08:48.880> some<01:08:49.759> programming<01:08:50.319> ideas<01:08:50.640> that<01:08:50.719> were 01:08:50.870 --> 01:08:50.880 align:start position:0% who had some programming ideas that were 01:08:50.880 --> 01:08:52.229 align:start position:0% who had some programming ideas that were quite<01:08:51.120> similar 01:08:52.229 --> 01:08:52.239 align:start position:0% quite similar 01:08:52.239 --> 01:08:55.349 align:start position:0% quite similar there<01:08:52.400> was<01:08:52.560> a<01:08:52.719> man<01:08:53.040> named<01:08:53.359> furby<01:08:54.040> f-i-r-b-y<01:08:55.199> at 01:08:55.349 --> 01:08:55.359 align:start position:0% there was a man named furby f-i-r-b-y at 01:08:55.359 --> 01:08:57.110 align:start position:0% there was a man named furby f-i-r-b-y at university<01:08:55.679> of<01:08:55.839> illinois<01:08:56.239> i<01:08:56.400> think 01:08:57.110 --> 01:08:57.120 align:start position:0% university of illinois i think 01:08:57.120 --> 01:09:00.070 align:start position:0% university of illinois i think was<01:08:57.359> he<01:08:58.560> and<01:08:58.799> i<01:08:58.880> think<01:08:59.040> he<01:08:59.199> had<01:08:59.759> something 01:09:00.070 --> 01:09:00.080 align:start position:0% was he and i think he had something 01:09:00.080 --> 01:09:05.269 align:start position:0% was he and i think he had something called<01:09:00.319> reactive<01:09:00.960> action<01:09:01.279> packages 01:09:05.269 --> 01:09:05.279 align:start position:0% 01:09:05.279 --> 01:09:08.070 align:start position:0% um<01:09:06.640> would<01:09:06.799> you<01:09:06.960> say<01:09:07.040> there's<01:09:07.279> more<01:09:07.440> similarity 01:09:08.070 --> 01:09:08.080 align:start position:0% um would you say there's more similarity 01:09:08.080 --> 01:09:09.510 align:start position:0% um would you say there's more similarity or<01:09:08.159> more<01:09:08.400> difference<01:09:08.799> between 01:09:09.510 --> 01:09:09.520 align:start position:0% or more difference between 01:09:09.520 --> 01:09:11.669 align:start position:0% or more difference between say<01:09:09.759> you're<01:09:10.159> the<01:09:10.319> subsumption<01:09:10.960> architecture 01:09:11.669 --> 01:09:11.679 align:start position:0% say you're the subsumption architecture 01:09:11.679 --> 01:09:13.030 align:start position:0% say you're the subsumption architecture of<01:09:11.920> brooks<01:09:12.319> or<01:09:12.400> some<01:09:12.560> of<01:09:12.640> these<01:09:12.799> other 01:09:13.030 --> 01:09:13.040 align:start position:0% of brooks or some of these other 01:09:13.040 --> 01:09:14.470 align:start position:0% of brooks or some of these other approaches<01:09:13.520> to<01:09:13.679> your<01:09:13.920> own 01:09:14.470 --> 01:09:14.480 align:start position:0% approaches to your own 01:09:14.480 --> 01:09:16.390 align:start position:0% approaches to your own right<01:09:15.120> well<01:09:15.359> you<01:09:15.440> know<01:09:15.600> the<01:09:15.679> subsumption 01:09:16.390 --> 01:09:16.400 align:start position:0% right well you know the subsumption 01:09:16.400 --> 01:09:18.070 align:start position:0% right well you know the subsumption architecture<01:09:17.120> i<01:09:17.199> think<01:09:17.520> was 01:09:18.070 --> 01:09:18.080 align:start position:0% architecture i think was 01:09:18.080 --> 01:09:19.990 align:start position:0% architecture i think was quite<01:09:18.239> a<01:09:18.319> moving<01:09:18.640> target<01:09:19.199> i<01:09:19.359> wasn't<01:09:19.600> too<01:09:19.759> sure 01:09:19.990 --> 01:09:20.000 align:start position:0% quite a moving target i wasn't too sure 01:09:20.000 --> 01:09:21.669 align:start position:0% quite a moving target i wasn't too sure exactly<01:09:20.400> what<01:09:20.560> it<01:09:20.640> was<01:09:20.880> it<01:09:20.960> was<01:09:21.120> anything<01:09:21.440> rod 01:09:21.669 --> 01:09:21.679 align:start position:0% exactly what it was it was anything rod 01:09:21.679 --> 01:09:24.709 align:start position:0% exactly what it was it was anything rod brooks<01:09:22.000> was<01:09:22.080> thinking<01:09:22.480> up<01:09:22.640> at<01:09:22.719> the<01:09:22.799> time 01:09:24.709 --> 01:09:24.719 align:start position:0% brooks was thinking up at the time 01:09:24.719 --> 01:09:27.030 align:start position:0% brooks was thinking up at the time i<01:09:24.880> think<01:09:25.120> the<01:09:25.279> main<01:09:25.920> thing<01:09:26.159> that<01:09:26.480> motivated 01:09:27.030 --> 01:09:27.040 align:start position:0% i think the main thing that motivated 01:09:27.040 --> 01:09:28.950 align:start position:0% i think the main thing that motivated rod<01:09:27.279> rooks<01:09:27.679> was<01:09:28.080> that 01:09:28.950 --> 01:09:28.960 align:start position:0% rod rooks was that 01:09:28.960 --> 01:09:31.590 align:start position:0% rod rooks was that you<01:09:29.120> could<01:09:29.359> use<01:09:29.679> the<01:09:29.839> real<01:09:30.080> world<01:09:30.480> itself 01:09:31.590 --> 01:09:31.600 align:start position:0% you could use the real world itself 01:09:31.600 --> 01:09:32.789 align:start position:0% you could use the real world itself instead<01:09:32.000> of<01:09:32.080> a<01:09:32.239> model 01:09:32.789 --> 01:09:32.799 align:start position:0% instead of a model 01:09:32.799 --> 01:09:35.590 align:start position:0% instead of a model and<01:09:32.960> one<01:09:33.199> didn't<01:09:33.520> have<01:09:33.679> to<01:09:33.839> make<01:09:34.880> models<01:09:35.440> and 01:09:35.590 --> 01:09:35.600 align:start position:0% and one didn't have to make models and 01:09:35.600 --> 01:09:35.990 align:start position:0% and one didn't have to make models and work 01:09:35.990 --> 01:09:36.000 align:start position:0% work 01:09:36.000 --> 01:09:38.709 align:start position:0% work plans<01:09:36.400> out<01:09:36.560> in<01:09:36.719> models<01:09:37.199> that<01:09:38.159> let<01:09:38.319> the<01:09:38.400> world 01:09:38.709 --> 01:09:38.719 align:start position:0% plans out in models that let the world 01:09:38.719 --> 01:09:40.229 align:start position:0% plans out in models that let the world store<01:09:39.040> itself 01:09:40.229 --> 01:09:40.239 align:start position:0% store itself 01:09:40.239 --> 01:09:44.789 align:start position:0% store itself and<01:09:41.440> so<01:09:42.080> most<01:09:42.400> of<01:09:42.560> his<01:09:42.719> ideas<01:09:43.199> on<01:09:43.440> subsumption 01:09:44.789 --> 01:09:44.799 align:start position:0% and so most of his ideas on subsumption 01:09:44.799 --> 01:09:47.990 align:start position:0% and so most of his ideas on subsumption capitalized<01:09:45.520> on<01:09:45.679> that<01:09:46.239> notion<01:09:47.440> to<01:09:47.600> a<01:09:47.679> certain 01:09:47.990 --> 01:09:48.000 align:start position:0% capitalized on that notion to a certain 01:09:48.000 --> 01:09:50.229 align:start position:0% capitalized on that notion to a certain extent<01:09:48.319> we<01:09:48.400> did<01:09:48.640> also<01:09:49.040> with<01:09:49.279> the<01:09:50.000> uh 01:09:50.229 --> 01:09:50.239 align:start position:0% extent we did also with the uh 01:09:50.239 --> 01:09:52.470 align:start position:0% extent we did also with the uh teleo-reactive<01:09:51.199> programs<01:09:51.759> although 01:09:52.470 --> 01:09:52.480 align:start position:0% teleo-reactive programs although 01:09:52.480 --> 01:09:54.149 align:start position:0% teleo-reactive programs although you<01:09:52.560> could<01:09:52.719> also<01:09:53.040> make<01:09:53.279> plans<01:09:53.759> stringing 01:09:54.149 --> 01:09:54.159 align:start position:0% you could also make plans stringing 01:09:54.159 --> 01:09:56.229 align:start position:0% you could also make plans stringing together<01:09:54.560> these<01:09:54.800> helio<01:09:55.199> reactor<01:09:55.679> programs 01:09:56.229 --> 01:09:56.239 align:start position:0% together these helio reactor programs 01:09:56.239 --> 01:09:56.870 align:start position:0% together these helio reactor programs and 01:09:56.870 --> 01:09:56.880 align:start position:0% and 01:09:56.880 --> 01:09:59.830 align:start position:0% and and<01:09:57.120> then<01:09:57.679> um<01:09:58.239> proceed<01:09:58.719> from<01:09:58.880> there<01:09:59.120> so<01:09:59.679> i 01:09:59.830 --> 01:09:59.840 align:start position:0% and then um proceed from there so i 01:09:59.840 --> 01:10:00.149 align:start position:0% and then um proceed from there so i think 01:10:00.149 --> 01:10:00.159 align:start position:0% think 01:10:00.159 --> 01:10:02.790 align:start position:0% think my<01:10:00.400> idea<01:10:00.719> was<01:10:00.960> that<01:10:01.199> yes<01:10:01.840> the<01:10:02.000> world<01:10:02.239> can<01:10:02.480> store 01:10:02.790 --> 01:10:02.800 align:start position:0% my idea was that yes the world can store 01:10:02.800 --> 01:10:03.669 align:start position:0% my idea was that yes the world can store itself 01:10:03.669 --> 01:10:03.679 align:start position:0% itself 01:10:03.679 --> 01:10:07.750 align:start position:0% itself but<01:10:04.320> you<01:10:04.480> do<01:10:05.600> people<01:10:06.320> do<01:10:06.480> use<01:10:06.800> models 01:10:07.750 --> 01:10:07.760 align:start position:0% but you do people do use models 01:10:07.760 --> 01:10:09.669 align:start position:0% but you do people do use models you<01:10:07.840> know<01:10:08.080> you<01:10:08.239> have<01:10:08.400> to<01:10:08.560> remember<01:10:09.280> where<01:10:09.520> you 01:10:09.669 --> 01:10:09.679 align:start position:0% you know you have to remember where you 01:10:09.679 --> 01:10:12.149 align:start position:0% you know you have to remember where you parked<01:10:10.000> your<01:10:10.159> car 01:10:12.149 --> 01:10:12.159 align:start position:0% parked your car 01:10:12.159 --> 01:10:13.270 align:start position:0% parked your car if<01:10:12.320> you're<01:10:12.400> going<01:10:12.480> to<01:10:12.560> let<01:10:12.719> the<01:10:12.800> world<01:10:13.040> store 01:10:13.270 --> 01:10:13.280 align:start position:0% if you're going to let the world store 01:10:13.280 --> 01:10:15.750 align:start position:0% if you're going to let the world store itself<01:10:13.600> yeah<01:10:13.840> you'll<01:10:14.080> eventually<01:10:14.480> find<01:10:14.800> it 01:10:15.750 --> 01:10:15.760 align:start position:0% itself yeah you'll eventually find it 01:10:15.760 --> 01:10:16.709 align:start position:0% itself yeah you'll eventually find it but<01:10:15.840> you've<01:10:16.000> got<01:10:16.080> to<01:10:16.159> look<01:10:16.320> at<01:10:16.400> a<01:10:16.480> lot<01:10:16.640> of 01:10:16.709 --> 01:10:16.719 align:start position:0% but you've got to look at a lot of 01:10:16.719 --> 01:10:19.830 align:start position:0% but you've got to look at a lot of places<01:10:18.560> so<01:10:18.719> you're<01:10:18.960> somebody<01:10:19.360> who's<01:10:19.600> used 01:10:19.830 --> 01:10:19.840 align:start position:0% places so you're somebody who's used 01:10:19.840 --> 01:10:22.550 align:start position:0% places so you're somebody who's used both<01:10:20.159> statistical<01:10:20.880> and<01:10:21.040> logical<01:10:21.520> methods 01:10:22.550 --> 01:10:22.560 align:start position:0% both statistical and logical methods 01:10:22.560 --> 01:10:24.550 align:start position:0% both statistical and logical methods models<01:10:23.040> and<01:10:23.199> representations<01:10:24.080> as<01:10:24.159> well<01:10:24.400> as 01:10:24.550 --> 01:10:24.560 align:start position:0% models and representations as well as 01:10:24.560 --> 01:10:25.910 align:start position:0% models and representations as well as reactive<01:10:25.040> systems 01:10:25.910 --> 01:10:25.920 align:start position:0% reactive systems 01:10:25.920 --> 01:10:27.430 align:start position:0% reactive systems but<01:10:26.159> these<01:10:26.400> have<01:10:26.640> often<01:10:26.880> been<01:10:27.199> very 01:10:27.430 --> 01:10:27.440 align:start position:0% but these have often been very 01:10:27.440 --> 01:10:29.270 align:start position:0% but these have often been very contentious<01:10:28.000> debates<01:10:28.400> within<01:10:28.719> the<01:10:28.800> ai 01:10:29.270 --> 01:10:29.280 align:start position:0% contentious debates within the ai 01:10:29.280 --> 01:10:30.630 align:start position:0% contentious debates within the ai community<01:10:29.840> how<01:10:30.080> have<01:10:30.239> you 01:10:30.630 --> 01:10:30.640 align:start position:0% community how have you 01:10:30.640 --> 01:10:33.110 align:start position:0% community how have you seen<01:10:30.880> that<01:10:31.840> well<01:10:32.080> i<01:10:32.159> think<01:10:32.400> it's<01:10:32.480> kind<01:10:32.719> of 01:10:33.110 --> 01:10:33.120 align:start position:0% seen that well i think it's kind of 01:10:33.120 --> 01:10:34.550 align:start position:0% seen that well i think it's kind of working<01:10:33.520> itself<01:10:33.920> out 01:10:34.550 --> 01:10:34.560 align:start position:0% working itself out 01:10:34.560 --> 01:10:38.310 align:start position:0% working itself out now<01:10:34.880> i<01:10:34.960> think<01:10:35.199> that<01:10:36.640> if<01:10:37.120> one<01:10:37.440> knows 01:10:38.310 --> 01:10:38.320 align:start position:0% now i think that if one knows 01:10:38.320 --> 01:10:41.590 align:start position:0% now i think that if one knows something<01:10:38.719> for<01:10:38.960> sure<01:10:40.159> i<01:10:40.320> mean<01:10:40.880> these 01:10:41.590 --> 01:10:41.600 align:start position:0% something for sure i mean these 01:10:41.600 --> 01:10:43.990 align:start position:0% something for sure i mean these statistical<01:10:42.239> techniques<01:10:42.960> uh<01:10:43.120> well<01:10:43.360> one<01:10:43.760> way 01:10:43.990 --> 01:10:44.000 align:start position:0% statistical techniques uh well one way 01:10:44.000 --> 01:10:45.270 align:start position:0% statistical techniques uh well one way in<01:10:44.080> which<01:10:44.239> they're<01:10:44.400> used 01:10:45.270 --> 01:10:45.280 align:start position:0% in which they're used 01:10:45.280 --> 01:10:47.910 align:start position:0% in which they're used is<01:10:45.440> in<01:10:45.520> the<01:10:45.679> so-called<01:10:46.159> belief<01:10:46.480> networks<01:10:47.600> in 01:10:47.910 --> 01:10:47.920 align:start position:0% is in the so-called belief networks in 01:10:47.920 --> 01:10:49.830 align:start position:0% is in the so-called belief networks in which 01:10:49.830 --> 01:10:49.840 align:start position:0% which 01:10:49.840 --> 01:10:53.189 align:start position:0% which more<01:10:50.080> or<01:10:50.159> less<01:10:50.480> you<01:10:50.640> have<01:10:50.960> propositions 01:10:53.189 --> 01:10:53.199 align:start position:0% more or less you have propositions 01:10:53.199 --> 01:10:55.510 align:start position:0% more or less you have propositions and<01:10:53.679> propositions<01:10:54.560> sometimes<01:10:55.120> can<01:10:55.280> be<01:10:55.440> the 01:10:55.510 --> 01:10:55.520 align:start position:0% and propositions sometimes can be the 01:10:55.520 --> 01:10:58.149 align:start position:0% and propositions sometimes can be the cause<01:10:55.840> of<01:10:56.000> other<01:10:56.840> propositions 01:10:58.149 --> 01:10:58.159 align:start position:0% cause of other propositions 01:10:58.159 --> 01:11:01.030 align:start position:0% cause of other propositions so<01:10:59.440> and<01:10:59.679> and<01:10:59.920> each<01:11:00.080> one<01:11:00.320> might<01:11:00.480> not<01:11:00.640> be<01:11:00.800> known 01:11:01.030 --> 01:11:01.040 align:start position:0% so and and each one might not be known 01:11:01.040 --> 01:11:02.070 align:start position:0% so and and each one might not be known with<01:11:01.199> certainty 01:11:02.070 --> 01:11:02.080 align:start position:0% with certainty 01:11:02.080 --> 01:11:04.310 align:start position:0% with certainty you<01:11:02.239> have<01:11:02.400> various<01:11:02.719> probabilities<01:11:04.000> and<01:11:04.159> there 01:11:04.310 --> 01:11:04.320 align:start position:0% you have various probabilities and there 01:11:04.320 --> 01:11:05.910 align:start position:0% you have various probabilities and there are<01:11:04.400> techniques<01:11:04.960> for<01:11:05.280> propagating 01:11:05.910 --> 01:11:05.920 align:start position:0% are techniques for propagating 01:11:05.920 --> 01:11:07.510 align:start position:0% are techniques for propagating probabilities<01:11:06.640> throughout<01:11:06.880> the<01:11:06.960> network<01:11:07.360> so 01:11:07.510 --> 01:11:07.520 align:start position:0% probabilities throughout the network so 01:11:07.520 --> 01:11:09.510 align:start position:0% probabilities throughout the network so if<01:11:07.600> you<01:11:07.760> learn<01:11:08.000> something<01:11:08.320> new 01:11:09.510 --> 01:11:09.520 align:start position:0% if you learn something new 01:11:09.520 --> 01:11:11.430 align:start position:0% if you learn something new that<01:11:09.760> affects<01:11:10.080> the<01:11:10.159> probabilities<01:11:10.880> not<01:11:11.120> only 01:11:11.430 --> 01:11:11.440 align:start position:0% that affects the probabilities not only 01:11:11.440 --> 01:11:13.110 align:start position:0% that affects the probabilities not only of<01:11:11.520> the<01:11:11.679> new<01:11:11.920> thing<01:11:12.159> you've<01:11:12.320> learned<01:11:12.640> but 01:11:13.110 --> 01:11:13.120 align:start position:0% of the new thing you've learned but 01:11:13.120 --> 01:11:14.470 align:start position:0% of the new thing you've learned but all<01:11:13.280> kinds<01:11:13.520> of<01:11:13.679> other<01:11:13.840> things<01:11:14.080> that<01:11:14.159> might<01:11:14.320> be 01:11:14.470 --> 01:11:14.480 align:start position:0% all kinds of other things that might be 01:11:14.480 --> 01:11:16.149 align:start position:0% all kinds of other things that might be related 01:11:16.149 --> 01:11:16.159 align:start position:0% related 01:11:16.159 --> 01:11:18.870 align:start position:0% related however<01:11:17.600> it<01:11:17.840> is<01:11:17.920> the<01:11:18.000> case<01:11:18.320> that<01:11:18.480> sometimes 01:11:18.870 --> 01:11:18.880 align:start position:0% however it is the case that sometimes 01:11:18.880 --> 01:11:20.470 align:start position:0% however it is the case that sometimes you<01:11:19.040> absolutely<01:11:19.600> know 01:11:20.470 --> 01:11:20.480 align:start position:0% you absolutely know 01:11:20.480 --> 01:11:22.229 align:start position:0% you absolutely know pretty<01:11:20.640> much<01:11:20.800> the<01:11:20.960> certainty<01:11:21.600> or<01:11:21.760> at<01:11:21.840> least<01:11:22.080> if 01:11:22.229 --> 01:11:22.239 align:start position:0% pretty much the certainty or at least if 01:11:22.239 --> 01:11:24.390 align:start position:0% pretty much the certainty or at least if it's<01:11:22.400> 95<01:11:23.280> certainty<01:11:23.679> you<01:11:23.840> may<01:11:24.000> as<01:11:24.080> well<01:11:24.239> take 01:11:24.390 --> 01:11:24.400 align:start position:0% it's 95 certainty you may as well take 01:11:24.400 --> 01:11:25.430 align:start position:0% it's 95 certainty you may as well take it<01:11:24.560> a<01:11:24.640> certain 01:11:25.430 --> 01:11:25.440 align:start position:0% it a certain 01:11:25.440 --> 01:11:28.470 align:start position:0% it a certain and<01:11:25.600> then<01:11:26.159> in<01:11:26.320> that<01:11:26.560> case<01:11:27.040> probably<01:11:28.000> ordinary 01:11:28.470 --> 01:11:28.480 align:start position:0% and then in that case probably ordinary 01:11:28.480 --> 01:11:30.229 align:start position:0% and then in that case probably ordinary logical<01:11:28.880> reasoning<01:11:29.360> might<01:11:29.600> be 01:11:30.229 --> 01:11:30.239 align:start position:0% logical reasoning might be 01:11:30.239 --> 01:11:33.110 align:start position:0% logical reasoning might be more<01:11:30.480> appropriate<01:11:31.520> say<01:11:31.840> than<01:11:32.080> trying<01:11:32.400> to<01:11:32.960> do 01:11:33.110 --> 01:11:33.120 align:start position:0% more appropriate say than trying to do 01:11:33.120 --> 01:11:34.950 align:start position:0% more appropriate say than trying to do things<01:11:33.360> with<01:11:33.600> probabilities 01:11:34.950 --> 01:11:34.960 align:start position:0% things with probabilities 01:11:34.960 --> 01:11:37.030 align:start position:0% things with probabilities after<01:11:35.280> all<01:11:36.400> when<01:11:36.640> you<01:11:36.719> have<01:11:36.880> the 01:11:37.030 --> 01:11:37.040 align:start position:0% after all when you have the 01:11:37.040 --> 01:11:38.310 align:start position:0% after all when you have the probabilities 01:11:38.310 --> 01:11:38.320 align:start position:0% probabilities 01:11:38.320 --> 01:11:40.310 align:start position:0% probabilities if<01:11:38.480> you're<01:11:38.640> going<01:11:38.800> to<01:11:38.880> do<01:11:39.120> everything<01:11:39.600> exactly 01:11:40.310 --> 01:11:40.320 align:start position:0% if you're going to do everything exactly 01:11:40.320 --> 01:11:42.229 align:start position:0% if you're going to do everything exactly with<01:11:40.560> probabilities<01:11:41.199> there's<01:11:41.520> a<01:11:41.600> good<01:11:41.760> deal 01:11:42.229 --> 01:11:42.239 align:start position:0% with probabilities there's a good deal 01:11:42.239 --> 01:11:44.790 align:start position:0% with probabilities there's a good deal of<01:11:42.400> computational<01:11:43.120> burden<01:11:44.000> then<01:11:44.239> not<01:11:44.480> having 01:11:44.790 --> 01:11:44.800 align:start position:0% of computational burden then not having 01:11:44.800 --> 01:11:46.950 align:start position:0% of computational burden then not having certainty<01:11:45.280> ads 01:11:46.950 --> 01:11:46.960 align:start position:0% certainty ads 01:11:46.960 --> 01:11:48.149 align:start position:0% certainty ads but<01:11:47.120> if<01:11:47.199> you<01:11:47.280> do<01:11:47.440> have<01:11:47.600> certainty<01:11:47.920> you<01:11:48.080> ought 01:11:48.149 --> 01:11:48.159 align:start position:0% but if you do have certainty you ought 01:11:48.159 --> 01:11:49.910 align:start position:0% but if you do have certainty you ought to<01:11:48.239> be<01:11:48.400> able<01:11:48.560> to<01:11:48.640> capitalize<01:11:49.199> on<01:11:49.360> that<01:11:49.600> extra 01:11:49.910 --> 01:11:49.920 align:start position:0% to be able to capitalize on that extra 01:11:49.920 --> 01:11:51.350 align:start position:0% to be able to capitalize on that extra knowledge 01:11:51.350 --> 01:11:51.360 align:start position:0% knowledge 01:11:51.360 --> 01:11:53.669 align:start position:0% knowledge so<01:11:51.600> i<01:11:51.679> think<01:11:51.840> that<01:11:52.080> there's<01:11:52.480> a<01:11:52.560> role<01:11:53.360> you<01:11:53.520> know 01:11:53.669 --> 01:11:53.679 align:start position:0% so i think that there's a role you know 01:11:53.679 --> 01:11:56.870 align:start position:0% so i think that there's a role you know for<01:11:54.239> for<01:11:54.560> both<01:11:54.800> techniques 01:11:56.870 --> 01:11:56.880 align:start position:0% for for both techniques 01:11:56.880 --> 01:11:59.110 align:start position:0% for for both techniques and<01:11:57.040> looking<01:11:57.440> back<01:11:57.920> what<01:11:58.400> would<01:11:58.560> you<01:11:58.719> say<01:11:58.960> were 01:11:59.110 --> 01:11:59.120 align:start position:0% and looking back what would you say were 01:11:59.120 --> 01:11:59.910 align:start position:0% and looking back what would you say were the<01:11:59.280> most 01:11:59.910 --> 01:11:59.920 align:start position:0% the most 01:11:59.920 --> 01:12:01.590 align:start position:0% the most challenging<01:12:00.640> problems<01:12:01.120> in<01:12:01.199> pattern 01:12:01.590 --> 01:12:01.600 align:start position:0% challenging problems in pattern 01:12:01.600 --> 01:12:03.110 align:start position:0% challenging problems in pattern recognition<01:12:02.480> and 01:12:03.110 --> 01:12:03.120 align:start position:0% recognition and 01:12:03.120 --> 01:12:04.390 align:start position:0% recognition and what<01:12:03.360> were<01:12:03.760> some<01:12:03.920> of<01:12:04.000> the<01:12:04.080> biggest 01:12:04.390 --> 01:12:04.400 align:start position:0% what were some of the biggest 01:12:04.400 --> 01:12:07.590 align:start position:0% what were some of the biggest breakthroughs<01:12:04.960> that<01:12:05.120> you<01:12:05.280> had 01:12:07.590 --> 01:12:07.600 align:start position:0% breakthroughs that you had 01:12:07.600 --> 01:12:11.350 align:start position:0% breakthroughs that you had well<01:12:08.159> in<01:12:08.640> pattern<01:12:08.960> recognition 01:12:11.350 --> 01:12:11.360 align:start position:0% well in pattern recognition 01:12:11.360 --> 01:12:14.790 align:start position:0% well in pattern recognition one<01:12:11.520> of<01:12:11.600> the<01:12:12.080> problems<01:12:12.880> that<01:12:13.360> was<01:12:14.239> recognized 01:12:14.790 --> 01:12:14.800 align:start position:0% one of the problems that was recognized 01:12:14.800 --> 01:12:16.310 align:start position:0% one of the problems that was recognized from<01:12:14.880> their<01:12:15.040> very<01:12:15.280> earliest<01:12:15.679> days<01:12:16.080> was 01:12:16.310 --> 01:12:16.320 align:start position:0% from their very earliest days was 01:12:16.320 --> 01:12:19.350 align:start position:0% from their very earliest days was separating<01:12:16.800> the<01:12:16.960> figure<01:12:17.280> from<01:12:17.520> ground 01:12:19.350 --> 01:12:19.360 align:start position:0% separating the figure from ground 01:12:19.360 --> 01:12:21.669 align:start position:0% separating the figure from ground so<01:12:19.760> if<01:12:19.840> you're<01:12:20.080> looking<01:12:20.480> at<01:12:20.719> something<01:12:21.440> well 01:12:21.669 --> 01:12:21.679 align:start position:0% so if you're looking at something well 01:12:21.679 --> 01:12:23.510 align:start position:0% so if you're looking at something well even<01:12:21.920> today<01:12:22.239> in<01:12:22.320> face<01:12:22.560> recognition 01:12:23.510 --> 01:12:23.520 align:start position:0% even today in face recognition 01:12:23.520 --> 01:12:25.750 align:start position:0% even today in face recognition you<01:12:23.679> have<01:12:23.840> to<01:12:23.920> be<01:12:24.159> able<01:12:24.320> to<01:12:24.960> isolate<01:12:25.440> what<01:12:25.600> the 01:12:25.750 --> 01:12:25.760 align:start position:0% you have to be able to isolate what the 01:12:25.760 --> 01:12:28.229 align:start position:0% you have to be able to isolate what the face<01:12:26.080> is<01:12:26.400> first<01:12:26.719> and<01:12:26.880> where<01:12:27.120> it<01:12:27.360> is 01:12:28.229 --> 01:12:28.239 align:start position:0% face is first and where it is 01:12:28.239 --> 01:12:29.750 align:start position:0% face is first and where it is before<01:12:28.560> you<01:12:28.719> can<01:12:28.880> decide<01:12:29.199> to<01:12:29.360> apply<01:12:29.679> the 01:12:29.750 --> 01:12:29.760 align:start position:0% before you can decide to apply the 01:12:29.760 --> 01:12:31.590 align:start position:0% before you can decide to apply the various<01:12:30.080> techniques<01:12:30.480> that<01:12:30.640> you<01:12:30.719> might 01:12:31.590 --> 01:12:31.600 align:start position:0% various techniques that you might 01:12:31.600 --> 01:12:33.430 align:start position:0% various techniques that you might be<01:12:31.760> able<01:12:32.000> to<01:12:32.080> apply<01:12:32.400> to<01:12:32.480> decide<01:12:32.800> whose<01:12:33.040> face<01:12:33.280> it 01:12:33.430 --> 01:12:33.440 align:start position:0% be able to apply to decide whose face it 01:12:33.440 --> 01:12:35.669 align:start position:0% be able to apply to decide whose face it is<01:12:34.159> so<01:12:34.320> picking<01:12:34.640> out<01:12:34.800> a<01:12:34.880> face<01:12:35.040> from<01:12:35.199> a<01:12:35.280> crowd<01:12:35.600> i 01:12:35.669 --> 01:12:35.679 align:start position:0% is so picking out a face from a crowd i 01:12:35.679 --> 01:12:37.189 align:start position:0% is so picking out a face from a crowd i think<01:12:35.840> that's<01:12:36.080> largely<01:12:36.480> been<01:12:36.800> pretty<01:12:36.960> well 01:12:37.189 --> 01:12:37.199 align:start position:0% think that's largely been pretty well 01:12:37.199 --> 01:12:38.149 align:start position:0% think that's largely been pretty well solved 01:12:38.149 --> 01:12:38.159 align:start position:0% solved 01:12:38.159 --> 01:12:40.790 align:start position:0% solved i<01:12:38.239> mean<01:12:39.040> uh<01:12:39.440> everybody's<01:12:39.920> personal<01:12:40.320> computer 01:12:40.790 --> 01:12:40.800 align:start position:0% i mean uh everybody's personal computer 01:12:40.800 --> 01:12:42.390 align:start position:0% i mean uh everybody's personal computer if<01:12:40.880> it<01:12:40.960> has<01:12:41.199> picasa 01:12:42.390 --> 01:12:42.400 align:start position:0% if it has picasa 01:12:42.400 --> 01:12:44.870 align:start position:0% if it has picasa uh<01:12:42.719> has<01:12:42.960> a<01:12:43.360> way<01:12:43.600> to<01:12:43.760> recognize<01:12:44.239> various<01:12:44.560> faces 01:12:44.870 --> 01:12:44.880 align:start position:0% uh has a way to recognize various faces 01:12:44.880 --> 01:12:46.790 align:start position:0% uh has a way to recognize various faces and<01:12:45.040> isolate<01:12:45.440> them<01:12:45.600> cameras<01:12:46.080> have 01:12:46.790 --> 01:12:46.800 align:start position:0% and isolate them cameras have 01:12:46.800 --> 01:12:49.430 align:start position:0% and isolate them cameras have face<01:12:47.040> isolating<01:12:47.920> mechanisms<01:12:48.640> in<01:12:48.719> them<01:12:49.120> but<01:12:49.280> i 01:12:49.430 --> 01:12:49.440 align:start position:0% face isolating mechanisms in them but i 01:12:49.440 --> 01:12:51.350 align:start position:0% face isolating mechanisms in them but i think<01:12:49.600> it<01:12:49.679> was<01:12:49.840> thought<01:12:50.080> to<01:12:50.159> be<01:12:50.320> a<01:12:50.800> big<01:12:51.040> problem 01:12:51.350 --> 01:12:51.360 align:start position:0% think it was thought to be a big problem 01:12:51.360 --> 01:12:55.669 align:start position:0% think it was thought to be a big problem in<01:12:51.440> the<01:12:51.600> past 01:12:55.669 --> 01:12:55.679 align:start position:0% 01:12:55.679 --> 01:12:57.669 align:start position:0% otherwise<01:12:56.159> in<01:12:56.320> pattern<01:12:56.719> recognition<01:12:57.360> i<01:12:57.440> think 01:12:57.669 --> 01:12:57.679 align:start position:0% otherwise in pattern recognition i think 01:12:57.679 --> 01:12:58.870 align:start position:0% otherwise in pattern recognition i think it's<01:12:57.760> still<01:12:58.000> the<01:12:58.080> case<01:12:58.400> that 01:12:58.870 --> 01:12:58.880 align:start position:0% it's still the case that 01:12:58.880 --> 01:13:00.550 align:start position:0% it's still the case that we're<01:12:59.120> not<01:12:59.280> very<01:12:59.520> good<01:12:59.760> at<01:13:00.080> dealing<01:13:00.320> with 01:13:00.550 --> 01:13:00.560 align:start position:0% we're not very good at dealing with 01:13:00.560 --> 01:13:02.870 align:start position:0% we're not very good at dealing with cursive<01:13:00.960> script 01:13:02.870 --> 01:13:02.880 align:start position:0% cursive script 01:13:02.880 --> 01:13:06.229 align:start position:0% cursive script connected<01:13:03.360> speech<01:13:05.600> well 01:13:06.229 --> 01:13:06.239 align:start position:0% connected speech well 01:13:06.239 --> 01:13:07.830 align:start position:0% connected speech well there<01:13:06.320> are<01:13:06.400> various<01:13:06.719> statistical<01:13:07.360> techniques 01:13:07.830 --> 01:13:07.840 align:start position:0% there are various statistical techniques 01:13:07.840 --> 01:13:10.870 align:start position:0% there are various statistical techniques that<01:13:07.920> do<01:13:08.080> a<01:13:08.159> pretty<01:13:08.320> good<01:13:08.480> job<01:13:09.040> with<01:13:09.280> it<01:13:09.440> now 01:13:10.870 --> 01:13:10.880 align:start position:0% that do a pretty good job with it now 01:13:10.880 --> 01:13:14.310 align:start position:0% that do a pretty good job with it now you<01:13:11.040> can<01:13:11.199> buy<01:13:11.440> commercial<01:13:12.159> products 01:13:14.310 --> 01:13:14.320 align:start position:0% you can buy commercial products 01:13:14.320 --> 01:13:17.350 align:start position:0% you can buy commercial products but<01:13:14.640> being<01:13:14.960> able<01:13:15.199> to<01:13:16.159> deal<01:13:16.480> with<01:13:17.040> with 01:13:17.350 --> 01:13:17.360 align:start position:0% but being able to deal with with 01:13:17.360 --> 01:13:19.430 align:start position:0% but being able to deal with with connected<01:13:17.760> speech<01:13:18.159> and<01:13:18.320> connected<01:13:18.800> writing 01:13:19.430 --> 01:13:19.440 align:start position:0% connected speech and connected writing 01:13:19.440 --> 01:13:20.870 align:start position:0% connected speech and connected writing uh<01:13:20.000> was<01:13:20.320> a 01:13:20.870 --> 01:13:20.880 align:start position:0% uh was a 01:13:20.880 --> 01:13:22.630 align:start position:0% uh was a an<01:13:21.120> intermediate<01:13:21.679> term<01:13:22.000> problem<01:13:22.239> that<01:13:22.480> has 01:13:22.630 --> 01:13:22.640 align:start position:0% an intermediate term problem that has 01:13:22.640 --> 01:13:24.870 align:start position:0% an intermediate term problem that has largely<01:13:23.120> been<01:13:23.280> solved 01:13:24.870 --> 01:13:24.880 align:start position:0% largely been solved 01:13:24.880 --> 01:13:28.149 align:start position:0% largely been solved um<01:13:26.080> i<01:13:26.560> you<01:13:26.800> talk<01:13:26.960> to<01:13:27.120> people<01:13:27.360> nowadays 01:13:28.149 --> 01:13:28.159 align:start position:0% um i you talk to people nowadays 01:13:28.159 --> 01:13:31.110 align:start position:0% um i you talk to people nowadays who<01:13:28.400> are<01:13:29.360> prone<01:13:29.760> to<01:13:30.000> use<01:13:30.239> the<01:13:30.800> various 01:13:31.110 --> 01:13:31.120 align:start position:0% who are prone to use the various 01:13:31.120 --> 01:13:32.790 align:start position:0% who are prone to use the various statistical<01:13:31.760> methods 01:13:32.790 --> 01:13:32.800 align:start position:0% statistical methods 01:13:32.800 --> 01:13:34.470 align:start position:0% statistical methods and<01:13:33.040> i<01:13:33.120> think<01:13:33.360> they<01:13:33.520> say<01:13:33.840> most<01:13:34.080> of<01:13:34.239> these 01:13:34.470 --> 01:13:34.480 align:start position:0% and i think they say most of these 01:13:34.480 --> 01:13:35.750 align:start position:0% and i think they say most of these problems<01:13:34.800> that<01:13:34.880> we<01:13:35.040> thought<01:13:35.280> were<01:13:35.520> really 01:13:35.750 --> 01:13:35.760 align:start position:0% problems that we thought were really 01:13:35.760 --> 01:13:36.550 align:start position:0% problems that we thought were really difficult 01:13:36.550 --> 01:13:36.560 align:start position:0% difficult 01:13:36.560 --> 01:13:38.070 align:start position:0% difficult can<01:13:36.719> be<01:13:36.880> solved<01:13:37.120> just<01:13:37.280> by<01:13:37.440> having<01:13:37.679> lots<01:13:38.000> and 01:13:38.070 --> 01:13:38.080 align:start position:0% can be solved just by having lots and 01:13:38.080 --> 01:13:39.830 align:start position:0% can be solved just by having lots and lots<01:13:38.320> of<01:13:38.480> data 01:13:39.830 --> 01:13:39.840 align:start position:0% lots of data 01:13:39.840 --> 01:13:42.550 align:start position:0% lots of data that<01:13:40.400> you<01:13:41.040> the<01:13:41.199> more<01:13:41.360> data<01:13:41.679> you<01:13:41.840> have<01:13:42.480> the 01:13:42.550 --> 01:13:42.560 align:start position:0% that you the more data you have the 01:13:42.560 --> 01:13:44.070 align:start position:0% that you the more data you have the easier<01:13:42.880> it<01:13:43.040> is<01:13:43.360> to 01:13:44.070 --> 01:13:44.080 align:start position:0% easier it is to 01:13:44.080 --> 01:13:46.790 align:start position:0% easier it is to dissolve<01:13:44.480> it<01:13:44.640> in<01:13:45.120> so<01:13:45.360> many<01:13:45.679> of<01:13:45.760> the<01:13:46.400> natural 01:13:46.790 --> 01:13:46.800 align:start position:0% dissolve it in so many of the natural 01:13:46.800 --> 01:13:48.550 align:start position:0% dissolve it in so many of the natural language<01:13:47.199> understanding<01:13:47.840> systems 01:13:48.550 --> 01:13:48.560 align:start position:0% language understanding systems 01:13:48.560 --> 01:13:51.830 align:start position:0% language understanding systems and<01:13:48.800> the<01:13:49.840> for<01:13:50.080> example<01:13:50.560> the<01:13:50.800> um 01:13:51.830 --> 01:13:51.840 align:start position:0% and the for example the um 01:13:51.840 --> 01:13:54.709 align:start position:0% and the for example the um translation<01:13:52.480> programs<01:13:53.679> basically<01:13:54.159> use<01:13:54.480> just 01:13:54.709 --> 01:13:54.719 align:start position:0% translation programs basically use just 01:13:54.719 --> 01:13:56.550 align:start position:0% translation programs basically use just lots<01:13:54.960> and<01:13:55.040> lots<01:13:55.280> of<01:13:55.520> examples 01:13:56.550 --> 01:13:56.560 align:start position:0% lots and lots of examples 01:13:56.560 --> 01:14:00.470 align:start position:0% lots and lots of examples to<01:13:56.719> help<01:13:56.960> them<01:13:58.640> the<01:13:58.880> um 01:14:00.470 --> 01:14:00.480 align:start position:0% to help them the um 01:14:00.480 --> 01:14:02.310 align:start position:0% to help them the um and<01:14:00.560> what<01:14:00.719> do<01:14:00.800> you<01:14:00.880> see<01:14:01.040> as<01:14:01.199> the<01:14:01.280> big<01:14:01.520> problems 01:14:02.310 --> 01:14:02.320 align:start position:0% and what do you see as the big problems 01:14:02.320 --> 01:14:03.669 align:start position:0% and what do you see as the big problems uh<01:14:02.640> in<01:14:02.800> the<01:14:02.880> near<01:14:03.120> future 01:14:03.669 --> 01:14:03.679 align:start position:0% uh in the near future 01:14:03.679 --> 01:14:07.910 align:start position:0% uh in the near future for<01:14:04.560> for<01:14:04.719> ai<01:14:06.000> for<01:14:06.159> ai<01:14:06.560> in<01:14:06.640> general 01:14:07.910 --> 01:14:07.920 align:start position:0% for for ai for ai in general 01:14:07.920 --> 01:14:09.669 align:start position:0% for for ai for ai in general well<01:14:08.239> dealing<01:14:08.480> with<01:14:08.640> common<01:14:08.960> sense<01:14:09.360> i<01:14:09.440> think 01:14:09.669 --> 01:14:09.679 align:start position:0% well dealing with common sense i think 01:14:09.679 --> 01:14:11.910 align:start position:0% well dealing with common sense i think is<01:14:09.760> still<01:14:10.080> the<01:14:10.320> big<01:14:10.560> problem 01:14:11.910 --> 01:14:11.920 align:start position:0% is still the big problem 01:14:11.920 --> 01:14:13.750 align:start position:0% is still the big problem uh<01:14:12.239> the<01:14:12.400> expert<01:14:12.800> systems<01:14:13.199> are<01:14:13.280> pretty<01:14:13.440> good<01:14:13.679> in 01:14:13.750 --> 01:14:13.760 align:start position:0% uh the expert systems are pretty good in 01:14:13.760 --> 01:14:16.390 align:start position:0% uh the expert systems are pretty good in their<01:14:14.239> special<01:14:14.640> domains 01:14:16.390 --> 01:14:16.400 align:start position:0% their special domains 01:14:16.400 --> 01:14:19.990 align:start position:0% their special domains um<01:14:17.360> you<01:14:17.520> might<01:14:18.000> say<01:14:19.120> well<01:14:19.280> let's<01:14:19.520> take<01:14:19.679> a<01:14:19.760> look 01:14:19.990 --> 01:14:20.000 align:start position:0% um you might say well let's take a look 01:14:20.000 --> 01:14:21.270 align:start position:0% um you might say well let's take a look at<01:14:20.080> one<01:14:20.320> of<01:14:20.400> the 01:14:21.270 --> 01:14:21.280 align:start position:0% at one of the 01:14:21.280 --> 01:14:23.110 align:start position:0% at one of the milestone<01:14:21.920> achievements<01:14:22.400> i<01:14:22.480> mean<01:14:22.880> then 01:14:23.110 --> 01:14:23.120 align:start position:0% milestone achievements i mean then 01:14:23.120 --> 01:14:25.830 align:start position:0% milestone achievements i mean then several<01:14:23.440> milestone<01:14:23.920> achievements<01:14:24.320> in<01:14:24.480> ai 01:14:25.830 --> 01:14:25.840 align:start position:0% several milestone achievements in ai 01:14:25.840 --> 01:14:29.189 align:start position:0% several milestone achievements in ai chess<01:14:26.480> playing<01:14:26.800> was<01:14:27.040> one<01:14:28.239> the<01:14:28.400> autonomous 01:14:29.189 --> 01:14:29.199 align:start position:0% chess playing was one the autonomous 01:14:29.199 --> 01:14:30.709 align:start position:0% chess playing was one the autonomous cars<01:14:29.679> another 01:14:30.709 --> 01:14:30.719 align:start position:0% cars another 01:14:30.719 --> 01:14:34.149 align:start position:0% cars another more<01:14:30.960> recently<01:14:31.440> i<01:14:31.520> think<01:14:31.840> the<01:14:32.480> jeopardy 01:14:34.149 --> 01:14:34.159 align:start position:0% more recently i think the jeopardy 01:14:34.159 --> 01:14:36.950 align:start position:0% more recently i think the jeopardy watson<01:14:34.800> the<01:14:34.960> watson<01:14:35.360> program<01:14:36.239> of<01:14:36.400> ibm<01:14:36.880> that 01:14:36.950 --> 01:14:36.960 align:start position:0% watson the watson program of ibm that 01:14:36.960 --> 01:14:38.709 align:start position:0% watson the watson program of ibm that competed<01:14:37.440> on<01:14:37.600> jeopardy 01:14:38.709 --> 01:14:38.719 align:start position:0% competed on jeopardy 01:14:38.719 --> 01:14:41.189 align:start position:0% competed on jeopardy is<01:14:38.960> pretty<01:14:39.120> much<01:14:39.280> a<01:14:39.360> milestone<01:14:39.840> achievement 01:14:41.189 --> 01:14:41.199 align:start position:0% is pretty much a milestone achievement 01:14:41.199 --> 01:14:43.030 align:start position:0% is pretty much a milestone achievement however<01:14:41.679> i<01:14:41.840> think<01:14:42.080> even<01:14:42.320> its 01:14:43.030 --> 01:14:43.040 align:start position:0% however i think even its 01:14:43.040 --> 01:14:45.430 align:start position:0% however i think even its designers<01:14:43.679> will<01:14:43.840> admit<01:14:44.239> that<01:14:44.880> when<01:14:45.040> it<01:14:45.199> came 01:14:45.430 --> 01:14:45.440 align:start position:0% designers will admit that when it came 01:14:45.440 --> 01:14:47.350 align:start position:0% designers will admit that when it came to<01:14:45.600> dealing<01:14:45.920> with<01:14:46.159> the<01:14:46.239> common<01:14:46.640> sense 01:14:47.350 --> 01:14:47.360 align:start position:0% to dealing with the common sense 01:14:47.360 --> 01:14:48.950 align:start position:0% to dealing with the common sense there<01:14:47.520> were<01:14:47.679> difficulties<01:14:48.480> it<01:14:48.640> could<01:14:48.800> get 01:14:48.950 --> 01:14:48.960 align:start position:0% there were difficulties it could get 01:14:48.960 --> 01:14:50.790 align:start position:0% there were difficulties it could get around<01:14:49.360> that<01:14:49.600> for<01:14:49.760> certain<01:14:50.080> classes<01:14:50.640> of 01:14:50.790 --> 01:14:50.800 align:start position:0% around that for certain classes of 01:14:50.800 --> 01:14:53.030 align:start position:0% around that for certain classes of questions<01:14:51.199> that<01:14:51.280> it<01:14:51.360> was<01:14:51.600> asked 01:14:53.030 --> 01:14:53.040 align:start position:0% questions that it was asked 01:14:53.040 --> 01:14:55.350 align:start position:0% questions that it was asked the<01:14:53.199> more<01:14:53.440> circumscribed<01:14:54.159> the<01:14:54.239> question<01:14:55.120> and 01:14:55.350 --> 01:14:55.360 align:start position:0% the more circumscribed the question and 01:14:55.360 --> 01:14:56.790 align:start position:0% the more circumscribed the question and the<01:14:55.440> more<01:14:55.760> likely<01:14:56.080> it<01:14:56.159> was<01:14:56.400> that<01:14:56.560> that 01:14:56.790 --> 01:14:56.800 align:start position:0% the more likely it was that that 01:14:56.800 --> 01:14:57.669 align:start position:0% the more likely it was that that question<01:14:57.199> was 01:14:57.669 --> 01:14:57.679 align:start position:0% question was 01:14:57.679 --> 01:15:01.750 align:start position:0% question was explicitly<01:14:59.280> in<01:14:59.520> its<01:15:00.000> huge<01:15:00.400> database 01:15:01.750 --> 01:15:01.760 align:start position:0% explicitly in its huge database 01:15:01.760 --> 01:15:04.870 align:start position:0% explicitly in its huge database the<01:15:01.920> better<01:15:02.159> off<01:15:02.400> it<01:15:02.480> would<01:15:02.640> be<01:15:03.440> however 01:15:04.870 --> 01:15:04.880 align:start position:0% the better off it would be however 01:15:04.880 --> 01:15:08.229 align:start position:0% the better off it would be however it<01:15:05.120> made<01:15:05.360> several<01:15:05.679> mistakes<01:15:06.960> and<01:15:07.840> even<01:15:08.000> though 01:15:08.229 --> 01:15:08.239 align:start position:0% it made several mistakes and even though 01:15:08.239 --> 01:15:09.350 align:start position:0% it made several mistakes and even though one 01:15:09.350 --> 01:15:09.360 align:start position:0% one 01:15:09.360 --> 01:15:11.270 align:start position:0% one and<01:15:09.600> i<01:15:09.840> think<01:15:10.000> that<01:15:10.159> a<01:15:10.239> lot<01:15:10.480> of<01:15:10.560> the<01:15:10.719> mistakes 01:15:11.270 --> 01:15:11.280 align:start position:0% and i think that a lot of the mistakes 01:15:11.280 --> 01:15:12.790 align:start position:0% and i think that a lot of the mistakes would<01:15:11.440> have<01:15:11.520> been<01:15:11.679> solved<01:15:12.080> if<01:15:12.239> it<01:15:12.400> had 01:15:12.790 --> 01:15:12.800 align:start position:0% would have been solved if it had 01:15:12.800 --> 01:15:15.990 align:start position:0% would have been solved if it had a<01:15:12.960> better<01:15:14.239> more<01:15:14.400> encyclopedic<01:15:15.360> common<01:15:15.679> sense 01:15:15.990 --> 01:15:16.000 align:start position:0% a better more encyclopedic common sense 01:15:16.000 --> 01:15:16.870 align:start position:0% a better more encyclopedic common sense knowledge 01:15:16.870 --> 01:15:16.880 align:start position:0% knowledge 01:15:16.880 --> 01:15:18.550 align:start position:0% knowledge there<01:15:17.040> have<01:15:17.120> been<01:15:17.280> various<01:15:17.679> attempts<01:15:18.080> to<01:15:18.320> try 01:15:18.550 --> 01:15:18.560 align:start position:0% there have been various attempts to try 01:15:18.560 --> 01:15:19.910 align:start position:0% there have been various attempts to try to<01:15:18.960> solve<01:15:19.199> that<01:15:19.440> problem 01:15:19.910 --> 01:15:19.920 align:start position:0% to solve that problem 01:15:19.920 --> 01:15:23.590 align:start position:0% to solve that problem doug<01:15:20.159> lenott<01:15:21.120> at<01:15:21.760> psyc<01:15:22.560> is<01:15:22.800> one 01:15:23.590 --> 01:15:23.600 align:start position:0% doug lenott at psyc is one 01:15:23.600 --> 01:15:25.510 align:start position:0% doug lenott at psyc is one who<01:15:23.920> thought<01:15:24.239> that<01:15:24.719> well<01:15:24.960> the<01:15:25.040> way<01:15:25.199> to<01:15:25.360> deal 01:15:25.510 --> 01:15:25.520 align:start position:0% who thought that well the way to deal 01:15:25.520 --> 01:15:27.430 align:start position:0% who thought that well the way to deal with<01:15:25.679> it<01:15:25.840> is<01:15:25.920> to<01:15:26.080> hand<01:15:26.400> code 01:15:27.430 --> 01:15:27.440 align:start position:0% with it is to hand code 01:15:27.440 --> 01:15:28.870 align:start position:0% with it is to hand code all<01:15:27.679> the<01:15:27.840> different<01:15:28.080> elements<01:15:28.480> of<01:15:28.560> common 01:15:28.870 --> 01:15:28.880 align:start position:0% all the different elements of common 01:15:28.880 --> 01:15:30.790 align:start position:0% all the different elements of common sense<01:15:29.199> you<01:15:29.360> might<01:15:29.600> ever<01:15:30.000> need<01:15:30.239> you<01:15:30.320> know<01:15:30.560> the 01:15:30.790 --> 01:15:30.800 align:start position:0% sense you might ever need you know the 01:15:30.800 --> 01:15:33.189 align:start position:0% sense you might ever need you know the hundreds<01:15:31.199> of<01:15:31.360> millions<01:15:31.760> of<01:15:31.920> little<01:15:32.159> bits<01:15:32.560> of 01:15:33.189 --> 01:15:33.199 align:start position:0% hundreds of millions of little bits of 01:15:33.199 --> 01:15:36.229 align:start position:0% hundreds of millions of little bits of common<01:15:33.520> sense<01:15:33.840> information<01:15:35.120> uh<01:15:35.520> well 01:15:36.229 --> 01:15:36.239 align:start position:0% common sense information uh well 01:15:36.239 --> 01:15:39.270 align:start position:0% common sense information uh well good<01:15:36.480> luck<01:15:37.360> uh<01:15:37.760> that's<01:15:38.080> a<01:15:38.159> never-ending<01:15:38.800> task 01:15:39.270 --> 01:15:39.280 align:start position:0% good luck uh that's a never-ending task 01:15:39.280 --> 01:15:39.910 align:start position:0% good luck uh that's a never-ending task because 01:15:39.910 --> 01:15:39.920 align:start position:0% because 01:15:39.920 --> 01:15:43.430 align:start position:0% because common<01:15:40.239> sense<01:15:40.640> changes<01:15:42.239> and<01:15:42.800> uh 01:15:43.430 --> 01:15:43.440 align:start position:0% common sense changes and uh 01:15:43.440 --> 01:15:45.830 align:start position:0% common sense changes and uh culture<01:15:43.920> changes<01:15:44.480> and<01:15:45.120> so<01:15:45.360> you're<01:15:45.520> gonna<01:15:45.679> have 01:15:45.830 --> 01:15:45.840 align:start position:0% culture changes and so you're gonna have 01:15:45.840 --> 01:15:47.350 align:start position:0% culture changes and so you're gonna have to<01:15:46.000> have<01:15:46.159> something<01:15:46.560> that 01:15:47.350 --> 01:15:47.360 align:start position:0% to have something that 01:15:47.360 --> 01:15:50.070 align:start position:0% to have something that uh<01:15:47.679> can<01:15:47.920> keep<01:15:48.239> track<01:15:48.480> of<01:15:48.640> it<01:15:49.360> and<01:15:49.600> how<01:15:49.760> to<01:15:49.840> keep 01:15:50.070 --> 01:15:50.080 align:start position:0% uh can keep track of it and how to keep 01:15:50.080 --> 01:15:51.590 align:start position:0% uh can keep track of it and how to keep track<01:15:50.239> of<01:15:50.400> it<01:15:50.560> well<01:15:50.800> the<01:15:50.880> internet's<01:15:51.280> a<01:15:51.360> good 01:15:51.590 --> 01:15:51.600 align:start position:0% track of it well the internet's a good 01:15:51.600 --> 01:15:53.030 align:start position:0% track of it well the internet's a good source<01:15:51.920> there's<01:15:52.239> just<01:15:52.480> an<01:15:52.560> awful<01:15:52.800> lot<01:15:52.960> of 01:15:53.030 --> 01:15:53.040 align:start position:0% source there's just an awful lot of 01:15:53.040 --> 01:15:54.310 align:start position:0% source there's just an awful lot of stuff<01:15:53.280> on<01:15:53.360> the<01:15:53.520> internet<01:15:53.840> it's<01:15:54.000> all<01:15:54.159> in 01:15:54.310 --> 01:15:54.320 align:start position:0% stuff on the internet it's all in 01:15:54.320 --> 01:15:54.950 align:start position:0% stuff on the internet it's all in english 01:15:54.950 --> 01:15:54.960 align:start position:0% english 01:15:54.960 --> 01:15:56.630 align:start position:0% english so<01:15:55.120> you<01:15:55.199> have<01:15:55.360> a<01:15:55.600> sort<01:15:55.760> of<01:15:55.920> a<01:15:56.000> chicken<01:15:56.239> and<01:15:56.400> egg 01:15:56.630 --> 01:15:56.640 align:start position:0% so you have a sort of a chicken and egg 01:15:56.640 --> 01:15:58.790 align:start position:0% so you have a sort of a chicken and egg problem<01:15:57.520> to<01:15:57.760> recognize<01:15:58.239> some<01:15:58.400> of<01:15:58.400> the<01:15:58.560> english 01:15:58.790 --> 01:15:58.800 align:start position:0% problem to recognize some of the english 01:15:58.800 --> 01:16:00.310 align:start position:0% problem to recognize some of the english you<01:15:58.960> have<01:15:59.040> to<01:15:59.120> have<01:15:59.280> common<01:15:59.600> sense<01:15:59.920> but<01:16:00.159> in 01:16:00.310 --> 01:16:00.320 align:start position:0% you have to have common sense but in 01:16:00.320 --> 01:16:00.950 align:start position:0% you have to have common sense but in order<01:16:00.560> to 01:16:00.950 --> 01:16:00.960 align:start position:0% order to 01:16:00.960 --> 01:16:02.390 align:start position:0% order to have<01:16:01.199> common<01:16:01.520> sense<01:16:01.760> you<01:16:01.840> have<01:16:02.000> to<01:16:02.080> be<01:16:02.159> able<01:16:02.320> to 01:16:02.390 --> 01:16:02.400 align:start position:0% have common sense you have to be able to 01:16:02.400 --> 01:16:04.790 align:start position:0% have common sense you have to be able to recognize<01:16:02.880> all<01:16:03.040> the<01:16:03.120> things<01:16:03.360> that<01:16:03.520> are<01:16:03.600> there 01:16:04.790 --> 01:16:04.800 align:start position:0% recognize all the things that are there 01:16:04.800 --> 01:16:06.229 align:start position:0% recognize all the things that are there but<01:16:04.960> i<01:16:05.040> think<01:16:05.280> gradually<01:16:05.679> we're<01:16:05.920> making 01:16:06.229 --> 01:16:06.239 align:start position:0% but i think gradually we're making 01:16:06.239 --> 01:16:08.310 align:start position:0% but i think gradually we're making progress<01:16:06.640> on<01:16:06.800> that 01:16:08.310 --> 01:16:08.320 align:start position:0% progress on that 01:16:08.320 --> 01:16:09.750 align:start position:0% progress on that and<01:16:08.480> what<01:16:08.640> about<01:16:08.800> more<01:16:08.960> specifically<01:16:09.520> in<01:16:09.679> the 01:16:09.750 --> 01:16:09.760 align:start position:0% and what about more specifically in the 01:16:09.760 --> 01:16:11.910 align:start position:0% and what about more specifically in the area<01:16:10.000> of<01:16:10.159> planning<01:16:10.719> so<01:16:10.880> just<01:16:11.280> historically 01:16:11.910 --> 01:16:11.920 align:start position:0% area of planning so just historically 01:16:11.920 --> 01:16:13.510 align:start position:0% area of planning so just historically what<01:16:12.080> have<01:16:12.159> been<01:16:12.320> the<01:16:12.400> big<01:16:12.719> problems<01:16:13.199> that 01:16:13.510 --> 01:16:13.520 align:start position:0% what have been the big problems that 01:16:13.520 --> 01:16:15.030 align:start position:0% what have been the big problems that have<01:16:13.679> been<01:16:13.920> solved<01:16:14.400> and<01:16:14.480> looking<01:16:14.800> to<01:16:14.960> the 01:16:15.030 --> 01:16:15.040 align:start position:0% have been solved and looking to the 01:16:15.040 --> 01:16:17.350 align:start position:0% have been solved and looking to the future<01:16:15.360> what<01:16:15.520> are<01:16:15.600> the<01:16:15.679> big<01:16:15.920> problems<01:16:16.320> ahead 01:16:17.350 --> 01:16:17.360 align:start position:0% future what are the big problems ahead 01:16:17.360 --> 01:16:18.790 align:start position:0% future what are the big problems ahead i<01:16:17.440> think<01:16:17.600> planning<01:16:18.000> is<01:16:18.159> pretty<01:16:18.320> well<01:16:18.560> under 01:16:18.790 --> 01:16:18.800 align:start position:0% i think planning is pretty well under 01:16:18.800 --> 01:16:20.470 align:start position:0% i think planning is pretty well under control<01:16:19.199> now<01:16:19.360> and<01:16:19.520> i<01:16:19.679> haven't<01:16:19.920> been<01:16:20.080> keeping 01:16:20.470 --> 01:16:20.480 align:start position:0% control now and i haven't been keeping 01:16:20.480 --> 01:16:22.070 align:start position:0% control now and i haven't been keeping track<01:16:20.719> of<01:16:20.800> that<01:16:21.040> literature 01:16:22.070 --> 01:16:22.080 align:start position:0% track of that literature 01:16:22.080 --> 01:16:24.870 align:start position:0% track of that literature frankly<01:16:23.040> but<01:16:23.440> um<01:16:24.239> there<01:16:24.400> are<01:16:24.480> various 01:16:24.870 --> 01:16:24.880 align:start position:0% frankly but um there are various 01:16:24.880 --> 01:16:25.990 align:start position:0% frankly but um there are various programs<01:16:25.520> that 01:16:25.990 --> 01:16:26.000 align:start position:0% programs that 01:16:26.000 --> 01:16:29.350 align:start position:0% programs that win<01:16:26.560> so-called<01:16:27.040> arpa<01:16:27.520> planning<01:16:27.840> contests 01:16:29.350 --> 01:16:29.360 align:start position:0% win so-called arpa planning contests 01:16:29.360 --> 01:16:32.229 align:start position:0% win so-called arpa planning contests and<01:16:30.080> they<01:16:30.239> put<01:16:30.400> together<01:16:30.800> plans<01:16:31.280> that<01:16:31.840> seem<01:16:32.080> to 01:16:32.229 --> 01:16:32.239 align:start position:0% and they put together plans that seem to 01:16:32.239 --> 01:16:33.830 align:start position:0% and they put together plans that seem to be<01:16:32.480> quite<01:16:32.640> beyond<01:16:33.040> what<01:16:33.199> humans<01:16:33.600> would 01:16:33.830 --> 01:16:33.840 align:start position:0% be quite beyond what humans would 01:16:33.840 --> 01:16:35.669 align:start position:0% be quite beyond what humans would ordinarily<01:16:34.320> do 01:16:35.669 --> 01:16:35.679 align:start position:0% ordinarily do 01:16:35.679 --> 01:16:41.189 align:start position:0% ordinarily do planning<01:16:37.440> movement<01:16:37.920> of<01:16:38.560> supplies 01:16:41.189 --> 01:16:41.199 align:start position:0% planning movement of supplies 01:16:41.199 --> 01:16:45.510 align:start position:0% planning movement of supplies doing<01:16:41.760> things<01:16:42.080> like<01:16:42.320> pert<01:16:42.560> charts<01:16:43.840> and 01:16:45.510 --> 01:16:45.520 align:start position:0% doing things like pert charts and 01:16:45.520 --> 01:16:48.229 align:start position:0% doing things like pert charts and for<01:16:45.679> a<01:16:45.760> long<01:16:46.000> time<01:16:46.960> i<01:16:47.040> think<01:16:47.280> the<01:16:47.520> problem<01:16:47.920> of 01:16:48.229 --> 01:16:48.239 align:start position:0% for a long time i think the problem of 01:16:48.239 --> 01:16:50.390 align:start position:0% for a long time i think the problem of dealing<01:16:48.560> with<01:16:48.800> plans<01:16:49.280> which<01:16:49.520> had<01:16:49.760> a 01:16:50.390 --> 01:16:50.400 align:start position:0% dealing with plans which had a 01:16:50.400 --> 01:16:53.750 align:start position:0% dealing with plans which had a a<01:16:50.960> um<01:16:52.320> a<01:16:52.400> big<01:16:52.719> aspect<01:16:53.199> of<01:16:53.360> time 01:16:53.750 --> 01:16:53.760 align:start position:0% a um a big aspect of time 01:16:53.760 --> 01:16:55.110 align:start position:0% a um a big aspect of time involved<01:16:54.159> in<01:16:54.239> them<01:16:54.400> like<01:16:54.640> certain<01:16:54.880> things 01:16:55.110 --> 01:16:55.120 align:start position:0% involved in them like certain things 01:16:55.120 --> 01:16:57.110 align:start position:0% involved in them like certain things would<01:16:55.280> take<01:16:55.440> a<01:16:55.520> certain<01:16:55.760> amount<01:16:56.000> of<01:16:56.159> time 01:16:57.110 --> 01:16:57.120 align:start position:0% would take a certain amount of time 01:16:57.120 --> 01:16:58.709 align:start position:0% would take a certain amount of time these<01:16:57.440> things<01:16:57.679> could<01:16:57.840> be<01:16:57.920> done<01:16:58.159> in<01:16:58.239> parallel 01:16:58.709 --> 01:16:58.719 align:start position:0% these things could be done in parallel 01:16:58.719 --> 01:17:01.030 align:start position:0% these things could be done in parallel these<01:16:58.960> other<01:16:59.120> things<01:16:59.360> couldn't<01:16:59.679> be<01:16:59.840> done 01:17:01.030 --> 01:17:01.040 align:start position:0% these other things couldn't be done 01:17:01.040 --> 01:17:04.310 align:start position:0% these other things couldn't be done how<01:17:01.199> do<01:17:01.360> you<01:17:02.000> uh<01:17:02.560> how<01:17:02.719> do<01:17:03.280> certain<01:17:04.000> time 01:17:04.310 --> 01:17:04.320 align:start position:0% how do you uh how do certain time 01:17:04.320 --> 01:17:05.590 align:start position:0% how do you uh how do certain time dependent<01:17:04.880> processes 01:17:05.590 --> 01:17:05.600 align:start position:0% dependent processes 01:17:05.600 --> 01:17:07.830 align:start position:0% dependent processes interact<01:17:06.640> and<01:17:06.960> i<01:17:07.040> think<01:17:07.199> that's<01:17:07.440> largely<01:17:07.760> i 01:17:07.830 --> 01:17:07.840 align:start position:0% interact and i think that's largely i 01:17:07.840 --> 01:17:09.110 align:start position:0% interact and i think that's largely i think<01:17:08.000> they've<01:17:08.159> made<01:17:08.320> a<01:17:08.400> lot<01:17:08.480> of<01:17:08.560> progress<01:17:09.040> in 01:17:09.110 --> 01:17:09.120 align:start position:0% think they've made a lot of progress in 01:17:09.120 --> 01:17:09.430 align:start position:0% think they've made a lot of progress in that 01:17:09.430 --> 01:17:09.440 align:start position:0% that 01:17:09.440 --> 01:17:10.790 align:start position:0% that although<01:17:09.679> i<01:17:09.760> haven't<01:17:10.000> been<01:17:10.159> keeping<01:17:10.480> up<01:17:10.560> with 01:17:10.790 --> 01:17:10.800 align:start position:0% although i haven't been keeping up with 01:17:10.800 --> 01:17:13.110 align:start position:0% although i haven't been keeping up with it 01:17:13.110 --> 01:17:13.120 align:start position:0% 01:17:13.120 --> 01:17:16.149 align:start position:0% um<01:17:13.440> and<01:17:13.679> in<01:17:13.760> terms<01:17:14.159> of<01:17:14.800> um<01:17:15.440> so<01:17:15.600> this<01:17:15.840> project 01:17:16.149 --> 01:17:16.159 align:start position:0% um and in terms of um so this project 01:17:16.159 --> 01:17:17.270 align:start position:0% um and in terms of um so this project you<01:17:16.320> did<01:17:16.480> right<01:17:16.719> after 01:17:17.270 --> 01:17:17.280 align:start position:0% you did right after 01:17:17.280 --> 01:17:21.030 align:start position:0% you did right after shaky<01:17:18.239> which<01:17:18.480> was<01:17:18.719> the<01:17:18.960> sort<01:17:19.199> of<01:17:19.360> uh<01:17:20.000> coaching 01:17:21.030 --> 01:17:21.040 align:start position:0% shaky which was the sort of uh coaching 01:17:21.040 --> 01:17:22.950 align:start position:0% shaky which was the sort of uh coaching coaching<01:17:21.679> the<01:17:21.840> computer-based<01:17:22.480> consultant 01:17:22.950 --> 01:17:22.960 align:start position:0% coaching the computer-based consultant 01:17:22.960 --> 01:17:24.550 align:start position:0% coaching the computer-based consultant as<01:17:23.040> we<01:17:23.199> called<01:17:23.440> it<01:17:23.679> um<01:17:24.000> this<01:17:24.320> is 01:17:24.550 --> 01:17:24.560 align:start position:0% as we called it um this is 01:17:24.560 --> 01:17:25.910 align:start position:0% as we called it um this is sort<01:17:24.719> of<01:17:24.880> a<01:17:24.960> form<01:17:25.120> of<01:17:25.199> human<01:17:25.520> robot 01:17:25.910 --> 01:17:25.920 align:start position:0% sort of a form of human robot 01:17:25.920 --> 01:17:27.830 align:start position:0% sort of a form of human robot interaction<01:17:26.880> and<01:17:27.040> that's<01:17:27.199> where<01:17:27.440> computer 01:17:27.830 --> 01:17:27.840 align:start position:0% interaction and that's where computer 01:17:27.840 --> 01:17:29.510 align:start position:0% interaction and that's where computer human<01:17:28.159> interaction 01:17:29.510 --> 01:17:29.520 align:start position:0% human interaction 01:17:29.520 --> 01:17:31.830 align:start position:0% human interaction do<01:17:29.679> you<01:17:29.760> see<01:17:30.159> areas<01:17:30.640> in<01:17:30.719> which<01:17:31.120> ai<01:17:31.600> will 01:17:31.830 --> 01:17:31.840 align:start position:0% do you see areas in which ai will 01:17:31.840 --> 01:17:33.669 align:start position:0% do you see areas in which ai will advance<01:17:32.480> the<01:17:32.640> ability<01:17:33.040> of<01:17:33.120> robots<01:17:33.520> to 01:17:33.669 --> 01:17:33.679 align:start position:0% advance the ability of robots to 01:17:33.679 --> 01:17:34.229 align:start position:0% advance the ability of robots to interact 01:17:34.229 --> 01:17:34.239 align:start position:0% interact 01:17:34.239 --> 01:17:36.550 align:start position:0% interact directly<01:17:34.640> with<01:17:34.800> people<01:17:36.080> well<01:17:36.320> there<01:17:36.400> are<01:17:36.480> a 01:17:36.550 --> 01:17:36.560 align:start position:0% directly with people well there are a 01:17:36.560 --> 01:17:38.070 align:start position:0% directly with people well there are a lot<01:17:36.640> of<01:17:36.800> people<01:17:37.040> focusing 01:17:38.070 --> 01:17:38.080 align:start position:0% lot of people focusing 01:17:38.080 --> 01:17:40.790 align:start position:0% lot of people focusing on<01:17:38.640> interaction<01:17:39.199> between<01:17:39.600> humans<01:17:39.920> and<01:17:40.000> robots 01:17:40.790 --> 01:17:40.800 align:start position:0% on interaction between humans and robots 01:17:40.800 --> 01:17:42.070 align:start position:0% on interaction between humans and robots particularly 01:17:42.070 --> 01:17:42.080 align:start position:0% particularly 01:17:42.080 --> 01:17:45.750 align:start position:0% particularly the<01:17:42.880> um<01:17:44.000> social<01:17:44.400> interaction 01:17:45.750 --> 01:17:45.760 align:start position:0% the um social interaction 01:17:45.760 --> 01:17:47.990 align:start position:0% the um social interaction amongst<01:17:46.159> them<01:17:46.719> i<01:17:46.800> think<01:17:47.040> some<01:17:47.360> people<01:17:47.600> at 01:17:47.990 --> 01:17:48.000 align:start position:0% amongst them i think some people at 01:17:48.000 --> 01:17:49.030 align:start position:0% amongst them i think some people at cynthia<01:17:48.400> brazil 01:17:49.030 --> 01:17:49.040 align:start position:0% cynthia brazil 01:17:49.040 --> 01:17:52.229 align:start position:0% cynthia brazil at<01:17:49.520> mit<01:17:50.080> and<01:17:50.239> some<01:17:50.480> others<01:17:51.360> uh<01:17:51.679> haven't<01:17:51.920> kept 01:17:52.229 --> 01:17:52.239 align:start position:0% at mit and some others uh haven't kept 01:17:52.239 --> 01:17:53.270 align:start position:0% at mit and some others uh haven't kept up<01:17:52.320> with<01:17:52.480> that<01:17:52.640> either 01:17:53.270 --> 01:17:53.280 align:start position:0% up with that either 01:17:53.280 --> 01:17:56.390 align:start position:0% up with that either but<01:17:53.600> yeah<01:17:53.840> i<01:17:54.000> mean<01:17:55.280> humans<01:17:55.679> are<01:17:55.840> going<01:17:56.000> to<01:17:56.159> have 01:17:56.390 --> 01:17:56.400 align:start position:0% but yeah i mean humans are going to have 01:17:56.400 --> 01:17:57.030 align:start position:0% but yeah i mean humans are going to have to 01:17:57.030 --> 01:17:57.040 align:start position:0% to 01:17:57.040 --> 01:17:59.430 align:start position:0% to well<01:17:57.920> we<01:17:58.159> we<01:17:58.320> hope<01:17:58.560> we<01:17:58.719> don't<01:17:58.880> put<01:17:59.040> too<01:17:59.199> much<01:17:59.360> of 01:17:59.430 --> 01:17:59.440 align:start position:0% well we we hope we don't put too much of 01:17:59.440 --> 01:18:01.430 align:start position:0% well we we hope we don't put too much of the<01:17:59.520> burden<01:17:59.840> on<01:18:00.000> humans 01:18:01.430 --> 01:18:01.440 align:start position:0% the burden on humans 01:18:01.440 --> 01:18:03.910 align:start position:0% the burden on humans that<01:18:01.840> they<01:18:02.080> have<01:18:02.320> to<01:18:02.960> be<01:18:03.120> specially<01:18:03.600> trained 01:18:03.910 --> 01:18:03.920 align:start position:0% that they have to be specially trained 01:18:03.920 --> 01:18:04.950 align:start position:0% that they have to be specially trained to<01:18:04.080> be<01:18:04.239> able<01:18:04.480> to 01:18:04.950 --> 01:18:04.960 align:start position:0% to be able to 01:18:04.960 --> 01:18:07.110 align:start position:0% to be able to interact<01:18:05.360> with<01:18:05.679> robots<01:18:06.239> but<01:18:06.640> robots<01:18:07.040> are 01:18:07.110 --> 01:18:07.120 align:start position:0% interact with robots but robots are 01:18:07.120 --> 01:18:09.030 align:start position:0% interact with robots but robots are going<01:18:07.199> to<01:18:07.360> have<01:18:07.440> to<01:18:07.600> understand<01:18:08.000> humans 01:18:09.030 --> 01:18:09.040 align:start position:0% going to have to understand humans 01:18:09.040 --> 01:18:12.390 align:start position:0% going to have to understand humans and<01:18:09.679> so<01:18:10.320> there<01:18:10.560> is<01:18:10.640> the<01:18:10.800> need<01:18:11.120> for 01:18:12.390 --> 01:18:12.400 align:start position:0% and so there is the need for 01:18:12.400 --> 01:18:15.189 align:start position:0% and so there is the need for i<01:18:12.560> believe<01:18:12.880> robots<01:18:13.360> to<01:18:13.440> have<01:18:13.679> models<01:18:14.719> of<01:18:14.880> what 01:18:15.189 --> 01:18:15.199 align:start position:0% i believe robots to have models of what 01:18:15.199 --> 01:18:16.709 align:start position:0% i believe robots to have models of what humans<01:18:15.600> believe<01:18:16.000> what<01:18:16.239> human 01:18:16.709 --> 01:18:16.719 align:start position:0% humans believe what human 01:18:16.719 --> 01:18:18.950 align:start position:0% humans believe what human goals<01:18:17.199> are<01:18:17.840> what<01:18:18.000> it<01:18:18.159> is<01:18:18.320> people<01:18:18.560> are<01:18:18.719> trying 01:18:18.950 --> 01:18:18.960 align:start position:0% goals are what it is people are trying 01:18:18.960 --> 01:18:20.310 align:start position:0% goals are what it is people are trying to<01:18:19.040> do 01:18:20.310 --> 01:18:20.320 align:start position:0% to do 01:18:20.320 --> 01:18:23.830 align:start position:0% to do and<01:18:20.800> so<01:18:21.600> for<01:18:21.760> a<01:18:21.840> long<01:18:22.080> time<01:18:22.320> there<01:18:22.480> was<01:18:22.719> work<01:18:23.120> on 01:18:23.830 --> 01:18:23.840 align:start position:0% and so for a long time there was work on 01:18:23.840 --> 01:18:26.070 align:start position:0% and so for a long time there was work on uh<01:18:24.080> what<01:18:24.320> might<01:18:25.120> the<01:18:25.280> psychologist<01:18:25.840> might 01:18:26.070 --> 01:18:26.080 align:start position:0% uh what might the psychologist might 01:18:26.080 --> 01:18:27.669 align:start position:0% uh what might the psychologist might call<01:18:26.239> theories<01:18:26.640> of<01:18:26.719> mind 01:18:27.669 --> 01:18:27.679 align:start position:0% call theories of mind 01:18:27.679 --> 01:18:30.229 align:start position:0% call theories of mind how<01:18:27.920> is<01:18:28.080> it<01:18:28.159> that<01:18:28.400> one<01:18:28.640> agent<01:18:29.199> can<01:18:29.760> understand 01:18:30.229 --> 01:18:30.239 align:start position:0% how is it that one agent can understand 01:18:30.239 --> 01:18:31.910 align:start position:0% how is it that one agent can understand what<01:18:30.400> another<01:18:30.800> agent<01:18:31.120> believes<01:18:31.600> and<01:18:31.760> what 01:18:31.910 --> 01:18:31.920 align:start position:0% what another agent believes and what 01:18:31.920 --> 01:18:33.510 align:start position:0% what another agent believes and what another<01:18:32.320> agent<01:18:32.719> might 01:18:33.510 --> 01:18:33.520 align:start position:0% another agent might 01:18:33.520 --> 01:18:36.950 align:start position:0% another agent might um<01:18:34.480> might<01:18:34.719> conclude<01:18:36.000> and<01:18:36.320> there<01:18:36.480> are<01:18:36.640> special 01:18:36.950 --> 01:18:36.960 align:start position:0% um might conclude and there are special 01:18:36.960 --> 01:18:39.110 align:start position:0% um might conclude and there are special logics<01:18:37.440> designed<01:18:37.920> for<01:18:38.080> dealing<01:18:38.320> with<01:18:38.480> that 01:18:39.110 --> 01:18:39.120 align:start position:0% logics designed for dealing with that 01:18:39.120 --> 01:18:41.189 align:start position:0% logics designed for dealing with that i'm<01:18:39.280> not<01:18:39.440> sure<01:18:39.679> where<01:18:39.840> that's<01:18:40.080> going<01:18:40.400> nowadays 01:18:41.189 --> 01:18:41.199 align:start position:0% i'm not sure where that's going nowadays 01:18:41.199 --> 01:18:43.189 align:start position:0% i'm not sure where that's going nowadays but<01:18:41.360> i<01:18:41.440> think<01:18:41.679> it's<01:18:41.840> an<01:18:41.920> important<01:18:42.480> area<01:18:42.880> for 01:18:43.189 --> 01:18:43.199 align:start position:0% but i think it's an important area for 01:18:43.199 --> 01:18:47.430 align:start position:0% but i think it's an important area for uh<01:18:43.520> for<01:18:43.760> work<01:18:44.640> and<01:18:45.840> robots<01:18:46.239> will<01:18:46.480> have<01:18:46.640> to<01:18:46.719> have 01:18:47.430 --> 01:18:47.440 align:start position:0% uh for work and robots will have to have 01:18:47.440 --> 01:18:50.070 align:start position:0% uh for work and robots will have to have some<01:18:47.679> idea<01:18:48.000> of<01:18:48.080> what<01:18:48.320> it<01:18:48.480> is<01:18:48.800> that<01:18:49.280> the<01:18:49.760> people 01:18:50.070 --> 01:18:50.080 align:start position:0% some idea of what it is that the people 01:18:50.080 --> 01:18:51.110 align:start position:0% some idea of what it is that the people around<01:18:50.400> them<01:18:50.640> are 01:18:51.110 --> 01:18:51.120 align:start position:0% around them are 01:18:51.120 --> 01:18:52.950 align:start position:0% around them are wanting<01:18:51.440> to<01:18:51.520> do<01:18:51.679> what<01:18:51.840> their<01:18:52.080> goals<01:18:52.400> are<01:18:52.719> how 01:18:52.950 --> 01:18:52.960 align:start position:0% wanting to do what their goals are how 01:18:52.960 --> 01:18:54.630 align:start position:0% wanting to do what their goals are how the<01:18:53.040> robots<01:18:53.520> can<01:18:53.679> either<01:18:53.920> get<01:18:54.080> out<01:18:54.159> of<01:18:54.239> the<01:18:54.320> way 01:18:54.630 --> 01:18:54.640 align:start position:0% the robots can either get out of the way 01:18:54.640 --> 01:18:55.510 align:start position:0% the robots can either get out of the way or 01:18:55.510 --> 01:18:55.520 align:start position:0% or 01:18:55.520 --> 01:18:58.790 align:start position:0% or help<01:18:55.920> achieve<01:18:56.320> those<01:18:56.560> goals 01:18:58.790 --> 01:18:58.800 align:start position:0% help achieve those goals 01:18:58.800 --> 01:19:00.630 align:start position:0% help achieve those goals and<01:18:59.120> you<01:18:59.280> mentioned<01:18:59.600> before<01:19:00.000> that<01:19:00.320> a<01:19:00.400> lot<01:19:00.560> of 01:19:00.630 --> 01:19:00.640 align:start position:0% and you mentioned before that a lot of 01:19:00.640 --> 01:19:02.709 align:start position:0% and you mentioned before that a lot of the<01:19:00.800> methods<01:19:01.600> that<01:19:01.760> are<01:19:02.000> successful<01:19:02.480> are<01:19:02.560> the 01:19:02.709 --> 01:19:02.719 align:start position:0% the methods that are successful are the 01:19:02.719 --> 01:19:04.950 align:start position:0% the methods that are successful are the ones<01:19:02.880> that<01:19:03.040> need<01:19:03.199> lots<01:19:03.440> of<01:19:03.520> lots<01:19:03.760> of<01:19:03.920> examples 01:19:04.950 --> 01:19:04.960 align:start position:0% ones that need lots of lots of examples 01:19:04.960 --> 01:19:07.430 align:start position:0% ones that need lots of lots of examples whether<01:19:05.280> it's<01:19:06.159> natural<01:19:06.480> language<01:19:06.960> or<01:19:07.040> image 01:19:07.430 --> 01:19:07.440 align:start position:0% whether it's natural language or image 01:19:07.440 --> 01:19:08.310 align:start position:0% whether it's natural language or image processing 01:19:08.310 --> 01:19:08.320 align:start position:0% processing 01:19:08.320 --> 01:19:09.189 align:start position:0% processing do<01:19:08.480> you<01:19:08.560> think<01:19:08.640> that's<01:19:08.880> going<01:19:08.960> to<01:19:09.040> be<01:19:09.120> a 01:19:09.189 --> 01:19:09.199 align:start position:0% do you think that's going to be a 01:19:09.199 --> 01:19:10.790 align:start position:0% do you think that's going to be a problem<01:19:09.440> for<01:19:09.600> robots<01:19:10.000> that<01:19:10.159> have<01:19:10.320> to<01:19:10.400> interact 01:19:10.790 --> 01:19:10.800 align:start position:0% problem for robots that have to interact 01:19:10.800 --> 01:19:12.390 align:start position:0% problem for robots that have to interact with<01:19:10.960> the<01:19:11.040> world<01:19:11.360> and 01:19:12.390 --> 01:19:12.400 align:start position:0% with the world and 01:19:12.400 --> 01:19:14.550 align:start position:0% with the world and some<01:19:12.560> of<01:19:12.640> their<01:19:13.120> examples<01:19:13.760> might<01:19:14.000> be<01:19:14.320> you<01:19:14.400> know 01:19:14.550 --> 01:19:14.560 align:start position:0% some of their examples might be you know 01:19:14.560 --> 01:19:15.590 align:start position:0% some of their examples might be you know crashing<01:19:14.960> into<01:19:15.199> things 01:19:15.590 --> 01:19:15.600 align:start position:0% crashing into things 01:19:15.600 --> 01:19:17.910 align:start position:0% crashing into things and<01:19:15.679> things<01:19:15.920> like<01:19:16.159> that<01:19:17.360> well<01:19:17.520> there's<01:19:17.760> no 01:19:17.910 --> 01:19:17.920 align:start position:0% and things like that well there's no 01:19:17.920 --> 01:19:19.430 align:start position:0% and things like that well there's no reason<01:19:18.159> why<01:19:18.320> you<01:19:18.400> can't<01:19:18.640> give<01:19:18.800> them<01:19:19.040> lots<01:19:19.280> of 01:19:19.430 --> 01:19:19.440 align:start position:0% reason why you can't give them lots of 01:19:19.440 --> 01:19:20.310 align:start position:0% reason why you can't give them lots of examples 01:19:20.310 --> 01:19:20.320 align:start position:0% examples 01:19:20.320 --> 01:19:22.709 align:start position:0% examples i<01:19:20.400> mean<01:19:20.560> they<01:19:20.719> don't<01:19:20.880> have<01:19:21.040> to<01:19:21.520> in<01:19:21.679> their<01:19:22.000> life 01:19:22.709 --> 01:19:22.719 align:start position:0% i mean they don't have to in their life 01:19:22.719 --> 01:19:24.630 align:start position:0% i mean they don't have to in their life have<01:19:22.880> experienced<01:19:23.440> all<01:19:23.600> those<01:19:23.840> examples 01:19:24.630 --> 01:19:24.640 align:start position:0% have experienced all those examples 01:19:24.640 --> 01:19:26.950 align:start position:0% have experienced all those examples you<01:19:24.800> can<01:19:24.880> just<01:19:25.040> put<01:19:25.199> them<01:19:25.360> in<01:19:26.480> which<01:19:26.719> you<01:19:26.800> can't 01:19:26.950 --> 01:19:26.960 align:start position:0% you can just put them in which you can't 01:19:26.960 --> 01:19:29.030 align:start position:0% you can just put them in which you can't do<01:19:27.120> with<01:19:27.280> humans 01:19:29.030 --> 01:19:29.040 align:start position:0% do with humans 01:19:29.040 --> 01:19:31.189 align:start position:0% do with humans um<01:19:29.600> so<01:19:30.000> with<01:19:30.159> humans<01:19:30.480> you<01:19:30.640> actually<01:19:30.960> have<01:19:31.120> to 01:19:31.189 --> 01:19:31.199 align:start position:0% um so with humans you actually have to 01:19:31.199 --> 01:19:32.470 align:start position:0% um so with humans you actually have to learn<01:19:31.520> by 01:19:32.470 --> 01:19:32.480 align:start position:0% learn by 01:19:32.480 --> 01:19:35.189 align:start position:0% learn by by<01:19:32.640> living<01:19:33.840> both<01:19:34.080> robots<01:19:34.480> you<01:19:34.640> can<01:19:34.719> put<01:19:34.960> the 01:19:35.189 --> 01:19:35.199 align:start position:0% by living both robots you can put the 01:19:35.199 --> 01:19:36.070 align:start position:0% by living both robots you can put the the<01:19:35.440> life<01:19:35.840> of 01:19:36.070 --> 01:19:36.080 align:start position:0% the life of 01:19:36.080 --> 01:19:39.750 align:start position:0% the life of previous<01:19:36.719> robots<01:19:37.679> right<01:19:37.920> into<01:19:38.159> them 01:19:39.750 --> 01:19:39.760 align:start position:0% previous robots right into them 01:19:39.760 --> 01:19:43.270 align:start position:0% previous robots right into them and<01:19:40.000> uh<01:19:42.560> so 01:19:43.270 --> 01:19:43.280 align:start position:0% and uh so 01:19:43.280 --> 01:19:46.390 align:start position:0% and uh so um<01:19:43.920> and<01:19:44.239> in<01:19:44.719> the<01:19:44.800> case<01:19:45.040> of<01:19:45.199> watson 01:19:46.390 --> 01:19:46.400 align:start position:0% um and in the case of watson 01:19:46.400 --> 01:19:47.750 align:start position:0% um and in the case of watson were<01:19:46.560> there<01:19:46.719> specific<01:19:47.040> things<01:19:47.280> you<01:19:47.360> noticed 01:19:47.750 --> 01:19:47.760 align:start position:0% were there specific things you noticed 01:19:47.760 --> 01:19:49.430 align:start position:0% were there specific things you noticed and<01:19:47.840> the<01:19:47.920> kinds<01:19:48.239> of<01:19:48.480> errors<01:19:48.800> that<01:19:48.960> it<01:19:49.120> made 01:19:49.430 --> 01:19:49.440 align:start position:0% and the kinds of errors that it made 01:19:49.440 --> 01:19:51.189 align:start position:0% and the kinds of errors that it made that<01:19:49.920> made<01:19:50.080> you<01:19:50.239> sort<01:19:50.400> of<01:19:50.480> think<01:19:50.719> about<01:19:51.040> how 01:19:51.189 --> 01:19:51.199 align:start position:0% that made you sort of think about how 01:19:51.199 --> 01:19:52.550 align:start position:0% that made you sort of think about how the<01:19:51.360> structuring<01:19:51.840> common<01:19:52.239> sense 01:19:52.550 --> 01:19:52.560 align:start position:0% the structuring common sense 01:19:52.560 --> 01:19:54.550 align:start position:0% the structuring common sense you<01:19:52.640> know<01:19:52.719> i<01:19:52.880> recorded<01:19:53.360> all<01:19:53.520> of<01:19:53.600> that<01:19:54.239> and<01:19:54.400> i 01:19:54.550 --> 01:19:54.560 align:start position:0% you know i recorded all of that and i 01:19:54.560 --> 01:19:56.310 align:start position:0% you know i recorded all of that and i looked<01:19:54.800> at<01:19:54.960> it<01:19:55.280> i've<01:19:55.440> forgotten<01:19:55.920> some<01:19:56.080> of<01:19:56.239> the 01:19:56.310 --> 01:19:56.320 align:start position:0% looked at it i've forgotten some of the 01:19:56.320 --> 01:19:57.750 align:start position:0% looked at it i've forgotten some of the questions<01:19:56.719> that<01:19:56.880> were<01:19:57.040> asked 01:19:57.750 --> 01:19:57.760 align:start position:0% questions that were asked 01:19:57.760 --> 01:20:00.950 align:start position:0% questions that were asked i<01:19:57.920> know<01:19:58.159> it<01:19:58.960> it<01:19:59.360> um<01:20:00.080> well 01:20:00.950 --> 01:20:00.960 align:start position:0% i know it it um well 01:20:00.960 --> 01:20:03.750 align:start position:0% i know it it um well for<01:20:01.120> example<01:20:01.679> it<01:20:02.320> on<01:20:02.480> this<01:20:02.719> toronto<01:20:03.360> thing 01:20:03.750 --> 01:20:03.760 align:start position:0% for example it on this toronto thing 01:20:03.760 --> 01:20:04.950 align:start position:0% for example it on this toronto thing remember<01:20:04.159> the 01:20:04.950 --> 01:20:04.960 align:start position:0% remember the 01:20:04.960 --> 01:20:07.830 align:start position:0% remember the example<01:20:05.440> in<01:20:05.520> which<01:20:06.000> it<01:20:06.080> was<01:20:06.320> asked<01:20:07.199> uh<01:20:07.600> well 01:20:07.830 --> 01:20:07.840 align:start position:0% example in which it was asked uh well 01:20:07.840 --> 01:20:09.270 align:start position:0% example in which it was asked uh well the<01:20:08.000> clue<01:20:08.320> was 01:20:09.270 --> 01:20:09.280 align:start position:0% the clue was 01:20:09.280 --> 01:20:12.390 align:start position:0% the clue was world<01:20:09.679> war<01:20:10.960> ii<01:20:11.280> aviators<01:20:12.080> or 01:20:12.390 --> 01:20:12.400 align:start position:0% world war ii aviators or 01:20:12.400 --> 01:20:14.550 align:start position:0% world war ii aviators or naval<01:20:12.800> battles<01:20:13.280> for<01:20:13.440> which<01:20:13.920> airports<01:20:14.320> were 01:20:14.550 --> 01:20:14.560 align:start position:0% naval battles for which airports were 01:20:14.560 --> 01:20:15.590 align:start position:0% naval battles for which airports were named 01:20:15.590 --> 01:20:15.600 align:start position:0% named 01:20:15.600 --> 01:20:19.270 align:start position:0% named and<01:20:16.159> the<01:20:16.320> answer<01:20:17.440> would<01:20:17.679> be<01:20:17.920> midway 01:20:19.270 --> 01:20:19.280 align:start position:0% and the answer would be midway 01:20:19.280 --> 01:20:22.950 align:start position:0% and the answer would be midway and<01:20:19.679> chicago<01:20:20.960> and<01:20:21.199> o'hare 01:20:22.950 --> 01:20:22.960 align:start position:0% and chicago and o'hare 01:20:22.960 --> 01:20:25.430 align:start position:0% and chicago and o'hare and<01:20:23.440> it<01:20:23.760> mentioned<01:20:24.159> something<01:20:24.560> in<01:20:24.639> toronto<01:20:25.280> i 01:20:25.430 --> 01:20:25.440 align:start position:0% and it mentioned something in toronto i 01:20:25.440 --> 01:20:27.189 align:start position:0% and it mentioned something in toronto i think 01:20:27.189 --> 01:20:27.199 align:start position:0% think 01:20:27.199 --> 01:20:28.550 align:start position:0% think even<01:20:27.440> though<01:20:27.600> it's<01:20:27.760> supposed<01:20:27.920> to<01:20:28.000> be<01:20:28.159> a<01:20:28.239> u.s 01:20:28.550 --> 01:20:28.560 align:start position:0% even though it's supposed to be a u.s 01:20:28.560 --> 01:20:31.189 align:start position:0% even though it's supposed to be a u.s city<01:20:29.360> and<01:20:29.520> i<01:20:29.679> think<01:20:29.920> the 01:20:31.189 --> 01:20:31.199 align:start position:0% city and i think the 01:20:31.199 --> 01:20:33.750 align:start position:0% city and i think the people<01:20:31.520> who<01:20:31.760> designed<01:20:32.159> it<01:20:32.320> explained<01:20:32.800> that 01:20:33.750 --> 01:20:33.760 align:start position:0% people who designed it explained that 01:20:33.760 --> 01:20:34.790 align:start position:0% people who designed it explained that well 01:20:34.790 --> 01:20:34.800 align:start position:0% well 01:20:34.800 --> 01:20:37.830 align:start position:0% well often<01:20:35.199> times<01:20:35.600> the<01:20:35.840> category<01:20:36.400> u.s<01:20:36.719> city<01:20:37.040> is 01:20:37.830 --> 01:20:37.840 align:start position:0% often times the category u.s city is 01:20:37.840 --> 01:20:39.750 align:start position:0% often times the category u.s city is doesn't<01:20:38.080> really<01:20:38.400> mean<01:20:38.719> exactly<01:20:39.199> u.s<01:20:39.440> city 01:20:39.750 --> 01:20:39.760 align:start position:0% doesn't really mean exactly u.s city 01:20:39.760 --> 01:20:40.950 align:start position:0% doesn't really mean exactly u.s city it's<01:20:39.840> sort<01:20:40.000> of<01:20:40.159> general 01:20:40.950 --> 01:20:40.960 align:start position:0% it's sort of general 01:20:40.960 --> 01:20:44.070 align:start position:0% it's sort of general and<01:20:41.120> so<01:20:41.600> it<01:20:42.080> didn't<01:20:42.639> count<01:20:42.960> that<01:20:43.199> as<01:20:43.360> heavily 01:20:44.070 --> 01:20:44.080 align:start position:0% and so it didn't count that as heavily 01:20:44.080 --> 01:20:45.590 align:start position:0% and so it didn't count that as heavily watson<01:20:44.400> didn't<01:20:44.639> count<01:20:44.800> that<01:20:45.040> as<01:20:45.120> heavily<01:20:45.520> as 01:20:45.590 --> 01:20:45.600 align:start position:0% watson didn't count that as heavily as 01:20:45.600 --> 01:20:47.510 align:start position:0% watson didn't count that as heavily as it<01:20:45.679> should<01:20:46.000> have<01:20:47.040> but 01:20:47.510 --> 01:20:47.520 align:start position:0% it should have but 01:20:47.520 --> 01:20:49.270 align:start position:0% it should have but uh<01:20:47.760> i<01:20:48.000> don't<01:20:48.080> know<01:20:48.239> perhaps<01:20:48.639> some<01:20:48.880> common 01:20:49.270 --> 01:20:49.280 align:start position:0% uh i don't know perhaps some common 01:20:49.280 --> 01:20:51.350 align:start position:0% uh i don't know perhaps some common sense<01:20:49.600> about<01:20:49.920> how<01:20:50.159> those 01:20:51.350 --> 01:20:51.360 align:start position:0% sense about how those 01:20:51.360 --> 01:20:54.709 align:start position:0% sense about how those maybe<01:20:51.840> maybe<01:20:52.159> it<01:20:52.239> had<01:20:52.480> some<01:20:53.360> uh<01:20:54.080> inaccurate 01:20:54.709 --> 01:20:54.719 align:start position:0% maybe maybe it had some uh inaccurate 01:20:54.719 --> 01:20:56.390 align:start position:0% maybe maybe it had some uh inaccurate common<01:20:55.120> sense 01:20:56.390 --> 01:20:56.400 align:start position:0% common sense 01:20:56.400 --> 01:21:00.470 align:start position:0% common sense uh<01:20:57.679> that<01:20:57.920> allowed<01:20:58.239> it<01:20:58.320> to<01:20:58.719> answer<01:20:59.040> toronto 01:21:00.470 --> 01:21:00.480 align:start position:0% uh that allowed it to answer toronto 01:21:00.480 --> 01:21:02.790 align:start position:0% uh that allowed it to answer toronto but<01:21:00.719> anyway<01:21:01.040> it<01:21:01.120> was<01:21:01.360> a<01:21:01.679> failure<01:21:02.159> of<01:21:02.320> some<01:21:02.560> sort 01:21:02.790 --> 01:21:02.800 align:start position:0% but anyway it was a failure of some sort 01:21:02.800 --> 01:21:06.070 align:start position:0% but anyway it was a failure of some sort of<01:21:02.960> common<01:21:03.199> sense<01:21:03.440> reasoning 01:21:06.070 --> 01:21:06.080 align:start position:0% 01:21:06.080 --> 01:21:08.149 align:start position:0% and<01:21:06.239> do<01:21:06.320> you<01:21:06.400> think<01:21:06.639> the<01:21:06.800> increased<01:21:07.679> power<01:21:08.000> of 01:21:08.149 --> 01:21:08.159 align:start position:0% and do you think the increased power of 01:21:08.159 --> 01:21:10.149 align:start position:0% and do you think the increased power of computing<01:21:08.960> is<01:21:09.120> going<01:21:09.440> to 01:21:10.149 --> 01:21:10.159 align:start position:0% computing is going to 01:21:10.159 --> 01:21:12.229 align:start position:0% computing is going to really<01:21:10.480> advance<01:21:11.120> artificial<01:21:11.600> intelligence 01:21:12.229 --> 01:21:12.239 align:start position:0% really advance artificial intelligence 01:21:12.239 --> 01:21:14.149 align:start position:0% really advance artificial intelligence and<01:21:12.320> robotics<01:21:12.880> at<01:21:12.960> a<01:21:13.040> much<01:21:13.280> faster<01:21:13.679> rate 01:21:14.149 --> 01:21:14.159 align:start position:0% and robotics at a much faster rate 01:21:14.159 --> 01:21:15.669 align:start position:0% and robotics at a much faster rate well<01:21:14.320> if<01:21:14.400> you<01:21:14.560> had<01:21:14.719> asked<01:21:15.040> if<01:21:15.199> you<01:21:15.360> would<01:21:15.440> ask 01:21:15.669 --> 01:21:15.679 align:start position:0% well if you had asked if you would ask 01:21:15.679 --> 01:21:17.830 align:start position:0% well if you had asked if you would ask me<01:21:15.840> that<01:21:16.239> a<01:21:16.400> few<01:21:16.639> years<01:21:16.880> ago<01:21:17.199> i<01:21:17.360> might<01:21:17.600> have 01:21:17.830 --> 01:21:17.840 align:start position:0% me that a few years ago i might have 01:21:17.840 --> 01:21:18.310 align:start position:0% me that a few years ago i might have said 01:21:18.310 --> 01:21:18.320 align:start position:0% said 01:21:18.320 --> 01:21:21.189 align:start position:0% said no<01:21:19.520> because<01:21:19.920> i<01:21:20.080> think<01:21:20.320> that<01:21:20.719> whatever<01:21:21.120> the 01:21:21.189 --> 01:21:21.199 align:start position:0% no because i think that whatever the 01:21:21.199 --> 01:21:22.550 align:start position:0% no because i think that whatever the power<01:21:21.520> of<01:21:21.600> computing<01:21:22.159> was 01:21:22.550 --> 01:21:22.560 align:start position:0% power of computing was 01:21:22.560 --> 01:21:25.750 align:start position:0% power of computing was at<01:21:22.719> the<01:21:22.880> time<01:21:23.760> it<01:21:23.840> was<01:21:24.080> fully<01:21:24.480> able<01:21:24.719> to<01:21:24.880> handle 01:21:25.750 --> 01:21:25.760 align:start position:0% at the time it was fully able to handle 01:21:25.760 --> 01:21:28.310 align:start position:0% at the time it was fully able to handle any<01:21:26.000> of<01:21:26.080> the<01:21:26.239> ideas<01:21:26.639> that<01:21:26.800> we<01:21:26.960> had<01:21:27.679> at<01:21:27.920> the<01:21:28.000> time 01:21:28.310 --> 01:21:28.320 align:start position:0% any of the ideas that we had at the time 01:21:28.320 --> 01:21:28.950 align:start position:0% any of the ideas that we had at the time i<01:21:28.400> mean 01:21:28.950 --> 01:21:28.960 align:start position:0% i mean 01:21:28.960 --> 01:21:31.830 align:start position:0% i mean we<01:21:29.120> were<01:21:29.440> idea<01:21:29.920> short<01:21:30.800> we<01:21:30.960> weren't<01:21:31.280> hardware 01:21:31.830 --> 01:21:31.840 align:start position:0% we were idea short we weren't hardware 01:21:31.840 --> 01:21:32.790 align:start position:0% we were idea short we weren't hardware sharp 01:21:32.790 --> 01:21:32.800 align:start position:0% sharp 01:21:32.800 --> 01:21:36.070 align:start position:0% sharp mainly<01:21:33.840> now<01:21:34.080> i'm<01:21:34.239> not<01:21:34.480> so<01:21:34.719> sure 01:21:36.070 --> 01:21:36.080 align:start position:0% mainly now i'm not so sure 01:21:36.080 --> 01:21:38.070 align:start position:0% mainly now i'm not so sure because<01:21:36.560> the<01:21:36.719> new<01:21:36.960> idea<01:21:37.280> that's<01:21:37.440> come<01:21:37.679> up<01:21:37.840> the 01:21:38.070 --> 01:21:38.080 align:start position:0% because the new idea that's come up the 01:21:38.080 --> 01:21:40.790 align:start position:0% because the new idea that's come up the use<01:21:38.320> of<01:21:38.719> lots<01:21:39.040> and<01:21:39.199> lots<01:21:39.440> of<01:21:39.600> data 01:21:40.790 --> 01:21:40.800 align:start position:0% use of lots and lots of data 01:21:40.800 --> 01:21:43.430 align:start position:0% use of lots and lots of data well<01:21:41.520> lots<01:21:41.840> and<01:21:41.920> lots<01:21:42.159> of<01:21:42.239> data<01:21:42.560> require<01:21:43.120> lots 01:21:43.430 --> 01:21:43.440 align:start position:0% well lots and lots of data require lots 01:21:43.440 --> 01:21:44.629 align:start position:0% well lots and lots of data require lots and<01:21:43.600> lots<01:21:43.920> requires 01:21:44.629 --> 01:21:44.639 align:start position:0% and lots requires 01:21:44.639 --> 01:21:48.550 align:start position:0% and lots requires lots<01:21:44.880> and<01:21:44.960> lots<01:21:45.280> of<01:21:45.360> computing<01:21:47.120> and<01:21:47.600> uh 01:21:48.550 --> 01:21:48.560 align:start position:0% lots and lots of computing and uh 01:21:48.560 --> 01:21:50.870 align:start position:0% lots and lots of computing and uh so<01:21:48.880> the<01:21:49.040> more<01:21:49.360> computing<01:21:50.000> the<01:21:50.239> faster<01:21:50.639> it<01:21:50.719> can 01:21:50.870 --> 01:21:50.880 align:start position:0% so the more computing the faster it can 01:21:50.880 --> 01:21:51.910 align:start position:0% so the more computing the faster it can go 01:21:51.910 --> 01:21:51.920 align:start position:0% go 01:21:51.920 --> 01:21:53.910 align:start position:0% go the<01:21:52.080> better<01:21:52.880> i<01:21:52.960> don't<01:21:53.120> know<01:21:53.280> that<01:21:53.440> that's<01:21:53.760> the 01:21:53.910 --> 01:21:53.920 align:start position:0% the better i don't know that that's the 01:21:53.920 --> 01:21:55.590 align:start position:0% the better i don't know that that's the bottleneck<01:21:54.560> at<01:21:54.639> the<01:21:54.800> moment 01:21:55.590 --> 01:21:55.600 align:start position:0% bottleneck at the moment 01:21:55.600 --> 01:21:57.990 align:start position:0% bottleneck at the moment after<01:21:55.920> all<01:21:56.080> if<01:21:56.159> you<01:21:57.040> talk<01:21:57.199> to<01:21:57.360> the<01:21:57.520> watson 01:21:57.990 --> 01:21:58.000 align:start position:0% after all if you talk to the watson 01:21:58.000 --> 01:21:59.590 align:start position:0% after all if you talk to the watson people<01:21:58.320> which<01:21:58.480> i<01:21:58.639> haven't 01:21:59.590 --> 01:21:59.600 align:start position:0% people which i haven't 01:21:59.600 --> 01:22:01.990 align:start position:0% people which i haven't but<01:21:59.760> if<01:21:59.840> you<01:21:59.920> did<01:22:00.080> talk<01:22:00.320> to<01:22:00.480> them<01:22:01.360> and<01:22:01.760> you 01:22:01.990 --> 01:22:02.000 align:start position:0% but if you did talk to them and you 01:22:02.000 --> 01:22:03.510 align:start position:0% but if you did talk to them and you asked<01:22:02.320> them<01:22:02.480> gee 01:22:03.510 --> 01:22:03.520 align:start position:0% asked them gee 01:22:03.520 --> 01:22:06.709 align:start position:0% asked them gee how<01:22:03.679> could<01:22:03.920> watson<01:22:04.560> have<01:22:04.719> been<01:22:05.760> better 01:22:06.709 --> 01:22:06.719 align:start position:0% how could watson have been better 01:22:06.719 --> 01:22:09.830 align:start position:0% how could watson have been better like<01:22:06.960> if<01:22:07.120> you<01:22:07.199> had<01:22:07.440> a<01:22:07.600> computer<01:22:08.800> this<01:22:09.199> ibm 01:22:09.830 --> 01:22:09.840 align:start position:0% like if you had a computer this ibm 01:22:09.840 --> 01:22:12.310 align:start position:0% like if you had a computer this ibm 7000<01:22:10.480> series<01:22:10.880> or<01:22:10.960> whatever<01:22:11.280> it<01:22:11.360> was<01:22:12.080> if<01:22:12.239> it 01:22:12.310 --> 01:22:12.320 align:start position:0% 7000 series or whatever it was if it 01:22:12.320 --> 01:22:14.870 align:start position:0% 7000 series or whatever it was if it were<01:22:12.480> 10<01:22:12.719> times<01:22:12.960> as<01:22:13.120> fast 01:22:14.870 --> 01:22:14.880 align:start position:0% were 10 times as fast 01:22:14.880 --> 01:22:16.709 align:start position:0% were 10 times as fast 100<01:22:15.199> times<01:22:15.440> as<01:22:15.600> fast<01:22:15.840> 100<01:22:16.159> times<01:22:16.400> as<01:22:16.480> much 01:22:16.709 --> 01:22:16.719 align:start position:0% 100 times as fast 100 times as much 01:22:16.719 --> 01:22:19.270 align:start position:0% 100 times as fast 100 times as much memory<01:22:17.440> would<01:22:17.600> you<01:22:17.760> have<01:22:17.840> done<01:22:18.080> better 01:22:19.270 --> 01:22:19.280 align:start position:0% memory would you have done better 01:22:19.280 --> 01:22:21.590 align:start position:0% memory would you have done better i<01:22:19.520> think<01:22:19.760> they'd<01:22:20.000> still<01:22:20.239> answer<01:22:21.120> well<01:22:21.360> not 01:22:21.590 --> 01:22:21.600 align:start position:0% i think they'd still answer well not 01:22:21.600 --> 01:22:24.629 align:start position:0% i think they'd still answer well not necessarily<01:22:22.320> we<01:22:22.480> would<01:22:22.639> need<01:22:22.880> more<01:22:23.120> ideas 01:22:24.629 --> 01:22:24.639 align:start position:0% necessarily we would need more ideas 01:22:24.639 --> 01:22:26.470 align:start position:0% necessarily we would need more ideas about<01:22:24.880> how<01:22:25.040> to<01:22:25.120> program<01:22:25.520> all<01:22:25.679> that<01:22:26.159> so<01:22:26.320> it's 01:22:26.470 --> 01:22:26.480 align:start position:0% about how to program all that so it's 01:22:26.480 --> 01:22:27.910 align:start position:0% about how to program all that so it's also<01:22:26.719> about<01:22:26.880> the<01:22:27.040> structuring<01:22:27.679> of<01:22:27.760> the 01:22:27.910 --> 01:22:27.920 align:start position:0% also about the structuring of the 01:22:27.920 --> 01:22:29.189 align:start position:0% also about the structuring of the knowledge 01:22:29.189 --> 01:22:29.199 align:start position:0% knowledge 01:22:29.199 --> 01:22:30.629 align:start position:0% knowledge do<01:22:29.360> you<01:22:29.440> think<01:22:29.600> there's<01:22:29.840> specific<01:22:30.320> problems 01:22:30.629 --> 01:22:30.639 align:start position:0% do you think there's specific problems 01:22:30.639 --> 01:22:31.910 align:start position:0% do you think there's specific problems in<01:22:30.800> ai<01:22:31.199> that<01:22:31.360> aren't<01:22:31.520> going<01:22:31.679> to<01:22:31.760> be 01:22:31.910 --> 01:22:31.920 align:start position:0% in ai that aren't going to be 01:22:31.920 --> 01:22:33.510 align:start position:0% in ai that aren't going to be susceptible<01:22:32.560> to 01:22:33.510 --> 01:22:33.520 align:start position:0% susceptible to 01:22:33.520 --> 01:22:37.990 align:start position:0% susceptible to large<01:22:33.840> corpuses<01:22:34.480> of<01:22:34.800> data<01:22:35.280> or<01:22:36.480> that<01:22:36.639> require 01:22:37.990 --> 01:22:38.000 align:start position:0% large corpuses of data or that require 01:22:38.000 --> 01:22:41.270 align:start position:0% large corpuses of data or that require well<01:22:38.320> large<01:22:40.080> corpuses 01:22:41.270 --> 01:22:41.280 align:start position:0% well large corpuses 01:22:41.280 --> 01:22:44.550 align:start position:0% well large corpuses of<01:22:41.520> data<01:22:42.480> um<01:22:43.360> are<01:22:43.520> going<01:22:43.760> to<01:22:43.840> be<01:22:44.000> useful 01:22:44.550 --> 01:22:44.560 align:start position:0% of data um are going to be useful 01:22:44.560 --> 01:22:46.390 align:start position:0% of data um are going to be useful in<01:22:44.800> lots<01:22:45.040> of<01:22:45.199> them<01:22:45.360> i<01:22:45.520> don't<01:22:45.679> know<01:22:45.920> that<01:22:46.159> it'll 01:22:46.390 --> 01:22:46.400 align:start position:0% in lots of them i don't know that it'll 01:22:46.400 --> 01:22:47.669 align:start position:0% in lots of them i don't know that it'll solve<01:22:46.800> all<01:22:46.960> the 01:22:47.669 --> 01:22:47.679 align:start position:0% solve all the 01:22:47.679 --> 01:22:52.070 align:start position:0% solve all the problems<01:22:48.080> in<01:22:48.239> ai<01:22:48.639> i<01:22:48.719> mean<01:22:50.840> um 01:22:52.070 --> 01:22:52.080 align:start position:0% problems in ai i mean um 01:22:52.080 --> 01:22:53.590 align:start position:0% problems in ai i mean um right<01:22:52.239> now<01:22:52.480> we<01:22:52.719> can't<01:22:52.880> do<01:22:53.120> all<01:22:53.280> the<01:22:53.360> things 01:22:53.590 --> 01:22:53.600 align:start position:0% right now we can't do all the things 01:22:53.600 --> 01:22:55.590 align:start position:0% right now we can't do all the things that<01:22:53.679> humans<01:22:54.000> can<01:22:54.159> do 01:22:55.590 --> 01:22:55.600 align:start position:0% that humans can do 01:22:55.600 --> 01:22:57.990 align:start position:0% that humans can do uh<01:22:56.480> look<01:22:56.719> around<01:22:57.040> you<01:22:57.280> and<01:22:57.360> you<01:22:57.520> can<01:22:57.679> see<01:22:57.920> i 01:22:57.990 --> 01:22:58.000 align:start position:0% uh look around you and you can see i 01:22:58.000 --> 01:22:59.750 align:start position:0% uh look around you and you can see i mean<01:22:58.239> we<01:22:58.400> have<01:22:58.719> office<01:22:59.120> buildings<01:22:59.520> full<01:22:59.679> of 01:22:59.750 --> 01:22:59.760 align:start position:0% mean we have office buildings full of 01:22:59.760 --> 01:23:01.189 align:start position:0% mean we have office buildings full of people 01:23:01.189 --> 01:23:01.199 align:start position:0% people 01:23:01.199 --> 01:23:03.510 align:start position:0% people and<01:23:02.080> many<01:23:02.320> of<01:23:02.400> them<01:23:02.639> aren't<01:23:02.800> using<01:23:03.199> their 01:23:03.510 --> 01:23:03.520 align:start position:0% and many of them aren't using their 01:23:03.520 --> 01:23:05.350 align:start position:0% and many of them aren't using their hand-eye<01:23:04.000> coordination 01:23:05.350 --> 01:23:05.360 align:start position:0% hand-eye coordination 01:23:05.360 --> 01:23:07.750 align:start position:0% hand-eye coordination it<01:23:05.520> isn't<01:23:05.679> mechanical<01:23:06.239> engineering<01:23:07.360> which<01:23:07.600> is 01:23:07.750 --> 01:23:07.760 align:start position:0% it isn't mechanical engineering which is 01:23:07.760 --> 01:23:08.629 align:start position:0% it isn't mechanical engineering which is a<01:23:07.920> problem 01:23:08.629 --> 01:23:08.639 align:start position:0% a problem 01:23:08.639 --> 01:23:11.030 align:start position:0% a problem you<01:23:08.800> might<01:23:09.040> ask<01:23:09.280> why<01:23:09.440> are<01:23:09.600> they<01:23:09.760> there<01:23:10.880> what 01:23:11.030 --> 01:23:11.040 align:start position:0% you might ask why are they there what 01:23:11.040 --> 01:23:12.310 align:start position:0% you might ask why are they there what are<01:23:11.120> they<01:23:11.280> doing 01:23:12.310 --> 01:23:12.320 align:start position:0% are they doing 01:23:12.320 --> 01:23:14.870 align:start position:0% are they doing well<01:23:12.560> they're<01:23:12.800> having<01:23:13.040> meetings<01:23:14.400> they're 01:23:14.870 --> 01:23:14.880 align:start position:0% well they're having meetings they're 01:23:14.880 --> 01:23:15.990 align:start position:0% well they're having meetings they're filling<01:23:15.199> out 01:23:15.990 --> 01:23:16.000 align:start position:0% filling out 01:23:16.000 --> 01:23:18.310 align:start position:0% filling out paperwork<01:23:16.639> they're<01:23:16.880> doing<01:23:17.120> studies<01:23:18.080> they're 01:23:18.310 --> 01:23:18.320 align:start position:0% paperwork they're doing studies they're 01:23:18.320 --> 01:23:20.070 align:start position:0% paperwork they're doing studies they're communicating<01:23:19.040> with<01:23:19.280> other<01:23:19.440> humans<01:23:19.920> they're 01:23:20.070 --> 01:23:20.080 align:start position:0% communicating with other humans they're 01:23:20.080 --> 01:23:22.070 align:start position:0% communicating with other humans they're making<01:23:20.400> plans 01:23:22.070 --> 01:23:22.080 align:start position:0% making plans 01:23:22.080 --> 01:23:23.910 align:start position:0% making plans those<01:23:22.320> are<01:23:22.480> all<01:23:22.639> things<01:23:23.040> why<01:23:23.280> can't<01:23:23.520> computers 01:23:23.910 --> 01:23:23.920 align:start position:0% those are all things why can't computers 01:23:23.920 --> 01:23:25.189 align:start position:0% those are all things why can't computers do<01:23:24.080> all<01:23:24.239> that 01:23:25.189 --> 01:23:25.199 align:start position:0% do all that 01:23:25.199 --> 01:23:26.709 align:start position:0% do all that why<01:23:25.440> is<01:23:25.520> there<01:23:25.600> anybody<01:23:26.000> in<01:23:26.080> those<01:23:26.320> buildings 01:23:26.709 --> 01:23:26.719 align:start position:0% why is there anybody in those buildings 01:23:26.719 --> 01:23:28.629 align:start position:0% why is there anybody in those buildings except<01:23:27.040> the<01:23:27.120> janitors 01:23:28.629 --> 01:23:28.639 align:start position:0% except the janitors 01:23:28.639 --> 01:23:32.149 align:start position:0% except the janitors and<01:23:28.800> maybe<01:23:29.120> a<01:23:29.199> few<01:23:29.440> top<01:23:29.679> bosses<01:23:31.120> uh<01:23:31.360> well 01:23:32.149 --> 01:23:32.159 align:start position:0% and maybe a few top bosses uh well 01:23:32.159 --> 01:23:34.550 align:start position:0% and maybe a few top bosses uh well every<01:23:32.560> and<01:23:32.800> and<01:23:33.440> computers<01:23:33.920> would<01:23:34.000> be<01:23:34.239> cheap 01:23:34.550 --> 01:23:34.560 align:start position:0% every and and computers would be cheap 01:23:34.560 --> 01:23:35.750 align:start position:0% every and and computers would be cheap if<01:23:34.639> we<01:23:35.040> could<01:23:35.280> do<01:23:35.440> it 01:23:35.750 --> 01:23:35.760 align:start position:0% if we could do it 01:23:35.760 --> 01:23:38.790 align:start position:0% if we could do it cheaper<01:23:36.080> than<01:23:36.239> those<01:23:36.480> people<01:23:37.920> uh<01:23:38.320> so 01:23:38.790 --> 01:23:38.800 align:start position:0% cheaper than those people uh so 01:23:38.800 --> 01:23:40.629 align:start position:0% cheaper than those people uh so why<01:23:39.040> are<01:23:39.120> they<01:23:39.280> there<01:23:40.239> well<01:23:40.480> because 01:23:40.629 --> 01:23:40.639 align:start position:0% why are they there well because 01:23:40.639 --> 01:23:42.870 align:start position:0% why are they there well because computers<01:23:41.120> can't<01:23:41.280> do<01:23:41.440> it<01:23:41.520> yet 01:23:42.870 --> 01:23:42.880 align:start position:0% computers can't do it yet 01:23:42.880 --> 01:23:46.149 align:start position:0% computers can't do it yet and<01:23:43.280> uh<01:23:44.400> well<01:23:44.960> lots<01:23:45.280> and<01:23:45.360> lots<01:23:45.600> of<01:23:45.679> data<01:23:45.920> solve 01:23:46.149 --> 01:23:46.159 align:start position:0% and uh well lots and lots of data solve 01:23:46.159 --> 01:23:47.430 align:start position:0% and uh well lots and lots of data solve that<01:23:46.400> problem 01:23:47.430 --> 01:23:47.440 align:start position:0% that problem 01:23:47.440 --> 01:23:50.550 align:start position:0% that problem i<01:23:47.679> don't<01:23:47.920> think<01:23:48.159> so<01:23:49.760> might<01:23:50.000> help<01:23:50.239> might<01:23:50.400> be 01:23:50.550 --> 01:23:50.560 align:start position:0% i don't think so might help might be 01:23:50.560 --> 01:23:52.229 align:start position:0% i don't think so might help might be part<01:23:50.719> of<01:23:50.800> the<01:23:50.880> solution 01:23:52.229 --> 01:23:52.239 align:start position:0% part of the solution 01:23:52.239 --> 01:23:55.350 align:start position:0% part of the solution but<01:23:52.719> the<01:23:52.880> reason<01:23:53.280> we're<01:23:53.440> not<01:23:54.560> we<01:23:54.719> don't<01:23:54.960> have 01:23:55.350 --> 01:23:55.360 align:start position:0% but the reason we're not we don't have 01:23:55.360 --> 01:23:56.310 align:start position:0% but the reason we're not we don't have what<01:23:55.520> you<01:23:55.679> might<01:23:55.840> call 01:23:56.310 --> 01:23:56.320 align:start position:0% what you might call 01:23:56.320 --> 01:23:59.750 align:start position:0% what you might call human<01:23:56.560> level<01:23:56.880> intelligence<01:23:57.520> yet<01:23:58.800> is<01:23:59.120> that 01:23:59.750 --> 01:23:59.760 align:start position:0% human level intelligence yet is that 01:23:59.760 --> 01:24:02.550 align:start position:0% human level intelligence yet is that we<01:23:59.920> just<01:24:00.080> don't<01:24:00.320> have<01:24:00.480> the<01:24:00.719> ideas<01:24:01.360> needed<01:24:02.320> in 01:24:02.550 --> 01:24:02.560 align:start position:0% we just don't have the ideas needed in 01:24:02.560 --> 01:24:04.390 align:start position:0% we just don't have the ideas needed in order<01:24:02.800> to<01:24:02.960> write<01:24:03.199> the<01:24:03.360> programs<01:24:03.840> that<01:24:04.080> would 01:24:04.390 --> 01:24:04.400 align:start position:0% order to write the programs that would 01:24:04.400 --> 01:24:05.830 align:start position:0% order to write the programs that would allow<01:24:04.719> us<01:24:04.880> to 01:24:05.830 --> 01:24:05.840 align:start position:0% allow us to 01:24:05.840 --> 01:24:09.350 align:start position:0% allow us to achieve<01:24:06.239> human<01:24:06.480> level<01:24:06.800> ai 01:24:09.350 --> 01:24:09.360 align:start position:0% 01:24:09.360 --> 01:24:11.590 align:start position:0% but<01:24:10.080> you<01:24:10.239> know<01:24:10.800> we<01:24:10.960> have<01:24:11.040> a<01:24:11.040> lot<01:24:11.199> of<01:24:11.280> smart 01:24:11.590 --> 01:24:11.600 align:start position:0% but you know we have a lot of smart 01:24:11.600 --> 01:24:12.470 align:start position:0% but you know we have a lot of smart people 01:24:12.470 --> 01:24:12.480 align:start position:0% people 01:24:12.480 --> 01:24:15.350 align:start position:0% people and<01:24:12.719> i<01:24:12.800> think<01:24:12.960> we're<01:24:13.120> making<01:24:13.440> some<01:24:13.679> progress 01:24:15.350 --> 01:24:15.360 align:start position:0% and i think we're making some progress 01:24:15.360 --> 01:24:17.430 align:start position:0% and i think we're making some progress it<01:24:15.520> will<01:24:15.679> be<01:24:15.760> a<01:24:15.920> problem<01:24:16.400> in<01:24:16.480> the<01:24:16.719> end<01:24:16.960> i<01:24:17.120> think 01:24:17.430 --> 01:24:17.440 align:start position:0% it will be a problem in the end i think 01:24:17.440 --> 01:24:18.470 align:start position:0% it will be a problem in the end i think for 01:24:18.470 --> 01:24:18.480 align:start position:0% for 01:24:18.480 --> 01:24:21.350 align:start position:0% for society<01:24:20.080> what<01:24:20.239> happens<01:24:20.719> what<01:24:20.880> do<01:24:20.960> we<01:24:21.040> do<01:24:21.199> with 01:24:21.350 --> 01:24:21.360 align:start position:0% society what happens what do we do with 01:24:21.360 --> 01:24:23.350 align:start position:0% society what happens what do we do with all<01:24:21.520> the<01:24:21.600> people 01:24:23.350 --> 01:24:23.360 align:start position:0% all the people 01:24:23.360 --> 01:24:26.470 align:start position:0% all the people that<01:24:24.080> computers<01:24:24.960> replace 01:24:26.470 --> 01:24:26.480 align:start position:0% that computers replace 01:24:26.480 --> 01:24:30.390 align:start position:0% that computers replace and<01:24:26.880> eventually<01:24:27.600> i<01:24:27.760> mean<01:24:28.560> right<01:24:28.840> now<01:24:29.679> uh 01:24:30.390 --> 01:24:30.400 align:start position:0% and eventually i mean right now uh 01:24:30.400 --> 01:24:32.070 align:start position:0% and eventually i mean right now uh you<01:24:30.560> need<01:24:30.800> more<01:24:30.960> and<01:24:31.040> more<01:24:31.280> skills<01:24:31.679> in<01:24:31.840> order 01:24:32.070 --> 01:24:32.080 align:start position:0% you need more and more skills in order 01:24:32.080 --> 01:24:34.310 align:start position:0% you need more and more skills in order to<01:24:32.800> have<01:24:33.040> jobs 01:24:34.310 --> 01:24:34.320 align:start position:0% to have jobs 01:24:34.320 --> 01:24:37.189 align:start position:0% to have jobs uh<01:24:34.639> but<01:24:34.880> the<01:24:35.120> uh<01:24:36.080> there's<01:24:36.400> this<01:24:36.560> guy<01:24:36.800> robin 01:24:37.189 --> 01:24:37.199 align:start position:0% uh but the uh there's this guy robin 01:24:37.199 --> 01:24:39.510 align:start position:0% uh but the uh there's this guy robin hansen<01:24:37.679> you<01:24:37.760> know<01:24:37.920> about<01:24:38.080> robin<01:24:38.400> hansen 01:24:39.510 --> 01:24:39.520 align:start position:0% hansen you know about robin hansen 01:24:39.520 --> 01:24:42.790 align:start position:0% hansen you know about robin hansen robin<01:24:39.920> hansen<01:24:40.400> is<01:24:40.560> an<01:24:40.639> economist<01:24:41.920> and<01:24:42.320> uh 01:24:42.790 --> 01:24:42.800 align:start position:0% robin hansen is an economist and uh 01:24:42.800 --> 01:24:46.470 align:start position:0% robin hansen is an economist and uh he<01:24:43.120> has<01:24:44.480> got<01:24:44.639> this<01:24:44.880> interesting<01:24:45.280> metaphor 01:24:46.470 --> 01:24:46.480 align:start position:0% he has got this interesting metaphor 01:24:46.480 --> 01:24:49.590 align:start position:0% he has got this interesting metaphor of<01:24:46.880> sea<01:24:47.120> level<01:24:47.520> rising<01:24:48.639> sea<01:24:48.800> level<01:24:49.199> is<01:24:49.360> what 01:24:49.590 --> 01:24:49.600 align:start position:0% of sea level rising sea level is what 01:24:49.600 --> 01:24:51.430 align:start position:0% of sea level rising sea level is what computers<01:24:50.080> can<01:24:50.239> do 01:24:51.430 --> 01:24:51.440 align:start position:0% computers can do 01:24:51.440 --> 01:24:55.510 align:start position:0% computers can do and<01:24:52.000> land<01:24:53.120> and<01:24:53.440> the<01:24:53.600> land<01:24:53.840> that's<01:24:54.159> inhabited 01:24:55.510 --> 01:24:55.520 align:start position:0% and land and the land that's inhabited 01:24:55.520 --> 01:24:59.270 align:start position:0% and land and the land that's inhabited the<01:24:55.679> jobs<01:24:56.080> that<01:24:57.280> require<01:24:57.760> humans<01:24:58.239> to<01:24:58.400> do 01:24:59.270 --> 01:24:59.280 align:start position:0% the jobs that require humans to do 01:24:59.280 --> 01:25:01.830 align:start position:0% the jobs that require humans to do and<01:24:59.440> sea<01:24:59.679> level's<01:25:00.000> been<01:25:00.159> rising<01:25:01.280> and<01:25:01.520> on<01:25:01.679> the 01:25:01.830 --> 01:25:01.840 align:start position:0% and sea level's been rising and on the 01:25:01.840 --> 01:25:02.870 align:start position:0% and sea level's been rising and on the shore 01:25:02.870 --> 01:25:02.880 align:start position:0% shore 01:25:02.880 --> 01:25:04.229 align:start position:0% shore a<01:25:03.040> lot<01:25:03.199> of<01:25:03.280> people<01:25:03.520> are<01:25:03.679> displaced<01:25:04.080> well 01:25:04.229 --> 01:25:04.239 align:start position:0% a lot of people are displaced well 01:25:04.239 --> 01:25:06.310 align:start position:0% a lot of people are displaced well they've<01:25:04.400> had<01:25:04.560> to<01:25:04.639> move<01:25:04.800> to<01:25:04.960> higher<01:25:05.199> levels 01:25:06.310 --> 01:25:06.320 align:start position:0% they've had to move to higher levels 01:25:06.320 --> 01:25:07.669 align:start position:0% they've had to move to higher levels but<01:25:06.560> to<01:25:06.639> move<01:25:06.880> to<01:25:06.960> higher<01:25:07.199> levels<01:25:07.520> they<01:25:07.600> have 01:25:07.669 --> 01:25:07.679 align:start position:0% but to move to higher levels they have 01:25:07.679 --> 01:25:10.310 align:start position:0% but to move to higher levels they have to<01:25:07.840> have<01:25:07.920> more<01:25:08.159> training 01:25:10.310 --> 01:25:10.320 align:start position:0% to have more training 01:25:10.320 --> 01:25:12.229 align:start position:0% to have more training now<01:25:10.560> the<01:25:10.719> fact<01:25:10.960> that<01:25:11.040> sea<01:25:11.199> level's<01:25:11.520> rising 01:25:12.229 --> 01:25:12.239 align:start position:0% now the fact that sea level's rising 01:25:12.239 --> 01:25:14.629 align:start position:0% now the fact that sea level's rising itself<01:25:13.120> makes<01:25:13.440> some<01:25:13.679> higher<01:25:13.920> levels 01:25:14.629 --> 01:25:14.639 align:start position:0% itself makes some higher levels 01:25:14.639 --> 01:25:17.030 align:start position:0% itself makes some higher levels it's<01:25:14.880> a<01:25:15.040> funny<01:25:15.280> thing<01:25:15.520> it's<01:25:15.679> sea<01:25:15.840> level<01:25:16.719> build 01:25:17.030 --> 01:25:17.040 align:start position:0% it's a funny thing it's sea level build 01:25:17.040 --> 01:25:17.910 align:start position:0% it's a funny thing it's sea level build some 01:25:17.910 --> 01:25:17.920 align:start position:0% some 01:25:17.920 --> 01:25:21.030 align:start position:0% some inlet<01:25:18.400> even<01:25:18.880> some<01:25:19.120> mountains<01:25:20.400> so<01:25:20.639> people<01:25:20.880> can 01:25:21.030 --> 01:25:21.040 align:start position:0% inlet even some mountains so people can 01:25:21.040 --> 01:25:22.310 align:start position:0% inlet even some mountains so people can climb<01:25:21.280> those<01:25:21.520> mountains 01:25:22.310 --> 01:25:22.320 align:start position:0% climb those mountains 01:25:22.320 --> 01:25:25.030 align:start position:0% climb those mountains but<01:25:22.480> city<01:25:22.719> level<01:25:22.960> will<01:25:23.120> keep<01:25:23.280> rising<01:25:24.560> and<01:25:24.880> the 01:25:25.030 --> 01:25:25.040 align:start position:0% but city level will keep rising and the 01:25:25.040 --> 01:25:26.550 align:start position:0% but city level will keep rising and the question<01:25:25.360> is<01:25:25.520> will<01:25:25.760> it<01:25:25.840> rise<01:25:26.080> above<01:25:26.400> even 01:25:26.550 --> 01:25:26.560 align:start position:0% question is will it rise above even 01:25:26.560 --> 01:25:28.390 align:start position:0% question is will it rise above even those<01:25:26.800> mountains 01:25:28.390 --> 01:25:28.400 align:start position:0% those mountains 01:25:28.400 --> 01:25:31.350 align:start position:0% those mountains and<01:25:28.880> uh<01:25:29.199> so<01:25:29.440> what<01:25:29.679> do<01:25:29.920> what<01:25:30.320> what<01:25:30.880> what<01:25:31.040> do<01:25:31.199> we 01:25:31.350 --> 01:25:31.360 align:start position:0% and uh so what do what what what do we 01:25:31.360 --> 01:25:32.709 align:start position:0% and uh so what do what what what do we end<01:25:31.520> up<01:25:31.679> having<01:25:31.920> people<01:25:32.239> do 01:25:32.709 --> 01:25:32.719 align:start position:0% end up having people do 01:25:32.719 --> 01:25:33.990 align:start position:0% end up having people do well<01:25:32.880> there<01:25:33.040> are<01:25:33.120> certain<01:25:33.360> jobs<01:25:33.679> that<01:25:33.760> only 01:25:33.990 --> 01:25:34.000 align:start position:0% well there are certain jobs that only 01:25:34.000 --> 01:25:36.629 align:start position:0% well there are certain jobs that only people<01:25:34.239> can<01:25:34.400> do<01:25:35.360> you<01:25:35.600> can't<01:25:35.840> have<01:25:36.080> a<01:25:36.159> machine 01:25:36.629 --> 01:25:36.639 align:start position:0% people can do you can't have a machine 01:25:36.639 --> 01:25:39.270 align:start position:0% people can do you can't have a machine make 01:25:39.270 --> 01:25:39.280 align:start position:0% 01:25:39.280 --> 01:25:42.629 align:start position:0% sweaters<01:25:39.679> made<01:25:39.920> by<01:25:40.080> hand<01:25:41.679> and<01:25:42.239> there's<01:25:42.560> all 01:25:42.629 --> 01:25:42.639 align:start position:0% sweaters made by hand and there's all 01:25:42.639 --> 01:25:44.629 align:start position:0% sweaters made by hand and there's all kinds<01:25:42.960> of<01:25:43.040> things<01:25:43.360> which<01:25:43.760> involve 01:25:44.629 --> 01:25:44.639 align:start position:0% kinds of things which involve 01:25:44.639 --> 01:25:46.709 align:start position:0% kinds of things which involve social<01:25:45.120> interaction<01:25:45.679> which<01:25:45.920> only<01:25:46.239> people<01:25:46.560> can 01:25:46.709 --> 01:25:46.719 align:start position:0% social interaction which only people can 01:25:46.719 --> 01:25:47.830 align:start position:0% social interaction which only people can do 01:25:47.830 --> 01:25:47.840 align:start position:0% do 01:25:47.840 --> 01:25:49.430 align:start position:0% do some<01:25:48.000> of<01:25:48.159> the<01:25:48.239> social<01:25:48.639> interaction<01:25:49.120> maybe 01:25:49.430 --> 01:25:49.440 align:start position:0% some of the social interaction maybe 01:25:49.440 --> 01:25:51.110 align:start position:0% some of the social interaction maybe machines<01:25:49.760> can<01:25:49.920> do<01:25:50.159> but<01:25:50.400> if<01:25:50.480> you<01:25:50.639> really<01:25:50.880> want<01:25:51.040> a 01:25:51.110 --> 01:25:51.120 align:start position:0% machines can do but if you really want a 01:25:51.120 --> 01:25:53.189 align:start position:0% machines can do but if you really want a human<01:25:51.440> you<01:25:51.520> got<01:25:51.679> to<01:25:51.760> have<01:25:51.920> a<01:25:52.000> human 01:25:53.189 --> 01:25:53.199 align:start position:0% human you got to have a human 01:25:53.199 --> 01:25:55.750 align:start position:0% human you got to have a human and<01:25:53.600> so<01:25:54.000> i'm<01:25:54.159> not<01:25:54.400> saying<01:25:54.719> that<01:25:54.960> all<01:25:55.199> jobs<01:25:55.600> will 01:25:55.750 --> 01:25:55.760 align:start position:0% and so i'm not saying that all jobs will 01:25:55.760 --> 01:25:56.629 align:start position:0% and so i'm not saying that all jobs will be<01:25:56.000> replaced 01:25:56.629 --> 01:25:56.639 align:start position:0% be replaced 01:25:56.639 --> 01:26:00.229 align:start position:0% be replaced but<01:25:57.280> we're<01:25:57.520> already<01:25:58.080> seeing<01:25:58.320> a<01:25:58.400> trend<01:25:59.120> of<01:25:59.360> many 01:26:00.229 --> 01:26:00.239 align:start position:0% but we're already seeing a trend of many 01:26:00.239 --> 01:26:02.870 align:start position:0% but we're already seeing a trend of many and<01:26:00.400> i<01:26:00.480> think<01:26:00.639> that<01:26:00.800> trend<01:26:01.040> will<01:26:01.199> continue<01:26:02.560> and 01:26:02.870 --> 01:26:02.880 align:start position:0% and i think that trend will continue and 01:26:02.880 --> 01:26:04.629 align:start position:0% and i think that trend will continue and you<01:26:03.199> read<01:26:03.520> people<01:26:03.760> who<01:26:04.000> talk<01:26:04.239> about<01:26:04.480> the 01:26:04.629 --> 01:26:04.639 align:start position:0% you read people who talk about the 01:26:04.639 --> 01:26:05.430 align:start position:0% you read people who talk about the current 01:26:05.430 --> 01:26:05.440 align:start position:0% current 01:26:05.440 --> 01:26:09.270 align:start position:0% current slow<01:26:06.000> recovery<01:26:06.719> of<01:26:06.800> the<01:26:06.960> economic<01:26:07.520> situation 01:26:09.270 --> 01:26:09.280 align:start position:0% slow recovery of the economic situation 01:26:09.280 --> 01:26:13.189 align:start position:0% slow recovery of the economic situation and<01:26:10.880> and<01:26:11.040> many<01:26:11.280> people<01:26:11.600> say<01:26:11.840> well 01:26:13.189 --> 01:26:13.199 align:start position:0% and and many people say well 01:26:13.199 --> 01:26:14.950 align:start position:0% and and many people say well we've<01:26:13.679> laid<01:26:13.920> off<01:26:14.159> a<01:26:14.159> lot<01:26:14.320> of<01:26:14.480> people<01:26:14.719> because 01:26:14.950 --> 01:26:14.960 align:start position:0% we've laid off a lot of people because 01:26:14.960 --> 01:26:16.390 align:start position:0% we've laid off a lot of people because of<01:26:15.120> the<01:26:15.199> recession 01:26:16.390 --> 01:26:16.400 align:start position:0% of the recession 01:26:16.400 --> 01:26:17.990 align:start position:0% of the recession but<01:26:16.639> in<01:26:16.719> the<01:26:16.800> meantime<01:26:17.280> we<01:26:17.440> found<01:26:17.679> out<01:26:17.840> that<01:26:17.920> we 01:26:17.990 --> 01:26:18.000 align:start position:0% but in the meantime we found out that we 01:26:18.000 --> 01:26:19.669 align:start position:0% but in the meantime we found out that we could<01:26:18.159> do<01:26:18.320> some<01:26:18.480> of<01:26:18.639> those<01:26:18.960> jobs<01:26:19.360> that<01:26:19.520> those 01:26:19.669 --> 01:26:19.679 align:start position:0% could do some of those jobs that those 01:26:19.679 --> 01:26:21.350 align:start position:0% could do some of those jobs that those people<01:26:19.920> did<01:26:20.239> with<01:26:20.480> machines 01:26:21.350 --> 01:26:21.360 align:start position:0% people did with machines 01:26:21.360 --> 01:26:22.629 align:start position:0% people did with machines and<01:26:21.520> by<01:26:21.679> the<01:26:21.760> way<01:26:21.920> we're<01:26:22.080> not<01:26:22.239> going<01:26:22.320> to<01:26:22.400> hire 01:26:22.629 --> 01:26:22.639 align:start position:0% and by the way we're not going to hire 01:26:22.639 --> 01:26:24.629 align:start position:0% and by the way we're not going to hire those<01:26:22.800> people<01:26:23.120> back 01:26:24.629 --> 01:26:24.639 align:start position:0% those people back 01:26:24.639 --> 01:26:25.910 align:start position:0% those people back and<01:26:24.800> so<01:26:24.960> i<01:26:25.040> think<01:26:25.199> that's<01:26:25.440> going<01:26:25.600> to<01:26:25.679> be<01:26:25.840> a 01:26:25.910 --> 01:26:25.920 align:start position:0% and so i think that's going to be a 01:26:25.920 --> 01:26:29.110 align:start position:0% and so i think that's going to be a continuing<01:26:26.560> difficulty 01:26:29.110 --> 01:26:29.120 align:start position:0% continuing difficulty 01:26:29.120 --> 01:26:30.629 align:start position:0% continuing difficulty what's<01:26:29.360> your<01:26:29.520> advice<01:26:29.840> for<01:26:30.000> young<01:26:30.239> people<01:26:30.480> who 01:26:30.629 --> 01:26:30.639 align:start position:0% what's your advice for young people who 01:26:30.639 --> 01:26:32.950 align:start position:0% what's your advice for young people who are<01:26:30.719> interested<01:26:31.199> in<01:26:31.360> a<01:26:31.840> career<01:26:32.239> in<01:26:32.320> robotics 01:26:32.950 --> 01:26:32.960 align:start position:0% are interested in a career in robotics 01:26:32.960 --> 01:26:35.110 align:start position:0% are interested in a career in robotics or<01:26:33.120> yeah 01:26:35.110 --> 01:26:35.120 align:start position:0% or yeah 01:26:35.120 --> 01:26:38.310 align:start position:0% or yeah right<01:26:35.360> now<01:26:35.679> i<01:26:36.000> i<01:26:36.159> don't<01:26:36.239> know<01:26:36.480> i<01:26:36.560> think<01:26:36.800> i'd<01:26:37.040> uh 01:26:38.310 --> 01:26:38.320 align:start position:0% right now i i don't know i think i'd uh 01:26:38.320 --> 01:26:40.790 align:start position:0% right now i i don't know i think i'd uh try<01:26:38.560> to<01:26:39.120> get<01:26:39.440> involved<01:26:40.000> in<01:26:40.159> the<01:26:40.400> bridge 01:26:40.790 --> 01:26:40.800 align:start position:0% try to get involved in the bridge 01:26:40.800 --> 01:26:41.910 align:start position:0% try to get involved in the bridge between<01:26:41.360> ai 01:26:41.910 --> 01:26:41.920 align:start position:0% between ai 01:26:41.920 --> 01:26:44.390 align:start position:0% between ai and<01:26:42.159> neurophysiology<01:26:43.600> neuroscience<01:26:44.239> let's 01:26:44.390 --> 01:26:44.400 align:start position:0% and neurophysiology neuroscience let's 01:26:44.400 --> 01:26:45.750 align:start position:0% and neurophysiology neuroscience let's take<01:26:44.639> neural<01:26:44.960> science 01:26:45.750 --> 01:26:45.760 align:start position:0% take neural science 01:26:45.760 --> 01:26:48.390 align:start position:0% take neural science in<01:26:45.920> particular<01:26:47.679> because<01:26:48.000> i<01:26:48.080> think<01:26:48.239> there's 01:26:48.390 --> 01:26:48.400 align:start position:0% in particular because i think there's 01:26:48.400 --> 01:26:49.830 align:start position:0% in particular because i think there's still<01:26:48.639> a<01:26:48.719> lot<01:26:48.880> of<01:26:48.960> secrets<01:26:49.360> about<01:26:49.520> how<01:26:49.679> the 01:26:49.830 --> 01:26:49.840 align:start position:0% still a lot of secrets about how the 01:26:49.840 --> 01:26:51.189 align:start position:0% still a lot of secrets about how the brain<01:26:50.159> works 01:26:51.189 --> 01:26:51.199 align:start position:0% brain works 01:26:51.199 --> 01:26:53.510 align:start position:0% brain works that<01:26:51.440> we<01:26:51.520> don't<01:26:51.840> understand<01:26:53.120> that'll<01:26:53.440> be 01:26:53.510 --> 01:26:53.520 align:start position:0% that we don't understand that'll be 01:26:53.520 --> 01:26:55.350 align:start position:0% that we don't understand that'll be helpful<01:26:53.920> in<01:26:54.159> engineering 01:26:55.350 --> 01:26:55.360 align:start position:0% helpful in engineering 01:26:55.360 --> 01:26:57.430 align:start position:0% helpful in engineering and<01:26:55.520> the<01:26:55.600> reason<01:26:55.840> we<01:26:56.000> don't<01:26:56.239> understand<01:26:56.639> them 01:26:57.430 --> 01:26:57.440 align:start position:0% and the reason we don't understand them 01:26:57.440 --> 01:26:58.550 align:start position:0% and the reason we don't understand them i<01:26:57.600> think<01:26:57.920> is<01:26:58.080> we<01:26:58.159> haven't 01:26:58.550 --> 01:26:58.560 align:start position:0% i think is we haven't 01:26:58.560 --> 01:27:00.070 align:start position:0% i think is we haven't invented<01:26:58.960> the<01:26:59.040> concepts<01:26:59.679> needed<01:26:59.920> to 01:27:00.070 --> 01:27:00.080 align:start position:0% invented the concepts needed to 01:27:00.080 --> 01:27:01.910 align:start position:0% invented the concepts needed to understand<01:27:00.480> them 01:27:01.910 --> 01:27:01.920 align:start position:0% understand them 01:27:01.920 --> 01:27:05.189 align:start position:0% understand them i<01:27:02.239> have<01:27:02.320> this<01:27:03.040> analogy<01:27:03.600> with<01:27:03.840> computers 01:27:05.189 --> 01:27:05.199 align:start position:0% i have this analogy with computers 01:27:05.199 --> 01:27:06.950 align:start position:0% i have this analogy with computers if<01:27:05.360> you<01:27:05.520> had<01:27:05.600> a<01:27:05.679> martian<01:27:06.080> coming<01:27:06.400> down<01:27:06.639> looking 01:27:06.950 --> 01:27:06.960 align:start position:0% if you had a martian coming down looking 01:27:06.960 --> 01:27:08.470 align:start position:0% if you had a martian coming down looking at<01:27:07.040> computers 01:27:08.470 --> 01:27:08.480 align:start position:0% at computers 01:27:08.480 --> 01:27:11.750 align:start position:0% at computers measuring<01:27:09.199> all<01:27:09.360> the<01:27:10.560> currents<01:27:11.120> flowing<01:27:11.520> back 01:27:11.750 --> 01:27:11.760 align:start position:0% measuring all the currents flowing back 01:27:11.760 --> 01:27:13.830 align:start position:0% measuring all the currents flowing back and<01:27:11.840> forth<01:27:12.159> in<01:27:12.239> the<01:27:12.400> transistors 01:27:13.830 --> 01:27:13.840 align:start position:0% and forth in the transistors 01:27:13.840 --> 01:27:15.590 align:start position:0% and forth in the transistors you<01:27:14.000> know<01:27:14.320> no<01:27:14.560> amount<01:27:14.800> of<01:27:14.960> all<01:27:15.040> that<01:27:15.280> measuring 01:27:15.590 --> 01:27:15.600 align:start position:0% you know no amount of all that measuring 01:27:15.600 --> 01:27:16.870 align:start position:0% you know no amount of all that measuring no<01:27:15.760> amount<01:27:16.000> of<01:27:16.159> understanding<01:27:16.639> how 01:27:16.870 --> 01:27:16.880 align:start position:0% no amount of understanding how 01:27:16.880 --> 01:27:18.310 align:start position:0% no amount of understanding how transistor<01:27:17.440> works 01:27:18.310 --> 01:27:18.320 align:start position:0% transistor works 01:27:18.320 --> 01:27:21.030 align:start position:0% transistor works is<01:27:18.480> going<01:27:18.560> to<01:27:18.719> tell<01:27:18.880> you<01:27:19.120> how<01:27:20.080> say<01:27:20.400> an<01:27:20.639> online 01:27:21.030 --> 01:27:21.040 align:start position:0% is going to tell you how say an online 01:27:21.040 --> 01:27:22.790 align:start position:0% is going to tell you how say an online banking<01:27:21.440> system<01:27:21.840> works 01:27:22.790 --> 01:27:22.800 align:start position:0% banking system works 01:27:22.800 --> 01:27:24.470 align:start position:0% banking system works or<01:27:22.960> how<01:27:23.120> an<01:27:23.280> airline<01:27:23.600> reservation<01:27:24.159> system 01:27:24.470 --> 01:27:24.480 align:start position:0% or how an airline reservation system 01:27:24.480 --> 01:27:25.990 align:start position:0% or how an airline reservation system works<01:27:24.800> you<01:27:24.960> have<01:27:25.120> to<01:27:25.280> have 01:27:25.990 --> 01:27:26.000 align:start position:0% works you have to have 01:27:26.000 --> 01:27:28.629 align:start position:0% works you have to have concepts<01:27:26.880> that<01:27:27.440> got<01:27:27.679> invented<01:27:28.080> in<01:27:28.239> computer 01:27:28.629 --> 01:27:28.639 align:start position:0% concepts that got invented in computer 01:27:28.639 --> 01:27:29.750 align:start position:0% concepts that got invented in computer science 01:27:29.750 --> 01:27:29.760 align:start position:0% science 01:27:29.760 --> 01:27:32.149 align:start position:0% science do<01:27:30.000> you<01:27:30.080> even<01:27:30.320> understand<01:27:30.880> them<01:27:31.760> you<01:27:31.920> have 01:27:32.149 --> 01:27:32.159 align:start position:0% do you even understand them you have 01:27:32.159 --> 01:27:33.990 align:start position:0% do you even understand them you have concepts<01:27:32.639> like<01:27:32.880> lists 01:27:33.990 --> 01:27:34.000 align:start position:0% concepts like lists 01:27:34.000 --> 01:27:38.310 align:start position:0% concepts like lists programs<01:27:34.800> data<01:27:35.120> structures<01:27:36.560> compilers 01:27:38.310 --> 01:27:38.320 align:start position:0% programs data structures compilers 01:27:38.320 --> 01:27:40.470 align:start position:0% programs data structures compilers and<01:27:39.280> they're<01:27:39.440> probably<01:27:39.760> a<01:27:39.920> whole<01:27:40.159> set<01:27:40.320> of 01:27:40.470 --> 01:27:40.480 align:start position:0% and they're probably a whole set of 01:27:40.480 --> 01:27:41.430 align:start position:0% and they're probably a whole set of analogous 01:27:41.430 --> 01:27:41.440 align:start position:0% analogous 01:27:41.440 --> 01:27:42.950 align:start position:0% analogous concepts<01:27:41.920> in<01:27:42.000> helping<01:27:42.320> us<01:27:42.480> understand<01:27:42.880> the 01:27:42.950 --> 01:27:42.960 align:start position:0% concepts in helping us understand the 01:27:42.960 --> 01:27:45.030 align:start position:0% concepts in helping us understand the brain<01:27:44.400> so 01:27:45.030 --> 01:27:45.040 align:start position:0% brain so 01:27:45.040 --> 01:27:46.470 align:start position:0% brain so yes<01:27:45.280> it's<01:27:45.520> important<01:27:45.840> to<01:27:45.920> understand<01:27:46.239> how<01:27:46.400> a 01:27:46.470 --> 01:27:46.480 align:start position:0% yes it's important to understand how a 01:27:46.480 --> 01:27:47.950 align:start position:0% yes it's important to understand how a neuron<01:27:46.880> works<01:27:47.360> and<01:27:47.520> a<01:27:47.600> lot<01:27:47.760> of 01:27:47.950 --> 01:27:47.960 align:start position:0% neuron works and a lot of 01:27:47.960 --> 01:27:50.070 align:start position:0% neuron works and a lot of neurophysiologists<01:27:48.960> might<01:27:49.199> complain 01:27:50.070 --> 01:27:50.080 align:start position:0% neurophysiologists might complain 01:27:50.080 --> 01:27:52.149 align:start position:0% neurophysiologists might complain that<01:27:50.320> models<01:27:50.719> of<01:27:50.800> the<01:27:50.880> neurons<01:27:51.520> that<01:27:51.679> the<01:27:51.840> ai 01:27:52.149 --> 01:27:52.159 align:start position:0% that models of the neurons that the ai 01:27:52.159 --> 01:27:53.430 align:start position:0% that models of the neurons that the ai people<01:27:52.400> are<01:27:52.560> cooking<01:27:52.880> up 01:27:53.430 --> 01:27:53.440 align:start position:0% people are cooking up 01:27:53.440 --> 01:27:56.550 align:start position:0% people are cooking up aren't<01:27:53.760> accurate<01:27:54.159> enough<01:27:54.480> well<01:27:54.639> it<01:27:54.719> might<01:27:54.960> be 01:27:56.550 --> 01:27:56.560 align:start position:0% aren't accurate enough well it might be 01:27:56.560 --> 01:27:59.430 align:start position:0% aren't accurate enough well it might be but<01:27:56.880> no<01:27:57.120> amount<01:27:57.600> of<01:27:58.320> detailed<01:27:58.960> understanding 01:27:59.430 --> 01:27:59.440 align:start position:0% but no amount of detailed understanding 01:27:59.440 --> 01:28:00.709 align:start position:0% but no amount of detailed understanding of<01:27:59.600> an<01:27:59.760> individual<01:28:00.159> neuron 01:28:00.709 --> 01:28:00.719 align:start position:0% of an individual neuron 01:28:00.719 --> 01:28:03.590 align:start position:0% of an individual neuron or<01:28:00.880> even<01:28:01.040> how<01:28:01.440> neurons<01:28:01.920> get<01:28:02.159> interconnected<01:28:03.440> i 01:28:03.590 --> 01:28:03.600 align:start position:0% or even how neurons get interconnected i 01:28:03.600 --> 01:28:05.430 align:start position:0% or even how neurons get interconnected i think<01:28:03.760> you're<01:28:03.920> going<01:28:04.080> to 01:28:05.430 --> 01:28:05.440 align:start position:0% think you're going to 01:28:05.440 --> 01:28:08.229 align:start position:0% think you're going to be<01:28:05.600> sufficient<01:28:06.719> to<01:28:06.960> have<01:28:07.199> a<01:28:07.280> good<01:28:07.520> explanation 01:28:08.229 --> 01:28:08.239 align:start position:0% be sufficient to have a good explanation 01:28:08.239 --> 01:28:08.709 align:start position:0% be sufficient to have a good explanation of 01:28:08.709 --> 01:28:08.719 align:start position:0% of 01:28:08.719 --> 01:28:11.590 align:start position:0% of how<01:28:08.880> it<01:28:09.040> is<01:28:09.199> that<01:28:09.280> we<01:28:09.440> do<01:28:09.600> what<01:28:09.679> we<01:28:09.840> do<01:28:11.280> we<01:28:11.440> have 01:28:11.590 --> 01:28:11.600 align:start position:0% how it is that we do what we do we have 01:28:11.600 --> 01:28:13.110 align:start position:0% how it is that we do what we do we have to<01:28:11.760> have<01:28:11.920> some<01:28:12.159> higher<01:28:12.480> level<01:28:12.800> things<01:28:13.040> and 01:28:13.110 --> 01:28:13.120 align:start position:0% to have some higher level things and 01:28:13.120 --> 01:28:16.070 align:start position:0% to have some higher level things and there<01:28:13.280> are<01:28:13.440> people<01:28:13.679> working<01:28:14.080> on<01:28:14.159> that 01:28:16.070 --> 01:28:16.080 align:start position:0% there are people working on that 01:28:16.080 --> 01:28:17.750 align:start position:0% there are people working on that but<01:28:16.400> some<01:28:16.639> of<01:28:16.800> it<01:28:16.960> i<01:28:17.120> think<01:28:17.360> will<01:28:17.520> get 01:28:17.750 --> 01:28:17.760 align:start position:0% but some of it i think will get 01:28:17.760 --> 01:28:20.390 align:start position:0% but some of it i think will get developed<01:28:18.800> by<01:28:19.040> those<01:28:19.280> very<01:28:19.600> people<01:28:20.000> who<01:28:20.159> have 01:28:20.390 --> 01:28:20.400 align:start position:0% developed by those very people who have 01:28:20.400 --> 01:28:21.350 align:start position:0% developed by those very people who have one<01:28:20.639> foot<01:28:20.880> in 01:28:21.350 --> 01:28:21.360 align:start position:0% one foot in 01:28:21.360 --> 01:28:23.270 align:start position:0% one foot in artificial<01:28:21.920> intelligence<01:28:22.480> and<01:28:22.639> one<01:28:22.880> foot<01:28:23.120> in 01:28:23.270 --> 01:28:23.280 align:start position:0% artificial intelligence and one foot in 01:28:23.280 --> 01:28:24.470 align:start position:0% artificial intelligence and one foot in neuroscience 01:28:24.470 --> 01:28:24.480 align:start position:0% neuroscience 01:28:24.480 --> 01:28:28.470 align:start position:0% neuroscience who<01:28:24.639> say<01:28:24.880> ah<01:28:26.080> you<01:28:26.239> know<01:28:26.480> the<01:28:26.960> uh 01:28:28.470 --> 01:28:28.480 align:start position:0% who say ah you know the uh 01:28:28.480 --> 01:28:31.590 align:start position:0% who say ah you know the uh the<01:28:28.639> analogy<01:28:30.080> to 01:28:31.590 --> 01:28:31.600 align:start position:0% the analogy to 01:28:31.600 --> 01:28:33.830 align:start position:0% the analogy to these<01:28:31.920> high-level<01:28:32.400> programs<01:28:33.040> is<01:28:33.440> such<01:28:33.760> and 01:28:33.830 --> 01:28:33.840 align:start position:0% these high-level programs is such and 01:28:33.840 --> 01:28:35.270 align:start position:0% these high-level programs is such and such<01:28:34.080> the<01:28:34.159> way<01:28:34.320> the<01:28:34.400> brain<01:28:34.639> does<01:28:34.880> this<01:28:35.120> they 01:28:35.270 --> 01:28:35.280 align:start position:0% such the way the brain does this they 01:28:35.280 --> 01:28:36.229 align:start position:0% such the way the brain does this they will<01:28:35.440> invent 01:28:36.229 --> 01:28:36.239 align:start position:0% will invent 01:28:36.239 --> 01:28:37.590 align:start position:0% will invent concepts<01:28:36.719> that<01:28:36.880> will<01:28:36.960> then<01:28:37.199> help<01:28:37.440> us 01:28:37.590 --> 01:28:37.600 align:start position:0% concepts that will then help us 01:28:37.600 --> 01:28:40.470 align:start position:0% concepts that will then help us understand<01:28:38.000> the<01:28:38.080> brain<01:28:38.320> better 01:28:40.470 --> 01:28:40.480 align:start position:0% understand the brain better 01:28:40.480 --> 01:28:42.470 align:start position:0% understand the brain better okay<01:28:40.719> is<01:28:40.880> there<01:28:41.040> anything<01:28:41.280> you'd<01:28:41.440> like<01:28:41.600> to<01:28:41.840> add 01:28:42.470 --> 01:28:42.480 align:start position:0% okay is there anything you'd like to add 01:28:42.480 --> 01:28:43.510 align:start position:0% okay is there anything you'd like to add on<01:28:42.719> stores 01:28:43.510 --> 01:28:43.520 align:start position:0% on stores 01:28:43.520 --> 01:28:45.110 align:start position:0% on stores i think<01:28:43.679> you've<01:28:43.920> got<01:28:44.400> i<01:28:44.480> think<01:28:44.719> you've<01:28:44.880> got 01:28:45.110 --> 01:28:45.120 align:start position:0% i think you've got i think you've got 01:28:45.120 --> 01:28:46.870 align:start position:0% i think you've got i think you've got everything<01:28:45.440> i<01:28:46.320> well 01:28:46.870 --> 01:28:46.880 align:start position:0% everything i well 01:28:46.880 --> 01:28:49.350 align:start position:0% everything i well i'll<01:28:47.040> think<01:28:47.280> of<01:28:47.360> things<01:28:47.600> after<01:28:47.840> you<01:28:47.920> leave<01:28:49.120> oh 01:28:49.350 --> 01:28:49.360 align:start position:0% i'll think of things after you leave oh 01:28:49.360 --> 01:28:51.189 align:start position:0% i'll think of things after you leave oh well<01:28:49.600> um<01:28:49.840> on<01:28:50.000> the<01:28:50.080> wiki<01:28:50.480> page<01:28:50.719> it<01:28:50.880> said<01:28:51.040> that 01:28:51.189 --> 01:28:51.199 align:start position:0% well um on the wiki page it said that 01:28:51.199 --> 01:28:52.229 align:start position:0% well um on the wiki page it said that charlie<01:28:51.520> rosen 01:28:52.229 --> 01:28:52.239 align:start position:0% charlie rosen 01:28:52.239 --> 01:28:55.350 align:start position:0% charlie rosen started<01:28:52.560> a<01:28:53.040> winery<01:28:53.760> yes<01:28:54.080> he<01:28:54.159> did 01:28:55.350 --> 01:28:55.360 align:start position:0% started a winery yes he did 01:28:55.360 --> 01:28:56.950 align:start position:0% started a winery yes he did ridge<01:28:55.600> wines<01:28:55.920> you<01:28:56.080> know<01:28:56.159> about<01:28:56.320> ridge<01:28:56.560> wines 01:28:56.950 --> 01:28:56.960 align:start position:0% ridge wines you know about ridge wines 01:28:56.960 --> 01:29:00.149 align:start position:0% ridge wines you know about ridge wines yeah<01:28:57.360> i<01:28:57.520> bought<01:28:57.679> a<01:28:57.760> model<01:28:58.159> on<01:28:58.239> my<01:28:58.480> trip 01:29:00.149 --> 01:29:00.159 align:start position:0% yeah i bought a model on my trip 01:29:00.159 --> 01:29:01.669 align:start position:0% yeah i bought a model on my trip good<01:29:00.320> lines<01:29:00.719> i've<01:29:00.880> been<01:29:01.120> up<01:29:01.199> there<01:29:01.360> helping 01:29:01.669 --> 01:29:01.679 align:start position:0% good lines i've been up there helping 01:29:01.679 --> 01:29:03.750 align:start position:0% good lines i've been up there helping him<01:29:01.840> pick<01:29:02.000> grapes 01:29:03.750 --> 01:29:03.760 align:start position:0% him pick grapes 01:29:03.760 --> 01:29:06.070 align:start position:0% him pick grapes uh<01:29:04.000> well<01:29:04.239> in<01:29:04.320> santa<01:29:04.639> cruz<01:29:04.880> mountains<01:29:05.920> it's 01:29:06.070 --> 01:29:06.080 align:start position:0% uh well in santa cruz mountains it's 01:29:06.080 --> 01:29:07.830 align:start position:0% uh well in santa cruz mountains it's actually<01:29:06.480> in<01:29:06.639> the<01:29:06.719> foothills<01:29:07.199> behind 01:29:07.830 --> 01:29:07.840 align:start position:0% actually in the foothills behind 01:29:07.840 --> 01:29:11.669 align:start position:0% actually in the foothills behind cupertino<01:29:09.040> okay 01:29:11.669 --> 01:29:11.679 align:start position:0% cupertino okay 01:29:11.679 --> 01:29:13.350 align:start position:0% cupertino okay you<01:29:11.840> can<01:29:12.000> get<01:29:12.239> to<01:29:12.400> it<01:29:12.560> ridge<01:29:12.800> winery<01:29:13.280> it 01:29:13.350 --> 01:29:13.360 align:start position:0% you can get to it ridge winery it 01:29:13.360 --> 01:29:15.430 align:start position:0% you can get to it ridge winery it probably<01:29:13.679> has<01:29:13.920> a<01:29:14.320> website 01:29:15.430 --> 01:29:15.440 align:start position:0% probably has a website 01:29:15.440 --> 01:29:17.110 align:start position:0% probably has a website it<01:29:15.600> was<01:29:15.760> bought<01:29:16.000> i<01:29:16.159> think<01:29:16.320> by<01:29:16.480> a<01:29:16.560> japanese 01:29:17.110 --> 01:29:17.120 align:start position:0% it was bought i think by a japanese 01:29:17.120 --> 01:29:19.430 align:start position:0% it was bought i think by a japanese company<01:29:18.320> but<01:29:18.480> i<01:29:18.560> think<01:29:18.719> they<01:29:18.880> kept<01:29:19.120> the<01:29:19.199> same 01:29:19.430 --> 01:29:19.440 align:start position:0% company but i think they kept the same 01:29:19.440 --> 01:29:21.350 align:start position:0% company but i think they kept the same winemaker 01:29:21.350 --> 01:29:21.360 align:start position:0% winemaker 01:29:21.360 --> 01:29:24.470 align:start position:0% winemaker and<01:29:22.320> he<01:29:22.560> and<01:29:22.719> three<01:29:22.960> other<01:29:23.120> people<01:29:23.360> at<01:29:23.520> sri 01:29:24.470 --> 01:29:24.480 align:start position:0% and he and three other people at sri 01:29:24.480 --> 01:29:27.990 align:start position:0% and he and three other people at sri started<01:29:24.800> that<01:29:24.960> winery<01:29:27.360> i<01:29:27.440> think<01:29:27.600> they've<01:29:27.840> all 01:29:27.990 --> 01:29:28.000 align:start position:0% started that winery i think they've all 01:29:28.000 --> 01:29:29.830 align:start position:0% started that winery i think they've all passed<01:29:28.239> away<01:29:28.480> now<01:29:28.719> well<01:29:29.040> everybody<01:29:29.440> has 01:29:29.830 --> 01:29:29.840 align:start position:0% passed away now well everybody has 01:29:29.840 --> 01:29:33.120 align:start position:0% passed away now well everybody has charlie<01:29:30.239> did<01:29:30.400> too